Document bBLyG1m7D40E9JdG7oNOdDJgk

I I 1 1 LEXOLDMON003863 WATER PCB-00029244 I GROWING IMPORTANCE OF SYNTHETIC RESINS IN COATINGS Pictures and inscriptions painted on Egyptian tombs and Chinese temples as long ago as 2000 B.C. mark the earliest known use of paint-like materials. Paint technology has still not changed its predominant reliance on naturally occurring materials, symbolized by pails of white lead and linseed oil. True, modernization has seen the development of new pigments, better vehicles, and more efficient manufacturing techniques, but the old stand-bys are still in use. The development of synthetic resins, however, has freed industry from dependence on natural resins and has enabled the production of faster-drying and more-durable and more-resistant protective coatings than could be made from natural raw materials alone. The nitrocelluloselacquer development in the early 1920's revolutionized automobile finishing. The discovery of alkyd resins in the late 1920's and the introduction of latex paints in the late 1940's further broadened the outlets for protective coatings and increased the sales of these products. Now, annual sales of protective-coatings materials amount to more than 600-million gallons, valued at more than 1.5-billion dollars. ROLE OF PLASTICIZERS IN PROTECTIVE COATINGS Success of the new synthetic resins in protective coatings often depends largely on the modi fiers used with them. Plasticizers--one of the most important types of modifiers--can im prove such vital characteristics as flow, levelling, brushability, impact resistance, drawability, gloss, and luster. As a basic producer of more than 80 different plasticizers, Monsanto Chemical Company is an important partner with synthetic-resins manufacturers and protective-coatings producers in the selection and development of the particular plasticizer system that imparts the best all-around durability, performance, and economy for every coating application. This bulletin is presented to help protective-coatings manufacturers formulate better finishes. It should be remembered that each suggested starting formulation should be carefully evaluated by the formulator in both laboratory and service tests before any final formulation is based on information contained in this bulletin. Of course, Monsanto's technical-service representatives are prepared to offer unbiased recommendations for plasticizer systems to meet any perform ance requirement, without obligation. iO LEXOLDMON003864 WATER PCB-00029245 CONTENTS MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CELLULOSIC COATINGS ........................... 1 Nitrocellulose............................................................................................................ 1 Ethyl Cellulose ........................................................................................................ 7 Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate...................................................................................... 11 Cellulose Acetate.......................................................................................................IS MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN VINYL COATINGS.......................................... 17 Poly(vinyl Acetate) ................................................................................................ 17 Poly(vinyl Chloride) .............................................................................................. 23 MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN RUBBER COATINGS ....................................30 Chlorinated Rubber ................................................................................................ 30 Chlorinated Polypropylene...................................................................................... 36 Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers .............................................................................. 37 Synthetic Rubber .................................................................................................... 40 MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN OTHER RESIN COATINGS............................41 Epoxies .................................................................................................................... 41 Acrylics .................................................................................................................... 45 Polyamides................................................................................................................ 46 Zein .......................................................................................................................... 46 Varnishes and Alkyds.............................................................................................. 49 Silicones .................................................................................................................... 49 Phenolics .................................................................................................................. 50 Melamine .................................................................................................................. 50 Shellac ...................................................................................................................... 50 OTHER MONSANTO PRODUCTSIN PROTECTIVE COATINGS..................... 51 Resin Additives ........................................................................................................ 51 Coating Modifier...................................................................................................... 51 Antioxidants .............................................................................................................. 51 Catalyst / Clarifier.................................................................................................. 51 Odor-Masking Agents .............................................................................................. 52 Preservatives ............................................................................................................ 52 Flatting and Thickening Agents .........................................................................52 MONSANTO TECHNICAL SERVICE........................................................................ 52 SHIPPING ...................................................................................................................... 52 TECHNICAL LITERATURE ...................................................................................... 54 "Nothin* eontalrwdharalnii to b conitruadataracommandatten toutaany product In conflict with Of patant. MONSANTO MAKES NO WARRANTIES AS TO THE FITNESS OR MERCHANTABILITY Of ANT PRODUCTS REFERRE0 TO, no iwnntaa of aatllfactory rnulti from ralianea upon eontalrwdInformationor raeommandationa,and diaclalmi all liability for any ruaultlnj loasor damata.'' > I) 0212701 LEXOLDMON003865 WATER PCB-00029246 JKWttNTO ItUTKIZDIS.n COUILOSIC COATINGS NITROCELLULOSE Nitrocellulose is the basic film former for lacquers. Both the R. S. (regular-soluble) and the S.S. (spirit-soluble) grades are generally used in lacquers. Films applied by these lacquers pos sess the following characteristics: Fast drying Clarity Color stability Hardness Flexibility Mar and scuff resistance These lacquers are used for a wide variety of coatings, including the following typical appli cations : Wood and furniture lacquers Plastics lacquers Paper coatings and impregnants Metal lacquers Automobile lacquers Textile coatings Aerosol lacquers Bronzing lacquers Nitrocellulose films, however, are quite brittle without plasticization. A wide variety of plas ticizers is used to improve the gloss, flexibility, and adhesion of these films; and the use of plasticizers increases the solids content of nitrocellulose films. The performance of various Monsanto plasticizers in nitrocellulose is shown in Table I. TABLE I--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN NITROCELLULOSE FILM Platticizar (60 PHR) Control (none) Dibutyl Phthalate Santicizer* 160 Triphenyl Phosphate Tricresyl Phosphate Santicizer l'H Santicizer g Flexibility (Schoppar Fold Cycles) 20 10 14 24 -- 10 16 Tantil* Strength (p**) 8660 2740 3610 4480 1230 3310 2310 Elongation (%) 6 4 10 8 24 7 11 a) Relative to permeability of unplasticized film as 100%. * Santiciim: Monunto Chemical Company Trademark. RegUtered In U.8. Patent Office. Moisture Permeability (%) 100 65 19 56 28 41 63 o?^702 LEXOLDMON003866 WATER PCB-00029247 The use of nitrocellulose lacquers on furniture has assumed large proportions. These lacquers give excellent protective coatings. Shown below are several examples of wood-finishing lac quers: Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (Wsec.)* R.S. Nitrocellulose (Wsec.)41 R.S. Nitrocellulose (5-6 sec.) Maleic Resin (58% in toluene) Non-Oxidizing Alkyd (60% n.v.) Santoute* MHP Santicizer 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Santicizer 165 or Dioctyl Phthalate Zinc Stearate Paste Castor Oil Hi-Flash Naphtha Toluene Xylene Ethanol Isopropanol Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Cellosolve** Acetate Methyl Ethyl Ketone l 2b Parts by Weight _ 100 _60 _50 510 __ _15 _ _120* _18 _210 70 60 15 50 105 155 _17 _ ___18 55 55 200 60 _ __525 120 -- 190 a) Maleic resin-based wood sanding sealer b) Clear, high-gloss furniture lacquer with good polishing properties c) Clear brushing lacquer d) 75-per cent nonvolatile in ethanol e) Zinc Stearate Paste composition: 5* 1--_00 40 50 _50 _17 15 155 _70 15 6___5 --150 Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (5-6 sec.) Zinc Stearate Magnesium Carbonate Castor Oil Hi-Flash Naphtha Ethanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate * Santoiiti: Monunto Chemical Company trademark. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. ** Trademark of Union Carbide Corp. Parts by Weight 25 50 1 8.5 90 58 45 17 { I oz^703 LEXOLDMON003867 WATER PCB-00029248 Another broad area of application for nitrocellulose lacquers is in automobile finishing. Shown below are suggested formulations for the three coats used in the build-up of an automobile finish: Ingredients Nitrocellulose (Wsec.)d Nitrocellulose (Wsec.) Non-Drying Coconut Alkyd Blown Soya Oil Santici2P.r 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Dioctyl Phthalate Tricresyl Phosphate Magnesium Silicate Fibrous Magnesium Silicate Dispersing 6? Grinding Agent Zinc Chromate Red Iron Oxide Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Lacquer Diluent Toluene Xylene Ethanol Isopropanol Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Butyl Cellosolve Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 4" _ 100`f ___80/. 8 9/ 9 2_9_ 10.9 __5_5 25 _10 _15 _20 __ 5 a) Rust'inhibiting primer b) Tint base that can be pigmented to prepare a glossy finish c) Clear, exterior metal lacquer d) 75-per cent nonvolatile in ethanol e) 25-per cent solution in solvent consisting of: 5b Parts by Weight _ 100d 568 _43 ----_13 _--3 55 85 _195 --65 _55 _110 55 6C _100 _75 _----_--__2_4 __ 160 _1_3 _35 95 _60 Solvents Toluene Ethanol Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Per Cent 50 10 5 20 15 f) Add indicated ingredients (60% of the non'drying alkyd) after other materials have been ground in a ball mill. g) 65-per cent nonvolatile in xylene. LEXOLDMON003868 WATER PCB-00029249 Clarity and adhesion are especially important whenever clear or pigmented coatings are applied to metal surfaces. Shown below are example formulations for several metal lacquers: Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (Ve-sec.)* R.S. Nitrocellulose O/j'sec.)* R.S. Nitrocellulose ( 20-sec.)` Non-Drying Alkyd (60% NV) Santoljte MHP Shellac Solution (37% in methanol) Damar Solution (50% in xylene) Santjcizer 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Tricresyl Phosphate Toluene Xylene Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Butyl Lactate 7<* gb 9c io<J Parts by Weight __80 _ __20 -- --30 _ --25 ____ --_ ------ ----11 _175 -- --56 100 7.7 12 140 100 125 12 45 345 100 42 32 150 _ _55 40 25 60 85 95 115 45 200 65 ~ 45 ---- a) General-purpose, clear, metal lacquer b) Lacquer with exceptional flexibility and adhesion for collapsible tubes, such as toothpaste tubes c) Clear, silver lacquer d) Clear, brass lacquer e) 75'per cent nonvolatile in ethanol Various other metal and specialty lacquers are illustrated below: Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (Va'sec.)1 R.S. Nitrocellulose (Vi'&tc.)1 Coconut Oil Alkyd (Non Drying) Dibutyl Phthalate Diisodecyl Phthalate Santolite MHP Aluminum Powder Carbon Black Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Dispcrsing/Grinding Agent Processed Clay Toluene Xylene Ethanol Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Butyl Crllosolve Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Dichlorodifluoromethane a) Hot-Spray, exterior, metal lacquer b) Aluminum lacquer for a chrome finish c) Clear aerosol lacquer d) White aerosol lacquer e) 75-per cent nonvolatile in ethanol /) 60-per cent nonvolatile in xylene _22 100 7__5 11 3 170 16 45 105 65 -- I2>> I3` Parts by Weight _50 100 50 125f _ _22 ,,_ _____30 60 24 16 335 55 30 40 115 155 52 __ 428 709 144 10_0_ 55 _16 __12 65 4 2 35 300 590 4 0217705 o LEXOLDMON003869 WATER PCB-00029250 I Paper has become an important area for coatings and lacquers. Most protective-coated papers are used for cartons and labels. Lacquer films have also made washable wallpaper possible. Shown below are four example formulations of common paper lacquers. Nitrocellulose is the base for fingernail lacquers, of which formulation 19 is typical. Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (Wsec.) S.S. Nitrocellulose ( V2'ec.) Blacar* H-4055 Dicthylenc glycol ester of terpene dibasic acid Santicizkr 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Dicyclohcxyl Phthalate Damar Resin (Dewaxed) Paraffin Wax Santolitk MHP Toluene Ethanot Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate 16* 1_0_0 _ 72 _2_8 ___ 200 40 40 40 80 I7* 18b Pert* by Weight _ _100 100 _21 6 30 17 28 52 16 __16 6 20 5 *00 85 60 85 60 85 60 170 120 1* 1_0_0 _ __ _5_0 ___ 100 350 _50 200 150 a) Heat-scaling coating for paper. Dioctyl, dibutyl, and dicyclohexyl phthalate6, as well as tricresyl phosphate, can be interchanged as the platicizer with little effect in performance. The S. S. nitrocellulose would give a slightly better heat-6eal test on glassine. b) Moisture-proof, heat-sealing paper lacquer Nitrocellulose-based heat-sea! coatings are widely used in the packaging of baked goods and other food products. y\ LEXOLDMON003870 WATER PCB-00029251 One of the expanding applications for nitrocellulose lacquers is as coatings for plastics mater- ials. Shown below are example formulations of various lacquers for plastics: Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (l/2'*cc ) R.S, Nitrocellulose (5'6-sec.) Super Becl^acite* #1001 O/l-reactive phenolic resin Non-oxidising Alkyd Resin Dioctyl Phthalate Santicizer 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Dihydroabietyl phthalate Partially Esterfied Pentaerithritol-Maleic Rosin Partially hydrogenated methyl ester of wood rosin Low-color blown castor oil Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) VM ^ P Naphtha Toluene Xylene Ethanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Amyl Acetate Butyl Cellosolt'e Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 20* _100 _100 2___5 25 _62.5 52_5_ _155 3_7__0 -- 21^ 22' Parts by Weight _ 100 _100 -- _100 ------ --___3------0 9___0_ _370 --30 100 1--_00 41----0 ___5_5_ 1080 -- 770 23d __ 100 ---- _25 1--2--------5 --290 90 1__75 30 -- Typical pigments and dyes can be incorporated by normal techniques. a) Lacquer with good adhesion to molded phenolic plastics b) Lacquer for acrylic plastics (automobile ornaments) c) Coating for ethyl cellulose plastics including the "soft'* types d) Lacquer for Mylar'** and saran'eoated cellophane, has excellent toughness, adhesion, and flexi bility. Dries in one minute at 100 C. * * Tndemsrfc of Rcichbold Cbemicsl Industrie* * TYtdemirt of E. I. du Font dc Nemour* V Co. 0?l?70l LEXOLDMON003871 WATER PCB-00029252 ETHYL CELLULOSE Five basic properties make ethyl cellulose useful in many types of finishes and coatings: Color retention and stability Low-temperature flexibility Selective solubility Alkali resistance As a result of these properties ethyl cellulose i used in a wide variety of coatings, including the following: Cable lacquers Aluminum-foil coatings Paper lacquers Ge! lacquers Plastics lacquers Furniture finishes Sanding sealers Metallic finishes Decalcomania lacquers Floor-covering lacquers Bronzing lacquers Stop-off lacquers A wide variety of plasticizers is used with ethyl cellulose to develop its best properties to most satisfactorily meet the requirements of each particular application. Table II presents evaluations of various Monsanto plasticizers in ethyl cellulose with an ethoxy content of from 48 to 49.5 per cent: TABLE II--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN ETHYL CELLULOSE (48- TO 49.5-% ETHOXY) FILM Plasticizer (15 PHR) Yield Point (p*`) Control (none) Dibutyl Phthalate Diphenyl Phthalate Tricrcsyl Phosphate SANTICIZER MO Triphcnyl Phosphate Santicizer E'15 Santicizer B'16 Santicizer M-17 Santicizer 1-H Santicizer 8 Santicizer 9 Aroc.lor* 1242 Aroclor 1248 Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1262 Aroclor 4465 6755 3625 5405 4550 5405 4550 4265 3485 4125 5475 4620 4620 4905 5475 6185 7110 8535 a) E = excellent G = good P = poor Tensile Strength (P*i) 8960 5120 7680 7465 8535 6685 7785 4905 7965 7750 6900 7325 7395 7540 7825 8035 9030 Elongation 1%) 30 38 38 48 38 30 40 36 38 32 34 40 36 30 28 22 22 Herdness (relative) 100 35 80 70 80 70 65 50 60 80 70 70 75 80 90 105 125 Anoci.on: Monsanto Chemical Company Trademark. Kegiitered in U.S. Patent Office. Volatility E G E E E E O G G E G G P P G E G Flexibility on Light Exposure E E G E E E E E E E E E G G G G P 0212708 LEXOLDMON003872 WATER_PCB-00029253 ] I Ethyl cellulose-based lacquers improve the gloss and protect the appearance of high-quality wallpapers. Shown below are several suggested starting formulations for ethyl cellulose-based lacquers: lngrdints 24* Ethyl Cellulose Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Diphenyl Phthalate Tricresyl Phosphate Dioctyl Phthalate Liquid poly(methylstyrene) Partially esterified pentaerythritol-maleic rosin Octylphenol Pentaphen* 65 (p-tert-amylphenol) Santocel**FRC silica gel Antioxidant Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Epoxy stabiliser Toluene Xylene Ethanol Butanol Butyl Acetate Cellosolve Butyl Ceffosolve 100/ 64 504 -- -- -- -- __ __ -- -- 0.4 200 4 -- 1120 -- 280 __ __ __ a) Alkali-resistant white lacquer b) Hard lacquer for rigid surfaces c) Tough lacquer for many surfaces d) Wallpaper lacquer e) Polystyrene lacquer (to minimise polystyrene 25b 26c 274 Parts by Weight 28* _1008 _100 __5_0 2.5 -- -- -- --_ 466 146 117 59 _ __1008 __7__2 7.2 -- -- -- --_ 544 107 85 __29 __ lO____Ob 54 _27 1.8 16 -- --__ _428 1__07 __ 1___00* __22 100 -- -- -- -- --_ _178 555 256 154 108 143 f) 47.5-49.0-% ethoxy, 10 cp g) 47.5-49.0-% ethoxy, 14 cp H) 47.5-49.0-% ethoxy, 22 cp ) 45.5-46.8'% ethoxy, 200 cp ing, polystyrene solvents are kept at a minimum) * Trademark of Pennsalt Chemical*. Inc. ** Samtocbl: Monsanto Chemical Company Trademark. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. OZIZ?09 t t LEXOLDMON003873 WATER PCB-00029254 Ethyl cellulose is widely used as a resin in protective-metal finishes, such as the following suggested starting formulations: Ingredients Ethyl cellulose (45.5'56.8-% ethoxy) Super Bec^dcite #1001 Glycerine ester of hydrogenated wood rosin Resimine* 881 melamine'formaldehyde resin Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Tricrcsyl phosphate Triphenyl phosphate Santicizer B-16 Santonox* antioxidant Ultraviolet-light Screener Epoxy Stabilizer Xylene Isopropanol Butyl Acetate a) Chromium lacquer b) Aluminum-foil lacquer 100* 50 __ __ ,, 47 1 1 1072 200 68 30b 3lb Pari* by Weight lOO* __ 100* 46.7 -- 53.5 33.3 ,, -- -- -- 10 10 -- -- 267 66.7 __ c) 14 cp d) 10 cp -- -- 267 66.7 32b 100^ 80 20 320 80 Solid plasticizers such as dicyclohexyl phthalate, triphenyl phosphate, and Aroclor 5460 are used in flow-back lacquers to give the desired flow-back characteristics. The flow-back is us ually achieved by brief heating to about 350F. Formulations 33 and 34 illustrate the use of solid plasticizers in typical flow-back lacquers based upon ethyl cellulose: Ingredients Ethyl cellulose (47.5-49.0'% ethoxy, 10 cp) Partially-csterifiedpcntacrythritol-maleic rosin Aroclor 5460 or liquid poly(methylstyrene) Triphenyl Phosphate Dicyclohcxyl Phthalate Carnauba Wax Toluene Ethanol 33 100 -- 30 16.7 -- 3.3 240 60 hy Weight 34 100 167 31-7 -- 16.7 1-7 310 78 RtsiMfNf and Santonoi: Monsanto Chemical Company Trademark*. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. 9 oz'71 \0 d LEXOLDMON003874 WATER PCB-00029255 The following suggested starting formulations illustrate the use of ethyl cellulose in two strippable coatings (Formulations 35 and 36) and in a hot-melt coating (37): Ingredients Ethyl cellulose (47.5-49.0-% ethoxy, 50 cp) Parapicx* RG-2 polyester resin Super Bec^acite #2000 Non-oil-rcactive phenolic resin Hydrogenated wood rosin Raw Castor Oil Hydrogenated Castor Oil Paraffin Wax (m.p., 1J5F) Dioctyl phthalate Aroclor 1254 Soybean lecithin Octylphenol Stearic Acid Pentaphen Non-leafing aluminum Heptane Toluene Ethanol Isopropanol a) Aluminum colored 3S 100 n __ 6___1 22 __8.7 2.2 114 326 196 65 65 361* Parts by Weight 100 ______ 1_00 2 __2 306 184 61 61 37c 100 - 100 _133 1 33 167 33 _ b) Solvent based c) Low moisture permeability, good heat-sealing characteristics, and excellent low-temperature flexi bility The use of ethyl cellulose in size emulsions is shown in the following formulation, which is made by dissolving the resins and plasticizer in the solvents and the emulsifying agent in the water. The lacquer phase is added to the water phase with agitation. The resulting crude emulsion is homogenized by one pass through a Premier Eppenbach or Montar-Gaulin mill. The resultant finished emulsion is filtered through a 30-mesh cloth. Ingredients Lacquer Phase Ethyl cellulose (47.5-59.0-% ethoxy, 100 cp) Durcz** 550 Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Triphenyl phosphate Xylene Hi-flash Naphtha Butanol Water Phase Potassium Oleate Water 'Trademark of Rohm V Hau Co. "Trademark of Hooker Chemical Corp. 38 Parts by Weight 100 20 70 270 160 50 5 325 10 0zWlX % \ * 0m LEXOLDMON003875 WATER PCB-00029256 CELLULOSE ACETATE-BUTYRATE Cellulose acetate-butyrate resins display excellent low-viscosity properties, making attainable high-nonvolatile-content lacquers for spray, roll-coat, or brush application. On evaporation of the solvent, these lacquers produce films with the following characteristics: Adhesion Clarity Toughness Heat resistance Solvent resistance Cellulose acetate-butyrate can be utilized in a broad range of air-curing coatings, including the following: Clear and pigmented metal lacquers Paper and textile coatings and impregnants Plastics lacquers Hot-melt coatings Wood lacquers Protective peelable coatings Glass and rubber coatings Cellulose acetate-butyrate resins are available in 17-, 27-, 38-, and 50-weight-per cent butyral content. Since the application of these surface coatings cover such a wide spectrum, the selec tion of the best combination of cellulose acetate-butyrate resin and plasticizers for a specific use poses complex problems. The performance of various Monsanto plasticizers in the four com mon cellulose acetate-butyrate resins is shown in Table III. fl LEXOLDMON003876 WATER PCB-00029257 TABLE III--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CELLULOSE ACETATE-BUTYRATE FILM Plasticiser (33'A PHR) Dimethyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Dioctyl Phthalate Dicydohexyl Phthalate Diphenyl Phthalate Santiciter 160 Dioctyl Adipate Santicizer E-15 Santicizer B-16 Santicizer M'17 Santicizer 140 Santicizer 141 Tricresyl Phosphate Triphenyl Phosphate Santicizer 1H Santicizer 3 17-Wt. %-Bwtyral 27-Wt. %-8utyr#l 38-Wt. %-Bityrel 50-Wt. %-Bwtyral Sward Hardness Tensile Sliength |p) Elongation Sward {%) Hardness Tansile Strength (p*>) Elongation Sward (%) Hardness Tensile Strength (p**| Elongation Sward m Hardness Tensile Strength (P*0 Elongation (%) 32 6600 8 30 3900 12 36 4100 8 58 8600 19 40 4600 29 44 3700 12 38 6000 8 38 6500 25 ------ 48 3800 21 36 7500 18 42 4500 39 34 3600 9 26 3200 22 ------ 48 5900 30 24 3200 23 50 6000 26 24 3500 18 * 28 4100 15 26 4000 21 40 5000 20 36 3000 18 48 4900 21 28 4000 15 46 5900 21 40 4800 15 32 4000 21 40 4700 28 32 6900 16 32 3300 17 32 1500 15 46 4200 14 38 1800 12 44 2900 19 30 3900 31 42 3800 28 42 2700 13 28 2100 12 34 2000 14 40 1800 15 52 1800 18 42 2700 13 44 2300 15 54 3000 20 40 2500 10 46 3900 46 34 1800 27 54 4500 9 38 2300 9 26 1400 15 24 2500 27 40 2800 25 30 1600 15 14 1200 8 20 1400 13 18 1200 17 22 1500 19 30 1600 15 20 900 10 40 1700 17 30 1700 15 28 2600 31 36 1500 24 E liZ T Z O LEXOLDMON003877 WATER PCB-00029258 Shown oeiow are several example formulations for important cellulose acetate-butyrate lacquers: Ingredient! Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate (Wsec.) Amberol* 820 hard rosin-modified maleic resin Acrylic Ester Resin FDC 555B** (50% n.v.) Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 1262 Aroclor 5460 Tricrcsy! Phosphate Santjcizer 409 Santolite MHP SoIumso*** 100 Toluene Ethanol Butanol Isobutyl Acetate Acetone Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Dow Corning 200 Silicone Fluid (1000 C6) 39* 100 -- 75 240 60 25 40b 41* Parts by Weight 100 100 __79 __ --__ ___31.6 --_____ _50 475 200 105 50 __ _50 _ _264 50 --_ --_ 42<< _100 _42 _25 __25 __ 250 560 41__7 167 --83.5 a) Low-cost, flame-resistant lacquer for paper coating and impregnation b) Paper lacquer with exceptional adhesion to inked surfaces c) High-gloss paper lacquer d) Lacquer for cellophane, cellulose acetate-butyrate, and cellulose acetate e) General-purpose metal and metal-foil lacquer (gold, silver, aluminum, and chromium) 43* 1_0_0 --_22 _22 _13 51 286 14 _57 __ 106 O.i Hot-melt coatings constitute an important area of application for J^-sec. cellulose acetatebutyrate lacquers. The use of dioctyl phthalate as the standard plasticizers for hot-melt coat ings is shown in the following formulas: Ingradients Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate (Vi'sec.) Aroclor 1260 Dioctyl Phthalate Titanium Dioxide (non-chalking rutile) Calcium Carbonate (precipitated) SANTOWHiTEt Powder Refined Antioxidant Odor-masking Agent 44* _100 67 33 133 0.3 0.03 45b Parts by Weight 100 __ 66.5 __ __ 0.17 -- 46* 100 80 20 __ __ 0. -- a) Pigmented fiberboard knife-coating for exterior exposure b) Clear melt coating for heavy, one-coat film; economical (no solvent loss) and low application hazard c) Clear, low-cost, flame-retardant melt coating * Tiidcmirk of Rohm ff Him Co. Tridemark of Prince, Cimpbcll (f Darling, Inc. Trademark of uo Standard Oil Co. TSamtowhiti: Moiuinto Cketnicil Company Trademark. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. 021271A 13 LEXOLDMON003878 WATER PCB-00029259 Strippable spray coatings are increasingly useful in various industries. Cellulose acetate-butyrate provides an excelleht base for coatings of this type. The following are two typical applications: Ingredients Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate (Vi-sec.) Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 5460 Tricrrsyl Phosphate Santicizer 409 Diocty) Sodium Sulfosuccinate Sodium Dichromate Toluene Ethanol Isopropanol Butyl Acetate Acetone Methyl Ethyl Ketone 47* 100 6_0_ so __ 1.6 132 _63.5 26.5 47.5 47.5 Parts by Weight 48* 1_00 _27.8 45 9 0.7 _312 1__02 97 a) Flame-resistant, brushable coating b) Temporary, easily strippable coating for shipping tools and machine parts containing corrosion inhibitors The following formulation illustrates the use of cellulose acetate-butyrate base as a wood filler and prefinish: Ingredients Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate (Vi-sec.) Aroclor 5460 Magnesium Silicate Toluene Butanol Butyl Acetate 49 Part* by Waighf 100 214 642 85.7 71.5 314 To provide protective and decorative coatings for materials such as glass, rubber, and leather, various specialty coatings have been developed. The following formulations are characteristic cellulose acetate-butyrate lacquers: Ingredients Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate (Vi-sec.) PCD 5S5B (50% n.v.) PldsJ^on* 3115 (60% n.v.) Urea-formaldehyde Resin Santicizer 409 Dow Corning 200 Silicone Fluid (1000 cs) Santowhite Powder Refined Antioxidant Toluene Xylene Ethanol Butanol Butyl Acetate 50* 1_00 74.5 _74.5 1.1 417 178 _178 89 Parts by Weight 51* 100 _21.8 20.3 _0.07 216 144 57 57 117 a) High-luster lacquer with excellent adhesion to GRS rubber b) Clear glass lacquer with exceptional adhesion to all types of glass even after water immersion * Tndentrk of Allied Cbemictl Corp. 14 < | I) i ^li LEXOLDMON003879 WATER_PCB-00029260 CELLULOSE ACETATE The following properties of cellulose acetate make it adaptable for many specialized lacquers: Toughness Clarity Durability Stability to heat, light, weak acids, and oils Good dielectric properties . These properties make it useful for metal, wood, paper, textile, leather, and plastics coatings. Plasticizers improve the flexibility, suppleness, and other physical properties of cellulose acetate films. In Table IV are presented performance data for several Monsanto plasticizers in cellulose acetate molding compositions. TABLE IV--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CELLULOSE ACETATE COMPOSITIONS Plasticixar (51.5 PHR unUu otharwita specified) Solution Tomp. lC) Dimethyl phthalate 120 Diethyl phthalate 140 Santicizer M-17 148 Santicizer E-15 148 Santicizer 8 133 Santicizer 9 153 Triphenyl phosphate (42.5 PHR) 180 Hardness at 70`C Rockwall "M" Scala .32 15 65 50 75 90 81 Flaxural Strength |lb./q. in.) 5840 5680 7110 6930 6860 9160 9020 Absorbed in 45 hr. 1%) 1.14 1.20 0.77 0.97 0.94 0.85 1.17 Shown below are two example formulations of cellulose acetate lacquers: InqredienH Cellulose Acetate* Alkyd Resin Santicizer M-17 Zinc Oxide Phosphoric Acid (aids adhesion to metal) Toluene Ethanol Butanol Methyl Acetate Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 52` 100 40 50.7 80 0.05 312 176 _38.7 244 176 a) White metal lacquer for interior use b) General-purpose spray lacquer c) 52.5-53.5-% combined acetic acid, low viscoeity Part* by Waight 53b 100 30 _37 0.05 372 206 54.4 137.5 287 206 0*^716 LEXOLDMON003880 WATER_PCB-00029261 Paper and cloth coatings are important areas of application for cellulose acetate. Shown below are three suggested starting formulations: Ingredients Cellulose Acetate Triphenyl Phosphate Santicjzer M-17 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer 1-H Water Ethanol Butanol Methyl Acetate Ethyl Acetate Acetone 54" 100d 18.5 __1_6 1_0__8 660 a) Heat-resistant paper lacquer b) Greaseproof food-packaging lacquer c) Flame-retardant, stain-resi6tant cloth coating d) 55-56-% combined acetic acid, low viscosity e) 54-55-% combined acetic acid, high viscosity 55b Parts by Weight __100<* 67 67 __100 _350 56c 100` _60 50 100 40 650 _ Cellulose acetate lacquers impart the best adhesion, gloss, and durability on cellulose acetate plastics. The use of these lacquers minimizes plasticizer migration. Shown below are some char acteristic formulations: Ingredients 57" Cellulose Acetate Durez 500 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer M-17 Santolite MHP Water Toluene! Ethanol Ethyl Acetate Methyl Cellosolue Methyl Cellosolve Acetate Acetone 1 -Nitropropane _100<* 100 260 136 _ _740 __ a) Plasticiier-migration-resistant lacquer b) Cellulose acetate plastics lacquer c) Gel dipping lacquer d) 55-56-% combined acetic acid, low viscosity t) 52.5-53.5-% combined acetic add, low viscosity /) Add toluene slowly 58>> 59b Parts by Weight _100<* 20.5 100^ 60 40 136 41 226 68 116 273 116 193 453 193 60c 100* 82 151 415 149 102 _ *177l 1 ms I LEXOLDMON003881 WATER PCB-00029262 MONSANTO POLY(VINYL ACETATE) Surface coatings based on poly(vinyl acetate) fulfill a variety of requirements and are char acterized by: Ease of application Fast drying . Good adherance High gloss Transparency Resistance to water, fats, and oils Polyfvinyl acetate)-based formulations are used extensively in the following applications: Cloth coating Paper coating and impregnation Paint primers and sealers Interior and exterior paints Greaseproof, oil-resistant coatings Wall-patching compounds A wide selection of plasticizers for poly (vinyl acetate) and its co-polymers is available. Gen erally these plasticizers increase flexibility and tack, increase water and grease resistance, and lower heat-sealing temperature. Performance evaluations of several Monsanto plasticizers in po!y(vinyl acetate)-emulsion adhesives are listed in Table V. 17 O LEXOLDMON003882 WATER_PCB-00029263 TABLE V--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN POLY(VINYL ACETATE)-EMULSION ADHESIVES Phtiicmi4 Volatility (24 hours at 87 C; Activated Carbon) i%) Low-Temp. Flexibility (Modified Oath 8 Barg Tost) ("C| Oil Extraction--Weight Loss After 24 Hours at Room Temporatwro Kerosene (%) Peanut Oil Cottonseed Oil Aroclor 1221 5.2 --5.0 0.63 Aroclor 1232 4.8 4.0 0.54 Aroclor 1242 rriphenyl Phosphate 4.4 2.0 5.3 0.57 5.7 0.02 Tricresyl Phosphate 0.75 3.6 0.16 Dimethyl Phthalate 5.6 --1.6 0.92 Diethyl Phthalate 4.8 --5.0 . 0.85 Dibutyl Phthalate 4.4 --6.1 0.59 Diphenyl Phthalate Santicizer B-16 5.9 2.2 -- --3.9 1.31 0.08 Santicizer M'17 3.6 1.5 0.19 Santicizer l'H 1.5 -- 0.96 Santicizer 8 3.6 6.4 0.43 Santicizer 9 Santicizer 140 Santicizer 141 Santicizer 160 3.1 -- 1.13 1.2 5.0 0.15 1.8 --3.3 0.17 2.1 1.9 0.20 a) 11 parts in 100 parts Gelva* S'55 poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion. Films 0.040-inch thick. * Getva: Trademark of Shawin igan Retina Corp. Regntered in U.S. Patent Office. -- -- -- 0.37 0.38 0.75 0.63 0.51 0.90 0.46 0.50 0.36 0.60 0.57 0.34 0.42 0.39 -- -- -- 0.38 0.46 0.93 0.82 0.59 0.98 0.36 0.48 0.53 0.64 0.63 0.36 0.31 0.34 6UZ1Z0 & LEXOLDMON003883 WATER PCB-00029264 The following suggested starting formulations illustrate the toughness, durability, and grease resistance imparted to paper and cloth coatings by poly (vinyl acetate): Ingredients Poly(viny) acetate) emulsion Elvanol* 7130 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (10% Aq. Sol'n.) Mcihyl Ester of partially hydrogenated wood rosin Santicizer 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate SANTICIZER 141 Calcium carbonate (fine ground) Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Tamol** 731 Dispersing Agent (25%- Aq. Sol'n.) Water Polypropylene Glycol (1200 molecular weight) 61* 100^ -- 8 17 __ __ __ __ 9.4 " 62b Parts by Weight 100' 30 __ __ 8.25 119.25 13.25 2.10 34 1 Properties Total Solids, per cent Viscosity (26C), cp Pigment : Binder Ratio PVAc Resin : PVA Resin Ratio PVAc Resin : Plasticizer Ratio a) Artificial-leather coating for knife-coating of cloth or paper b) Pigmented greaseproof coating for flat board c) Greaseproof coating for flexible board d) Polyco*** 117H t) Gclva S-55 or Elvacet* 81-900 65 1600 2: 1 18 .- 1 6.6 : 1 63' 100' 30 __ __ 13.75 96.75 10.75 1.80 34 1 65 2700 1.5 18 : 4; Preparation of 61 Blend plasticizer and wood-rosin methyl ester. Then add poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion. Preparation oj 62 and 63 1. Prepare a stock solution of poiy(vinyI alcohol) by slurrying in water at room tem perature with good agitation. Heat for 30 to 40 minutes at 185 to 190F. Add water for solids control as required. 2. Continue stirring, add the plasticizer, polyethylene glycol defoamer, and Tamol 731 pigment disperser. 3. Add the pigments, stirring until dispersion is complete. 4. Add the poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion and stir until a homogeneous mixture is obtained. * Trademark) of E. [. do Pont de Ncmoora V Co. * Trademark of Rohm tf Haaa Co. Trademark of The Borden Co. 19 0212720 LEXOLDMON003884 WATER_PCB-00029265 A paint thinner and a quick-drying primer sealer for masonry and wallboard coatings are exemplified by the following suggested formulations: Part 1 Gelva polyfvinyl acetate) Emulsion TS 22 Santicizer 160 or dibutyl phthalate 64* 65b Parti by Weight 100 100 8 8.8 Part 1/ Water Carboxymethyl Cellulose (High-Viscosity Type 70) Burtonite* X 90 guar-seed gum 58 1.25 0.75 40 0.6 -- Part /// Water Tamol N dispersing agent Tetrasodium pyrophosphate Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Mica Talc 260 80 __ 0.3 -- 0.3 __ 15 -- 30 -- 30 a) Paint thinner b) Pigmented primer-sealer: quick drying, non-penetrating, and insoluble in mineral spirits Preparation 1. Prepare Part I by adding the plasticizer at a moderate rate to the emulsion with stirring, Continue agitation for 20 to 30 minutes or until a smooth, uniform mixture is obtained. 2. To prepare Part II, stir the carboxymethyl cellulose into the water, continuing agitation until complete solution occurs. For the thinner, add the guar-seed gum and stir until a completely homogeneous mixture is obtained (about 10 minutes). Use of water at 70 C (160F) accelerates solution of the thickeners. Stir the plasticized emulsion (Part I) into the thickener (Part II). 3. a) Add the remaining water to the thinner (formulation 64). b) For the sealer (formulation 65), dissolve the dispersing and deflocculating agents into the water. Stir in the pigments, and mix or grind the slurry. Add the sealer base (the mixture of Parts I and II) and thoroughly mix with the pigment slurry. Trademark of The Burtonite Compsny 20 o?i LEXOLDMON003885 WATER PCB-00029266 Poly (vinyl acetate)-emulsion paints for interior and exterior surfaces are suggested in the following formulations: lngrd(ntf Part I Water Burtonile X-90 guar-6eed gum Part II Gelva Poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion TS 22 Santicizer 160 or Dibutyl Phtbalate Part III Water Tamo) 731 (1% soln.)Dispersing Agent CarboxymcthylCellulose(Low-Viscosity Type 70) Chromium Oxide, opaque Titanium Dioxide (rutile, 30%; calcium sulfate, 70%) Titanium Dioxide (rutile) Mica a) Light-green, interior, emulsion paint b) White, exterior, emulsion paint ^ 4L0 0.8 67^ hy WtigM 19.8 0.68 100 13-2 100 8.2 HO 6.5 1.2 6.5 66 33 H-6 67 1-2 0.9 -- 33.4 29.6 --- Prept ration Part / Add the guar-seed gum to the water with high-shear mixing until a homogeneous solution is obtained (about 10 minutes). Part 11 While stirring the poly(viny! acetate) emulsion with a high-shear mixer, slowly add the plas ticizer. Stir for 20 to 30 minutes after the plasticizer is added or until the mixture becomes uniform. Add the plasticized poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion (part II) to the guar-seed-gum solu tion (part I), and stir for 10 minutes or until homogeneous. Part 111 With the colloid mill operating, sift the carboxymethyl cellulose into the water and dispersingagent solution in an aluminum or stainless-steel vessel. Mix until dissolved. Slowly sift in pig ments in the order listed. Grind to desired fineness. Add paint base and stir for 10 minutes. Filter through an 80-mesh screen. 21 0212722 LEXOLDMON003886 WATER_PCB-00029267 The following suggested formulation is for a poly(vinyl acetate)-based latex wall-patching compound: Ingredient* Poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion Hydroxyethyl Cellulose(75% n.v.) Tricresyl Phosphate Metro'>(ite #6 Water Ethylene Glycol 68 Pert* by Weight 100 50 5 772 63 35 Preparation Mix the poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion and the hydroxyethyl cellulose solution in a pony mixer until completely dispersed. Stir in the water and ethylene glycol. Mix for 5 minutes, and add the Mctro-Nite in 5 equal portions, allowing each portion to wet down thoroughly before adding the next portion. Add the tricresyl phosphate and continue to mix for 30 minutes. Properties Consistency Nonvolatiles, per cent Pigment : Binder Ratio, weight Density, lb./gal. Pasty - spreadable and workable 81 12.2 : 1 16.6 Vinyl acetate is often copolymerized, as for example, with vinyl pyrrolidone. The following common Monsanto plasticizers are compatible with vinyl acetate-vinvl pyrrolidone (70/30 to 30/70) copolymers: Dimethyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Santicizer B-16 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer 141 Santicizer 213 Santolite MHP Dimethyl Phthalate and Santicizer E-15 are particularly effective in imparting flexibility to this copolymer. The following starting formulation gives an anti-tarnish coating that dries to a clear, smooth film without "orange peel" and that can be simply washed off with a syntheticdetergent solution: Ingredient* Vinyl Acetate/Vinyl Pyrrolidone Copolymer (70/50) Santicizer B-16 Isopropanol Propellant 11* Propellant 12* * For non-aerosol applications substitute methanol for propellant. Pert* by Weight 100 5 145 375 375 0717723 e e it LEXOLDMON003887 WATER PCB-00029268 POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) Poly(vinyl chloride) and its copolymers are widely used in protective coatings. In genera), coatings based on poly(vinyl chloride) display the following characteristics: Hardness Flexibility Abrasion resistance Chemical and water resistance Greaseproofness Electrical resistance Nontoxicity Odorlessness Tastelessness Flame retardance Poly (vinyl chloride) coatings may be applied in any of the following forms: Solution. Solvent must be volatilized to develop strength. Latex (emulsion). Water must be volatilized. Short bake helps develop optimum properties. Plastisol. No volatile solvent. Curing temperature: 300-350F. Organosol. Some volatile solvent to control sprayability or coatability. Curing tempera ture: 300-350F. Powder (fluidized bed). Product to be coated is heated to high temperature and suspended in fludized poly (vinyl chloride) powder. Since the applications for poly(vinyl chloride) are so broad, only solution and latex coatings are described in this bulletin. Other Monsanto literature discusses plastisols and organosols in detail. Monanto offers more than 70 plasticizers to enable the poly (vinyl chloride) formulator to develop the balance of characteristics required to meet his requirements successfully. The per formance of some of the plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride) is indicated in Table VI. nm 23 021272A LEXOLDMON003888 WATER PCB-00029269 TABLE VI--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) Plasticizer (67 PHR) Diisodecyl phthalate Diisooctyl phthalate Di'2'ethylhexyl phthalate Santicizer 160 Santicizer 165 Santicizer 213 Santicizer 214 Santicizer 602 Santicizer 603 Santicizer 630 Santicizer 631 Tricresyl phosphate Santicizer i40 Santicizer 141 Di-2-ethylhexyl adipate Diisodecyl adipate Di'('OCtyl, n-decyl) adipate Santicizer 409 (50 PHR) Volatility (% lost) 2.2 4.3 4.5 11.3 10.3 18.1 10.0 3.5 12.8 18.8 16.2 1.0 3.6 7.4 13.9 3.4 8.1 0.8 Low-Tamp. Flexibility (T,. *C) --35 --37 --39 --24 --41 --21 --36 --36 --36 --33 --35 --10 --15 --39 --66 --65 --63 --8.7 Water Immersion Soluble Matter (7.1 Water Absorbed (7.) 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.56 0.22 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.08 _____ 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.80 1.8 0.25 0.27 0.33 0.31 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.66 0.36 0.53 _____ Kerosene Extraction (7. lost) > 70 42 46 5.2 27 6.3 > 70 63 45 35 40 2.4 2.1 7.3 > 70 > 70 y 70 1.2 Hardness Shore "A" 78 74 66 66 72 77 75 73 77 76 74 79 76 64 65 74 68 92 Migration Lind* Side* Days 1 17.) ill 7 (7.) 1.51 1.17 2.93 2.11 4.76 4.73 1.08 2.13 3.98 1.27 2.56 4.15 0.93 1.2 3.56 2.7 5.23 4.8 1.06 3.27 5.84 1.05 2.58 4.22 0.96 3.14 5.82 0.89 2.32 4.22 0.97 0.4 2.57 0.8 4.60 1.6 0.63 1.63 2.70 1.55 4.6 9.0 7.5 13.5 21.0 9.0 17.7 27.4 7.8 22.8 35.9 0.25 0.49 0.69 c ,Z L Z U 0 LEXOLDMON003889 WATER PCB-00029270 Solution Coatings Because of their excellent permanence and performance characteristics, poly (vinyl chloride) resins are ideally suited for metal coatings. Like other coatings, however, they require a suit able primer for satisfactory adhesion. The following formulations exemplify the versatility of Monsanto plasticizers in the manufacture of poly(vinyl chloride) solution prime coatings: Ingredient* 70" 71* 72b Parts by Walght Vinylite* VMCHd Vinylite VYHH4 Exon * 470d Esterified Copal Resin Tricresyl Phosphate Santicizer 409 Dioctyl Phthalate Red lead pigment Blue lead pigment Zinc Oxide (colloidal) Titanium Dioxide Propylene Oxide Toluene Xylene Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Ethyl Amyl Ketone Cyclohexanone 62.5 37.5 -- -- --_ ___18 _75 _216 _216 -- __ 100 __ 16 -- -- 25 -- -- 314 _ _170 _170 -- __ -- 100 -- 4 12 -- 140 -- -- -- 4 _188 100 8 -- a) Air-dry or low-bake primer (200 - 300F for a short time) b) General-purpose primer c) High-temperature-bake primer (350 - 375F) d) Vinyl chloride copolymer (metal-adhesion type) Trtdfmtrlr of Union Ctrbide Corp. Trtdtmtrk of Firestone Ptutic* Co. 73 __ 100 -- -- -- -- 26 -- 241 ---- -- 162 40 162 -- 40 Vinyl solution primer* and finish coatings impart attractive, durable protection to numerous metal products. 25 ?*6 LEXOLDMON003890 WATER_PCB-00029271 A variety of solution formulations may be used in intermediate and final coats as illustrated below: IngrMliinh 74- 75^ xon 450/ Vmylite VAGH/ Vmylite VYHHI Vmylite VMCH/ Urea-Formaldehyde min Rosin WW Liquid epoxy min Tricresyl Phosphate Santicizer 141 Dioctyl Phthalate Diisodecyl Phthalate Santicizer 409 Blown Castor Oil Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Cuprous Oxide Aluminum pigment Antimony Oxide Propylene Oiide Stabiliser Toluene Xylene Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Cyclohexanone 100 __ __ __ __ __ 10 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 45 __ __ 204 __ 204 -- __ 100 __ __ __ __ __ 19 __ 9 __ 1.25 42 56 __ __ 17.5 __ __ 160 40 160 40 a) Intermediate coating b) General-purpose industrial coating r) Meta! finish d) Corrosion-resistant coating e) Anti-fouling coating (MIL P-15931) /) Vinyl chloridc-vinyl acetate copolymer 76k 77k 78' Parts by Weight __ 50 100 __ __ 50 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 18 10 __ __ __ __ __ __ 67 __ __ __ __ __ __ 45 __ __ __ __ __ __ 193 255 48 __ 193 255 48 -- 67.1 __ __ 18.7 __ 14.2 __ __ 7.5 __ __ 57 __ __ __ __ __ 140 84 56 79d 80' 100 __ __ __ __ __ __ 13.4 __ __ __ 6,7 100 __ __ 6.7 13 127 435 100 __ __ 100 __ 38 __ __ __ 1000 __ __ __ __ 220 350 __ - When extreme corrosion resistance is required, the use of Aroclor plasticizers is suggested: for imparting resistivity to chemical attack, they are unsurpassed. Independent evaluations of the chemical resistance of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer paint, modified by eight types of materials (alkyd resin, phenolic-chinawood oil varnish, ester gum-linseed oil varnish, Aroclor 1254, dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, polymeric plasticizer, and acrylic polymer), showed that Aroclor 1254 has the ``best all-around chemical resistance, failing badly only in the gas oline test." Paints were sprayed onto solvent-cleaned, unprimed, cold-rolled-steel panels, which were then immersed in seven types of solutions until failure. The data in Table VII, excerpted from the November 1955 issue of Official Digest of the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs, compare the chemical resistance imparted by Aroclor 1254 and by dioctyl phthalate. 1 J d < t it 0*17 7? 7 t> II LEXOLDMON003891 WATER PCB-00029272 TABLE VII--COMPARATIVE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PLASTICIZERS IN VINYL CHLORIDE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER PAINT Platticizar Tim* to Failur* in Corrotiv* Modi* Dioctyl Phthalat* (%i AROCLOR I2S4 {%! 10% Sodium Hydroitd* (day*) 10% Hydrochloric Acid (hour*) Gasolin* (day*) 5% Sodium HypochlorH* (day*) 10% Acatic Acid (hour*) 10 120" 92 0.4 4 84 -- 10 120" 168" 5 13 168" 25 - 25 60 120" 24 120 0.4 4 84 0.4 14.5 120 40 __ 60 24 0.4 4 48 -- 50 120" 96 0.4 11 100 a) End of test Lint**d Oil Fatty Acid* (day*) 60 90" 27 90" 22 60 1% Ti'd* at 160*F (day.) 21 22 25 22 25 22 In other corrosion-resistance tests of poly (vinyl chloride) plastisols, containing 70 parts plas ticizer per 100 parts resin, a formulation that contained I part Aroclor 1254 to 3 parts dioctyl phthalate was much more resistant to 15 per cent nitric acid at either 23 or 50C for six months than a compound plasticized with dioctyl phthalate alone. The plastisol modified with both Aroclor 1254 and dioctyl phthalate was also more resist ant to 25 per cent chromic oxide at 50C for four weeks and was equivalent at 23C for six months in comparison with the dioctyl phthalate-modified vinyl plastisol. Coatings are frequently based on combinations of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer and nitrocellulose resins, as exemplified by the following suggested starting formulations: Ingradiant* Blacar H'4035 R.S. Nitrocellulose (V2 sec.) Tricresyl Phosphate Dioctyl Phthalate Epoxy resin Titanium Dioxide (non'chalking rutile) Carbon black Toluene Xylene n-Butanol Ethyl acetate Butyl acetate Cfliojoltie Acetate Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Amyl Ketone 81" 50.2 49.8 39.2 __ -- 38.8 3.3 357 32.4 25.9 58.3 142.5 __ __ 32.4 82b Part* by Waight 40 60 __ 22 3 __ __ 200 100 __ __ 124 __ 25 50 a) Gray automobile lacquer b) Clear indoor lacquer c) White indoor lacquer; apply over suitable primer and bake Vi hour at 150P 83c 50 50 -- 35 -- 50 __ 175 100 __ __ 125 50 50 -- 27 LEXOLDMON003892 WATER_PCB-00Q29273 The following formulation illustrates a nontoxic paperboard coating for food packaging: Ingradiants Vmylite VYHH Vinylite VMCH Vmylite VAGH Santicizer 141 Acetone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone <4 Parti by Weight 80 10 10 25 300 175 Strippable lacquers have become increasingly important as protective coatings for a variety of materials. Shown below are two formulations (85 and 86) that illustrate this type of coat ing and one (87) that exemplifies a sprayable coating with good webbing characteristics: Ingndlinh 15* Exon 468 vinyl chloride'vinyl acetate copolymer 27 Exon 470 vinyl chlohde copolymer (metabadhesion type) 3 Exon 481 vinyl chloride'vinyl acetate copoylmer 70 Vmylite VYHH vinyl chloride'vinyl acetate copolymer __ Santicizer 160 __ Santicizer 409 31 Dioctyl Phthalate 16 Dioctyl Adipate 14.7 Aroclor 1254 __ Prime pigments 27 Titanium Dioxide __ Stabilizer 12 Propylene Oxide 6 Socony White Oil #318 __ Toluene 70 Xylene __ Methyl Ethyl Ketone 312 86b Parts by Weight __ 100 11 __ __ __ __ __ 5.5 __ __ 6.7 __ 24 254 a) Sprayable waterproof coating b) Lacquer with good spray qualities and quick'drying, hard, and opaque film c) Sprayable web coating 87c __ 100 80 __ __ __ 32 __ __ __ __ __ 118 __ 294 o 28 0n*7zq LEXOLDMON003893 WATER PCB-00029274 Latex (Emulsion) Coatings Whenever the characteristics of poly(vinyl chloride) and its copolymers are desired, but the hazard of flammable solvents cannot be tolerated, the use of a poly(vinyl chloride) latex (emulsion) is indicated. Shown below are three suggested starting formulas: Ingredients Ceon* 251 Ceon 352 Geon 576 Dioctyl Phthalate (65% emulsion)4 Dioctyl Adipate (65% emulsion)4 Santicizer Ml (65% emulsion)4 Santicizer 409 (65% emulsion)4 Aroclor 1254 (45% emulsion) Goodrite* K-710 thickener (5% solution) Mobilcer** R microcrystalline wax (45% emulsion) Keltex*** thickening agent (2% solution) Titanium Dioxide (50% dispersion) Calcium Carbonate (50% dispersion) Antimony Oxide (50% dispersion) Color Pigment (50% dispersion) Iron Oxide (50% dispersion) Dibasic Lead Phosphite (50% dispersion) B8` 100* __ 20 15 __ 15 -- 1 -- __ 30 15 __ __ __ ggb Parts by Weight __ 100* __ 10 __ -- -- -- 3 1 __ __ __ __ 20 100* __ __ __ 25 -- 7 -- -- __ __ 250 45 15 __ a) Thin fabric coatings. Excellent for bridge coats on loosely woven fabrics before subsequent spread coating with an organosol or plastisol b) Jute-felt floor covering or automobile-trunk liner c) Flameproof coating: complete immersion then squeeze rolls (patented) d) . Solids e) Typical Plasticizer Emulsion: Ingradients Plasticizer Water Oleic Acid Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) * Trademark* of B. F. Goodrich Chemical Co. for poly (vinyl chloride) reaina Trademark of Socony Mobil Oil Co. '** Trademark of Kelco Co. Parts by Weight 65 53.4 1.25 0.35 29 021*730 LEXOLDMON003894 WATER PCB-00029275 The use of vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer latexes in fire-retardant, intumescent coatings for wallboard and acoustic tile is shown below. The use of the solid plasticizer, diphenyl phthalate, improves the viscosity stability of formulation 91. tngrtdiinti tj 91 Parts by Waight 92 Monoammonium Phosphate Dicyandiamide Pentaerythritol Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Diphenyl Phthalate Anionic Wetting Agent, Add Stable Water 56 10 22 12 5 1.25 47-54 56 10 22 12 46-61 11 Dow Latex 744-B (vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer) 40 Santicjzer 141 or Dioctyl Phthalate Suspension Agent, Acid Stable Anionic Emulsifier, Acid Stable -- 42.8 10 0.6 1.2 Preparation 1. Mix the intumescent agents, pigment (and plasticizer and wetting agent for formula tion 91), and water. Disperse with two passes through a high-speed stone mill. 2. Add the latex (plasticized for formulation 92) with medium stirring. The applications of vinyl latax coatings are increased by the addition of intumescent and fire-retardant agents. 30 0212731 LEXOLDMON003895 WATER PCB-00029276 > MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN RUBBER COATINGS CHLORINATED RUBBER Chlorinated-rubber-based coatings are widely used because of their resistance to corrosive agents, moisture, fungus, mold, and other destructive agents. Consequently they are used in such applications as the following, which require extreme resistance to the above deteriorating agents: Masonry Flame-retardant finishes Chemical plants Railroad equipment Marine equipment Swimming pools Food-processing buildings Highway paints Monsanto manufactures many plasticizers that are useful with chlorinated rubber. Particularly beneficial are the Aroclor compounds, which enhance the chemical resistance of the chlor inated-rubber-based finishes. Table VIII indicates the utility of various Monsanto plasticizers in chlorinated rubber: TABLE VIII--EVALUATION OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CHLORINATED RUBBER Good adhoiion to Resistance to Plasticizer Alum Steal inum Cop per Trans it* Saalad Wood Cellophant 10% 5% Sodium Hydro- Sodium Chlorid* chloric Hydroi- AcW id* Water Sward1 ColdHard Chad ness Resis tance (cycles) Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 5460 _ - - X -- X X X X X 55 3 -- -- -- X -- X X X X X 40 4 X X -- X -- -- X X X X 22 2 Dibutyl Phthalate X--X-- -- -- X -- X X 53 5 Santicizer B'16 ----X-- X -- X X X 45 7 Tricresyl Phosphate X -- X X X -- X -- X X 56 5 Triphenyl Phosphate -- -- X -- X -- X -- _ -- 60 4 Santolite MHP 28 2 X--indicates good adhesion or resistance Although chlorinated rubber is unaffected by acids, alkalies, salts, moisture, and fungus, it is very hard and brittle. Consequently plasticizers and plasticizing resins must be added to make useful coatings. To make chemical- and corrosion-resistant coatings, the modifiers must like wise be nonreactive with acids, alkalies, and salts. As little as five per cent of a saponifiable material, such as linseed oil, alkyd resin, or ester plasticizer, seriously detracts from the alkali resistance of the finished coating. Monsanto Aroclor compounds, such as Aroclor 5460 and Aroclor 1254 or 1260, are the best available plasticizing resin and plasticizers, respectively, since they are unaffected by acids, alkalies, or salts. The following formulations illustrate the use of Aroclor compounds in combination with chlorinated rubber to make chemically re sistant maintenance coatings: 31 LEXOLDMON003896 WATER PCB-00029277 Ingredients 93o 94b 95 96 Parts by Weight Parlon* (20*cp) chlorinated rubber Long-oil drying alkyd Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Dioctyl Sebacate Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Zinc Dust Silica Flour Carbon Black Red Lead (97%) Eipchlorohydrin Dibasic Lead Phosphite Bentone** 34 gelling agent Xylene Solt/Hfo 140 Solvesso 150 Turpentine Amsco***D too __ 44 27 __ __ __ __ __ __ 555 0.6 4 12 __ 104 __ 33 280 100 __ 43 27 __ __ __ 1015 __ __ __ 0.45 4 12 __ 75 __ 25 200 100 __ 54.5 27 __ 116 __ __ .__ 1.2 __ 0.5 4 12 __ 79 __ 21 200 100 __ 43.5 27 11 116 __ __ _1.2 0.5 4 12 __ 79 __ 21 200 a) Good adhesion to steel; resists salt-fog test or water immersion at 100F b) Outstanding resistance to salt'fog test or water immersion at 100F c) Meets alkali'resistance requirements of Federal Specification TT-P-91 d) For basement floors 97e 100 __ 55.5 33 __ 89 11 __ 3 __ __ __ 12 __ 237 26 __ 9d 100 44.5 55.5 89 11 16.5 1 __ 12 239 __ The high-alkali content of fresh concrete or masonry requires the use of saponification-resistant modifying resins and plasticizers in chlorinated-rubber coatings. In highway paints, the need for corrosive-resistant plasticizers is further intensified by the spreading of salt and other chemi cals during winter. The abrasive action of sand, cinders, etc. on highway markings requires the use of nonoxidizing materials that do not harden and cause embrittlement and loss of abra sion resistance of the paint. The alkali- and chemical-resistant and nonoxidizing Aroclor compounds meet the stringent requirements for highway-paint plasticizers. Swimming-pool paints modified only with Aroclor plasticizers are much more resistant to blistering than chlorinated-rubber paints modified with alkyd resins. High pigment-volume con centration is recommended for concrete swimming pools to let the moisture in the concrete above the water line escape without buildup of blister-causing hydrostatic pressure. Low pig ment-volume concentration is suggested for steel swimming pools, however, to help form a water-impervious film to reduce blistering. The following suggested swimming-pool-paint for mulations have given excellent performance: * Trademark of Hercult* Powder Compny ** Trademark of National Lead Company '** Trademark of American Mineral spirit* Company 32 0212733 LEXOLDMON003897 WATER_PCB-00029278 Ingredients Lacquer Phase For Coer< too-* Perts by Weight For Stool 101* Parlon (20-cp) chlorinated rubber Duraplex* C'49 (100%)< Aroclor 1254 Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Magnesium Silicate Phthalocyaninc Green Bemone 34 gelling agent Tween** 60 surfactant Epichlorohydrin Xylene Solvfjso 100 Water Phase 100 50 50 112 115 2.9 _13 1 450 90 100 50 50 112 116 3 12 _8.5 210 50,7 100 50 50 50.5 50.7 1.3 5 0.6 285 28 Methyl Cellulose (4000 cp) Sodium Oleate Distilled Water 7.6 -- 15.7 520*1 -- Properties Solids, wt. per cent Pigment volume-concentration, % Viscosity, Krebs unit6 Viscosity, Brookfield, cp. No. 4 spindle, 30 rpm No. 4 spindle, 12 rpm 45.1 35 74 _ -- 64.1 _35*1 6,000 12,000 50.0 20 75 _ -- a) Emulsion, prepared by slow addition of water phase to lacquer phase with mixing until emulsion is formed b) Meets gloss requirements of Federal Specification TT-P'95 c) Compatabilized by the presence of Aroclor 1254 d) In lacquer phase The use of Aroclor plasticizers in chlorinated-rubber coatings for railroad equipment helps im prove the necessary resistance to high humidity, extreme weathering, and various chemicals and fumes. The following suggested formulations for a primer-and-topcoat system provide maximum chemical resistance, especially for use on tank, hopper, and cattle cars and on right- of-way equipment in industrialized or coastal areas: 102 Primer 103 Topcoat Ingredients Prt* by Weight Parlon (20'cp.) chlorinated rubber Aroplaz ** 1365 Ba^elitr CK.U-5962 phenolic resin dispersion Maleic Acid Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide Lampblack Zinc Chromate Magnesium Silicate Aluminum Sterate (10% gel in xylene) Cobalt Naphthenate (6% cobalt) Epichlorohydrin Epoxy Stabilizer Antiskinning Agent Xylene Hi'Flash Naphtha Turpentine -- 62 38 2 -- -- -- -- 105 19 2.5 -- -- -- 2 270 -- -- 100 -- -- -- *9 26 157 0.9 -- -- -- 0.08 0.5 2 -- 290 158 79 * Trademark of Rohm V Hsu Co. '* Trademark of Ailu Powder Co. Trademark of Arcbtr'DinieW-Midland Co. Trademark of Union Carbide Corp. JJ 0?1?73* LEXOLDMON003898 WATER PCB-00029279 Chlorinated rubber makes effective wood coatings for long service life, as illustrated by the following formulations: Ingredients 1040 IOSt> Farts by Weight 106* Parlon chlorinated rubber Long-oil drying alkyd Duraplex C-55 Linseed oil Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide Xylene Hi-Flash Naphtha Solvtsso 100 Turpentine Mineral Spirits 77 (20 cp) __23 _23 96.5 89.5 7__7 -- _100 (20 cp) _50 _5_0 _40 320 4__0 __100 (10 cp) 115 14 _57 _ 2_8_6 286 a) Marine finish with good resistance to salt water and to algae and other marine growth b) Extremely abrasion resistant c) Rapid-drying finish. Partial replacement of linseed oil with Aroclor 5460 speeds the dry time and improves the alkali and chemical resistance. The Aroclor plasticizes the oxidized linseed oil to prevent brittleness. A three-coat, high-build, maintenance-paint system has been developed, based on an all-chlor inated vehicle: chlorinated rubber and Aroclor plasticizers. Conventional brush or spray coats are usually only about 1 mil thick, so at least five coats are needed to attain the minimum 5-mil thickness recommended for maximum chemical resistance. The required thickness is easily built up with the chlorinated coatings by either brushing or spraying: primer, 2 mils; mid coat, 3 mils; and top coat, 1 mil. ' This new system has been compared with all classes of commercial maintenance coatings in both laboratory and exposure tests. Coated panels were subjected to spot tests and immersion tests in salt fog and hot water with various chemical reagents. Color slides of the test panels are available for examination from Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Delaware. Ingredients Parlon Chlorinated Rubber Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Dioctyl Scbacate Red Lead (97% grade) Zinc Yellow Mica Indian Red * Talc Bentone 38 gelling agent Magnesium Silicate Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Lampblack Stabilizer A-5 ** Epichlorohydrin Toluene Xylene * C. K, William* Co., Div. of Chu. PfUet V Co., Inc. " Union Carbide Plaalic* Co. 34 Primer 100 (20 cp.) 55 26.5 __ 182 30 30 5 68.5 13 __ ,, __ 3 0.5 470 ,, Mid Coet Parts by Weight 100 (20 cp.) 49.5 24.8 32 3.3 77 20 1.6 3 0.5 518 __ Top Coat 100(lOi 40 24 10 115 1.3 3 0.5 186 187 021?*3`> LEXOLDMON003899 WATER PCB-00029280 A recently-developed continuous-painting process for finishing metal offers savings on capital investment, plant space, and operating costs. The technique utilizes the physical properties of trichloroethylene, the only solvent in the paint. Metal parts enter the unit covered with grease and leave the other end completely painted and dry to the touch. Detailed information about the process can be obtained from Du Pont, Wilmington, Delaware. The following formulation has given good characteristics in this continuous-painting system: Ingredientt Parlon chlorinated rubber (20'Cp) Long-oil drying resin Aroclor 1254 Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Bentone 38 gelling agent Epoxy stabili&er Trichloroethylene Vohielo 67 8 _33.5 _ 2.6 143 107 Parts by Weight Pigment Dispersion* __ _25 100 _1.3* 54 a) Add pigment dispersion to the vehicle after 24 hours in pebble mill b) Add gelling agent to pigment dispersion during last two hours of grind Mastic compositions are used to deposit thick films with a minimum number of coats. Mastics modified with Aroclor compounds can effectively seal cracks in concrete, smooth rough concrete surfaces for subsequent glossy coatings, give excellent corrosion resistance under se- ere conditions, and retard fire. A typical starting formulation is the following: Ingredients IM Parts by Weight Parlon chlorinated rubber (20-cp) Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Asbestos Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Toluene 100 10 49 160 25 300 Although this mastic formulation adheres well to either wood or masonry, a primer is suggested before application to steel. To further increase fire retardance, replacement of 33 parts of the asbestos by 47 parts of antimony oxide is suggested as a starting formulation. A combination of chlorinated rubber and a rosin-derived alkyd resin, plasticized with Aroclor 1254, forms the basis of a high-gloss paper coating that is nonblocking and heat sealable. It gives a gloss of 79, is nonblocking either face-to-face or face-to-back for 40 hours at 130 F and 2 psi, and is heat sealed in x/a second at 275 F and 120 psi. Ingredientt Parlon Chlorinated Rubber (10 cp.) T^eolyn* 23 Rosin-Derived Alkyd Resin Aroclor 1254 Toluene Paper Costing park by weight 47.4 52.6 5.3 105 TndtDiii of Hercules Powder Co. 35 02i273b LEXOLDMON003900 WATER PCB-00029281 CHLORINATED POLYPROPYLENE Chlorinated polypropylene produces clear, colorless films, appears equal to chlorinated natural rubber in chemical resistance, and is noticeably more heat and light stable. Aroclor plastici sers are very compatible with the resin and are recommended in the following starting formu lations: Ingredients Chlorinated Polypropylene Aroclor 5460 Aroclor 1254 Dioctyl Sebacate Epoxy Stabiliser Toluene J00*F Heat Stability 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 5 hours 18 hours Sunlight Stability* 24 hours 48 hours 96 hours 144 hours 109 Parts by Weight 100 (10 cp) 27 44 7.8 3.1 260 110 100 (20, 27 44 7.8 3.1 260 v. si. yellow v. si. yellow si. yellow mod. yellow black Film Properties4 v. si. yellow si. yellow _mod. yellow - si. yeltow si. yellow mod. yellow mod. yellow v. si. yellow si. yellow si. yellow brown Two'U'eelt Chemical Resistance Water 10% hydrochloric acid 1% sodium hydroxide excellent excellent excellent excellent excellent excellent a) Lacquers were sprayed on "bonderieed" steel panels. Films were 2.5' to 3.0'mils thick after 72' hours air drying. Determined in the Atlas Electric Devices Co. Fade'Ometer ft ozur*1 LEXOLDMON003901 WATER PCB-00029282 STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMERS Styrene-butadiene-copolymer resins are widely used in the following suface-coatings applications: Enamels Maintenance finishes Exterior masonry finishes Aluminum finishes Wall scalers Paper coatings Printing inks These resins form films by evaporation of solvent. Paint formulations based on styrene-buta diene resins have demonstrated the following advantages: Good resistance to alkalies and acids Excellent water resistance Satisfactory rate of moisture-vapor transmission Tough, durable films Excellent adhesion to masonry and allied surfaces Resistance to mildew Resistance to staining and discoloration Self-cleaning through controlled pigment chalking Ease of application Rapid drying Excellent can stability - The most common plasticizers for styrene-butadiene resins are the Aroclor compounds, but Santjcizer B-16, Santicjzer 160, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, and tricresyl phos phate are also useful. al I_ 37 0212738 i't LEXOLDMON003902 WATER PCB-00029283 Shown below are several example formulations based on these copolymer resins: Ing radiants Pliolite* S-3 Pliolite S-5 PlioJite S'5A Pliolite VT Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Phthalocyanine Green Toner Lampblack Zinc Oxide Magnesium Silicate Diatomaceous Silica Mica Calcium Carbonate Soya Lecithin Thixcin** Thixotropic Agent Aluminum Stearate (di-acid) Hi-Flash Naphtha Mineral Spirits Solvesso 100 Toluene VM V P Naphtha a) White, non-chalking stucco paint III* 3 97 __ 48 48 242* 69 278 103.5 308 308 -- IIJ1 113c Parts by Waight 100 50 50 140 11.6 1.2 87 93 320 6 234 234 __ 100 48 52 160 80 144 6.4 6.4 127 190 b) Green masonry and swimming-pool paint c) Whitt traffic paint d) For chalking paint: substitute titanium dioxide (anatase) | |4d 100 49 53 164 82 147 6.6 6.6 309 Formula 115 illustrates a wall primer-sealer: Ingradiants PlioJite S-5A (331/3% in petroleum naphtha) Aroclor 5460 (50% in mineral spirits) Aroclor *1254 Lithopone Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Magnesium Silicate Soya Lecithin Aluminum Stearate Mineral Spirits #10 After grinding in pebble mill, add the following: Pisolite S-5A (35'/3% in petroleum naphtha) Mineral Spirits #10 a) Solids contents * Tradcmtrk of Goodyesr Tire (f Rubber Co- for styrene-butadiene resins Tiadtmaifc of Baket Cutor Oil Co. IIS Farts by Waight 48* 22.5 II 92 16 20 1.6 1.6 27.5 52" 11.5 02X2TM9 4 # LEXOLDMON003903 WATER PCB-00029284 The following formulations represent metal lacquers for three applications: Ingredients Marbon* "9200" LLV Marbon "9200" LV Marbon "9200" MV Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Aluminum Paste Pale Gold Br.ll.ani** #137 Mica (water-ground to 325 mesh) SC*** 100 hydrogenated naphtha Mineral Spirits Xylene Ethanol Ethyl Acetate II6 1__00 _2__5 --__-- 12.5 112.5 Dry Time (Dust Free), min. Viscosity #4 Ford Cup, sec. 20 311 a) Clear, rapid-drying hard lacquer b) Low-cost, general-purpose, interior, aluminum enamel c) Gold-bronze, decorative finish 1171 Parts by Weight _ _100 81 181 _116 _108.5 455 _303 -- 10 14 118c __ 100 26 _42 1_5_7 Ill 1--_63 -- __ -- A variety of styrene-butadiene-based paints are illustrated by the following starting formulations: Ingredients II9 Marbon 9545 chips Marbon 9548 chips Marbon 9551 chips Marbon 9566 chips Marbon 10829 chips Marbon "9200" MV Raw Tung Oil Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide (Anatase) Zinc Oxide Extra-Fine Talc Diatomaceou6 Silica Chrome Green A 4464 China Clay Lecithin Aluminum Stearate Cobalt Naphthenate (6% cobalt) Zinc Naphthenate (8% zinc) AFAt X2280 Bentone #34 gelling agent Mineral Spirits (Low Odor) H.-Flash Naphtha Petroleum naphtha 7 40 _43.5 _9.5 5.5 19 __15.5 0.05 0.09 0.12 133 a) Tile-red, high-gloss, concrete-floor paint b) White, exterior, masonry paint c) Plat, white, interior, wall paint d) Dark-green, gloss, trim enamel * Tr,demirk of BorR-Wmr Coro, for itrrcncbuudiene resin Trdemrk of Crescent Bronte Powder Co. . T Trdrmrk Trademark of oIfmCpeenritarlalPSapoelvrenVtsC(o/ loCrheCmoircpa.ls Co. I20b I2I` Parts by W*ight ___ _ _100 49.3 49.4 129 37 128 _ 23.6 72.8 _3.6 _1.3 __10.5 9.9 0.59 0.9 0.135 0.027 _ 50 ,,52 232 1224 _____ 100 12 28 _33 10 88 35 ,, .. 3 137.5 1_4_2 39 LEXOLDMON003904 WATER PCB-00029285 The following formulations are suggested for a highway paint and an exterior masonry paint based on styrene-butadiene: Ingredients 123* Parti by Weight I24>> Piccoflex* 120 (flaked) (solids) Santicizer 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Aroclor 1260 Ti-Pure** Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Zinc Oxide Barium Sulfate Talc Diatomaceous silica Mica Calcium carbonate (dry ground) Aluminum Stearate Lecithin Methyl ester of partially hydrogenated wood rosin Troy^yd*** ABC drier VM and P Naphtha Hi-flash Naphtha Toluene 100' _24 113 (R'JIO) 57 279 _ 5.2 _3.7 _ _118 178 _100* 21 122 (R-610) 41 61 57 20 _160 _5.5 _2 _269 a) Traffic-lane paint: fast drying, nonbleeding on asphalt, no embrittlement with age b) Exterior masonry paint c) 60'% cold'cut solution with toluene d) 50'% cold'cut solution with hi'flash naphtha Procedure Grind pigments in styrene-butadiene solution and plasticizers. Add remainder of solvent (and stir diatomaceous silica into Formulation 123). SYNTHETIC RUBBER Many Monsanto plasticizers are usable in rubber-based surface coatings, although dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, Santicizer 160, and tricresyl phosphate are most commonly used. Plasticizers improve gloss and flexibility in most cases. In crepe-rubber-paint formulations the use of Aroclor 1262 (from 5- to 50-per cent of the weight of the rubber) increases the gloss, alkali resistance, and adhesivity to steel. I t * Trkdemsrk of PenniylvknU Induetriil Chemical Corp. (or <tyrent-butadiene copolymer reairu ** Trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemourt V Co. Trademark of Tror Chemical Co. 0212741 * LEXOLDMON003905 WATER PCB-00029286  I I I it Th* unmodified epoxy resin spadmen burnt vigorously; the epoxy resin test strip containing Aroclor and antimony oxide is "non-burning" in an identical Bunsenburner flame. > ..... .--......... MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS EPOXIES Epoxy resins generally possess the highly desirable properties of: Chemical resistance Flexibility Toughness Adhesion Available in solid, liquid, and solution forms, they are useful in several types of surface coat ings, including the following: Chemical-resistant coatings Interior and exterior maintenance coatings Baking finishes Laminates Plasticizers are not ordinarily used in epoxy resins when maximum performance is desired. Be cause of their high cost, however, epoxy resins are frequently highly filled. Here the use of small amounts of plasticizer aids flow and levelling and helps eliminate "drag". Monsanto has evaluated many plasticizers in epoxy resins, as compiled in Table IX. 41 0*1 LEXOLDMON003906 WATER PCB-00029287 Plesticiser* None (control) Dibutyl Phthalate Di'(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Diisodecyi phthalate Diisodecyl adipate Santicizer E-15 Santicizer M-17 Santicizer B-16 Tricresyl phosphate Santicizer 140 Santicizer 141 HB-40* Aroclor 1248 Aroclor 1221 Mod-Epox* TABLE IX--COMPATIBILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN EPOXY RESINS Co mpetibilrty^ Liquid Resin Cured Rosin Room lOO'C Temp. i/2 h. cC C cC C C Cl/PS S1C1 cCccc C C C Cl/PS Cl C C cCcc S1wccccccC1 C S1C1 SIC1 c cC c cC c cC Viscosity* Before Adding Curing Agent (cpl I2,800 1550 2650 3250 1200 3050 3150 2300 3750 2850 1500 3900 7700 1650 1650 After Adding Curing Agent (ep) 7900 1300 2700 2450 1100 2100 2450 2000 3000 2200 1400 2300 4300 1200 1250 Physical Properties After Cure (/} hr <> I00*C] Ixod Impact Resistance Clarity; Light Reflected {%) Shore D Hardness (10 sec) 0_.2 0.5-I.9 0.5-0.8 0.5______-0.8 0.5-0.6 0_.6 0.8-0.9 3.0 3.5 8.0 7.0 94.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 78 10 31 48 56 160 7 15 22 5 27 40 8 84 Physical Properties^ After Heat Aoino Shore D Me)Hardness (10 86 78 82 83 82 80 85 8865 79 82 8848 8818 Weight Change (} --0.012 --------0000....462242288524 --0.682 --2.118 0.134 Formulation Ingredients Parts Epoxy Resin Plasticizer Tetraethylenepentamine 100 25 8 b) C = Compatible S1C1 = Slightly Cloudy Cl = Cloudy c) Brookfield LVF #4 spindle: 60 rpm unless otherwise specified d> 24 hours @86<'C in activated carbon PS = Phase Separation W = White v ' JO rpm HB*<0 and Mod-Epox: Moruanto Chemical Companf Trademark*. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. V ,L Z ^ m LEXOLDMON003907 WATER PCB-00029288 The following suggested formulation for a nitrocellulose-epoxy lacquer can be sprayed either cold or hot (with solvent modifications). It leaves a brilliant appearance. Ingredients Vi'ttc. Nitrocellulose Solid Epoxy Resin Dibuty! Phthalate Toluene Isopropano! Methyl Isobuty! Carbinol Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 125 Parts by Weight 75 25 25 Parts by Volume 50 10 5 10 25 AROCLOR Compounds Of all the nonreactive plasticizers evaluated, the Aroclor compounds are the most compatible. Like epoxy resins, they impart excellent chemical and oxidation resistance and improve adhe sion. Aroclor compounds should not be used when solvent resistance is required, since they are true plasticizers and are not chemically bonded to the epoxy resin. Two major disadvantages of epoxy resins--cost and flammability--are diminished through the use of Aroclor compounds. Aroclor compounds, about one-fourth the cost of epoxy resins, permit significant reductions of raw-material costs. Furthermore, non-burning compositions may be made by the use of an Aroclor compound (15 phr) with antimony oxide (5 phr). For solvenlless coatings the fluid Aroclor compounds, such as Aroclor 1248 and Aroclor 1254, are most commonly used. For solvent-containing coatings the resinous Aroclor com pounds (Aroclor 1262 and Aroclor 5460) are used alone or in combination with the liquid Aroclor materials. The value of Aroclor plasticizers (1242 and 1260) in reducing the flammability of aminecured epoxy resins and improving flexural strength and compressive-yield strength, while only slightly affecting compressive strength and heat-distortion temperature, is illustrated by the following suggested starting formulations: Ingredients^ Liquid Epoxy Resin (EV-200) Dicthylenetriamine Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1260 Antimony Oxide Control 100 15 __ -- 126 127 Parts by Weight 100 100 13 13 __ __ 20 15 --5 Properties Flammability Heat-Distortion Temp., C Hardness, Rockwell "M" Flexural Strength, psi Tensile Strength, psi Compressive-Yield Strength, psi Compressive Strength, psi 0.82 in./ min. 117.5 104 20,100 11,400 15,700 43,000 S.E* W 87 103 23,800 13,000 17,250 32,900 N.B.* 92 106 22,100 9,800 16,950 38,150 a) Cured 16 hours at room temperature, then 2 hours at 100eC b) S.E. = Self extinguishing c) N.B. = Nonburning 128 100 13 20 __ -- S.E. 2i/r 79.5 108 21,800 10,700 17,900 32,500 129 100 13 15 __ 5 N.B. 81. 107 22,200 12,800 16,700 32,400 43 LEXOLDMON003908 WATER PCB-00029289 Mod-Epox Reactive diluents are added to reduce the viscosity of epoxy resins to improve handling char acteristics and to permit the use of higher filler contents. Since they react with curing agents and are higher priced than the epoxy resins, however, they generally tend to result in highercost formulations. Mod-Epox, on the other hand, is a unique epoxy modifier, which not only reduces the vis cosity of liquid epoxy resins by as much as 75 per cent but also speeds cure, maintains hard ness and other chemical and physical properties, and reduces curing-agent requirements by about one-third. Thus, since it costs much less than any epoxy resin and any other reactive modifier, and since it reduces the curing-agent requirement, its incorporation generally re sults in much lower formulation cost. Furthermore, Mod-Epox is not a skin irritant like other reactive diluents. The following formulations illustrate blush- and impact-resistant coatings; number 131 has the longer working life: Ingredients ERL* 2774 Epoxy Resin Mod-Epox Magnesium Oxide (fluffy)** Titanium Dioxide Bentone 38 gelling agent 22L*-0803 22L-0814 2ZLA*'0822 Toluene Xylene Butanol Methyl Ethyl Ketone Working Life, minutes 130 100 n 0.2 22 _3'4 13 13 __2 2 20 Parts by Weight 131 100 11 0.2 22 3'4 19 14 2 2 -- 45 Epoxy troweling compounds are suggested for use in patching, repairing, and coating, where maximum film thickness and chemical resistance are desired. Such coatings are used to line brick, concrete, and metal tanks, such as plating and storage tanks, where application of con ventional coatings is impractical. A formulation for a black, polyamine-cured, epoxy-resin troweling compound is as follows: lngrd!ntt Liquid Epoxy Resin Dibutyl Phthalate Mod-Epox Diatomaceous Earth Santocel FRC silica gel Lampblack Magnesium Oxide (fluffy) Diethylenetriamine 132 Part* by Weight 100 4 25 40 12 12 1 3.9 * Trademark! of Union Carbide Corn. '* Such ai Morton Chemical Co. grade CN-90 I 0 LEXOLDMON003909 WATER PCB-00029290 Procedure Add the silica gel to a blend of the epoxy resin and dibutyl phthalate while mixing with a high-torque mixer. Slowly add the remaining pigments, with continued agitation. Disperse the pigments with one loose pass on a 3-roll mill. Add the diethylenetriamine to the pigmented epoxy-resin component and mix thoroughly. Ap ply the mixture to the surface with a trowel. (Lubricate the trowel for improved smoothness.) These materials set in 2 to 8 hours depending upon the thickness of the coating. ACRYLICS All-acrylic lacquers and acrylic-modified lacquer systems have stimulated a great deal of in terest because of their exceptional properties. The presence of acrylic resins in both air-dry and baked finishes generally imparts: Exceptional durability Lightfastness Hardness High gloss upon polishing As would be expected, finishes with such properties were pioneered by automobile manufac turers. Acrylic resins have also been utilized in aircraft paints. The addition of acrylic resins to nitrocellulose lacquers produces high-quality, better-performing industrial finishes. Proper formulation of acrylic lacquers with suitable plasticizers (such as Santicizer 160, and especially Santicizer 261 and 262, which are less volatile at baking temperatures) imparts ex ceptional adhesion and improves durability. Shown below are three suggested all-acrylic automobile lacquers: Ingraditnti Roller-Mill Grind: Z.ucite* 6011 or 6012 (40% solids) Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Lampblack Bentone 34 Cellosolve Acetate Reduce With: Lucite 6011 or 6012 Santicizer 160 Cellulose Acetate Butyrate, Vi-sec. Toluene Cellosolve Acetate Methyl Ethyl Ketone Solids at Spray Viscosity, % Trademark of the Du Pont Co. 133 4.03 6.17 0.07 -- 2.53 17.86 3.76 -- 23.85 17.88 23.85 18.75 .134 Part* by Wsight 3.98 6.08 0.07 0.70 2.49 17.61 3.70 -- 23.87 17.63 23.87 18.48 I34 4.03 6.17 0.07 -- 2.53 11.60 3.76 10.03 21.97 17.87 21.97 18.46 02W7S6 LEXOLDMON003910 WATER_PCB-00029291 The following starting formulations are examples of acrylic-modified nitrocellulose and chlorin ated-rubber coatings: Ingredients Acryloid* B-72 Acryloid B-82 Poly (methyl Methacrylate) R. S. Nitrocellulose (Vi sec.) Chlorinated Rubber (20 cp) Santicizer 160 Dioctyl Phthalate Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Phthalocyanine Green Chrome Green Toluene Ethanol Cellosolve Acetate Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Viscosity, #4 Ford Cup, sec. 135* __ 81 _19 _25 _40 1 315 76 76 315 11 136^ I37c Parts by Weight 62.5 _ __69 31 __ 37.5 25 25 __ _67.5 40 1 347 315 88 76 88 76 347 315 _ 11 138c _ __62.5 37.5 25 40 _1 315 76 76 315 11 d) Acrylic-modified nitrocellulose automobile lacquer b) Acrylic-modified nitrocellulose aircraft finish, resistant to aircraft lubricants. Use M1L-P-7962 (Aer) primer. c) Acrylic-modified chlorinated-rubber lacquer POLYAMIDES Polyamides are used increasingly in surface coatings applied to such materials as paper, waxed glassine, waterproof cellophane, and plastics. Polyamide films adhere exceptionally well to these substrates and have good flexibility. Polyamide compositions are also used in printing inks, overprint varnishes, paint vehicles, and hot-melt coatings and adhesives. For most applications the polyamides need no plasticizers since they are somewhat internally plasticized. For use in hot-melt coatings and adhesives, however, external plasticizers are necessary. Performance of various Monsanto plasticizers in polyamide resins is evaluated in Table X. ZEIN Zein, a proteinaceous material derived from corn gluten, has diverse applications, particu larly in surface coatings. Both solvent-based and water-based solutions of zein form tough, high-gloss, grease-resistant, quick-drying films. Zein coatings have superior solution stability and, in contrast to most other protein compounds, are resistant to microbial attack. The plasticization of zein is analogous to that of other synthetic and non-synthetic high poly mers. Both primary and secondary plasticizers are commonly employed. Examples of Mon santo primary plasticizers are as follows: Santicizer 3, 8, and 9 Santoute MHP and MS-80% Secondary plasticizers that enhance compatibility are the following: Triphenyl Phosphate Tricresyl Phosphate Dibutyl Phthalate Dioctyl Phthalate * Trdcm*tk of Rohm V Hiu Co. for acrylic eater retina Santicizer 160 Aroclor compounds Santicizer B-16 02127^7 i* 0 LEXOLDMON003911 WATER PCB-00029292 Plasticizer Dimethyl Phthalate Diethyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Santicizer 160 Dioctyl Phthalate Santicizer 140 Tricresyl Phosphate Santicizer B'16 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer 8 Aroclor 1260 TABLE X--EVALUATION OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN POLYAMIDE RESINS FUiibiltty 10 15 25 PHR PHR PHR NNN Brrttlanass 10 15 25 PHR PHR PHR BBB Friability 10 15 25 PHR PHR PHR S SV Hardnass IPanatrationl 10 15 25 PHR PHR PHR 8 11 15 Viscosity 1 fear'dnar-HoWt I 15 PHR _ Swaaf 10 15 25 PHR PHR PHR VVV 10 15 25 PHR PHR PHR NNN FFF FFN FFF NNN NNN SSS N VV NNV SSs 10 12 -- 9 13 16 -- 11 -- -- -- - s VV N sV S $ -- NNN NNN NNN FFF VVV NNN NNN NN s NNN 6 10 12 5 7 14 Al-A Al-A NNN NNN NNN NNN FFF FFF NNN FFF FFF NNN NNN BBB S NN SSS NNN SSV S NN NNN NNN 677 --8 13 --8 10 9 13 20 6 7 11 Al-A -- -- Al A1-A2 NNN SSS VVV NNN NNN NNN NNN NNN ST V NNN B -- Brittle F -- Flexible T -- Tacky Rating Symbols N -- None or negative S -- Slight P -- Partially V --Very Q V iZ IZ O LEXOLDMON003912 WATER PCB-00029293 Shown below are three starting formulations for zein-based coatings: Ingredients I39 140b >41' Part* by Weight Zein Hydrogenated Wood Rosin WW Rosin Oleic Acid Santicizer 8 Santoljte MHP Santicizer B-16 Dioctyl Phthalate Pigments (optional) Water Aq. Ammonia (28%) 91% Isopropanol or 95% Ethanol 100 100 50 100 25 20 40 __ (50) 190 230 o 1 i '-r , 100 50 15 550 20 a) Spirit varnish for glossy, decorative, protective label coatings b) Grease-proof, fairly water-resistant coating (either clear or pigmented) c) Overprint coating for paper stock and colored paper, characterized by exceptional gloss and resist ance to water and dilute alcohol Decorative metallic-coating formulations that impart high gloss, flexibility, greaseproofness, and water resistance can be prepared either in organic solvents, as illustrated by the following suggested starting formulations, or in water: Ingredients I42<> 143d Parts by Weight Zein Santicizer 3 Santicizer 8 Santolite MHP 85% Phosphoric Acid Aluminum Powder (optional) Bronte Powder (optional) Alcohol-Soluble Color Toluene 91%. Isopropanol or 95% Ethanol 100 60 8__0 (100) _(200) 20 340 a) Lacquer with strong adhesion to glassine and cellophane b) Brilliant, glossy coating for coloring metal foils 100 50 35 (100) (200) 300 144 b 100 70 60 2.3 as needed 230 The following zein-based coatings represent a paper-coating formulation (No. 145) and a textile-sizing formulation (No. 146): Ingredients 1450 Zein Hydrogenated Wood Rosin WW Gum Rosin HMP Ester Gum Santicizer 3 Dioctyl Phthalate Acetanilide Zinc Stearate Water Aq. Ammonia (28%) 100 140 60 13 7 _ a) High-gloss, flexible, low-tack, hot-melt paper coating b) Textile siting to impart stiffness and body Parts by Weight I46h 100 30 20 25 500 20 48 02127*9 t o LEXOLDMON003913 WATER PCB-00029294 VARNISHES AND ALKYDS The resinous Aroclor compounds are frequently used in varnishes and alkyd-resin paints to impart durability, quick dry-time, and water and alkali resistance. The Aroclor compounds do not oxidize, and flame-retardant formulations are produced by combinations of Aroclor compounds and antimony oxide. Aroclor 4465 and Aroclor 5460 are most commonly used, although Aroclor 1260 is best for flexible short-oil varnishes. A suggested starting formula is one part oil, one part Aroclor compound, and one part of another resin. Aroclor 5460 is also useful in making varnish formulations based on phenolic or ester-gum resins. Shown below are three suggested starting formulations for flame-retardant paints: Ingredient! Long-oil Alkyd Resin (60% solution) Alkali-refined linseed oil Kettle-bodied linseed oil Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide 35% Leaded Zinc Oxide Magnesium Silicate Calcium Carbonate Antimony Oxide Barium Sulfate Red Iron Oxide Japan Drier Aluminum Stearate Cobalt Naphthcnate (6% cobalt) Lead Naphthcnate (24% lead) Manganese Naphthenate (6% manganese) Turpentine Mineral Spirits 147 Semi-Glou Interior 1___00 40 _69 _36 31 _114 _-- 0.63 2.7 _0.31 51 148 Exterior Pertt by Weight _ 100 _30 76 42 180 57 76 __42 _9.8 __ 42 -- 149 Shingle Stein __--_ 27 1__0_0 --62 77 77 108 _------_3.1 378 SILICONES Heat-resistant aluminum coatings based on silicone resins contain Aroclor compounds as im portant ingredients. Suggested starting formulations for a heat-resistant coating, enamel, and paint are given below. The coating (Formulation 150) can withstand continuous service at 400 K and a maximum temperature of 800 F. The enamel (No. 151) resists temperatures of 900 to 1000 F in such applications as jet-engine components, exhaust manifolds, and in cinerators. The paint (No. 152), which meets Federal Specification TT-P-0028, has excellent resistance to a programmed heat test (including 8 hours at 1200 F) and to a salt-waterspray test (after programmed heating to 500, 600, and 900 F). 49 0?1?750 LEXOLDMON003914 WATER_PCB-00029295 Ingredients Dow Corning 805 Silicone Resin (50% NV) GE Silicone Resin SR'82 (60% in xylene) GE Silicone Resin SR-112 (50% in xylene) Styrene-Butadiene (50% in xylene) Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 4465 (90% nonvolatile) 60% Aroclor Solution4 Aroclor 5460 (60% in xylene) Aluminum Paste (74% nonvolatile) Cobalt Octoate (6% cobalt) Xylene Mineral Spirits a) Composition of Aroclor Solution Ingredient Aroclor 1262 Aroclor 4465 Solvesso 100 Xylene ISO Coating 100 ~ -- -- -- 151 -- 175 -- 52 151 Enamel Parts by Weight -- 36 64 __ -- -- 89.5 -- 51 0.9 -- Waight Per Cent 24 36 24 16 152 Paint -- 15.7 -- 84 19.5 -- -- 38 97.5 -- 57 46 PHENOLICS Plasticizers are frequently used to improve the cold-punching characteristics of phenolic-resin laminates. Santicizer 160, tricresyl phosphate, dibutyl phthalate, HB-40, and the Aroclor compounds are frequently used. The Aroclor compounds and tricresyl phosphate also impart flame resistance. Diphenyl phthalate is also useful in phenolic compounds. MELAMINE In melamine coating and laminating resins, Santicizer 9 promotes solution stability and compatibility, improves flow-out during baking or curing, and reduces pigment discoloration. The final coating has improved impact resistance, abrasion resistance, and buffability. SHELLAC Santicizer 8 is an excellent plasticizer for snellr~ At a concentration of 10 per cent of the weight of shellac, it has a pronounced softening effect but does not affect adhesion. Santi cizer 9 and B-16 are also useful plasticizers, but less effective than Santicizer 8. 4 O LEXOLDMON003915 WATER PCB-00029296 OTHER MONSANTO PRODUCTS IN PROTECTIVE COATINGS RESIN ADDITIVES Santolite MHP and Santolite MS-80% ate widely used to modify synthetic resins to give films with improved water resistance, brilliance, and adhesion to many surfaces. They are compatible with a great variety of resins. Usually they are compounded with liquid plasti cizers, such as Santicizek 160 or dibutyl phthalate, but in special cases they are used with out liquid plasticizers. The resinous Aroclor compounds, widely used as synthetic-resin extenders, impart improved adhesion, chemical and oxidation resistance, and flame retardance and usually lower the formu lation cost. Aroclor 4465, 5442, and 5460 are compatible in most synthetic resins and are soluble in the common low-cost solvents. COATING MODIFIER A variety of significant benefits is imparted to many surface coatings systems by the addition of a small quantity (usually between 0.1 and 2.0 per cent of the resin solids) of Modaplow*, Monsanto's new, novel coating modifier. A complex polymeric material, Modaflow function ally modifies surface tension and viscosity. Among its many benefits are improvement of flow, levelling, adhesion to substrates, recoatability, and drying uniformity and reduction of "fish- eyes", brushmarks, "cratering", and poor flow-out. . ANTIOXIDANTS Extremely small concentrations of Santonox, Santonox R, and Santowhite Powder Refined antioxidants have proved to be very effective for many synthetic resins used in protective coatings. CATALYST/CLARIFIER In the production of alkyd and polyester resins and bodied oils, the presence of triphenyl phosphite shortens the processing time and results in lighter, clearer products. The processing time for a maleic anhydride-ethylene glycol polyester resin was reduced from 95 to 80 minutes, and the color was lightened from 20-25 to 15-20 APHA by the addition of 0.5-per cent tri phenyl phosphite. A soya oii-pentaerythritol alkyd resin was cloudly (APHA 6.7) when pro duced without triphenyl phosphite but clear (APHA 5) in the presence of 0.5-per cent of the clarifier. Similarly, the addition of 0.5-per cent triphenyl phosphite soon after alcoholysis and the addition of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid to soya, linseed, or tall oils gives bodied oils with improved color. Modaplow: Monanto Cheated Copny Tndenurk. RegUttred in U.8. Ptent Offict. 0212752 51 LEXOLDMON003916 WATER_PCB-00029297 ODOR-MASKING AGENTS Santomask* II overcomes the disagreeable odors imparted to many protective coatings by the solvent. Highly effective even in small concentrations, the product masks the foul odor with a pleasant scent. Methyl salicylate, coumarin, and vanillin are other odor-masking agents produced by Monsanto to sweeten the odor of protective-coatings formulations. PRESERVATIVES Monsanto's complete line of industrial preservatives includes Santobrite*, Penta (pentachlorophenol), and technical sodium benzoate, which prevent fungus attack on coatings that contain natural materials susceptible to fungus. FLATTING AND THICKENING AGENTS Santocel 62 imparts dull, semi-dull, flat, and eggshell surfaces when used in lacquers and solvent-based finishes. Santocel Z is a thickening and thixotropic agent in polyvinyl chloride plastisols. MONSANTO TECHNICAL SERVICE New plasticizer materials and new plasticizing applications are under constant development and evaluation by Monsanto, producer of the greatest volume and variety of plasticizers in the world. Supplementing this laboratory research and development work is a staff of technical specialists in plasticizer technology. This technical-consultation service is available to help protective-coatings manufacturers select the best plasticizing systems for their synthetic resins. Many coatings-formulation problems are solved through the cooperative efforts of Monsanto's plasticizer technologists working with the resins and coatings technologists of the protectivecoatings producer. SHIPPING Most Monsanto plasticizers are shipped in bulk in either tank cars or tank trucks from six wide-spread manufacturing centers and in tank trucks within established delivery zones from six more strategically located bulk-storage stations. As producer of more kinds of plasticizers than anyone else in the world (more than 80!) Monsanto offers added savings through mixed shipments of different plasticizers (compartmented tank cars and tank trucks or mixed trucklots of drums) for all of your plasticizer needs. * Santomask and Santobutb: Monsanto Chemical Company Trademark!. Registered in U.S. Patent Office. i 4 I 0717763 LEXOLDMON003917 WATER PCB-00029298 No shipping limitations apply to any Monsanto plasticizer. Shipping classifications and net contents of standard containers for the products mentioned in this bulletin are tabulated below: Product Dimethyl phthalate Dibutyl phthalate DioctyJ phthalate Diisodecyl phthalate Dicyclohexyl phthalate Diphenyl phthalate Santicizer 160 Santjcizer 165 Santicizer 213 Dioctyl adipate Diisodecyl adipate Santjcizer 409 Triphenyl phosphate Tricresyl phosphate Santjcizer 140 Santjcizer 141 Santjcizer M'17 Santicizer E'15 Santicizer B'16 Santicizer 1-H Santicizer 3 Santjcizer 8 Santicizer 9 Santolite MHP Santoute MS'80% Santomask 11 Santonox Santowhite Power Refined Aroclor 1221 Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260. 1262 Aroclor 4465 Aroclor 5460 (flaked) HB'40 Mod-Epox Triphenyl Phosphite a) Fiber drum b) 7'gallon can c) 33'gallon dmm d) Bag Classification Dimethyl phthalate Dibutyl phthalate Dioctyl phthalate Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Butyl benzyl phthalate (Resin plasticizer) Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Synthetic resin Synthetic resin Chemical, NOIBN Chemical, NOIBN Chemical, NOIBN Synthetic resin Synthetic resins Synthetic resin Synthetic resin Resin plasticizer Chemical, NOIBN Resin plasticizer Standard Containers (not weight, lb.} S-gal. cans SS-gal. drums 40 530 40 475 40 445 __ 440 350 -- 400 40 40 40 40 40 45 __ 45 50 45 50 45 40 __ __ 45 __ 60> 45 45 __ -- 50 50 50 -- 40 45 45 500 445 450 420 415 450 225* 530 545 495 550 535 500 380* 400 530 250* ____ 540 250' 150* 150* 520 600 500 100d 450 510 500 LEXOLDMON003918 WATER_PCB-00029299 The following technical bulletins and brochures give technical information about the properties and applications of the Monsanto plasticizers and other products that are mentioned in this bulletin. Monsanto technical literature is continuously revised to contain the most recent and reliable information possible. Your request for any literature will be promptly and cheerfully filled--without obligation, of course. Trtl. Phthalate Plasticizers Diethyl Phthalate and Dimethyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DOP) Diisodecyl Phthalate Dicyclohexyl Phthalate Diphenyl Phthalate Santicizer 165 Santicizer 160 (butyl benzyl phthalate) Santicizer 213 Adipate Plasticizers Dioctyl Adipate Diisodecyl Adipate Polymeric Plasticiser Santicizer 409 Phthalyl Glycolldte Plasticizers Santicizer M-17 (Methyl phthalate ethyl glycollate) Santicizer E-15 (Ethyl phthalate ethyl glycollate) Santicizer B-16 (Butyl phthalyl butyl glycollate) Phosphate Plasticizers Santicizer 140 Santicizer 141 Triphenyl Phosphate Tricresyl Phosphate Sulfonamide Platticitert Santicizer 1-H Santicizer 3 Santicizer 8 Santicizer 9 w * AROCLOR Plasticizers Aroclor Plasticizers Other Plasticizers HB-40 (partially hydrogenated terphenyl) MoD'Epox (epoxy-resin modifier) Resin Additives Santolite MHP and Santolite MS-80% (Monsanto industrial resins) Coating Modifier MODAFLOW Catalyst/Clarifier Triphenyl Phosphite Preservatives and Stabilizers Santobrite and Pcnta for the preservation of paints Santonox and Santonox R, antioxidants for polyethylene Santowhitb Powder Refined Sodium Benzoate, Technical Odor-Masking Agents Santomask 11, Odor-Control Agent "Coumarin Monsanto" "Methyl Salicylate Monsanto" "Vanillin Monsanto" Technical Bulletin No. PL-303 PL-302 PL-318 PL-300 PL-312 PL-319 PL-165 PL-160 PL-213 PL-304 PL-308 PL-409 PL-17 PL-15 PL-16 PL-140 PL-141 PL-301 PL-305 PL-l-H PL-3 PL-8 PL-9 PL-306 PL-40 PL-313 PL-3 20 CS-16 PL-317, PL- 322 SC-2 PL-324 Technical Data Sheet Technical Data Sheet PL-325 folder folder folder 54 2-2932-0969-6 LITHO IN U, 0717755 I LEXOLDMON003919 WATER PCB-00029300 m (date) Gentlemen: For further detailed information about the use of your plasticizers in protective coatings, I would appreciate copies of the following technical bulle tins: PL-_ PL-_ PL-_ PL-_ PL-_ PL-_ Comments-- Gentlemen: (date) For further detailed information about the use your plasticizers in protective coatings, I wou appreciate copies of the following technical buli tins: PL-_ PL-- PL-_ PI-- PL-_ PL-_ Comments- Name_ TitleCompanyAddress__ City______ State- -Zone- NameTitleCompanyAddress__ City--____ State- -Zone- (date) (date) Gentlemen: Gentlemen: For further detailed information about the use of ; your plasticizers in protective coatings, I would appreciate copies of the following technical bulletins: For further detailed information about the use your plasticizers in protective coatings, I wot appreciate copies of the following technical bul tins: PL-_ PL-_ PL-_ PL-_ PL-_ PL-- PL-- PL-_ PL-_ PL-_ PL- __ PL-_ Comments-- Comments. NameTitle-- CompanyAddress__ City______ State- -Zone- NameTitleCompanyAddress__ City______ State- 07177*6 LEXOLDMON003920 WATER PCB-00029301 BUSINESS REPLY CARD NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY- MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY PLASTICIZER COUNCIL, Dept. PL-327-A Organic Chemicals Division 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 66, Missouri FIRST CLASS ST. LOUIS. MO. BUSINESS REPLY CARD NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY-- MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY PLASTICIZER COUNCIL, Dept. PL-327-A Organic Chemicals Division 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 66, Missouri FIRST CLASS Permit No. 3014 ST. LOUIS. MO. BUSINESS REPLY CARD NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY- MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY PLASTICIZER COUNCIL, Dept. PL-327-A Organic Chemicals Division 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 66, Missouri FIRST CLASS Permit No. 3016 ST. LOUIS. MO. - --~ BUSINESS REPLY CARD NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILEO IN THE UNITED STATES POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY-- MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY PLASTICIZER COUNCIL, Dept. PL-327-A Organic Chemicals Division 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 66, Missouri FIRST CLASS Permit No. 3016 ST. LOUIS. MO. 0212757 PLEASE REQUEST SAMPLES ON YOUR COMPANY LETTERHEAD LEXOLDMON003921 WATER PCB-00029302  - *. '(muj AKRON . ATLANTA BOSTON CHICAGO CINCINNATI DETROIT , HONOLULU HOUSTON LOS ANGELES, NEW YORK ST. LOM. '7* SANTA .CLARA ' ' 'S5wri'^ SEATTLE SPRINGFIELD'" WILMINGTON ... [ - j.Y in15 1^ LEXOLDMON003922 WATER_PCB-00029303