Document bB9BZ6mwLNgb6DvXyJ0RBxZao

T. Askarel (PCB) Dlelsotric Fluids I. HlBtorleal UJ A. 4 In 1929 -the Otm-ral BletUiu Co. dlsoovered that poly chlori nated biphenyls possessed the same good electrical Insulating values as mineral oil dielectrics and that these FCBs are very unusual organic^ liquids because they do not bum. More over, it was discovered that their electric arc formed gases do not support combustion and that the electrical capacitance of PCBs Is twice that of mineral oil. "T U 1 j genera 1-Electric patented their dlsoovery because the industry was in great need of fire safe dielectric fluids for special use in capacitors and transformers. The World Almanac docu mented the advent of PCB dielectrics as being one of the world's greatest discoveries. PCBs are manufactured at reasonably low cost. Possessing twice the capacitance of mineral oil allows making capacitors half the size of mineral oil units and yet able to do the same work. This has proved to be an Impelling economic ad- vancement as the saving of materials and space are great. The unusual combination of safety from fire - good electrical insulating properties - and strong economic advantages.account for the fact that since their discovery over forty years ago those PCB fluids have been used exclusively for certain types of essential capacitors and transformers. Replacements are not at hand today and it is most unlikely that anything similar can be found. II. Essential Applications A. Capacitors PCBs are used exclusively for the following type capacitors: 1. Utility line power factor correction, including balance of all the EHV lines on down to power conservation at industrial and commercial sites. Absence of the PCB capacitors from these power and distribution lines would result in massive power failure and economic chaos. Picture I is a typical-PCB-power-llne-capacitor.-^ 2. By law, all air conditioning apparatus must be fitted with PCB motor-run capacitors to con serve power. Similar PCB capacitors are used for the efficient operation of most large motors used for industrial purposes and for large applianoes. of -/ft V, .... f/^: c ihfr( /**.*'& HONS 0 4 1 U & Je*. VVV JORESCENT AND M ERCUF O TYPE -- B f A- L 70*C MAXIMUM CASE TEMPERATURE CAPACITANCE (MFD.) 4 12.5 20 27.S 4 12.5 * - 20 27.9 4 7.9 124 17.9 S -- 10 ' 12.9 19 TYPICAL CA8E SIZE MAX. WORKING VOLTS - AC 280 BASE DIM. A V IV bv 200 IK." i' 200 IV 200 Mi' 400 IK.' V 400 IV sv 400 iv w 400 IV 2%' 900 IK.' *v BOO V sv 900 IV Mi' 600 IV V eso IV !%' so tv Mi' MO IV sv 660 IV V HEKJNT C V IV SV 3H' 4V 2V JK' V 7S4* 3)4' w sv 7V 4* w V TYPE OTHER TERMINAL CONFIGURATION AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST CAPACITANCE (MFD.) 4 12.9 20 27.6 4 12.6 80 274 4 7.9 124 17.9 S 10 124 19 S*C MAXIMUM CASE TEMPERATURE TYPICAL CASE SIZE MAX. WORKING VOLT8 - AC BASE DIM. A V B V 280 IV V 260 iv 2V 260 iv *V 200 iv tv 400 IK.* av 400 IV 2V 400 iv 2%* 400 iv sv 600 IV IV 900 IV 2V 500 iv 2V 900 IV 2V 600 iv tv 600 iv 2V 660 iv sv 060 IV 3%* HEIGHT c v 2* tV 4V an* SV sv V SV SV 6V 7V 4V V X* 7V CAPACITORS FOR APPLICATIONS REQUIRING M*C. MAXIMUM CASE TEMPERATURE DESIGN ARE AVAILABLE ON SPECIAL REQUEST. PLEASE CONTACT FACTORY. ASKAR):J. k/MT/Af HONS JU McJc:h-/ih'/y C/)r'/)i / ) t h'A, u.... Service........................................................................................................................................... Alternating Current Voltage ...................................................................;................................................................. 220 to 440 Volt* AC Temperature Range................................................................................ --40 F. to + IQ4'F. (-40 C. to +40*C.) Dielectric ........................................................................................................................... Low temperature Atkarel Winding Type .......................................................................................................................Inserted Tab (Inductive) Terminals....................................................................................... Silicone rubber Feed*lhru type bushings - Solder lug or single, 2, 3, 4 blade quick connect Seal .................................................................................................................................................................. Hermetic Case Material ................................................................................................................................Drawn steel case Finish........................... Lead coated steel, Tin coated steel, Electro-plated zinc chromate converted, regular single coat paint or Underwriter's lab approved paint per customer specifications. STANDARD MOUNTING BRACKETS MONS 041119 FOf> * <fS^lS 0^',Vi eV^ \> o^e C^ ,P& ^ ^ -2- 3. All fluorescent and mercury vapor lighting ballasts for indoor and outdoor lighting operate with PCB capacitors. Picture rir is citeiv^ 4. Other essential PCB capacitor applications Include induction heating capacitors for steel production and metal working; voltage regulator capacitors for communication sys tems such as telephones, TV, radio and micro wave, high energy storage capacitors for atomic fission, lasser operation. Impulse testing of large electrical apparatus, special metal forming operations and a variety of space age related functions. Over the forty years of existence of PCB type capacitors attempts at possible replacement have been made in various areas of ap plication. None have been successful, with the exception of a case such as electronic circuits where it was possible to rede sign the entire system to solid Btate. As-e-lready--mentioned, -- absence-of PCB capaoltors-from-our-power- systems would create s -natlonai-hol-ocausb-.- B. Transformers Promptly following their discovery PCB fluids were employed to make fire-resistant type transformers for specialty applications in confined and populated areas to protect people and property from fire hazard. The generic name askarel was assigned to PCB dielec trics and as manufacturer of these fluids Monsanto patented the trade name Aroclor. Transformer makers assigned their own names. Examples are Pyranol (GeneraInBleotmAosCo-.), Inerteen (Westinghnnse), Noflamol (.Wagner Electric), and Chlorextol fAills dhalmere}. The askarel transformer is strictly a specialty type unit selected in place of mineral oil where Judgements made about need for safety from fire warrant paying the askarel transformer unit premium cost. These Judgements are made by individual industrial electrloal engineers, or by individual electrical architects and by organizations such as the utilities, and Government agencies Including the Army and Navy. The Judgements MQNS 041121 -3- and requirement for fire safe transformer use are Incorporated Into various civic building codes and requirements by the Fire underwriters. The popular size of askarel transformers ranges from about 350 KVA to 3000 KVA. Accordingly they are quite small as compared against typical mineral oil filled power transformers which are usually located In remote areas. In a number of Instances the transformer selection is a matter of Judgement of an askarel unit vs. an open dry type transformer. Here advantages of askarel units are their ability to withstand greater over loads, greater line surges, greater Impulse resistance, satisfactory operation at higher voltage levels, lower heat loss, lower cost operation and lower noise levels. Also as the askarel unit Is hermetically sealed It can be used In areas of high humidity, or where water flooding may be expected. A good example of this is the use of askarel transformers by utilities along our coastal areas, and the fact that our east coast electric train systems operate with askarel units In stead of dry type transformers which failed during the snow storms. Open dry units are also not well suited for many Industrial sites where there is a dusty or oorroslve environment. Maintenance of the open dry unit Is excessive even when located In more favorable atmosphere. Another Important factor Is that the size of an as karel unit for a given rating Is usually significantly smaller than a comparable dry type transformer. As transformers like most everything else are usually fitted Into the minimum space area It would be very difficult In many instances to replace existing aska rel units with dry type units. Due to all of these considerations representatives of the electrical Industry advise that If askarel type units and PCB fluids were not available the result would be a blackout of the entire North East section of our country and some other areas. Again, as In the case of capacitors there are no known satisfactory fire resistant fluids available as replacement for transformer (PCB) askarels. There are several types of askarel transformers: 1. Industrial load -- small to medium power center transformers. These power centers are used by the steel ?7TT*0 SNOW -4- mllls, textile mills, paper mills, <~11 hii inlil 1 i automotive manufacturing, air craft manufacturers, ohemioal manu facturers, petroleum refiners, copper mines and in general by over all indus try. The Government is a large user of askarel transformer load centers at all the space centers and atomic energy centers, such as Cape Kennedy, Houston, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Hanover, etc. The Army and Navy use askarel unit power supplies, not only domestically but around the world. Examples are at ship docks and communication power supplies as for example the Dew-line early warning system. . Askarel power supplies are used by all of the Government's mints. 2. Distribution Type Transformers Many utilities use askarel distribution type transformers, especially for under ground networks. Examples,of large users""Are Commonwealt'h Edlson,-''Con Ed. . Boston Ed., Fla. Pow^r, pia.,-^ower and Light,/Pacific'Gas aria Electric,'Kansas City' Power and Light,' American Electric Power, TVA, Bonneville, The Bureau of Reclamation and many others. Als/i under the-heading of distribution transformers^are the many^installatlone--\ at airports, office^buildings, schools, v--hospitals, shopping centers, stores and many Government buildings and institutions. 3, Other important uses Include rectifier transformers, metering transformers, instru ment transformers, electric railroad trans formers, subway transformers, as the new Metro system being built in Washington, D. C. Rlctui'eT'IV stfotos a typical askarel type ^ l^rjrisformed, \__ / ------" HONS 041124 -5- XXI, Annual Consumption of Dielectric PCBs In the states the annual pounds of electrical PCBs usedy/'' Is divided nearly equal between capacitors and transformers. Including the pounds of transformer PCBs blended'by General Electric Co. the tot^al pounds of PCB-contalnlng dielectric fluids used'll) the states over the years 1955 through 1970 are shown In the attached tabulation prepared as confiden tial InformatlonTor certain Government people. The world-wide use. Including the USA domestic quantity is somewhat over double the uqe-ln the USA. ___ Around the world, starting about, 33 years ago the same essential uses for .PCBs In capacitors and transformers de veloped rapidly In Canada, Germany,rance, Belgium, Swit zerland, Britain, Spain, Italy and Scandinavian countries. This was followed by strong use In Mexlcd^and so. America, In Japan,-Australia, India, Russia and in other Iron cur tain countries. Today these fluids are employed world-wide| Including remote areas where some of the applications in- 3<olve critical defense uses. In addition to their manufacture In the USA the PCBs are now produced In: England Oermany Prance Russia Japan Italy Spain Czechoslovakia Rumania (contemplated) The many millions of pounds^ of PCB have,been produced for over forty years with^no unusual health hazard to humans',-/^ nolMcnown environmental damage. . V-/ IV. Steps Already Taken to Avoid Environmental Pollution PCBs are highly stable, non-corrosive. Inert, high boiling, essentially water insoluble-materials. Because of''their high stability and inertness they had not been.thought of as potential environmental pollutants, and the most widely used PCBs were knoWn to be practically non toxic orally to animals. / /1 Accordinglyr^CBs had rather/large use in a variety/of non electrical' systems open to/the environment. Also/special precautions had not been taken to prevent scrap from the electrical use of PCB from entering- the environment__ Some entered sewers and streammesf and socme of the scrap found use to oil roads. ' HONS 041125 -6- On iearnlrfg^bf the pollutibn problem^prSmpe--steps' were talcpn by Monsanto lp/collaborktnirt'with the electrical Industry and others. ^ArcrAn early-'step was to eliminate the sale of PCB for plasticizer, sealer, hydraulic fluid and In fact^allxnon-electrloal use, with the exception of heat transfer regarded as a clpsed system. Because of essential use and lack of replacements and because. PCB capacitors and transformers are hermetically sealed metal apparatus the electrical use of PCBs Is continued. This is essentially the same posture taken, by the Swedish Government where'PCB environmental pollution in sea'birds was first noted and where'strlct^attl tudes toward envlronmental -pollutlon' are held. l c- The Swedish Government has banned.-all non-electrloal use of PCBs, but'allots continued use for'capacltofcs and transformers, hermetically'sealed'apparatus. Cf & Since It has been the more highly chlorinated (more refractory) PCBs that have been found, in general, in the environment, Monsanto developed Aroclor 1016 which has these materials removed. This is now sup plied as total replacement for Aroclor 1242 used by the capacitor makers. Obvious initial steps taken were improvement of Mon santo's plants and those of the capacitor and trans former makers to virtually prevent any PCB from entering the environment. ff-. Monsanto has built a'large capacity Incinerator^ capa ble of proper destruction of all PCB scrap fluid. / Monsanto accepts all scrap PCB for incineration' at/ three cents per pound. Several Incinerators are- available at locations other than Monsanto plants. Monsanto's Environmental Oroup has In operation a machine capable of Incinerating small PCB capacitors such as ballast and motor-run units. SGr In collaboration with Government agencies, Monsafvto developed sophisticated analytical procedures,use^ to probe .for very small amounts of PCBs in plant effluents and from the 'general environment and from -flsh, birds and animals. '--' s-- X* ,-U- if --c /'Cw-.'l- l.s HONS O 't l U 6 -It. Si L -7- ) H. Monsantq_is oontlnulng^extenslve studies to determine-'" thp bl-o'degradabiU.ty'of thevVarlouB'-oommbaJCB'lsomers and related~-matrlals. Future Steps Underway A. Judgements and guide lines will be formulated about the proper disposal_of solid scrap impregnated with PCBs and generated by the electrical Industry. Examples are failed capacitors from ballast, motor run and power correction applications, and scrap core and colls from askarel transformers. The guide lines for disposal of both liquid and solid scrap must reach many end users, beyond the reach of Monsanto and the electrical manufacturers. B. To proceed with this and all aspects of PCB pollution as related to the electrical Industry Committee C107 has been formed at ANSI. Working sub committees will be formed at a meeting to be held in Washington, D.C, on Sept. 14 at the National Bureau of Standards. C Composition of ANSI - C107 The\road .representation'lit this groupie indicated by the following respondents and tlje_,list Df people invited to participate: 1. Respondents Certified Ballast Manufacturers Association Dr. A, Posefsky / General Electric Company Industrial and Power Capacitor Products Dept, V, / John Street / Hudson Falls, N.A. 12839 N. R. Clark / Universal Manufacturing Company 902 Crescent/Ave, Bridgeport, .Conn. 06607 Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers, Inc. / E. L. Raab, Manager - Insulation Systems Section \J Oeneral Electric Company Power Distribution Division 100 Woodlawn Avenue Pittsfield, Mass. 01201 MONS 041127 -8- 1/ \J II \J Natlonal Electrical Manufacturers Aaan. / D. E. Allen, Manager, Marketing Services Power Distribution Division/ Allis-Chalmers Corporation/ Columbus & Preble Avenues ' Pittsburgh, Pa. -15233 J. P. Kuzela, Engineering Manager Power Capacitors / JSangamo Electric Company P.0. Box 359 ,, Springfield, 111. 62705 R. D. McClain J Westlnghouse Electric Corporation P.0. Box 341 Bloomington, Ind. 47402 W. C. Reinhardt, Manager, Res. & Dev. Central Moloney Transformer Division Colt Industries f JP.0. Box 101 St.. Louis, Mo. 63166 H. R. Rowe, General Manager Lighting & Capacitor Products McOraw-Edlsonr Power Systems Division P.0. Box 160/ South Milwaukee, Wis. 53172 Department bf the Army David M. Crabtree, Chief of the Electrical Eng. Se'ctlon '` Facilities Engineering Division Office of/ the Chief of Engineers Department of the Army Washington, D. C. 20314 Environmental Protection Agency. Earl Pershing Ployd 5555 Ridge Avenue Cincinnati, Ohio 45213 Gen.eral Services Administration Reuben T. Morgan Federal Supply Service, Room 507 Oeneral Services Administration Washington, D. C. 20406 HUNS 041128 -9- Aaron J. Woloahln t Office of Environmental' Affairs Oeneral Services Administration Washington, D. C. 20405 National Bureau of Standards / Dr. Stanley P. Waslk Research Chemist / National Bureau of Standards Room A145 Chemistry Building -w/ Washington, D. C. 20234 / Rural Electrification Administration Department of Agriculture Dr. John Leutrltz, Jr. Timber Products Specialist Distribution Engineering Branch Power Supply, Management and Engineering Standards Division Rural Electrification Administration Washington^ D. C. 20250 Tennessee/Valley Authority William f/. Nicholas Asst. Chief of the Water Quality Branch In the Dlv. of Environmental Res. and Dev. Office of Health and Environmental Science Tennessee Valley Authority Chattanooga, Tenn. 37401 Chem-Trol Pollution Services Inc. Louis /E. Wagner, President 48l8 Lake Avenue Blas^ell, N. Y. 14219 Doble Engineering Company / A. L. Rlckley, Vice President 32 Locust Street Belmont, Mass. 02178 Electrical Utilities Company A. 0. Hauser, President 2427 St. Vincent Avenue La Salle, 111. 61301 MONS 041U9 -10Monsanto Company / W. B. Papageorge, Mgr. Environmental Control 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd. / St. Louis, Mo. 63166 P. 0. Benlgnus, Marketing Manager, Dleleotrlo Dl Itl An * ' 2. roupa Invited __ _______ ____ _ 1916 Race Street Philadelphia/ Pa. 19103 _ Materials William T. Cavanaugh, Managing Director Association of American Railroads 1920 L Street, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20036 Thomas Vll Ooodfellow, President Assoc, /of Edison Illuminating Companies 51 E. 42nd St. New York, N. Y. 10017 W. Floyd-Jones, Secretary Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc, 320 New Center Building Detroit, Michigan 48202 Thomas C. Mann, President MONS 041130 -11- Certlfled Ballast Manufacturers Assn. 2120 Keith Building Cleveland, Ohio 44115 M. R. Davies, Secretary-Treasurer Edison Electric -Institute 750 Third Avenue , New York, N. Y. 10017 ' / W. Donham Crawford, Managing Director Institute- of Electrical & Electronic Eng., Inc. 345 E. 47th St. New York, N. Y. 10pl7 Donald G. Fink, General Manager Manufacturing Chemists Assoc. 1825 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington, D. C. 20009 William J. Driver, President National Electrical Manufacturers Assoc. 155 E. 44th St. New York, NJ Y. 10017 A. M. Salazar, Executive Secretary, Power Equipment Division National fire Protection Association 60 Batterymarch St. Boston, Mass. 02110 . Charles IS. Morgan, General Manager Underwriter's Laboratories, Inc. 207 Ei Ohio Street Chicago, 111. 60611 Baron Whitaker, President 0*1131 Water Pollution Control Federation 3900 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20016 Robert A. Canham, Executive Secretary <0 a* x -12- Atomlo Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545 Qlenn T. Seaborg, Chalrmai Department of the Army The Pentaeon > Chief of Engineers Department of Interior C Street Between 18th and 19th Sts. NW Washington, D. C. 0240 James R. Smith, Assistant Secretary - Water and Power Development Ellis L. Armstrong, Commissioner of Reclamation Henry R. Richmond! Administrator Bonneville Power Administration Carl L. Klein, Assistant Secretary - Water Quality ana Research Environmental Protection Agency 1626 K St. N.W/ Washington, D./C. 20460 William D. Ruekelhaus, Administrator Pood and Drug Administration Department af Health, Education and Welfare 6600 Fishers Lane Rockville, rnd. 20852 Charles C/ Edwards, Commissioner of Food and Drugs General Services Administration Federal/Supply Service Washington, D. C. 20406 A. F. Sampson, Commissioner /C. C. Travis, Director Standardization Dlv. National Bureau of Standards Washington, D. C. 20234 Lewis M. Branscomb, Director HONS 041l3i -13- Rural Electrification Administration Department of Agricultural 14th St. and Independence Ave. S.W. Washington, D. C. 20250 David W. Hamll, Administrator Tennessee Valley Authority New Sprankle Bulldlr Knoxville, Tenn. 37602 James F. Watson, Manager of Power Chem-Trol Pollution Services Inc. 4818 lake Avenue Blasdell, N. Y. 14219 Lewis E. Wagner, President Doble Engineering Co. P.0. Box 105 i ,, Belmont, Mass. /02178 R. I. Lowe, President Electrical Utilities Co. 2427 St. Vingrent Avenue La Salle, Il. 61301 A. 0. Hausej/ Monsanto Cbmpany 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis/, MO. 63166 W. B. Papageorge, Manager Environmental Control P. 0. Bflnlgnus, Marketing Mgr., Dielectric Fluids Rolllnsf-Purle Ino. 3208 Concord Pike Wilmington, Delaware 19803 John O'Brien, President MONS 041133 -14D. The Scope of Committee C107 Procedures and guides for safe use, maintenance and disposal of askarel and askarel-soaked materials used In electrical equipment B. Proposed Objectives In addition to developing the procedures and guides referred to In the scope, above. It shall be the ob jectives of the ANSI Committee to: 1. Serve as a source for technical Information and advice for Federal, State and local authorities and for the information of all others concerned. 2. Encourage the development of suitable disposal facilities and maintain a list of their capabili ties and locations, for the Information of all concerned. 3. Serve as the advisory group for U.S. participation In CEE, IEC, COPANT, SEORA and other International organizations. HONS 041134