Document bB03G09ypD4JEKENJV0dmRgOg

? Sulfid^ H 2rare*nf^`.v3`TV Sd^(SJ l Intensified research is needed to minimize their dangers Car! Cu Gustafson, Federal Water Quality Administration, Athens, Go. jj__during the past three years, a special class of compounds, called polychlorinated biphenyls (pen's), has claimed the attention o( ecologists and pesticide analysis in this country. These compounds were not discovered in the environment until 1966 in Swe* den and 1967 in the U.S., despite the fact that they have been available com mercially for 40 years. Interest in pcb's has arisen because they arc frequently found in fish, bird, water, sediment, and other environmental samples when such samples arc examined for chlori nated pesticide residue-.. That a wide variety of samples containing rcx>'s has been collected from England, Scandi navia, The Netherlands, Antarctica, Central America, and many -different ' parts of the U.S. makes them truly ubiquitous pollutants. Polychlorobiphcnyls arc made by substituting chlorine atoms for one or more of the hydrogen atoms at the 7hr Monsanto Co, stated recently in a letter to Congressman William F. Ryan of New York that as of August 30, it would no longer sell PCD's to customers for use in g; rteral plasticizer operations where dispus,! of tin endproducts cam;.'1 V com \>iled. Ifter some las period--the tune it rakes to eventually dispose of tt:e ruJarts mtule from pcb's and cu-reni,y in processor's uiventoidet-- it r quantity of ten's getting into the env!ron,ncnt may hr substantially reduced, it Monsanto's former customers I, -ok for PCB substitutes, rattier hart pun nosing Pen's from ,i:.tnufacttuj>\ in Ja -an mid F.urvfte, the projet ted Jem use could hccutiu- a reality t hri O. Gustafson numbered positions of the biphenyl structure. Aroclor. pcb's are also manufactured in Europe and Japan, under trade names such as Phcnocblor and Clophen. The various Arodors are dif ferentiated by a four-digit number, with the last two digits indicating the percentage of chlorine in the mixture. . Properties In the process of replacing hydrogen morns, with chlorine atoms, a large number of substitution^. combinations arise. For example, three monochlorobiphenyl isomers are possible, 12 dichloj'obiphcnyl isomers,: 21 'trichlorobiphenyl isomers, and so on. Theoreti cally, 210 compounds can be prepared by this substitution process; a typical example would be 2,4,6,2'4'-pcntachlorobiphcnyl. Whenever aromatic hydrocarbons such as biphenyls arc chlorinated, the product is a mixture of compounds, in cluding isomers. It is quite difficult to synthesize single, specific chlorobiphenyl compounds in the laboratory unless involved procedures are em ployed. Consequently fdw of the indi vidual compounds have -been prepared in the pure form for study. In the commercial process for t*cn manufacture, biphenyl is chlorinated with anhydrous chlorine! in taJ! cyimdrical lowers with either iron lilings or ferric chlnriwu as (he cu.ih-'it The by-product is hydrogen chloride, the product is a mixture of several poll's. The degree of chlorination '* deter mined by measuring the spccitic grevity of the mixture oi, when the product it more viscous, :hc baU-and-nnp soft ening-point test is used. The wi.ole pro cess takes from 12 to 36 hour,. In the U.S., the sole manufacturer of prw's is the Monsanto Co., whieh " The three most important physical properties of the pcb's are low vapor pressures (they have high boiling .-oints), low water solubility, and high , dielectric constants They are mis* ; ethic with most organic solvents and . = compatible with many types of.nply. liters. Although some individuality:- . chlorobiphenyl compounds are' crys^,v- fallinc, the Arodor mixtures arc either- , liquids or resins,. The chemical properties that make pcb's desirable industrial materials are their excellent thermal stability, their strong resistance to both acidic and basic hydrolysis, and their general in ertness. They arc quite resistant to oxidation. Monsanto reports, m a tech nical bulletin on pcb's, that they can be heated to 140 C under 260 pi,i. of oxygen pressure "without showing any evidence of oxidation as judged by de velopment of aiMwiiy or fo:-r.i;on of sludge." . The physiolopk ul propcnii* of the pcb's make their, potentially sia-.ificunt contaminant! t.j u,,- ,-nviror.i ...u. For any pollutant, nv- f.ciors ore in\ oived: . acute toxicity, which it iiv.au -..u'.oly evident beeausi of :i high death ,-..:c or other maiming etieei. ,.nd ch\ . : uv* icity, which it ihe -esalt of j !o 1 .u- cumulation of ih.- >o,>on in the x>0> and it a- stiWeth.. eifect. Wicw' acute loxiciit is I,. a. poili:(jii \r,:> , be readily reeogni. ed and i--pro*'"--.remedial actions wi.l Iv introduced. If. I I MON-MT-003186 WATER PCB-SD0000018119 -"she dfcLLs wiJ) 0 tm.uv..ee.t until the chronic effects make ^ evident. When this happens, ... ( problem may have advanced beyonJ immediate or easy correction. Acute toxicity All studies of pcii's in animals indi cate that acute toxicity iv not a signifi cant factor. Their acute toxicitics are on the order of those or other chlori nated aromatic compounds. Monsanto has sponsored two investigations of the acute toxicitics of Aroclor mix tures. In the first, at the Kettering Laboratory at the University of Cin cinnati. Dr. J. F. Troon and his co workers investigated the toxicity of Aroclor vapors for guinea pigs, mice, rabbits, and rats. All animals survived a 24-day exposure to 0.33 p.p.m. of Aroclor 1242 for 7 hours per day on 17 of those days. Even after more pro longed tests, there were no severe ef fects from Aroclor 1242. In the second investigation, still in process, three groups of beagles are fed Aroclor 1242, 1254, and 1260, respectively, at a rate of 100 p.p.m. in their diets. After three .>i.[1 no significant abnormalities ------(;--re been noted. -------------- ------------- -- Similar studies on fish have been per|V:';<.,...-!formed in several laboratories. Dr. - Richard School!ger of the Sport Fish eries and Wildlife Fish-Pesticide Re search Laboratory in Columbia, Mo., reports that 96 hour-rt.M toxicitics of live Aroclors to trout range from 1.17 to 60 p.p.m. Compared to dot, whose 96 hour.TLju toxicity is 0.002 to 0.009 p.p.m. for trout, the rot's have a rela tively low acute toxicity. With the more sensitive blucgill, the 96 hour-TLan for Aroclor 1248 is 0.278 p.p.m., while that of nor is 0.008 p.p.m. Aroclor toxiciiies appear to be inversely propor tional to the chlorine content of the mixture. Shellfish, oysters, and shrimp arc more sensitive to nett's. Dr. Tom Duke, at (he Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Pesticide Field Station, re ports lllO'f mortality of juvenile pink shrimp exposed to 0.10 p.p^rt. of Aroelor 1254 in water tor -48 hours. This conccnir-iiuin of Aroclor 1254 will iusc a ItllK,, decrease in shell growth " 1 oysteis alter 9ft hours. To achieve the xantt ellects with wrr in these ex periments, only O.OOOft p.p.m. ami 0.01 P-p.m.. respectively, were required. There is very little evidence that are loxic to insects. Studies to date show ijut jjiey are less toxic than Uieidrin or uni, As with fish, their tox icity appears to be inversely propor tional to the chlorine content of the mixture. Based on the above data, it is un derstandable why the polychlorobi- phcnyls, commercially available for 40 years, have only recently attracted intention as toxic environmental con taminants.. - Chronic toxicity The chronic toxicitics of Pen's pre sent a more disturbing situation; several chronic effects have been observed. It was discovered, quite by accident, that pen's have a toxic effect on chickens. Professor E. L McCunc and his co workers, at the University of Missouri found their chickens dying after they were placed in a feeding house, parts of which had been freshly painted with an epoxy paint. Careful investigation revealed that the toxic factor was Aro clor 1242, a binder in the paint. When Aroclor 1242 was fed to the chicks it produced the same characteristic effects as chick edema factor. McCunc re ported: "Gross pathology included hy dropericardium. hydroperitonium, cn. larged heart, liver, and kidneys, and hemorrhage of internal organs. Mi croscopically the kidneys showed marked tubular dilation and numetous casts." Another chronic effect of pen's is related in wildfowl. The accumulation of high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in birds resulted in dis ruption of normal breeding behavior and in the formation of thin-shellcd eggs. A dramatic example of this effect has been observed in the case of the brown pelican. On the Anacapa Islands off the California coast, no young were hatched last year from 300 pairs of nesting birds. The shells of most eggs laid .were so thin that a dent occurred when the-egg was picked up. There are two possible causes for the laying of thin-shellcd eggs by wild fowl. One is a low calcium reserve in the bird; the other is the inability of the bird to deliver the needed calcium to its oviduct, where the eggshell is forming. The calcium level in the avian biosystem and the calcium reserve in the secondary bone structure or medul lary bone, found only in female birds when they are breeding, are controlled by the hormone estrogen. A high es trogen level is associated with the for mation of this caicium reserve. Chlo rinated hydrocarbons, such as ddt. MON-MT-003187 i i f \ i \ I \ l ) l ) \ WATER_PCB-SD0000018120 LUli>tO.>lU\ i'H'MIlU, lllil ;ici<v;ilc cn/ymvs in I ho Uwr which IninMonu Csll\';Vtt WU* .1 mK* VY;iUT'M>luWc hut i< readily eliminated front the bird's 1W\ . This means that when estrogen level- ace low, calcium reserves will also h> low, anil there fore very Jiitle cnlemin will he avail- ahh- for strong eg.rshell production. DicUritt and nett's arc more effective than-nor in this type of eiuymc-indtic- tion activity. Aroelor 1262 has an es tradiol degrading potential four to free limes lhat of />,/>'-nde or technical grade mtT. The ability of the female bird to deliver calcium to her oviduct during the last 20 hours, when the eggshell is being formed, is related to the func tioning of the enzyme carbonic an- hydrasc. When birds that have ex hibited the ability to lay normal eggs are injected with n metabolite of dct (DDE) just prior to the formation of the eggshell, they will lay thin-shelled- eggs. This indicates that ddt also in hibits the activity of carbonic anhy- drase. the enzyme that controls the flow of calcium from the blood stream of ihc bird into its oviduct. Since dicldiin seems to have no effect on carbonic imhydrase. we may assume that neither do the pen*-: Hns'- ever, these compounds delay breeding time significantly. Many ornithologists fee! that late breeding has a stronger influence on the reduction of bird populations than docs the laying of thin-shelled- eggs. If this is true, pen's arc a more potent threat than udt to our declining bird populations, es pecially for predatory birds that ac cumulate fairly high levels of nett's be cause they eat smaller animals that al ready have concentrated pea's in their own tissues. Other investigators have produced evidence to show that pen's arc simi lar to ddt in their activity. Dr. Joseph Street at Utah State University has shown that when pcii's accumulate in the liver, they induce microsomal en zyme activity hy bringing about more rapid metabolism of drugs, insecticides, and other foreign compounds. He fed rats a diet containing p.p.m. of Aroelor 1254 or Aroelur 1260. After ID day. on this diet, the test animals were administered hrxobarbitol at a dose of j()0 p.p.m. lo induce sleep. In comparison with a control group, the sleeping time for these rats was reduced by 65 to 80ft.. Street also found lhat Aroelor, when fed at (tie s*6 EniirwwnmuU Scirner & TrelmoUer same level, will reduce dicldrin stor age in adipose tissue by 90 to 95 %; in-, crease aniline oxidation by 200 to 300%; and increase epn detoxication by 430 to 470%. In addition, the pen's cause activation of organothiophosphalc compounds, which adversely af fect the system. This latter effect coun terbalances the detoxification of dicl- drin. Normally, when-a substrate activates an enzyme, it is converted to a watersoluble form that will be eliminated from the system; however, this is not the ease with pen's. Bcr.ur.se they re main in the system for prolonged pe riods of time, their enzyme induction activity is always present. In this way the normal concentration of important body chemicals may be lowered to the point of bringing about malfunctions in the system. For example. Street be lieves lhat the rot's bring about steroid degradation, which can lead to altered endocrine relationships. Tire chronic toxicity to man is as follows: Like the chlorinated naphthalenes, the chlorinated diphenyls have two distinct aetions on the body, namely, a skm effect and a toxic action on the liver. The, lesion produced'in the liver is an acute yellow atrophy. This hepato-toxic acliop of' the chlorinated di phenyls appears to be increased if ihere'Nis exposure to carbon tetrachloride at the same time. The higher the chlorine content of the diphenyl compound, the more toxic it is liable to he. Oxides of chlorinated diphenyls are more WlON'MT-003188 WATER PCB-SD0000018121 j.nie iH.m the imoxidized inn- lClltl> Ini- 'Kin lesion is known as ck.o;..c,ic. .iml consists of sinall p.snples .i:kI d.uk pigmentation of the exposed me.is, iiuh.iliy. 1-ulor, comedones and pustules develop. In persons who have suffered st.'lemie intoxication. the usual signs and symptoms are nausea, vomiting, loss of weight, jaundice, edema, and abdominal pain. Where the liver damage has been severe, the patient may pass into coma and die. Sit.r. S'. h vitig, "Danaerotis Prop erties of Industrial Materials," 3rd eJ: Vun Sosinind-RcinJiold, New York. /4>6,v. The ubiqmix of rca's is related to the wide spectrum of applications that have been found for them. The largest single use of urn's is related to their electrical properties--as coolant-insu lation fluids in transformers. For this purpose the Aroclors arc also sold under such trade names as Chlorcxtol (AUis-Chalmcrs Mfp. Co.), Dykanol (Federal Pacific Electric Co.), Incrteen (Wesiinghousc Electric Co.), Noflamal (Wagner Electric Co.), Pyrnnol (General Electric Co.), and Thcrminol (Monsanto Co.). Other ip.es of i'm\ ;r.,-in.i.ion inio ballasts for fluorescent fix tures; impregnation of cotton and as bestos for braided insulation of elec trical wiring; a plasticizer in wire and cable coalings; capacitors and askarcltype transformers; and plasticizers of vinyl ch'oride polymer films. Because of their thermal stability ami fire re sistance, ihe pen's also find application in high-pressure hydraulic fluids, spe cialized lubricants and gasket scalers, beat transfer agents, and machine tool cutting oils. Miscellaneous uses in clude: formulation into some epoxy paints; protective coatings for wood, metal, ami concrete; adhesives; and in carbonless reproducing paper. One of the primary manufacturers of carbon less reproducing paper also sells Atoclon, in an encapsulated form. Generally the kinds of applications described above mean that the rot's will be in many types o/ products that eventually find their way to the domes tic market. When used in mamiucUirc of ballasts lor fluorescent fixtures they If be found in kitchens, bathrooms, dw.vs. and offices throughout the coun try, Wherever office forms are used that do not use carbon paper, one may find pen's formulated into the micro capsules of dye that comprise the re 1 Gas chromatogram A is of a standard pesticide mixture, B is typical of Aroclor 1254. and A + B is the chromatogram of a 50; 50 mixture of both. The concentration of Aroclor 1254 is approximately 10 times those of the pesticides in A, hence It is un derstandable why PCB's were not readily recognized in pesticide chromatograms. Gas chromatograph (Packard.7620) conditions: gas flow 80 ml./min. nitrogen; tem- ' peratures--oven, 210* C,, inlet, 230' C., detector, 218' C.; Ni" electron capture detector; 5' x Vi" glass column packed with 8% SE-30 on Chromosorb Q 80-90 mesh. . MON-MT-003189 producing layer of the business form, ra's have also been found on the transparent receipts used in credit card charge forms. As plasticizers they can be expected to appear in many con sumer plastics. Since the chronic toxicides arc so significant, it becomes important to know just how extensively the pea's are distributed in the ecosystem, and just how they find their way into 9 raw the environment. Rainwater in En gland, brown seals oil. the coast of Scotland, while-tailed eagles in Swe den, cod in the Bailie Sea, mussels in The Netherlands, adelic penguin eggs in (he Antarctic brown pelican eggs in Panama, Arctic terns, shrimp in Florida, river w.uer in Japan, waters in the Great-Lakes, human hair, and human adipose tissue--samples' of all these have been found to contain pen's. Volume 4. Number .u, October 1V70 17 t .I > t t: i i i WATER PCB-SD0000018122 j j t ----------- 1---------- r/ ; mi\ lii.iNiiip iik-iii a ciass 01 wiuety dispersed pollutants. Readily absorbed The properties of pen's tlui make them industrially useful are the same properties lh.it cause I hem to persist in die environment. These in clude thermal stability, resistance to oxidation and hyd roll sis, solithi lit}' in a wide range of organic solvents, water insolubility. high dieieetric constant, and compatibility wiu many types of nucromolccules. Thc;r resistance to oxidation and hydrolysis also makes pea's more stable ami persistent than dot. Consequently, they could even tually accumulate lo a higher eonccnlrntion than Dm, especially if the use of tot is sharply curtailed in the U.S. The solubility of pen's in nonpolar solvents explains why they arc readily absorbed into fatty tissue and into the liver. Their resistance lo oxidation or other types of chemical degradation explains their persistence in the en vironment and accumulation in animal tissue. The latter effect is enhanced both by their insolubility in water and solubility in organic solvents. Their chemical inertness and resistance to metabolism account for their low acute toxicity. Bui os they slowiy eentration approaches toxicity levels, at which point chronic effects make themselves evident. It has been established that fish-cat- tuitions of pen's, as in (he ease of the white-tailed eagle, which has been found to have as much as 14,000 p.p.m. of pen's. Peregrine falcons, taken off the coast of California, were found to have as much as 2000 p.p.m. in their lipid tissue. When shrimp were exposed to 10 p.p.b. of Aroclor 1254 for 48 hours, they accumulated 3300 p.p.b. of pen's, which represents' a 330-fold con centration in n very short time. Oysters, exposed lo an identical concentration of Aroclor J 254 for i;6 hours and then placed in fen-free water for four days, still had a concentration of 33,000 p.p.b. of pen's, which constitute* a 3300-fold concentration. This means that even though the concentrations of pen's arc in the parts-pcr-billion Tange in the environment, their high lipid solubility causes them to collect in fatly tissues of iower animals and marine life. Therefore, species at the top of a food chain wilt also .iccimuilutc pen's in their bodies, pmi.oilarly in their lipid tissue and liver, >n much the sumo '* t N . chlorinated pesticides. Because of the low solubility of pen's in water, when a solution or dispersion of them is discharged into a river or lake, they will accumulate on the sedi ment in relatively high concentrations. Subsequently, they will rcdissolve very slowly in the water as conditions change. Therefore, it will usually take a long time to flush out a contaminated area. Accidental occurrence The reason that pen's have not been found in the ecosystem as extensively as dot, and are not present in environ mental samples at as high a concen tration as ddt, is that pen's find their way into the environment accidentally. dot is deliberately spread because this ii the only wny its insecticidal proper ties can be utilized, pen's arc not in tended lo get into the environment, but they do because their unique chemical properties prevent them from being de stroyed by our usual waste disposal methods. Thus, they inadvertently es cape and become widely dispersed. In Sweden, wlure ilte use of tw h:w Iteen luttmed, ami where the main power source is hydroelectric, invosti. pen's in the environment is as hit that of ddt. There are several ways by v pcb's get into the ecosystem. O: these is by incincraiion. Products taining pen's, such as carbonic* producing paper in business it plastics (especially polymer film sheeting that contain pcb's as p cizcrs), spent ballasts from fhiore light fixtures, and objects coated Pat-formulated coatings, all find way to the city dump or incinc for burning. The poi's do not burr arc vaporized. They arc then ca into the atmosphere, where they' cc on paniculate matter and arc si qucntly returned to the surface o: earth, into the rivers, lakes, and oa In this way they become widely tributed throughout the global envi ment. Another source is probab'v. run-off from industrial wastes dumps. A third source is the pom manufacture and the plants w rot's arc processed into other proJi They can escape through the plan:1 illation and exhaust systems into atmosphere aiul through its i\ a>te ti ment system into sewers or directly waterway*. . III iiuiuunmcuioJ .SdrMv A `Jt-cinwiagy ' Aop V MON-MT-003190 5 WATER PCB-SD0000018123 ' i 'll is*inlL`rcit;ii[: to note that the inci- column chromatography to separate 'i'vt of ivn's in environmental sam pen's from chlorinated pesticides. At a ' iiL-s i* highoi m i.iuMraii/i*d ami tir- recent nticling, sponsored by the lum/vd Uuds a'Iiom; primary i-woa's National Water Quality lab rliitnl is the San Tt.u.eisco li.iy ?ra oratory, D.iluih, Minn., a general pro f a larger concentration of pen's cedure was recommended for separa 1 pJr unit of body wcigfu than those ltoio-n of pen's from pesticides. In this caieJ in Baja, Cali/., which is com procedure for biosampies, the sample pletely rural. Aquatic life in the Archi is extracted with hexane as in regular pelago of Stockholm, the most indus pesticide analysis. It is then partitioned trialized area of Sweden, were found with acetonitrile to remove fats, the to have a higher concentration of pen's clcanedup extract is passed through a' than fit>h samples taken from the west-. Fiuorisil column and then through a em coast of Sweden, a less develop'd silicic acid column. Finally, the sample area. Sediment samples taken from is analyzed by gas chromatography, touthern portions of l_akc Michigan with a chloride-specific detector. In this have a higher concentration of pea's way the pesticides are retained on the than those from other pans of the lake. silicic acid column for later elution and Monsanto states that until a ream identification. change in marketing policy (see inset, page 814), sales of Aroclors were in creasing at the rate of 8% per year. While this increase does not seem sig nificant, it may be important if the in creased consumption was in consumer Research needs To assess fully the significance of Pen's as environmental pollutants, ad ditional research is needed. No one products and thus would find their way into our normal solid waste disposal really knows the extent of the chronic effects of these chlorinated hydrocar systems. Such an occurrence would bons. Some problems that need to be mean a definite increase of pcr residues in the environment, and therefore a considered are: Although pen's arc known to ac marked increase in their chronic tox-* i- cumulate in human organs we do not inly effects. _____________ know at what concentration they will - _ etectlon -hegin t exhibit toxic elliaiiii. Wilt these chronic effects be similar to those i- :, pen's were not discovered i.i environ shown in animals--microsomal en mental samples until very recently for zyme activity, calcium metabolism in several reasons. FirM, ns indicated hibition, and so on? What arc other above, they have not been deliberately possible chronic effects? distributed about (be ceosyMcm. Soc- Which of the many pen com oodly, because of their relatively low pounds in the commercially available ' acute toxieities, (heir presence was not mixtures are responsible for their tox immediately evident. Finally, they are icity? Can commercial pen.mixtures be diflicuii to detect analytically. modified to climinnic the toxic com The pen's were-first detected ns in ponents? Pure samples are required to terfering peaks in the gas chromato answer these questions. At the present graphic analysis (oc) of environmental time work is continuing at the fwqa's samples being analyzed for chlorinated Southeast Water Laboratory to sep pesticide residues. When pen's arc pres- arate of the Aroclor mixtures into em in a sample they give a pattern of its many components, and to identify several oc peaks, whose retention limes each component. are similar to those of dicldrin, dot, We need to know ail the uses fur ode, aldrin, and hcptachior oxide. Be ' the pen's. What is the annual produc cause the peaks were not large or tion of pen's? Our knowledge of these sharp, investigators tended to ignore facts is limited and needs to be ex them until S. Jensen, in Sweden, and panded. These facts should be known ft. Hisebrough, at the University of if we are to accurately determine how California si Berkeley, identified them (hey get into the environment, and take as corresponding to common conslitu- steps to prevent further environmental ents of environmental samples being contamination by them. \ ntdyzed for persistent pesticides. In view of the complexity of the The problem of the interferences of isolation and accurate quantitative feu's with the analysis of other chlori analysis of pen's in chlorinated resi nated pesticides has been largely over dues, a straightforward, unambiguous come by prior treatment of the sam measurement of them needs to be de ' pie. Several investigators have used veloped. What is the fate of Pen's in nat ural waters? More needs to be known of their partition coefficients between bottom .sediments and water. This is vital if we arc to estimate bow long it wili fake for a river bed to clean itself of contamination. It will also be useful when assessing the cfTccts of pen's on murine life that feed on the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and estuaries. We should also learn more about pcb solubility-in water of various ionic strengths. Arc present waste treatment sys- terns adequate to handle PCB's7 Do spe cial measures need to be taken when pen's are pan of the waste effluent be ing treated? By trying to get some of these an swers now, we may find that we arc is a position to control the escape of pen's into the environment before ad ditional damage is done. So frequently, action is taken only after it is evident that massive damage has resulted from a particular pollutant. In the case of the pen's we may have an opportunity to resolve the situation before that happens. Additional Reading Hubbard. H. L, "Chlorinated Biphenyl and Related Compounds," Encyclo pedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd --oil fj. irrtnmrinntTi. PubL. New York. N.Y.. 1964, pp. 2S9-298. Reynolds. L. M.. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxieof. 4,12S (1909). Riscbroutjh, R. N., et. al,, Nature 220 (1968). .p-. r'v! tor r'r'i/.) 1i iii i Carl C. Gustafsou, cliairnitm of the Department of Chemistry of King's College, Briurcilff Manor, N.Y., re ceived a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Delaware in 1957, During the 1969-70 academic year, he was on leave at the fvvqa Southeast Water Laboratory in Athens, Ga., where -ftp studied trace organic analysis in wash, effluents. As a mem ber of the National Water Contami nants Clutracierizution Research Pro gram, he worked with PCBtr and pulp and paper mill effluents. MON-MT-003191 9 Volume 4, Number ID, October 1970 S19 io l ii i ( f i I I I I* \ I 4i WATER PCB-SD0000018124