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TECHNICAL NOTES
Tate of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Dairy Products Processed from the Milk of Exposed Cows
.
Abftrct
Two actively lariating Jersey cows wero {riven orally 50 and 300 mg/kg of poly chlorinated biphenyls ns n single Jose. The. mill; wns collected nnd Collage elieeso, wliey, cream, skiinmilk, nnd ltonfut dry mill; were made. Conee.nl rations nnd metabolic forms of polychlorinated bi phenyls were, determined in the. whole, milk nnd in (he processed dairy products. Metabolic forms of these biphenyls wero not significantly altered by various pro cesses. Heating skimmilk substantially decreased total polychlorinated biphenyls. Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the prepared milk products indicates n strong predilection of them for the lipid phase.
milk, urine, and some tissues of bovines exposed
to environmental contamination.
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides given to
lactating animals are partially excreted in the
milk, either per sc or as metabolites (17), tints
.appearing in milk products (30). Poly
chlorinated biphenyls possess certain structural,
physical, and chemical similarities to (lie DDT
pesticides group (35). Thus, PCB share with
the DDT group strong lipophilic properties,
which result in prolonged persistence of PCB
in mill; and in fatly tissues of the body (34).
It was believed that PCB in dairy products
might create a health hazard. Consequently, our
preliminary study was-undertaken to determine
the fate of metabolieally incorporated biphenyls
in cow's milk and their distribution in dairy
products processed from the milk. ,
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Introduction
Experimental Methods
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCD) arc used industrially in the manufacture of resins, rub bers, paints, waxes, varnishes, lubricants, hy draulic fluids, hcal-tronsfer media, etc. (1, C). They are nlso used for dust prevention, mois ture proofing, sealing nnd impregnation, and vapor suppression to prolong insecticide killlife (1). Polychlorinated biphenyls incorpora tion into pesticide formulations increases the toxicity of dieldrin nnd DDT (11).
Polychlorinated biphenyls have been im plicated ns environmental contaminants of wild life nnd fish in Europe (7, 8) nnd Xorth America (?, 16) and appear to be ubiquitous (5, 16). They have been reported ns being powerful inducers of hepatic enzymes which degrade estradiol (16) and of possessing an nnlinndrOgcnic-likc effect (13). Poisoning among the general population of western Japan by the ingestion of rice bran oil contaminated with PCB, involving 600 patients was reported by Knrntaunc (!)). The contamination of nuts with PCB during storage and transportation was described by Bailey et al. (3). Their presence in human adipose tissue wns reported by Biros et al. (4). 1'latonow et al. (Id) re ported the occurrence of PCB residues in the
3 Animals and facilities wero provided by the Ontario Department of Agriculture and Pood.
- Aroclor 1054 was kindly supplied by Monsanto Canada Ltd., Toronto, Ontario.
Two actively lactating Jersey cows,1 weighing 3G0 and 390 kg, were given orally 30 and 100 mg of polychlorinated biphenyls per kilogram of body weight as a single dose. They were given as Aroclor 1254,*^ dissolved in a small amount of olive oil nnd mixed with dairy con centrate. Milk from each cow was collected nnd pooled for four days and totalled 50.S and 40.S kg. Cream, skiinmilk, Cottage, cheese, and spray-dried nonfat dry milk were prepared from each lot of milk. "Whey from Cottage cheese wns nlso collected. Ci'oam wns prepared by warming the Knilk to 33 C and separating in a conventional scpnrnfor. The skiinmilk, without further heat treatment, was uSbd to manufacture Cottage cheese. The coagulant was quickly formed with lactic acid and rennin rather than by Die more conventional method of developing acid by laelic neid-producing buctcria. The curd was neither salted nor creamed. The skiinmilk was heated to 70 C nnd held for 10 min before concentrating it to 30% solids in a Rogers laboratory evaporator ut 45 C. The condensed skiinmilk was heated to 50 0 and spray-dried in a Huoiimiii research spray drier with inlet air iit 1?S and outlet air ut 80 C. Samples of ull products, including whey, were tested for fat by the Mu,joinder method (12). Control samples of whole milk ' and cream were collected for two consecutive days before tho administration of PCB.
Polychlorinated biphenyls were extracted
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JOURNAL OK J>AI li Y KOIHNOK
Taiu.v: ], Coneetil nil ions of polychlorinated biphenyl* mid the pei-ccnl/igcss oof )ful 5 milk and
milk product*
from Dio mill; of cows given pidyclilnt mated biphcinvlw.
Cow 1 ~10~ mg PCB/ltg
Cow 2 300 mg PCB/kg
1 -
Sample
Whole milk Civntu Skiinmilk Heated skiinmilk Nonfat drv milk Cottage cheese Whey
PCB
Ful
(>"g/kg) (%)
3.893
C.05
23.321
17.50
0.45G
0.14
0.105
0.34 -
- 1.577
1.05
1.48G
3.50
0.284
0.03
PCI!
(mg/I; K) 30.000 202.872
3.522 0.427 4.83.8 5.930 1.021
Fat
(%) 5.05 22.00 0.13 0.13 1.51 3.20 0.04
. .
.
i* *
from samples and consequently analyzed according to (he method of Saschenlirccker and Kcobhdum (18).
Rcrults and Discussion
Analyses of controls failed to reveal nny
background PCI? or nny otlicr substance
capable of interfering will) the nimlytienl
procedure.
Convent rat ions of PCI? and percentages of
fat in Die dairy products arc in Table 3. The
amounts of biphenyls showed a predilection for
the fat, since most PCB was in the cream and
whole milk and least in the skiinmilk and
wlicy. The fat content of these samples de
creased in the same order. IIowcvci', the actual
amounts of the biphenyls were not nhvnys
proportional to the fat content. Polychlorinated
biphenyls were pyoportionnl to the fat content
in Die whole mill; and cream from both animals,
and nearly proportional in the curd and non
fat dry milk from the nniinnl having the lower
dose. Whey from Die milk of both animals
contained proportionally more PCB per fat
unit than any other sample.
It is of interest that milk from the animal
receiving 100 mg of PCB per kilogram con
tained about 30 times moro PCB than mill;
from the cow receiving only 30 mg/kg. More
than a tenfold difference was found in the
cream from the two animals. In the other
samples there was no consistent con-elation
between the dose and PCB concentration ex
cept that Die ratio was less than 10 to 1.
Jlcating skiinmilk from each animal to 70 C
and holding it for 10 min decreased PCB
by two-thirds.
Jovrkas or Daisv Boiincis Von. 6, No. 9
Sixteen distinct gas chromatographic, fraclions from nil samples were nu inhered according
to the code of lieynolds (.15). Much fraction wns expressed ns n percentage of Die whole.
The data nre in Table 2. The only significant
change in the chromatograms, compared to that
of the standard, occurred in the two samples
of cream where Fraction 1 was significantly
lowered. From these data, the various processes used
in our study did not contribute to significant changes in the percentage distribution of PCB
fractions within the various dairy products.
On the other hand, heating skiinmilk sub
stantially decreased total PCB. We believe that
the effect of heat should be investigated move
fully.
.
N. S. PLATONOW and H. S. FUNNELl,
Department of Biomedical Sciences; D. H, BULLOCK and D. R. ARKOTT, Department of Food Science; P. W. SASCHEN6RECKER. Canada Department of Agriculture, Animal
Pathology Laboratory, Guelph, Ontario; and D. G. GRIEVE, Department of Animal
Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ' Ontario, Canada
References
(1) Arochlor pla.st.icizcrfl. 3005. Tech. Bull,
O/I'L-30G. Monsanto Chemical Co., Si.
Louis, Missouri.
(2) Jhij-ley, G. K., W. L. Reirhet, mid -K.
' Cromartic. 1070. Identification fit )wh-
chlorinated biphenyls in two brdd on (firs hy
combined Rns-liquid chromatography-inti''
spoctromctry. J. Ass. Off. Anal. Chemist-. :
53:251.
|
(3) Bailey, S., P. J. Banyan, nnd P. B. FUl- '
wick. 1070. Polychlorinated biphenyl- ,
residues. Chum. Industr., p. 705,
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Tablk 2. Judividunl fractions of polychlorinated biphenyls chromatograms, tabulated in increasing order of retention time and expressed as n percentage of the whole.
Frac tion
Aroclor 1254 stan dard
Cow 1--10 mg of PCB per kg
Heated Xonfat Cot
Whole
Skim- skim- dry-
tage
milk Cream milk milk milk cheese 55'hey
Cow 2--100 mg of PCD per kg
Whole milk Cream
Skimmilk
Heated Xonfat Cot skim- dry- tage miik milk cheese
Whey
r,
1
9.4 6.1 3.0 7.4 9.2 7.4 7.4 S.4
7.7 2.9 72 9.5 7.3 6.9 S.4 .
2
5.5 2.5 4.4 5.0 5.2 5.2 4.9 5.6
3.2 42 5.0 5.4 5.2 4.S 5.4
2a 2.5 0.6 1.2 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 3 11.8 8.8 9.4 9.S 13.1 12.5 9.5 11.0
0.9 1.1 1.7 l.S 1.7 1.7 1.9 9JL 92 9.S 13.2 12.4 9.0 11.0
2
s
4 11.7 10.7 11.0 10.S 12.0 11.7 10.3 10.9 9.7 10.S 10.S ' 12.7 11.G 10.9 10.9
5
9.0 8.6 S.S . 8.2 S.O 7.3 82 S.1
S.4 S.O S.2 S.O 7.3 S.S S.2
2 G
>
6
9.9 6.0 8.7 7.4 S.2 7.2 7.3 7.3
6.S 9.0 7.3 S.6 ' 7.3 7.4 7.3 .
6a
4.5 3.9 4.4 4.6 4.6 3.4 4.5 3.S
4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6 3.4- 4.6 3.S
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a>w: 8
e*
.
9
8-1 12.9 12.5 12J.
9.1 10.6 12.0 12.1
7.1 92L 9.7 9.0. , S.G S.9 9.7 S.3
4.5 6.9 5.S 5.6 5.7 3.9 5.5 4.9
10.6 12.S 12.1 8.7 9.9 9.1 6.6 5.9 5.7
9.1 10.7 12.1 12.1 S.S 9.0 9.S S.4 . 5.6 3.9 5.7 4.9
10
8.4 13.2 11.3 10.5
S.O 11.3 10.9 10.1
10.9 11.4 10.6
7.9 112 10.9 10.1
** 11
2.6 3.9 2.9 2.S 1,7 2.6 2.7 2.S
4.1 22 2.S 1.6 2.6 2.S 2.S
Ov> at
w o
12 , 2.1 2.9 2.7 2.1 1.7 2.5 2.0 2.0
g 13
1.7 2.2 2.2 '1.7 1.1 ' 2.1 1.7 1.7
3.7 2.6 2.1 1.5 2.6 2.1 2.0 2.7 2.3 - 1.7 1.0 2.1 l.S 1.7
<! 14
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1.2 1.8 2.0 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.1 1.1
23 2.0 1.2 1.0 1.7 1.2 1.1
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JOUKNAJ, OR DAlltV BCIKNCK
(4) Biros, V, ,T., A. C. Walker, nnd A. Medbory. 19T0, Polychlorinated biphenyls in liunmn .idip.uc tissue. Bull. Environ. Clnnl-nm.
Toxicol., 5: 37).
(5) Duke, T. W,, J. I. Lowe, mid A. J. Wilson Jr. 1079. A polyehlomintcd biphenyl
(Arocldor 125-1) in tlio water, sediment, and biota oi Escambia liny, Florida. Bull.
Knviron. Conlnm. Toxicol., 5:171.
(C) Kllcr, K. R., mid P. !'. Othme.r. 1001. Encyclopedia ot Clicinicnl Technology. Kec.
Rev. Ed., 5: 289.
(7) Jensen, S., A. fi. Johnoln, M. Olxxnn, nnd 0. 01 torlind. 1900. DDT mid l'CM in marine animals from Swedish waters. Na-
lure, 204 : 247.
.
(8) Koennui, J. It., M. c. Ten Noever Dc Brnmv, mid It. II. Do Vox. 1009. Chlorinated bi phenyls in fish, mussels mid birds from tlio river Rhino and tlio Netherlands coastal
area. Nature, 221 : 1120.
(9) Kuiatsune, M. 1909. An epidemiological study on Yusho, Fukuokn Acta Med., 02:
' 513.
(10) Li. C. 1\. It. L. Bradley, and L. II. Schultz. 1070. Fnto of orguiioehlorino pesticides
during processing of milk into dairy prod ucts. J. Asa. Oh. Anal. Chemists, 63: 127.
(11) Lichtenstein, E. P., K. R. Schultz, T. W.
h'uhreman, nnd T. T. I.iang. 1909. Bio logical interaction lietwcen plasticizers and insectieides. J. Ecoimin. Entomol., 02:701. (12) Mojunnicr Bros. Co. .Inslructioa manual for Retting up nnd operating tho Mojonnier milk tester. Bull., 101. Mojonnier Bros, flu., Chicago, Illinois,
(12) Plalomnv, N., and II. S. Funncll. 1971, Auti-androgcnic-likc o./Tcct of polycldorinalcd biphenyls in cockerels. Vet. Roe., 88: 109.
(]}) Plnloaow, N., P. W. Sisc.hfinlircekef, and H. S. Funncll. 1971. Polychlorinated hiphony)* in cattle. Canadian Vet. J., 12: ));.
(15) Reynolds, L. M. 3909. Polychlorinated bi phenyl* (PCB's) and their interference with peslicido residue analysis. Bull. En viron. Contain. Toxicol., 4: 328.
(10) Rischrough, R. W., P. Rcichc, D. B. Pcnkall, B. G. Herman, and M. N". Kirven. IDOS, Polychlorinated biplicnyls in the global eco system. Nature, 220:1098.
(17) Saha, J. G. 1909. Significance of organochlorine insecticide residues in fresh plnnfj ns possiblo contaminants of milk and beef product*. Res. Rev., 20:89.
(18) Suschcnbrcckcr, P. W., and D. J. Ecobichon. 1907. Extraction nnd gas chromatographic analysis of chlorinated insecticides from animal tissues. Agr. Food Chem., 15:108.
JouaKaa or Daiuy Sciskox Vol. 64, No. 0
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