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t 1933 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Chicago, Illinois October 2 to October 6, 1933 The Stevens Hotel mi H^ 3,, o ,^lll 3O _x- ? u --> n " *n | ?| 3 Z r-- *_ ^-* ?/> 53* s- I * i' | *s- 4n1 o ^ h; _--. no " "3 f'<l4"'10<* <O3 3 r? 3i 2M &n o ^o3 2. s SaT* 3 - * r s' *SK S < <? yo < 3. AX i=? " O i?r s. 3ss3. 3O - <> PI 3" f5Jy! as iri 3'- = -3. --5rn n73aO;-ia3. - Z. 3 a ciSS3.* o y o-- - c2 a. -o X _ Z3 > 2 O *! tJ C ,, 2. 3J -3-43r- o > 2 *- 1 *^T 2: S5 " ~ _H i o y?0 -- j Sz s<--> ?0Sc=2- S C. oi 3* 2 ?O=> 2 -1 * a -3* a3. o-- Sa< Ma" 2 St 3 7 3 3 =. o e* s M is* "S3 ca. >---- *?_ 3 *, 5 3 <* o3a. n03 *-? 5 " 2. 3 5--o 5 5 oo = CL n ^ -- ^ qi O* O* & 05 3 O' . > f1 1 o" o-- 3 S y PJ r J-- a< "1_A. 3 O PI i rS 5' * In - S* " i C2m pj > 52 i e?i 3 2. ci 3 ^2. M- 3S C* 3' -32n -- -- 3 --3 3 ? .^< uc * y o IT*A O U3 || A-- -' < -- 3 ? "* 1 i- = o z r-. s5 y 2' --2 ^> co o -- , ~. n 2 = -* o h 5i;no = .7 Z CO n" 3 9 ^ I' if I' |. ? ? M 2. H -? ; 1o_ a* f*i-a- n a-- Cf3| Oj- 3 3 o*."oo--i!2><O a a.. *3 < .< 2. r 2. rj .jsr co 3 > n n ifitf o o !2 H W 2 GO .T e x tile S e c tio n . .................................................................. W oodw orking and Lum ber M anufacturing Section In d e x ........................................................................................ 2"33uSS232i32S25'flw.u'fl--^w......................... .... --*o f fnj v ^ 5 s I IK X22 Cr 3* $ 3.. ,S' K 5 *5* -- z, u T`ccitt\"SCCOiui Comjrrsx--iVriliuiiol Stiffly Council Alfrku H. S'.vavnk. General Motors Corporation. Arthur M. Took. Consulting Marine Engineer. W. \Y, Trkvcii. Schenectady Safety Council. W. D. Tvanr.vtLLK. San Antonio Safety Council. William F. Vr.r.cn, Uahway Safety Council. Vtxcr.ST W,\Kf.if.w. Kansas City Safety Council. ' GroRr.e H- \Yf., Union Pacific Kailrr-ad Company, Hr. C. ft, Watson*. American Telephone sC Telegraph Company. Haurv M. WrnOFR. Illinois Hell Telephone Company. . S. 5. Wnrrrxc, Liberty Muuial fnsurancc Company. A. W. WirrTxev. National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. \\`. H. Winm.vs. Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation. Dr. C.-E. A. Wrxsi.oiv, Vale Medical School. . Harry Wise. Sr.. Chattanooca Safety Council. J. M. Woltz, Youngstown Sheet & Ttil>e Company. W. E. Worth. International Harvester Company. F.. J. 7.a err. Safety Bureau, Dttimb Chamber of Commerce. J. B. Zoov:, Cement Section. ` te. rectifree CJ>C"- ie i indiiN,merer, iucluir Umft. nation.* Tit.tailed under vvatik-York ship : Tin were a fetuC' and tprevent aeddr e.xamp. :eU . wet clothes, etc.. y in air. ild be sterilized. ' front the hands :'C skin and open 'P plenty ot such oiling hot water It lor cleansing 'efore mentioned. nal diseases and important occupaopossibic because ntiituous contact complete listitic mpletc chemical w processes. . stances that are a non-irritating known irritating. . of time of ex- rb. surfaces. Make free as possible the worker with Jily cleaned and .irt, and keep it . and laundered i Mill Company vailaiilc in comk Wds. tch worker has equipment hut, tiling into work waiter who docs many time; you ill find that the >n efficiency will nrnxrv-sr.coNi) .tvyi'.. u sa wry co.vcxnss tV. f r i o ,v .1 l s./ /' /: t r co u ,v c 11. Dust Problem in Industry FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 6, 1933 , *' ' ; <1 ,V- ' ' The special session devoted to a discussion of the dust problem in industry was called to order by J. R. Allan, assistant manager. Industrial Engineering and Con struction Department. International Harvester Company, Chicago, who presided. He briefly outlined the purposes of the session-^nd then presented the first speaker. The Mechanical Control o Dust ' _ ' By E. O. JONES ,-r' Consultant, National Founders Association, Chicago The speaker said in part: During the last few years, much has been written about the. pathological effects of dust. From this material there seems to he some lack of agreement among scientists as to the pathological effects of these types of dust, their dangerous dimensions, the length of time one must he exposed to their inhala tion. the density of concentration which is dangerous, and the extent to which they are directly causative or contributory to disease. It is unfortunate that in the twilight zone between ethics and nnn-cthics. there are certain members of the legal and medical profession who arc willing to take advantage of these uncertainties and capitalize on them largely for their own benefit. When the foundry industry was confronted with flic accusation that it harbored a potential health hazard, its leaders immediately took steps to study the problem, with the object of eliciting ail the facts and determining upon a course of procedure to eliminate the causation. This study has been under way in some localities tor some time, but its procedure presents many difficult problems'. The mechanical control of dust is not our only problem, nor docs the accomplish ment of such control depend m>on large expenditures of money. We know from experience that gradually human ingenuity will provide wavs and means- to this part oi the problem. But let us digress from the subject to consider the amount of dust we as indi viduals create. Take the moldcr. for instance, who goes to his Uuch at the start of his day's work. He reaches for his air hose, and starts the day by removing, with its force everything he can from his equipment In close proximity to his bench. .?{j Tunt/y'St't't'iHl Conyrcss--Xaliointl Safety Council <>r on the window sii! in tront of Iiim. vmi will usuallv fnuj a varied collection <<i relies. He will usually wet down his pile, hut seldom his door or gangway. When lie i through with ids shift lie usually grabs the air hose awl proceeds to take a compressed air noth. And we have die foundry laborer; he has many menial tasks to perform. "When he sweeps or uses a shove! he seems to be of the opinion that his efforts arc indeed hy the atmosphere he creates. If he does sprinkle the floor it is usually done very sparingly. Shake-out men and crane men seemingly give little attention to the results of their thoughtlessness. Grab buckets arc usually lifted to the limit of their lift and then dumped. Many companies have furnished equipment, -such as positive pressure helmets and respirators. to employees who work in extremely dusty atmospheres. Hut it is surprising to note the apparent lack or interest on die part of the employee for whose protection this equipment is furnished. From these remark's some may say "Why shift the rcsixnisihilit'-5" Mot a hit. We have merely cited these few facts as an indication that possibly we can improve tiie supervision. If we make every man responsible for the cleanliness in the vicinity in which he works, anti every foreman rcsixviblc for his department, and then in turn make the superintendent answer for the cleanliness of his shop, we will not have to worry about the increase in labor cost. After dust gets into the atmosphere, it is. of course, very difficult ami expensive to remove. Keeping the foundry floor off the ceiling is a man-size job. Ventilation is a problem everywhere. A diligent survey of. our existing equipment may develop the lact that hy small expenditures we can improve conditions, fnspect your dust-arresting ctpiipment. See that the rapping device is in order, that the screens arc in good condition, we suggest that they arc rapinxl attd the hoppers emptied rccularly. Repair- any leaks in pipes. See that the valves close properly. Chutes should lie kept in good repajr and when emptying arresjpr*. respirators should he worn hy the men whose fluty it is lo perform this work. If refuse from the arrestors is not removed at once, keep it in containers or wet.flown until it is re moved. Above all. watch your air velocities and make sure ym are removing at the source as much of the 'Inst as the equipment was originally designed to do. Von pay for the current the motor consumes to o|>cratc your suction equipment, therefore get the premier return for that expenditure. ' Do not store or allow sand to accumulate around yunC blasting equipment. Make sure von are receiving the proper air changes in your sandblast rooms. Inspect your masks to the amount of air purging through. The wearer is prone tnanv limes to just crack or partially oj>cn the valve, and when this is dune he is not getting the full protection for which the helmet was designed. We suggest tltat die helmet lie . removed from the sandblast room and stored at the end of the day in a dust-tight cabinet, instructing thg wearer to clean before re-using. In your cleaning rooms- where tumbling barrels arc used, we flea! again with air velocities. Piping should he diligently inspected ami kept in good repair. Make sure traps arc performing the service they were designed for. It might !>c well to keep floors in this department wet down. Remove the day's accumulation of refuse at the end of the flay's run. When cyclones are used, make sure you are not exhausting at the level of windows, which may he opened in other parts of your plant. We will have t> took foi^further co-operation from the foundry equipment manu facturers win* serve our industry. rCquiptncnt will have to lie sold to us net to regv ar f IC f I g! * C'_ Ami a ion::.-. - Our . For :h:s As our who hav; the iC!::; 111 the it is inrprecr.utioi upon the of all' Jem hope to . to emp!c> industry .6-KoW t . Director. The in: disease ha sunjeet ha extension increasing disability ; eliminating the finstit; given dust given qua: foot of air that is the Many fn and it mar African im I'heric dust earlv as tf' * uttneil varied collection ct 'i floor or gangway. lose and proceeds to to perform. When . Id* efforts arc judged usually done very the remit* of their ' their lift and then vs positive pressure (fusty atmospheres. part of the employee -m'dityr" Xot a ),it, -(My we can improve Mines* in the vicinity . rtment. and then in >< shop, we will not "do the atmosphere, u (he foundry floor [ . j j existing equipment conditions. Inspect in order, that the I and the liopicfs Ives close properly. respirators should ft refuse from tin* 'own until it is re* i arc removing at cMcncd to do. You -luipment, therefore , [ i . equipment Make >ms. Inspect your -ue many iimes io is not getting the hat the helmet !>c lay in a dust-tight -ill again with air repair. Make sure !t he well to keep (lion of refuse at are not exhausting ur plant. equipment mattu* wld to us net to f ! t . ,| :! i; v | ' Dust I'rohlcm in Industry 30 meet existing codes, hut as dusi-tight as Inmiun ingenuity can design them. Aliev the equipment is installed, it will he the purdiasrr's rfsimnsihility !> -rv that it is regularly inspected and maintained to perform the crviec for which it was originally dcsicn.cd. And wc refer .team to the employee's rcsi'onsihilitv. When he elects t" work in a foundry, l;e should he willing to co-operate and near the safety devices which are provided hy his empiojer. and it will he the purchaser's responsibility to see that the equipment is well cared mr and properly maintained. Our industry is a basic one and we hope that it will lone: continue to he essential. For this reason we want to assure those who arc sitting on the side lines that it is our determination and hope that, with the help of those in the medical profession 'who have given so generously of their time in scientific study. \vc ran soon determine the actual extent of the hazard. *-- In the meantime, while many diverse opinions arc being brought into Agreement, it is imperative that we give more than passive assent to suggested measures of precaution or improvement. The accomplishment of worth while results depends upon the diligent and active co-operation of everyone concerned and the utilization of all known means of prevention and control. Only through united effort can we hope to accomplish an effective program which will five maximum of advantage to employers and employee* alike, and to such an end we arc confident the foundry industry wiil continue to dedicate its earnest and conscientious efforts. How to Determine the Dust Content of the Atmosphere in Dusty Industries * /' 1 / / - . By DR. E. O. MEITER ' Director, Industrial -Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Milwaukee, Wis. The importance ol atmospheric dust as an agent in the causation of respiratory disease has lung (teen known. However, it i> only within the last few years that this subject has achieved medical and legal importance in dusty imluxirir*. lUctutsc the extension ol compensation laws to include occupational diseases, and through an everincreasing number of legal suits against industrial concerns iv employee* claiming disability due to dust inhalation, there is need for a severe attack on the problem ot eliminating or otherwise comlxuittg the dust hazard. In order to intelligently control the dustiness of the air. the amount of dust present must he determined. With a given dust, two iactors are usually considered; fl) the numlier of dust particles in a given quantity of air, which is usually expressed in millions .of particles per cubic foot of air; (2) particlc-'size. usually expressed in a size frequency di>irihutiuu curve, that is the percentage less than stated size is plotted against the size of particles. Instrument* Used for Determining Atmospheric Dust* . Many instruments have been devised for determining the dust concentration in air and U may he evett to give a brief historical review of -this subject. The South African investigators began using the sugar lube method (or the sampling of atmos pheric dust iif 1011; tlic same method was used by the U. S. Bureau of Mines as early a* 11)14. By this method a measured volume of the dt air is. passed through #>1 I -to Twenty-second Congress--t\ra/iomil Sofrlv Cnttncil a tube containing granulated sugar. which fillers out the suspends! dust. At the laboratory, the sugar is dissolved in water and the number of dust particles arc deter mined he counting those in a small volume of the sugar solution under a microscope. This method of dust sampling had certain disadvantages, the chief of which was the fact that the purest commercial sugar contained a certain quantity of dust, which introduced considerable errors, especially in those samples containing a low dii'i concentration. To overcome the limitations of the sugar tube method various other devices were developed, one of which was the Palmer apparatus. This apparatus consisted essentially of a pear-shaped glass bulb, the lower end of which terminated in a L'-tuhe or trap. Suction was applied to the glass bulb by means ot an electric exhaust fan and the volume of air measured by meat** of a Petot tube. Dust-free dis tilled water was put into the U-tube. The air drawn through the water in the tran broke it up into a spray within the larger portion of the sampling hnlb. which washed out and retained the dust. Tiic dust so obtained was analyzed by the usual method*. The Palmer apparatus also bad certain disadvantages, the chief of which was that its efficiency as a dust catcher was low. In the search for a more portable type of in strument. which at the satnc time would yield rapid results, the Smith African in vestigators introduced in 1916 a new instrument known as the Kotze konimctcr. The konimeter samples dust by impinging a small volume of air against the surface of a vaseline-coated glass plate, the vaseline serving to catch the dust particles. The dmt retained on the glass plate was then counted under tlte mirroseoiie at a suitable magni fication. The chief disadvantages of the konimeter are that in atmospheres containing a high concentration of dust, the spots arc too dense to allow counting the individual particles and the method can. therefore, not l>c .used in such eases, also many samples had to be taken to secure a correct average determination in places where the dnst concentration was variable. As a result of tlte different methods of dust determination living u>ed by the differ ent governmental bureaus and others, it was soon found that tlte various dust-sampling methods did not yield absolute restdts. consequently some confusion arose in inter preting the various dust studies. In order to arrive at some basis of comparison the U. S. Bureau of Mines conducted a laboratory study of dust-sampling instruments. The results of this study were published in Public Health i'-ullctin \*o. 1-14 cniithd "Comparative Tests of Instruments fur Determining Atmospheric Dusts." (1**25 tDuring tlir course of this study two of the investigators. Dr. L. Creenhurg and 0. \V. Smith, devised a new apparatus called the impiuger. In the comparative studv the dust collecting efficiency of the impiuger was found to he high, and in addition the method-offered several advantages over previous methods. After several modifica tions to meet special requirements, this instrument was adopted by the Federal Public Health Service and Bureau of Mines as the standard technique for the sampling of dust in air. The instrument has been used in the study of a number of dust trades, and is the commonly accepted method in use today. 1 . Size of Dust Particles Taken into the Lungs It has Iscen observed from a study of silicotic lungs that most of the dust particles that have penetrated into the air sacs are less than 10 microns in longest dimension O micron is i/IQOOih of a millimeter, or !/2500th of an inch), ft is generally agreed, therefore, that we need not bother with particles larger titan 10 microns in measuring the concentration of a dangerous dust. So that you may visualize the size of these small particles consider a 2SA mesh eye. sue' by : i't - one will pers? inner that 1h OUtS: come \Vi<tidea cm free cur-' kite. thro me* with app> Wh, gam -T a kt cuh: to t due; Aftlac V-. dcnSO v onncil nded dust. At the particles are deter - tinder a microscope. i of which was the nit)' of dust, winch >(aining a low dust wlhod various other 'ns. This apparatus '( which terminated means of an electric tube. Dnst-iree dis* V water in the tran* bulb, which washed > the usual methods. which was that its ixjrtahle type of in South African int/<* Vonitneter. The "<t the surface of a ^articles. The dust it a suitable macni>-'pheres containing ding the individual also many -aniples res where the dust - used by the differous dust-iampling .n arose in inter - of comparison the idintr instruments. i No. 144 entitled Dusts." (1923) . . Grecnhurg an-i comparative study md in addition the r several ntodificadie Federal Public . r the sampling of `.t of dust trades. i i \ I die dust particles longest dimension '* generally agreed, rons in measuring wider a 280 mesh Dus/ Problem in /nr/nslry i screen in which the screen opening* arc SO microns. In ihe absence'ol a beam oi light, an atmosphere containing ihesc tiny particles will appear clear to the naked eye, and therefore is extremely deceptive. Only a powerful microscope can make such panicles directly visible. It is necessary, therefore, to make a microscopical examination of the atmosphere to learn how badly polluted it may be. Larger ('articles such as arc visible to the naked eye arc essentially harmless in the causation of silicosis, as these are caught by the membranes provided by nature in the nasal anti other respiratory passages and arc eventually couched up or eliminated before any damage is dune. When small dust particles are dispersed in air, they arc carried about like smoke and settle out very slowlrr How lone such particles will remain suspended in quiet air can be roughly determined from Stoke'$ law. Assuming a round particle to be one micron in diameter, it can be calculafcc! !>y means of this law that such a particle will fall only 20.3 feet in 24 hours. It can he seen, therefore, that any fine dust dis. persed into the air is not only a momentary hazard but remains in the air for art indefinite period. This fact is often overlooked by workmen, as it is usually assumed that as soon as the dust cloud is no longer visible all dust has settled out. The term "dusty working place'* is only a relative otic. Mot air. both inside'and outside of factories, contains some dust. It is, therefore, necessary to adopt a standard content for the dividing line between slightly dusty ami dusty working places. The Wisconsin dust code prescribes a "tentative figure uf 15 million countable dust par ticles under ID microns in longest dimension with free silica content nf .13 pc" cent itt a cubic font of air as determined hy Public Health Service technique. Variations In ^rcc-tfilica.foment will make proportional inverse changes in this standard.'' In ac` Vordance with this standard Hie permissible count for practically pure silica wmihl l>c S.230.000 particles. , How Dust Samples are Collected As mentioned previously, the instrument used in collecting the dust samples Is that known as the "Impingcr." With this instrument the air to he samtded j* drawn through a glass ttilic ami impinged at a high velocity on a glass plate which is im mersed Itcticath a suitable liquid contained in the collecting flask. The impingcr, therefore, combines the principle of collecting dust hy impingement with a water-washing or bubbling method and so jiosscsscs the advantages of both principles. The dust is thus trapper! and remains in the collecting liquid. Suction is applied to the impingcr by means nt u steam ejector operated hy compressed air. Where compressed air is not available, a small electrically-operated vacuum pump may he used. The rate of air flow is measured either by means of a small vacuum gjtse or an orifice-type flow meter. The entire apparatus is calibrated before use against a standard gas meter, so that a known volume of air may be sampled. The rate of sampling is approximately one cubic foot of air per minute. The dust-collecting device is placet! itt dose proximity to the breathing level of the workmen involved while performing their respective duties, so that air samples representing actual working conditions may he obtained. After a sutTirient volume of drM-laden air has Iwen sampled, the collecting liquid is placed in a suitable container and removed to the laboratory for the necessary analysis. When the dust sample reaches the lalsorntory, the entire sample is filtered into a clean graduated flask through a 280-mesh screen so that only particles smaller than 50 microns are |>crmittcd to pass; particles larger than SO microns arc not considered . <r I :<-rii(y-scct)iu{ ('out/res.i--i\Fatioiittl Safety Council injurious and are. therefore, removed from the sample. After proper ''iii:ti<' i. '.lie foments <>f tlie graduated ilask arc thoroughly shaken so that a uniform suspension is .>()tnfnvti. and two portions of about one cubic centimeter arc removed with a pipette to just fill two Scdgwick-Kaftcr counting cells. The cells are allowed to stand at 'cast JO minutes and the dust particles are then emmted by means of a microscope. The microscope widran Abltc condenser is provided with an cvcpiece micrometer. a 'd-nullitncter objective and a 7.X eyepiece. The eyepiece micrometer has a large' square engraved mi it. and this square-is divided imo |t)i) squares, one of which is fur* (her divided into J5 smaller squares. The proper tube length of the microscope is determined by calibration with a stage micrometer, so that a >le of the large .square of the eyepiece covers l millimeter (1.000 microns). The iarcc square of the eyepiece micrometer, therefore, encloses the du-t in an aTea of one square millimeter, and since the counting celt is one millimeter deep, all the dust suspended in one cubic millimeter of the sample is under the ruled field. All particles visually less than 10 microns in longest diameter iit one quarter of the field are counted at five points on the cell, namely, near the four corners amt the center. Two cells of carli dust sample are counted amt the average of 10 counts is obtained. Control counts arc subtracted from the average sample counts, giving finally, average net counts of the number of particles which are then calculated in terms of particles per cubic foot o( air sampled. . Having determined the concentration of dust particles less than 10 microns in .Ham* cler in a given atmosphere, it is also necessary to obtain information regarding the >`fiincyd otluposition of the dust before any evaluation of the health hazard can he made. In general it may he saitl that the hnnnfnhtcs* of a quartz containing dust is usually in direct i>ro|>ortinu to its free*siliea (SiO?) content. It is. therefore, neces sary t.. distinguish ltctwecn "free silica", that is the silica that occurs as quart*, and "combined silica ', or the silica that Is combined with other elements in the various silicate minerals. It should l>c Itornc in mind, therefore, that the total silica reported itt the customary chemical analysis is no measure of the amount of free silica. The quart* content of fine dusts is usually determined by a combination of petrographic and chemical methods. Knelt dust presents individual problems and no individual technique applies to all dusts regardless of their composition. Those interested in this problem should consult Reprint Xn. 15(50 of the Public 1 lealtb Re* t*ort. h'cbruary 2A entitled "The Quantitative Determination of Quartz (free silica! in Dusts" by Adotpli Knopf. Professor of Physical Geology. Yale University, and Consultant. United States Public Health Service. Discussion of Dust Problems By DR. LEONARD GREENBURG Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 'Die speaker said in part: On the technical side of this problem yon have been presented with two excellent pai>ers by Mr. /ones ami Dr. Metier. There is little that l should add from this point of view. Perhaps the most valuable contribution that I can make is to present to yon my own gtcrsonal view of the broader adminis trative aspects of this problem gained aj a result of many years of close contact. In t>nlef to do litis, lot us analyze the problem itt its simplest terms. \nnictl proper dilution, ihv . umfr.rm suspension re removed with a ..ells are allowed to ' by means of a .'Cpiece micrometer, .'omctcf has a Urge mtt; of which is ;?:r i the microscope is or the Urge square "c< the dint in ait millimeter deep, all tlte ruled field. AH quarter of the field r< and tite center. counts i> obtained. . in? finally, average n terms of particles 10 microns in diatnation regarding tlte ahlt hazard can be containing dust is' i. therefore, iteeescurs as quartz, and ;ents in the various tal silica reported of free >ilica. a combination tif al problems and no `imposition Those ub1ic Hcaltli Kc* of Quartz (free .... Vale University, icm you have l>ccit r. There is little unable contribution he broader admitiis* *s of dose contact, erms. * Oust I'rnlu'nn m f :i<l listr y -.> We may begin by agreeing dial pulmonary fihro-i* result* m>m the inhalation nf certain du*ts in known concern.-a'inn over a miVicicut |<crtkI of time. This i.aci lias liccn demonstrated repeatedly by means m` industrial. laboratory and pathological studies. Oil this simple fact. I take it. there is Complete agreement. Sticit legitimate cases of disabling pninionary fibrosis arc held i" many states to be the responsibility of the employer. Further, a perusal of die cmnpvn'aiion laws makes it evident dial there exists a decided trend in the direction of broadening the compensation acts throughout the Union for we find from time to time that additional states arc being added to .the list of those holding silicosis to be a comncusable disease. We would certainly be blinding ourselves to the facts were we .-toe to admit tite existence of this trend in social legislation. It should he pointed out here that tins is a very wholesome anti desirable state of atfairs, The insurance principle has justified its existence in spreading tlte burden oi ill fortune over a long period of freedom from catastrophe ami surely in the case oi industrial accidents if lias freed ns from the deplorable state of affairs in existence prior to IPIJ. In tite ease of the occupational diseases we may hope- for equally satisfactory results, Nevertheless, compensation insurance is not tlte complete solution of the problem at hand. The only atletpiatc means of avoiding the burden of silieosi.s j by ihe preven tion of this disease. All other methods do not touch the crux of the problem and they carry in' their wake a vast amount of litigation, illness, and a large linatici.t! burden on industry. If what we have agreed uihui to this imint is true u is obvim% that industry must prevent the dissemination oi dust in the workroom air by such atjequat^ engineering techniques as are available: or in eertain eases where this lis'iin<r3iiiossibfc industry must provide, ami force the worker to n-c. -neli mean- m personal protection as will adequately safeguard him against the mitalaiioa of <iit>t. Il is only by these means that wc can guarantee a future free of disabling puhuonarv dis.-ase due to dust inhalation. ' __ lit spite of the very best, efforts of industry t<> solve this problem there will un doubtedly i>e a certain tiumlter of cases brought to the courts and presented as legitimate eases of silicosis. While some of these are true cases of silicosis others. I have heat informed, arc not, but are designed merely ax a means of obtaining funds from industry. A consideration of such cases brings its logically to the second part of the present discussion. What is the ideal method of handling vomtwnsation en.>es with reference to occupational disease and more particularly silicosis? If we examine the development of the .compensation acts wc find that a technique designed primarily to adjudicate cases of industrial accident* has by degrees been given jurisdiction over occupational diseases. In fact, in some states diseases are regarded as injuries so that they may be brought within the scope of the original compensation acts. I'.ut on close examination it becomes apparent that diseases are far more didicult to adjudicate than arc the ordinary injuries arising in industry. They present .many technical facets and often require a detailed knowledge of this particular branch of medicine with which the average commissioner very often unfamiliar. As a result we lint! itt practice that the Court is presented with highly technical evidence by experts for the plaintiff and for the defendant which is very difficult if not impossible to satisfactorily evaluate. Often the commissioner is caught between the conflicting views of such witnesses and ts not provided with his own experts to aid him in arriving at the real scientific background ot the problem at hand. . 44 7 `isnity-si'roud Cou'/jv*.?--tVithnnni Safety Council Wii.'it we really net'll is u strengtnrning oi tlic technical side o( the cut>ipcn>ition acts to keep pace with tlic increased tactual understanding rcs?.nrifiny the occupational diseases. This docs not merely refer to Die Courts themselves lint should begin with the promulgation ot accurately worded compensation acts which clearly define tlic diseases for which compensation is to he paid. Compensation commissioners should he assisted hy hoards of technical experts composed of engineers appointed hy the deans of the various engineering schools ami of physicians appointed hy the deans of the recognized medical schools. The 'engineers selected should have a very com plete knowledge of factory conditions and the field ot ventilation, and the physician* should he experts in the field of industrial hygiene and occupational disease, ft is only with the aid of such highly specialized boards, of their equivalents, that the compensation commissioners may he aide to do complete justice to both sides in these highly technical cases. It is tlic belief ot the speaker that employers and em ployees alike would benefit greatly from the establishment and use ot such boards. In order to hasten the establishment of this system employers are justified in ap pealing to ihcir legislatures with this end in view; certainly such a legitimate demand should receive the hearty support of all concerned.. Frequently "lie is asked, what should he done with those claims which are based on little or no real evidence >f injury to the worker but which are merely reared hy some very enterprising attorney? Such claims are, I have been told. Iiecommg very common of late and constitute a real problem to industry. It is obvious that the compensation advisory hoards suggested earlier will, as soon a* they arc formed, serve the future as a healthy bulwark against this type of baseless claim -and l venture to predict that few such eases would he favorably acted upon hy a board of real experts in this field. At the present time factory udieials should employ the very i>cst legal talent available and should reinforce such legal talent with technical and medical experts thoroughly versed in the field of silicosis. Many vase* have heat lost l*y a failure to bring to bear the requisite technical aid required to prove the non-existence of a haiard. Here is an excellent example of a case in which money may be' saved in tlic end hy increased expenditure*. We now arrive at the final steps in the control of this pn-blcni. the physical and X-ray examination of the worker. Every factory should have pre-employment and routine post-examination*. It seem* obvious that tlic burden of the health m the worker should not he placed <>n the plant without the privilege of the pre-employment examination, flow can industry lie legitimately expected to hire a worker "in the blind" as to his or her physical condition ami then a day later he expected to shoulder the burden oi the worker's health? |5y repeated physical examinations it is possible to discern the faint early deviations from normal health if any take place. In this manner the employer would !. forewarned very early if any workmen showed lung changes su.cacstive of early silicosis. The routine industrial health examination on a broSd scale throughout the major portion oi American industry would constitute a public health procedure ct major significance. By its mean* a very large propor tion of the population would he aided in the prevention of the degenerative diseases of middle life which today constitutes such a real menace. AOIOURXMENT ively that the . would >timu*. cty CfinU'U t i cadi year in .. the |>a<t niiio improi ement in ' t'v 4 five death. *. v'cemanc haM*. i 1: nee compare? -cirlcm c::prrii am the nil.* wa* irwe: but tl'e National . able to prove l*c*t in severity ninth licst iu country. The 'ban the rubber industries. ad cost futures spertcitec oi a riihbcr zood<. ie that dorim? >t did not imafety program .ty commiu.fs idvisory mm'< anti pending *t was reduced `.ml tills was a >t of factories : textile mills, m 1931, 2: ami vr to get divi* . Imt the man* rth more tltaii < vnt prevention comitiff down that he broke factory that I m* or Icjviu!* r iy/-: x r v-sneo xn . ; xxc.il x.-i /*/ t r co <v<; i< i:s s X.ITIONXL S.///;/'} COU'XCIL Safety Section, A.R.A.--Steam Railroad Section N.S.C. Officers 1932*33 CYitn'rirnm--Cuath.es F. Hiu., New York Central Lines, New York City. First Fiee-Chairman-C. L. LaFountain?:, Great Northern Railway Co., St. Paul. Minn. Stroud Viee-Chairman--H. A. Parish, Chicago & North Western Railway Co.. Chicago. Secretary--J. C. CavtSTOX, American Railway Assn., New York City. Members, Committee of Direction: F. HAftTF.NsTEtv. Lehigh Valley Railroad. Uetlilclictn, Pa. "* . H. A. Row*. Delaware. Lackawanna & Western Railroad Co.. New York City. C N. WnomvAnn, New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, New Haven. Conn. , Roiif.rt Scott, Atlantic Coast Lines Railroad Co., Wilmington. N. C. A. 0. I'kck, Canadian National Railway, Montreal. P. Q., Canada. . F. W. Cuhtis. Denver Sc Rio Grande Western Railroad, Denver. K. G. Kva.vs, Louisville & Nashville Railway, Louisville, Ky. C. F. Lakso.n*. Missouri Pacific Railroad, St. Louis. F. M. Mf.tcm.fst, Northern Pacific Railway Co.. St. Paul, Minn. J. T. PitATT, Reading Co., Roadinz, Pa. 7 he eomplele report of these sessions is published in a booklet entitled "Proeeediniis of the loth yfnnuol Meetin,/ of the Safety Section", available front the .Imeriean Kaiheav slssceiatian. . TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1933 . The sessions of the Safety Section, American Railway Association--Steam Rail road Section, National Safety* Council, were held as a part of and in conjunction with the Annual Congress of the National Safetv Conitcil in the Steven* Hotel. J 444 rwaitysccomi Cvujrcts--National Safely 1 TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 3, 1933 Address . By FREDERICK E. WILLIAMSON President. New York Central Lines. New York City The speaker said in part: l sot my first lesson in safety in a very trying way. I was working in Utica, and tlie yard was badly congested. I was working with a switch encrine in tlie lower part of the yard, and itwas snowing hard. I was on top of a string of cars.' and I was trying to figure out how to get them out. I swung down on a side ladder, with my mind wholly intent on what I was trying to accomplish, and stepped back on track No. 2--there was a screechof a whistle, and here suddenly was No. .V$ engine about SO feet away, or so it seemed to me. Instinctively, I made a dive between this string of cars that was pulling out. and I could just feel that pilot beam whistle hy me. and the engineer thought he had hit me. He stopped and came back to find that I was all right, but certainly I got a safety lesson from him in no uncertain words. So l learned my first safety lesson by a shock and a scare. Today, however, we have adopted another principle. Now we are trying to teach the young men safety by rules, by education, rather titan by letting them learn through experience and narrow escapes that safety is essential. .. Yon and the affiliated safety bureaus of the several railroads have taught us to understand that while you can't undo accidents that have happened, you can see to it that no accident that does happen will be considered a elosed book until there is a thorough analysis of its cause, with a view to tlie avoidance, wherever possible, of that same cause of succeeding accidents. . As we review the official records of the Interstate Commerce Commission, we note with pride the progress oi the American railroad in the reduction of accidents, and all who arc familiar with the subject recognise the large contribution of the Safety Section of the Association irt that noteworthy achievement. One of my distinguished predecessors in the presidency of the New York Central Lines was fond of saying that a railroad is composed of plant and personnel, and that personnel represents 90 per cent of its value. Much of the success of your work is dependent upon a recognition of the large importance in safe railroading of the so-called "human element." You must consider and steal with a mental ap proach of officers and employees to all safety work. It is not enough that the physical plants be cleared of lurking hazards, nor is it enough that instructions as to the safe methods of operation be promulgated. Both of these things, of course, arc vital. Of equal importance, perhaps of larger importance, is the molding of mental attitude toward safety movements, and toward safety itself. The number of accidents that are utterly unavoidable is surprisingly small. Everything that is done to impress on all the frightful cost of accidents in life, limb and money, is yeoman service. We must eternally seek to instill in the minds of all a serious respect for safety measures and a dogged determination to do, each one. his job. not only well, but safely. Your section is now, as it has been from its inception, in the vanguard of that movement, and it i< but candid-that I say to you that railroad executives generally, congratulate and lienor you for what you have done and are doing. 452 Twntty-sccoiul Congress--.V.r/V/v Cnumil the operation of track motor cars Iy: (I) uperatim: a car at csces'i'-c speed: (2) improperly stortwj tools on tlic car; 1.3) permitting men to occupy xtnjaie positions on tlic car; (4) failure to protect against trains and otlter track motor cars; and (S) failure to observe switches and crossings, especially with respect to speed and obstructions. The maintenance of way supervisor must know the standard operating rules, and should at al! times have in his possession current time tables and be familiar with special instructions. There arc few duties of a maintenance of way supervisor that we can well delegate to someone else, or avoid responsibility for. . From tlic maintenance of equipment standpoint, it is particularly the duty and responsibility of the supervisor to note hazardous conditions about, tne shop plant. He should be quick to bear any report of unsafe conditions of the premises, ma chines and tools, and his quick eye should personally observe these conditions. He- should be of as great value as others working under him in foreseeing possible accidents and injury as the result of these hazardous conditions. After a possible injury, the supervisor also has an important duty toward the injured employee. He should see that immediate first aid care is given the injured person and make sure that tie gets into the hands of a competent physician as rapidly as possible. To call in a physician and a claim agent every time a man stubs his toe or skins a knuckle is. of course, a mistake. It is possible to make too much fuss over small injuries. But there should he at hand some simple means of pre venting infection for minor injuries, and if an injury is serious, the personal atten tion of a physician is the only recourse. The Green Book ,, The final feature of this session was a presentation of the current "Green Book" by L. R. Palmer, Conservation Engineer. Equitable Life Assurance Society. N'ew York City. Mr. Palmer very briefly called attention to the fact that lie had pre pared a tabulation covering employee casualty rates for the six months' period of 1933, Class I railroads, in accordance with the standard Green Book grouping and will forward copies to Class I railroads. . . r* * ' . WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1S33 The Goggle Rule and How Enforced By J. C. YOCUM * Manager, Safety Department, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha - Railway The speaker said in part: It has always been a puzzle to me why it is necessary to repeat over anti over again to employees that one ot the greatest things which lias been given us is sight and how necessary it is that they use the means so freely afforded them to protect and preserve this blessed gift. To my mind, being blind is about the worst disaster that can Itappcn to anybody. Experience has shown that we cannot take it for granted tliat men will of their .own accord think for themselves in this respect, and for this reason it has been went i*to hospitals, too largr a percentage, sometimes 50 per cent ..f them died, although the operation was Mirccssiul. Qur trouldc is not tU.it we don't know hmv to switch ears, it is not dint we don't know how to get trains over a railroad, it is not that we don't know how to make those trains line ami comfortable for passengers or to meet the needs oi the 'hipping public, but we cannot perform our operations without the infection of carelessness; and the only way we can eliminate it from mtr railroad operations is to make each indix idual mail on otir railroad an expert in the performance f ins operations. So we need to study each individual operation ami *ec where the hue nets into that operation, and develop a technique that will assure efficiency every time that operation is performed. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION , October 4, 1933 Report of Committee on Train Service Accidents By D. G. PHILLIPS Superintendent of Safety, Wabash Railway, St. Louis The speaker said in part: In 1932 there were <53 employees killed and 32G in jured in train accidents, while in train service accidents for the same period there were J<57 employees killed amt C.Stfl injured. So without minimiiing the import ance of safety work in connection to train accidents, these figures show us the much greater field tor work in the prevention of train service accidents. Tu 1**32 there were six times as many killed in train service accidents as in train accidents, and 20 times as many injured. In 1932, 20 persons were killed and 307 were injured itt accidents while coupling or uncoupling cars or locomotives. The remedy for this class of accidents natur ally suggests itself, keep from between moving ears that arc about to couple, do not attempt to make any adjustments in the coupling .apparatus of a moving ear that requires von to go in front of the ear. Such adjustments should be made when ear is still. We believe that proper *u|vcrvisiu can eliminate entirely this class of accidents, but if a stqicrvisint: official stands around seeing men doing work in this manner and says nothing, just so lung will accidents of this kind occur. During 1932. 9 [versons were killed and 123 injured while coupling or' uncoupling air or steam hose. The principal cattse of employee injuries coming under this heading-is due to attempting to do their work without proper protection and trout inadvertently uncoupling air or steam h<sc under pressure. If accidents of this kind arc to l>c prevented, it is absolutely necessary that whi n* a blue dag rule is applicable, such a rule should be made ami should Ivc complied with. However, frequently in switching operations there is no opportunity for the use of a blue dag. In such cases, not only the men doing the work, but those working with them should Ivc on the alert to see that no movement is made when men arc Ivetween the ears. Of euursc. the man himself shuuld Ivc sure that air and steam are shut off before any attempt to uncouple hose, and even then they must l>c careful, as steam and air arc frequently trapped and remain for sometime in a short section of hose. Supervising officials should not overlook the failure l Mite ling when the rule so provide* ami should watch to sec that the man understands the projicr method to uncouple air and steam hose. nidi cent occurred in casualty r.itc 0.59. : the majority of c in mind the six"" *: 2,103 falls of "idling freight or Is: fails of i;cse six causes m ' lo juaiiifviJanec of ' one that should iy the evil that is imtaiu source, a <> lingineer, and :*nr$. From these briits* alxjut that '.hem to be safety* irecting the men .supervisory po${- r which tiny now .itional v fieri and what is ss anted, ' e would lure pay oudiiioos is nn* condition* to do t him to the tit* * li.Uenanec { way t supcrvuwm that .,ng from bridges Winds r.t serious when doing this the importance permitted i* front motor and i standing up on and fro.11 flyittjr mg of iiJtrmii'tts or material is.to other accident* is it can J>e and is - ns are invariably enforce all rules al efficiency and : .re all reasonable .- unnecessary, as . ' have not failed to ..'ions are greatly Safety Section ARA~5tc<un Railroad Section A'SC 473 reduced and supervision understaffed and which condition will, we greatly icar, continue for some time. But whereas many activities must he reduced, the one activity, safety education of railroad workers, cannot 1* allowed to be relegated or delegated to inefficient leadership. The safety organiaation on every railroad must function as never before in energiring and stimulating interest. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 5, 1933 Report of Committee on Proper Method of Reporting . Casualties to the Interstate Commerce Commission By G. H. WARFEL ' Assistant to Executive Vice President, Union Pacific System, Omaha, Neb. The speaker said in part: A year ago, in the Committee of Direction, the ques tion wat raised as lo whether or not there was need for some other method of determining the relative progress of safety work on various railroads. The casualty rate per million man-hours lias from time to time been questioned, particularly die very low casualty rate sometimes established, and there have been those who won dered if some other basis could not be developed. So onr Committee wa* appointed to study the desirability or the practicability of developing some form ot severity w rating for casualties, as well as the frequency rating, to see it hy that the relative standings of different carriers and the progress of safety work generally could be better determined. After a very careful study of severity ratines and the conditions surrounding their reporting, and especially the very great difficulty of securing accurate severity statistics, we came to the conclusion that the casualty rate per million man-hours has been and is a very reliable guide and index to the progress of accident proven* ' tiou work on railroads, and that the .general casualty rate, as it has lieen vstahlidtrd through the Grcctt Book and our ether agencies, is a good atul reliable general guinc to the progress of safety work among the railroads. ' Tliere is no question in our minds but what there has been some distortion* one way or the other of the relative standings ot individual carriers, tlue usually to dift'erem interpretations of what constitutes rcpurtability. Your Committee believes, however, that what is needed is not some other yard stick to measure by, but the assurance that everytody use the present yard stick the same way. We come to the conclusion that what was most desirable was that everybody who had to do with the reporting of accidents on a railroad should understand alike the require ments of the Interstate Commerce Commission Reporting Rules. So this Commit tee undertook lo put together an interpretation of the Interstate Commerce Com mission Reporting Rules. We tried to make this interpretation as clear and concise as possible, so that anybody rcatling them could understand clearly-whether or not a man's injury was reportable. I want to sketch for you briefly here some of the points in the text wejiave finally agreed upon. Take, for example, "Accidents arising from the operation of a railway." I will read two nr three things here: "Thi* expression is intended to include not only accidents resulting directly from the operation, construction or maintenance of a 6 t 47;> / urntysrcuinl ,,'<"o/iv.v.s---\'t i>n,il .Snfciy Council and to the co-operative response' and assistance of ih.c cnllvd upon i-> c*t:tri'utc ti-.cir tInlime ami effort to promote Mich .1 commendable eausc a' the con servation >' Immrm life and liml*. rmil desiring tu recognize each ami every one in a proper and luting manner.--therefore. he it resolved-- Tiiat this Section recognizes anti appreciates the contribution made hy each and every one who n. any manner arranged for <>r i>articiiated in the conduct of these meetings. including, and with particular reference to. those whose presence, although not upon the program, have addl'd <o much: That the Section is not onlv grateful, hut indebted to Mes<rs. F. p, \\ dliatnsou. President. New 't ork Central Lines: M. 1. Gormiey. President. American Railway Association, anti Judge R. V. Fletcher. General Counsel. Association of Railway Executives and of. the American Railway Association: for their sacrifice m' time, and for tite great and lasting benefits tiiat must accrue to and aid in the advance ment of this Section and its work hccau.sc of the timely, well chosen and pertinent thought given us: That utir appreciation is also extended to the management m the Stevens Hotel: to the Press and to all others who have so kindly assisted in making our stay in "America's Chicago." so pleasing and so profitable; That in our hearts, we cherish the memory of those who have hern called to fields heyond. and express our earnest desire and ho|ie. that to those of our Members upon whom burdens have licnt placed through physical infirmities and otherwise, lasting and effective relief may speedily come. That these Resolutions he spread upon the records of this Annual Meeting. Announcement of Election of Officers The chairman then called for the report <*f the tellers who had caitva--ed the votes for officers of the Section for the ensuing year. This report was presented hy Frank Slmtt<c. Pennsylvania Railroad, who announced the election of officers as follows: C'ftrf/rwuu--.C. T_ IaFouiuaic. Great Northern Railway. /-iV.rr riec-Chtiinnttit--H. A. Parish. Chicago & North-Western Railway. Secomi fVrr-CViflinrwK--\V. II. Failing. Central Railroad of New Jersey. Sfcitiivrs of Ci'inuiidcc of /Streetion-- . Pastern Territory (One-Year TerttO--T. II. Carrmw Pennsylvania Railroad. New England Territory (One-Year Term 1--I*. U. Piradford. Rostott & Maine Rail road. Southern Territory--T.. G. IJentley. Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. Canadian Territory--A. O. Heck. Canadian National Railways. Western Territory--I'. A. Meyer. Chicago. Milwaukee, St. Pan! anil Pacific R. R., ami G. II. \\*artel. Union Pacific. System. Cnuiniillcc on Xotttiuntiiiiit-- O. F. Johnson. Minucat>nli* & St. T.miis Railroad: J. G. Fitzhugh. Gulf. Colorado and Santa Pc Railway; A. V. Rottweiler. Duluth. Missal* and Northern Rail way; J. J.. Waljh. .Mts-oiiri.K'.tnsas-Tr.xa.s Railroad: D. G. Phillips. Wabash Railway. .IPjaCKXMRXT