Document b5RK9M15DdVggy8anobZ82oa3

f Confronted with heavy street, rail and subway traffic, engineers counter vibration with . . . Lead Pads for the Pan Am Building Emery Roth & Sons, Architects; Walter Gropius & Pietro Belluschl, Design Consultants. Steel grillage (above) supports tower col umns. From street level (below), tower col umns at rear, burned-off columns in fore ground. Half of pad is positioned. Several hundred thousand com muters in New \ork Citv have beer watching with interest daily progress on one of the most fascinating con struction jobs ever seen in Manhattan. The address is 200 Park Avenue. Just north of and adjacent to Grand Cen tral Terminal, 45 thousand tons of structural steel will be erected -- with out disrupting rail traffic beneath, or street traffic flanking the project. Known as the Pan Am Building, the 59-story skvscraper is named after its principal tenant, Pan American World Airways. Expected date of completion: the end of 1962. Containing 2.4 mil lion sq. ft. of rentable space, it will be the world's largest commercial office building. General contractor is Diesel Construction Co. The 808 ft. giant will rise not onlv over the operating tracks of the New A ork Central and New Haven Rail roads, but also over station platforms of the terminal itself. Costing nearlv S100 million, the project will stand entirely on caissons jutting up from between two levels of tracks. One of the major engineering prob lems. solved by Structural Engineer James Ruderman. was to prevent rail road rumble from being transmitted to the new building's frame. The an swer? Lead - asbestos anti-vibration pads under every supporting column. \ ibration isolation was accom plished in two separate phases. First, huge pads -- so big they were fabri cated in two pieces -- were placed in bedrock excavations more than 50 ft. below street level. Ciant grillages to support the steel columns of the tower came next. Then massive 60-ft. col umns were threaded down holes through two levels of tracks and con- nected to the grillages. These pads, as well as pads for the ! final phase of vibration isolation, were ; manufactured by John F. Abernethv ; & Company, Inc., of Brooklyn. In all. ; 99 new columns were installed. Final ' load on the pads under these columns i is expected to be 800 psi. ! Second phase was to isolate existing steel columns retained from the razed \ building that formerly occupied the 4 3vo acre site. Of these, one hundred i and twenty-eight were cut off and < capped where they emerge from the j concrete deck covering the upper train . room. They will be used to support the rectangular 10-story base of the Pan Am Building. Lead-asbestos pads were : placed between the steel caps on the old columns and base plates for the \ new columns. The pads extend several inches on all sides beyond the edges of the steel plates I see photo,i. Bolts ' used to secure the plates were isolated by lead sleeves and gaskets, so vibra tion would not be imparted from the old column to the new. hslimated load on these pads will be 1200 psi. From the bottom of its footings to the top of its 49-story concrete and < steel tower, the Pan Am Building is a . modern engineering marvel that in- corporates the latest advances into its design. Advances to insure maximum s efficiency and comfort among its 25,000 inhabitants, such as sixty-five :: elevators -- six of them the fastest in the world -- to handle traffic auto- i matically, a 400 car parking garage, ; four restaurants, 300 tons of refrigera- (ion compressors to cool the offices, y and millions of dollars worth of the latest telephone equipment to eliminate ' switchboards and provide direct in- , ward dialing. 2-- -- Vw of the control valves that drop the pressure. The smooth lead-loaded vinyl material encloses glass fiber logging an<^ P'Pes themselves. At right, just outside the pressure reduction station. These pipes handle the gas on its way from high pressure lines or storage to the cus tomer. Note the Public Service gas-holders in background. From a ROAR to a RUSTLE After a thousand mile trip from the until now they have always gotten an lagging of very fine yarn glass wool SI fields of the southern U. S.. natural unwanted by-product -- noise. While about 2 in. thick. Over this "Enfab" pt has to be stored against pipeline V-port valves don't actuallv act like glass, a laver of "Coustifab" leaded shutdown and injected into local mains whistles, the vast volumes of gas rush vinvl 0.055 in. thick and weighing 0.87 l( the customer's specified pressure. ing through the constrictions produce lb. sq. ft, has been wrapped. Seams One of the many local stations where a hissing roar much like that of a in the single layer of leaded plastic thia takes place is in Trenton. N. J. waterfall. were closed with self-adhesive fabric Here, a plant of the Public Service Measurements of sound level in the tape. Covering the six 14-ft. lengths Electric & Gas Company receives and pressure reduction building showed of pipe and their valves plus a larger lediatributes thousands of cubic feet of 110 to 130 decibels. This is less noise by-pass pipe without a valve took one pa a day. Taking advantage of the compres- than a four engine jet (140-160 db) but a good deal more than a subway man six days. The result has been well worth it, libility of gas. the big cross-country train makes (90-100 db). Needless to Public Service engineers feel. They pipelines hold it at about 600 psi. Be sav. Public Service was interested in plan to use the same technique at sev fore it reaches local stations like Tren anv scheme to quell such a nuisance. eral other stations where noise has ton. though, it has been dropped in Making use of a limp lead-loaded been a nuisance. The higher pressure pressure to 150 psi. One of the main functions of the local station is to re duce the pressure still further -- to 50, 30. or even lower pressures like 5 psi to meet gas customer requirements. vinvl plastic material backed with cloth, thev have cut the noise level approximatelv 30 db so that it is now possible to talk without even shouting in the pressure reduction house. First cross-country pipelines have become interested in the technique, too. and are planning variations of the scheme for their reduction stations. Coustifab is made by Cordo Chemi Picture a network of mains and the pipes were covered with a fitted cal Co. of Norwalk, Conn. pipes, some ending at kitchen stoves and some at huge industrial furnaces, (11 drawing their supply through six Sketch illustrates how leaded vinyl and glass fiber are applied. pipes ranging in size from 2 to 6 in. (t the pressure reduction stage of the local station. The reduction is made by control valves. Automatically op erated to maintain the set downstream pressure, these raise or lower plugs with V-notches cut in them. The size of the exposed notch within the valve Wy controls how much gas can pass. Ills a routine operation for Public - Service engineers to maintain close Control of pressure in this way. But --3-- LI A 26 2 46 m iT A touch of restful elegance. This lead-lined pool and fountain sets the mood of American Airlines `Sky Chef cocktail lounge. A Fountain for Elegance Repeatedly cited as an architectural showpiece, the American Airlines Terminal at New York's Idiewild Air port has made bold use of many tra ditional decorative media. Its stained glass window is the world's largest. Glazed ceramic interior walls make use of abstract designs in color. Still another note taken from traditional decor is the pool and fountain of the cocktail lounge of the Skv Chef restau rant in the building. Stained glass, ceramics, and indoor pools all have histories extending back over the centuries. The interesting facet of their use in the new terminal is the clean and sparkling contem porary effect that has been produced. In setting the decor for the Skv Chef facility. Project Manager Roberts Bujac of J. Gordon Carr & Associates. Architects, designed a modern basin overflowing into a pool to establish a restful atmosphere. The fountain is located in the lounge adjoining a coffee shop and dining room. An irregular trapezium, the pool measures 7'9" x 6' and has an elevated square basin 3'8" on a side. As shown by the photograph, the basin has warped corners so that water cascades over all four sides into the pool below. A small 6 gpm pump powers the closed water system. Under the prime contractor, Turner Construction Company, the lead work was done by John F. Abernethy Com pany of Brooklyn. Six-pound sheet lead was formed into a pool with a single drain and overflow located in the floor behind the basin. The pool lining was routine, following recommended prac tices of coating all lead and concrete interfaces with asphaltum and burning all seams for water tightness. (The asphaltum coating is used to protect the lead from alkali attack until the `green'" concrete has carbonated. I Completed in May 1960, the foun tain has been in use continually since. No maintenance or service has been required. The pool is finished in marble with a terrazzo basin. Freedom from leaks is especially important in this pool because a service floor is located directly under it. Construction details are shown in the designer's drawing. Note overflow drain in completed lining at eft. _6 Itx leadIi' ^ . .y..y.. Concrete curb and slab 1. Power The frozen arctic isn't ew-n place to visit, much less to stav year 'round. \ et there are man; ous gaps in our worldwide weatij tion network in these polar reck establish a permanent weather in these locations would reqtr ceptionally hard\ people and hui of tons of supplies annually, least it would have, prior to velopment of a fully automaticjS powered station. ft In June. The Martin Cornpi|| nounced completion of just sir' station. It is slated for installatifo; one of the islands north of the #5' dian mainland. E\er\ three h-A radios will beam out temper:? barometric pressure, wind s[ direction. The 5 watts of cent: electric power will he stored tut radio reception possible up to! miles away. In place of hundreds of ton for power, the station has a b slug of ceramic containing stroi 90. This weighs about one pount designed to power the station least two years -- it mav well 1 long as ten years. As in the 3 devices, beat produced bv the is is directlv converted to electric by thermoelectric elements. Working like a thermocoupiir im&rnoelectrics at work! m- Somewhere in space the TRANSIT IV-A is drawing power from a thermoelectric SNAP unit. The artist shows it here as the white globe on the face of the satellite. M Weather reports from the arctic have begun -- this unmanned station is powered by a lead-shielded atomic thermoelectric capsule (shown at the bottom of the well in the cutaway). Lead shielding (shaded in color at Ic t) and lead felluride thermoelectric units ere shown in this section through the power capsule. Arctic Ice 2. Transit IV in Orbit electric elements consist of two jlar metals joined and heated. If lather (outer I ends are cooled and rally connected, current flows i the circuit. In this unit the dis- "metals"-- actually they are jntermetallic compounds -- are | [eiluride doped with one per cent Hum as the positive leg and lead arid* doped w ith 0.03 per cent lead iHde as the negative leg. Operating at design temperatures of a*)' F h etion and a 140" F sixtv pairs of these elements will ^r.-lure 5 w aits at 4.0 volts. This con- ss'ius power is converted to 28 volt i)T. jml used to charge batteries. Thus !l*re is ample power for a 250 watt banmnission of 9 seconds on each of i t * frequencies once every three hours, fn addition to the 55 pounds of ac- to power generating material (iso- and electrical I. the capsule is self- FWkled by 1 case 4.4 inches sFirk. This nls for 1625 pounds, trie's farther with mechanical casing and 'fewture. The whole package is onlv f. ft <n. high, 18 in. diameter. Lead *ide* completely effective shield- **f at the low est cost. \\ eight and ,c iv 'At-wf fa requirements are relativelv low. rio *** * important since air transpor- **kni [|le (m]y practioal wav to wh many of these remote areas. LI A ?b2L' Early in Julv the Lnited States orbited its Transit IV-A satellite, a navigational aid intended to function for manv years to come. Appended to one face of the bass-drum-shaped in strument is a grapefruit-sized power pack designed to supply the satellite for years to come. Inside the power pack, a radioactive isotope, slowly going through the process of nuclear decav. furnishes heat which is converted to electric power bv thermoelectric elements. It is a SNAP unit -- System for Nuclear Auxiliary Power. Most of the techni cal construction details of the Transit's SNAP unit are classified. Its pred ecessor. however, used lead telluride as the thermoelectric material. Many informed thermoelectric experts feel that the unit now in orbit employs lead telluride too. Looking into a SNAP III--the "spokes" are lead telluride rods. One detail revealed about the new unit is its use of plutonium-238 as a heat source. Polonium-210, used in the SNAP III. has a half-life of less than five months. The useful life of the SNAP III is correspondingly short. With a half-life of nearly 90 years. plutonium-238 should provide decades of power, barring any mishaps, of course. To be sure that the unit will survive space hazards, its builder. The Martin Company, put it through many pre flight torture tests. The fact that the unit is operating successfully after the vibration and acceleration of its rocket ride into space is proof of the ruggedness of thermoelectric systems. Thev have no moving parts. Heat is converted directly into electric power as in a thermocouple. A final check on the SNAP unit prior to launching the TRANSIT. IRASIVE ROSIVE SLURRIES Simplified schematic view of the process showing six lead-lined tanks. LEAD TANK LININGS Picture a hot (158F). abrasive slurry containing 37 per cent phos phoric acid (32 per cent P20s) being agitated in a 12-ft. diameter tank by in flow of 90 gallons per minute. These are tough service conditions. ISot many construction materials can be recom mended for them. In the new phos phoric acid plant of The Bunker Hill Company the tank described here is lined with 10 lb. antimonial lead and has a lead-and-acid-brick covered bottom. The $2 million plant 1130 tons per dav) is located at Kellogg. Idaho. Dorr-Oliver. Inc., did the design: the contractor was Bumstead-Woolford of Seattle. In addition to the filter feed tank described above, the plant uses lead or lead-and-acid-brick linings in the strong acid storage tank, the return acid storage tank, and three shipping acid storage tanks. In the strong acid storage tank filtered acid is clarified and fed on to the evaporator. This tank, 20 ft. in di ameter and 12 ft. high, has a floor of acid brick over lead. Acid in it aver ages 140F. A smaller return acid tank holds the filter washings which are somewhat more dilute -- 18 per cent P0O5 -- but still hot. In addition to an acid brick floor, this tank has brick about half way up its walls. Still hotter and more concentrated, the acid coming from the evaporator feeds directly to the three shipping storage tanks. Here temperatures reach 185F and concentration is held to 63 per cent (54 per cent as PoO-j. These are completely lined with lead and acid brick. About 90 tons of lead went into the lining of this equipment. It is 10 lb. 1 approximately 5/32 in. thick) 6 per cent antimonial lead throughout. The mild steel structural shells of the tanks are all drilled with weep holes, but since start-up in Januarv. 1961 the only leakage has been traced to a weak tank base. This has since been cor rected. As proof of how well the construc tion has worked out. a 2000-ton leadlined storage tank is being added. Lead sheathed cover / Leod lined tank (left) with brick floor in place ond the first course of the brick lining loti Inset shows construction detoil of verticol seoms and a clean out (not to scale). Im4 these shipping storage tanks: hot 63 per cent phosphoric acid at I85'F. P P D DC V er u It t. B P 8i rr ar Battery powered 16-ft. boot ghosting along in St. Louis' Forest Park Lagoons. The boats can moke a top speed of five knots. A look in the engine comportment shows the 180-lb. lead-ocid bottery. The shaft in the boat's starboard quarter leads to the '/j-hp motor and steering combina tion underwater. The For most of the years since the World's Fair of 1904. St. Louis' Forest park lagoon has had a fleet of battery powered boats in operation. This sum mer the fleet was replaced. Twenty-four few 16-ft. aluminum boats, still battery powered, are carrying the third gen eration of St. Louis' fair-weather aaflon. Though the lagoon is shallow (only 18 in. in most spots) stability and "aeaworthiness" had to be considered. But more trying was the problem of providing the positive steering that automobile drivers demand as helms men. Small boats normally tend to slue and saw a bit. To overcome this, Meteor Production Engineering, Inc., power specialists, and Wendell Emmer ich, a marine expert, worked out a "power steering" system making use of submerged waterproof electric pro pulsion motor. The one-third horsepower motor with propeller attached is mounted un derwater on a vertical shaft passing through the hull. By turning the wheel, the steersman rotates this mounting shaft. Thus there is no rudder. Thrust from the waterproof motor itself pro vides the steering. Nor was steering the only problem they solved. Moonlight cruises are as popular as daylight jaunts at the park. The batteries have to provide ten hours of service a day without unreasonable weight. And since both daylight speed demons and moonlight dawdlers use the boats, a wide range of speed con trol and power is necessary to please their varied tastes. This problem was easily solved by using 12-volt bus batteries as the power source. Each boat has a single 180-lb. lead-acid bus battery. Two dry chargers (silicon diode units) can each handle from one to 16 batteries at once. The whole fleet is conveniently and automatically charged after the last starry-eyed couple has left and is ready for the morning group. TEMPLE IN TERNE A feme roof 224 ft. along the main ridge is the dominant feature of the new Beth Torah Temple shown here as it neared completion in North Miami Beach. The unique appearance is echoed in the novel construction methods -- the roof is made up of 2 in. thick wire-reinforced gypsum slab over 1 in. thick form board. Outer sheathing is a standing seam terne roof. Terne is thin sheet steel coated with a lead-tin alloy, bight in weight, it is durable and inexpensive. 7-- -- Architect--Phillip Pearlman, North Miami Beach L IA26250 Jyr Oil and Water don't Mix? Who Sezl The milky cloud in the center of the beaker is an oil-in-water emulsion forming in seconds after power is ap plied to the ultrasonic tranducer above. Known as a "Sonifier." the device manufactured by Branson Instruments employs lead zirconate-titanate to con vert electrical impulses to sound waves at 20.000 cycles per second. Describing the lead ceramic transducer material, Branson says, "This highlv efficient ceramic permits Branson's transduc ers to handle up to three times the power permissible with conventional transducer materials." I LIBRARY OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION LiujjjjjjmK/ ujJJJ4iiuvuujj The following publtcotions ore available free of charge unless otherwise noted. Send request to tbt LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 292 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK 17, N. Y. The materials you buy - lead Descriptive information about lead from mine to finished products. Reprinted from "New York Purchasing Review," January, 1959. Corrosion Doto - leod & olloys Chart form presentation of the corrosion re* sistance of lead and its alloys to 188 common chemical materials over the normal tempera ture range. Reprinted from "Chemical Engi neering." February, 1953. Methods of lead lining tanks Four page review of corrosion performance and fabrication methods for lead in process vessels and piping. Considers five ways of using lead. Reprinted from "Chemical Engi neering," January 9, 1961. Moteriols of construction reviews Lead and lead alloys in design and construc tion for research and engineering use. Bibli ographies for 1961, 1959, 1958 and 1957 are available (editions are not cumulative). Re printed from "Industrial and Engineering Chemistry." Leod-osbestos anti-vibrotion pods Gives specification, drawings, and reviews re cent applications of lead-asbestos anti-vibra tion pads for buildings. Lead work for modern plumbing $2,00 Postpaid, $1.50 per copy in quantities of 10 or more. Profusely illustrated with over 140 photo graphs and drawings, the textbook presents clearly to the plumhing student the necessary tools, procedures and the methods required for lead work. Red lead technical letters No. 12 Seven formulations and schedules for painting highway structural steel. No. 13 L.I.A. Formula 9-2. A single Red Lead Primer for Rusted, Weathered or New Galva nized Steel. No. 14 Describes the formulation of red Jeadcoumarone primer for seawater immersion -- ship hulls, fixed marine installations. Lead in modern industry (Request on company letterhead, please) A fully illustrated 230 page, cloth bound book describing all phases of the production and use of lead, lead alloys and lead compounds. Truck costs in o jiffy Three nomographs permit estimation of costs for gas or battery powered industrial trucks in two or three minutes. Depreciation, operat ing costs, and maintenance are appraised sep arately for all unusual types of operation. Building construction bulletins No. 1 Specifications for Lead Waste Connec tions for Plumbing Fixtures with Integral Traps ^W'ater Closets -- Pedestal Urinals -- Service Sinks.) No. 2 Specification for Lead Shower and Safe Pans, No. 3 Specification for Lead Chemical Labora tory Drainage Systems, Seamless terne for roofing Illustrated four-page architectural specifica tion also provides data on strength and weight characteristics and color advantages of terneplate as roofing. Design engineering doto Twelve-page publication summarizes all main lead uses, tabulates data. Oilless bearings - helicopters Reprint from "Design News" shows use of lead-teflon bearings in helicopter. Photos and drawings included. Nuclear materials Eight-page reprint from "Materials in Design Engineering" inspects current fuels, controls, moderators, reflectors and shielding. 1000 F bearings Data v . dry high-temperature lead oxide bear ings developed by N.A.S.A. Reprinted from "Materials in Design Engineering." Flashing with hord leod A complete "How-to-do-it" article on the use of hard lead in roofing and flashing. Reprintec from "American Roofer & Siding Contractor.' December. 1958. Decorative finishes for leod Informative four-page reprim from "Meta. Finishing" il949t describes methods for all finishes and plating methods for lead. Cutting press vibration Describes use of lead-asbestos anti-vibration pads to reduce newspaper press vibrations. One-page reprint from "Publication Manage ment" for April, 1961. A new look at leod Roundup story from "Ethyl News" presents the newer roles of lead on today's technical front. Quiet please! Two-page reprint explaining lead's function as soundproofing material. From "Modem Sanitation and Building Maintenance" April, 1961. Electric delivery trucks The facts and figures about battery powered street delivery trucks for milk, bakery and other routes. Reprinted from "Food Process ing" March, 1961, UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS. Reproduced by letterpress from leod type PRI NTF.P 1 N U.S.A. PUBLISHERS PRINTING -- ROGERS KFJ.LOGG CORP. N. Y. LI426251