Document b5Oob7jz2YYVeDzkMkabnZMn3

Brake Lining Manufacture Ex. # Date 1935 Citation Lanza, McConnell, Fehnel. "Effects of Findings High prevalence of asbestosis among workers with "more than 3 years of employment in the industry" at five plants including one where molded brake band and clutch friction materials were manufactured inhalation of asbestos dust on the lungs of asbestos workers" Publ. Health. Rep. 1935 50:1-12 Fulton, et al. Asbestosis. Harrisburg, Report of 25 percent prevalence of asbestosis among selected workers at four asbestos fabricating plants, including three where brake linings were manufactured. Penn.: Dept of Labor and Industry, Commonwealt h of Penn. 1939 George, A.W., R.D Leonard. "An X-ray study of the Documents asbestosis in brake lining manufacturing workers since 1928, with compensation. Explains that the asbestosis cases seen by Hawes (New Engl. J. Med. 216:162-165, 1937) were brake lining manufacturing workers. Discusses switch from dry to wet methods of processing. lungs of workmen in the asbestos industry covering a period of ten years" Radiology 33:196-209 1940 Stone, M.J. "Clinical Asbestosis in 148 brake-lining manufacturing workers seen by Drs. Stone and Hawes. Studies in asbestosis" Amer. Rev. Tuberc. 41: 12-21 1940 Stone, MJ. "Studies in Asbestosis in 148 brake-lining manufacturing workers seen by Drs. Stone and Hawes. asbestosis." Dis. Chest. 6: 170-171 Ex. # Date 1970 1970 1970 Citation and Y.C. Athanassiadis. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Asbestos. Litton Systems, Inc. report prepared for the National Air Pollution Control Adminis tration, p.32 McDonald, A.D. et al. "Epidemiology of Primary Malignant Mesothelial Tumors in Canada." Cancer 26:914-919 Smither, W.J. "Asbestos and Asbestosis." Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 13: 3-5. Hickish, D.E. and K.L. Knight. "Exposure to Asbestos During Brake Maintenance." Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 13: 17-21. Findings In a retrospective review of the potential asbestos exposures of a series of mesothelioma patients in Canada, "Men employed in... the installation of brake linings...were responsible for most of the excess of cases over controls." In a tabulation of the "occupations classified under definite or probable exposure to asbestos," are 21 cases of mesothelioma, including 2 who did "brake lining installation" and one more who worked in brake lining manufacture. This study attributes the main risk of mesothelioma to asbestos exposure in manufacturing and product use, as opposed to the mining of chrysotile asbestos. Funded by Quebec Asbestos Mining Association. The medical advisor to Cape Asbestos opens with discussion about the different mineral varieties of asbestos, then notes that all "current" friction materials contain 50% chrysotile asbestos. This figure he expected to gradually decline to as little as 30%. This paper contains data on the asbestos dust exposure of brake mechanics reported by the Medical Services of Ford of Britain. The first car servicing tests were done using Cortina and Anglia vehicles, which presumably had smaller brakes than American cars of this era. Sampling was done in the dust cloud generated by blow-out of the accumulated dust in brake drums. This yielded an average value of 2.55 fibers per cc of air. Other tests were done beside the car when the repairs were in progress, yielding somewhat lower values averaging 1.25 f/cc. Personal samples were also taken, to get the best measure of the workers' actual exposure to airborne asbestos. The average exposure during brake servicing was 0.68 f/cc. Truck brakes generated more dust. Sampling was done in an adjacent bay and two bays away from the service bay where brake repairs were performed. The values recorded were lower in these bystander locations. The bystander fiber counts ranged from 0.17 to 0.49 f/cc in the mornings, during which time only 1.5-2 hours was devoted to Ex. # Date Citation Findings brake cleaning. Personal sampling for mechanics doing truck brake repair showed concentrations of 7.09 f/cc, declining to 0.08 after cleaning and averaging 1.75 f/cc over the time sampling interval. The duration of this interval could easily have been adjusted to yield an average value on either side of the new British asbestos standard, 2 f/cc. Even clutch repair in the adjacent bay was recorded as 2.25 f/cc "during cleaning." Samples from bays adjacent to truck brake repair showed 0.79 f/cc as a time-averaged exposure (for cleaning and a post cleaning combined interval). The authors conceded, "personal exposures in the vicinity (of truck brake repair) do exceed the standard." Holmes, of Turner & Newall, who found chrysotile asbestos present at up to 1% in it, analyzed brake drum dust. The authors advised safeguards during brake repairs: "It is however recommended that care should be exercised during brake cleaning to avoid inhalation of dust produced, and the development of cleaning procedures that would reduce air contamination is desirable." [emphasis added] 1970 1970 1970 Hatch, D. "Possible Alternatives to Asbestos as a Friction Material." Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 13: 25-29 Bentley, M.L. "Control of the Use of AsbestosContaining Friction Materials." Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 13: 31-32. Lee, G.L. "Removing Dusts from They also noted that their studies did not include sampling during such procedures as "filing or grinding brake lining," but they assumed that these were hazardous processes "with the attendant need for strict precautions to prevent the inhalation of fibers." Representative of Ferodo, a manufacturer. Begins with history on the development of friction products and the technical role of asbestos in the products. For brake linings the author said, "there is no substitute for asbestos which would not result in a deterioration of performance and strength." For disc brake pads the picture was brighter: "(I)t cannot be said that the use of asbestos in disc brake pads remains a technical necessity, and it is in this field of friction materials that some departure from resin-asbestos based composites could occur in the next few years on technical and performance grounds." On the subject of clutches, he said the spider clutch being used in the U.S. for "heavy duty manual shift gear boxes" could use asbestos-free materials such as sintered metals or ceramic-metal composites. A working group of the ARC's Environmental Control Committee was devoted to friction products. Constituent members were Small and Parkes (now part of Cape Industries), Ferodo, and Mintex. "The Group (which has been formed recently) is concerned with the users of friction materials...in the replacement and service field." Bentley also said the ARC work group on friction materials was preparing "two codes of practice for users of asbestos based friction materials which will be used by (ARC). One of these is for ... the guidance of those engaged in servicing brakes and clutches." He called the codes of practice "Notes of Guidance." The author worked for the auto manufacturer British Leland. He noted that a technique for cleaning brakes that would reduce dust emissions would also involve an increase in time and effort involved (hence an Ex. # Date 1970 1971 Apri l, 1972 June 8, 1972 1972 Citation 37-39. Asbestos. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1971, p.22 Oels, H.C, et al. "Diffuse Malignant Mesothelioma of the Pleura: A Review of 37 Cases," Chest 60: 564-570. Harwood, C.F. "Asbestos Air Pollution Resulting from the Wear of Brake Linings," Supplementar y Notes Supplied to the Attendees of Seminar on Asbestos, Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute, Chicago, pp.65-74 Newman, B. "Perilous Particles," Wall Street J. Moertel, C.G. "Peritoneal Mesothelioma Findings This report on asbestos air pollution notes that "an appreciable percentage (1-3%)" of the asbestos in brake linings survives the heat of friction and remains as fibrous asbestos. One mesothelioma patient with a history of "probable occupational exposure to asbestos" was a "service station operator." "(A)n estimate is presented which indicates that the asbestos emission from brake linings is significant." He assumes that 1% of brake dust is asbestos fiber, that 80% of this dust is emitted and 20% remains lodged within the brake system. This paper contains a several-page discussion, "Alternatives to Asbestos," in which sintered metals, ceramic metal, fiberglass, and sealed systems are discussed. "At the present time, no alternative to asbestos containing friction products is developed to the stage of finesse required by the industry. It is difficult to believe that modern technology can not overcome the problems presented by the use of alternates." This was a several-day seminar attended by a number of industry representatives and the author (BC). Article on asbestos begins with description of some mechanics blowing dust out of brake parts: "What the mechanics don't seem to know--like thousands of other mechanics--is that the brown dust is dangerous. And if a mechanic breathes in enough dust from worn out linings it could eventually kill him." Explaining that mesothelioma is caused by asbestos, he says, "particularly vulnerable occupations are ... brake lining installation..." Ex. # Date Feb. 1973 1973 Citation Gastroenterol ogy 63:346 350 Control Techniques for Asbestos Air Pollutants. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Environmenta l Protection Agency Office of Air and Water Programs, pp. 3-48 and 3 49. Boillat, M.A. and M. Lob. "Risk of Asbestosis among Workers Replacing Brake Linings," Schweiz. Med. Wodi. 103:1354 1359. May 14 18, 1973 Jacko, M.G., R.T. DuCharme, and J.I I. Somers. "Brake and Clutch Emissions Generated during Vehicle Operation." Society of Automotive Findings "In the course of servicing and overhauling motor vehicle brakes and manual clutches, the accumulated asbestos-containing dust is frequently dislodged from drums and housings by directing a compressed air jet against the deposits." Expressed concern over environmental air pollution. English summary: "Thirty-nine workers with the job of replacing automo bile brake linings (asbestos) have been investigated. The working conditions and clinical findings, including radiology and spirometric studies, are discussed. In view of the comparatively brief exposure during the working day, the maximum permissible concentration of asbestos fibers, according to the norms indicated by American health workers, does not appear to be exceeded. No cases of asbestosis were detected, but in one instance the diagnosis is open to discussion. Despite the satisfactory outcome of this study, periodic examinations of workers in this type of occupation are indicated." Subjects of the study averaged only 8 years of brake repair experience at V2 to 2 hours per day of work. Fiber concentrations from drilling holes for rivets and grinding ranged up to 29.2 f/cc; four of nine measurements exceeded 5/cc. Tests of brake wear emissions from braking showed 14.4 percent of total car asbestos emissions were "retained in brake" of test vehicle. The corresponding figure for trucks was 9.2%. The overall figure for all vehicles in U.S. was 11.2% brake retention. Ex. # Date 1973 1974 Aug. 8, 1975 Citation Eng. meeting, Detroit. Davis, J.M., and S.W. Coniam. "Experimental Studies on the Effects of Heated Chrysotile and Automobile Brake Lining Dust Injected into the Body Cavities of Mice," Exper. Molec. Pathol. 19:339-353. Greenberg, M. and T.A. Lloyd-Davies. "Mesotheliom a Register 1967-68," Brit, J. Ind. Med. 31:91 104. Lloyd, J.W. "Dear Colleague..." Hazard Alert letter, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Rockville, MD. Findings Automobile brake lining dust was provided by' Turner & Newall from a test vehicle. The dust produced "very small granulomas and little fibrosis" when injected into the pleural cavities of mice. The study was terminated after only one year, and was sponsored by the Asbestosis Research Council. "It is planned to undertake a new series of experiments that will test the long-term effects of brake lining dust in conditions where normal chrysotile is known to produce tumors." [Davis says no such studies were done--1986.] Lists "Industry or Job Title in 167 `Definite' Mesotheliomas with Definite Occupational Exposure to Asbestos"--includes one "motor mechanic." Reports on July 21, 1975 NIOSH meeting with industry, labor, and academic attendees to discuss brake repair asbestos hazards. Data generated by the Mt. Sinai Environmental Sciences Laboratory included 1) blowout of automobile drum brakes, 2) grinding used truck brake linings, and 3) beveling new truck brake linings. "Average peak asbestos air concentrations for these three activities based on personal samples taken within 10 feet of the operation were, respectively, 10.5, 3.75, and 37.3 fibers (greater than 5 microns in length)" per cc. of air. "The present findings indicate that enough asbestos is preserved to produce significant exposures during certain brake servicing procedures." Earlier reports of mesothelioma among persons with jobs involving automobile brake servicing were cited. NIOSH estimated that 833,535 auto mechanics, 67,679 garage workers, and 6,657 (original and rebuilding) manufacturing employees made up a workforce "potentially exposed to asbestos." "Recommended (Interim) Procedures for Asbestos Brake and Clutch Servicing" were attached. These procedures included: 1) posting signs in the work area warning people not to stay there unless their work Ex. # Date Citation Aug. 15, 1975 1976 1976 1976 1976 "HEW Warns of Asbestos Hazard in Work with Brake Linings, Spackling Mixtures," Wall Street J. Menck, H.R. and B.E. Henderson, "Occupational Differences in Rates of Lung Cancer," J. Occup. Med. 78:797-801. Alste, J., D. Watson, and J. Bogg. "Airborne Asbestos in the Vicinity of a Freeway," Atmos. Environ. 10:583-589. Rohl, A.N., A.M. Langer, M.S. Wolff, and J. Weisman. "Asbestos Exposure during Brake Lining Maintenance and Repair," Environ. Research 72:110-128. Lorimer, Findings required it (" ... May Cause Asbestosis and Cancer"); 2) use of industrial vacuum cleaners (with high efficiency filters) for removing dust from brakes; 3) use of respirators; 4) use of local exhaust ventilation and high efficiency dust collection on grinding machines; 5) adherence to OSHA asbestos regulations' provisions regarding special clothing and change rooms. Summarizes the NIOSH alert notice (previous item). This study on occupation and lung cancer rates in California shows a statistically significant Standard Mortality Ratio (146, meaning 46 percent higher than expected) for "Auto Repair" workers. This figure is based on eight deaths from lung cancer in the years 1972-1973. Chrysotile asbestos fibers from new and worn brake linings and from the air near a freeway were examined by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The major effect of braking appears to be in separating bundles of fibers and reducing their average length but not altering their crystal structure. The majority of particles had a maximum linear dimension of 2 microns or less. Unaltered chrysotile asbestos was found in garage air samples and brake drum dust. "(E)xposure of garage mechanics during brake lining maintenance and repair show that fiber concentrations frequently in excess of regulated limits are common." (Optical microscopy) Blowing out automobile brake drum dust yielded exposures of 6.6 to 29.8 f/cc with measurable exposure 50-75 feet away. Some of the other data bad been summarized in the NIOSH alert of Aug. 8, 1975. Electron microscopy showed most of the fibers were too small to be seen by optical microscopes. The authors warned that exposure to these very small and numerous asbestos fibers could have adverse effects. Tabulates exposures previously measured by others, includes their own Ex. # Date 1977 1977 1978 Citation W.V. et al, "Asbestos Exposure of Brake Repair Workers in the United States," Mount Sinai J. Med. 43:207-218. Rohl, A.N. et al., "Asbestos Content of Dust Encountered in Brake Maintenance and Repair," Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 70:32-37. Bruckman, L., R.A. Rubine, and B. Christine. "Asbestos and Mesothelioma Incidence in Connecticut," J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc. 27:121-126. Seshan, K. "On the utility of dark-field electron microscopy in the determination of the degree of deformation in Chrysotile Asbestos: An Environmenta l Research Findings data in great detail for all types of brake work. Clinical study of 90 men with ten or more years of brake repair work and no other history of occupational exposure to asbestos. Most of the general mechanics examined did brake lining more than once weekly. Parenchymal fibrosis was seen on X-ray in 18 (20%) and pleural thickening in 5 (6%). Those who started work before 1946 had twice the prevalence of abnormal X-rays as those starting in 1946-1955. One quarter of the workers had restrictive pulmonary function test findings. "(T)he findings suggest that asbestos disease will be present among (brake maintenance) workers and that appropriate control measures should be urgently instituted." Another report from the Mt. Sinai group on the presence of chrysotile asbestos in brake drum dust from all over the world, the submicroscopic size of most of the asbestos fibers, and comparison of brake mechanics' asbestos exposure with OSHA standards (optical microscopy.). Authors call for implementation of industrial hygiene practices and for epidemiological mortality studies of garage mechanics. Reports a case of mesothelioma in a toll booth operator. These investigators found increased asbestos exposure at toll booths compared to ambient air of Connecticut cities. New technique of analysis verifies that "chrysotile asbestos in various stages of deformation" survives in brake drum dust. Ex. # Date 1978 Oct. 1978 Citation Application" Environ. Research 16:383-392. Rohl, A.N., A.M. Langer, and I.J. Selikoff. "Airborne Asbestos in the Vicinity of a Freeway," Atmos. Environ. 12:20 30-2031. "Friction Materials Work Practices Guide." Friction Materials Standards Institute, Paramus, N.J. 12 pp. Findings Adds a number of unpublished reports confirming the presence of chrysotile in disintegrated brake linings from Great Britain (F. Pooley), France (P. Sebastien), and South Africa (M.S. Kikine). Refers to findings of asbestosis among automotive maintenance workers. "When removing worn friction materials remove the accumulated dust in the assembly with an industrial vacuum cleaner equipped with a high efficiency filter system. If such equipment is not available, dust can be removed with a damp cloth. Do not use compressed air or dry brushing for cleaning. Use a NIOSH approved respirator when removing worn friction materials, or cleaning brake or clutch assemblies." Local exhaust ventilation is recommended for machining of friction materials. Machining and repair areas "should be isolated from other work areas in a restricted area to prevent unnecessary exposure of other workers." Warning signs are suggested to limit access to brake work areas. "Work clothing should not be taken home." 1979 1983 Kagan, E. et al. "AsbestosAssociated Neoplasms of 13 Cell Lineage," Amer. J. Med. 67:325-330. Kagan, E., and R.J. Jacobson. "Lymphoid and Plasma Cell Malignancies: Asbestosrelated The industry trade group also covers disposal of vacuum cleaner waste in marked, impermeable bags in this pamphlet. Reports one case of pleural mesothelioma in a man who had installed automotive brake linings for 25 years. Reports one case of pleural mesothelioma in a man who had installed automotive brake linings for 25 years. Ex. # Date 1982 Nov. 13, 1982 1983 1983 Citation Projected Mortality' 1980-2030," Amer. J. Indust. Med. 3:259-311. Roberts, D.R., and R.D. Zumwalde. "Industrial Hygiene Summary Report of Asbestos Exposure Assessment for Brake Mechanics." NIOSH Report #32.4, Cincinnati. Langer, AM. and W.T.E. McCaughey. "Mesotheliom a in a Brake Repair Worker," Lancet 1101 1102. Glickman, L.F., et al. "Mesotheliom a in Pet Dogs Associated with Exposure of Their Owners to Asbestos," Environ. Res. 32:305-313. Mancuso, T.F., "Mesotheliom a Among Machinists in Railroad and Other Findings Time-weighted average exposures for mechanics using various brake repair techniques were generally in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 f/cc. General area air samples were 0.01-0.13 f/cc. Finds asbestos fibers in the lung tissue of a mesothelioma patient whose occupational exposure consisted of many years of brake servicing work. Over a five-year period, 15 pet dogs were diagnosed with mesothelioma at a veterinary hospital. The owners of 2 were car and truck mechanics by occupation, and the hobby of a third was automobile servicing. Two of the other dogs' owners were an automobile body repairer and a used automobile parts supply worker. Report of pleural mesothelioma in an automechanic. Ex. # Date Feb. 1985 Citation Industries," Amer. J. Indust. Med. 4:501-513. "Asbestos Fact Book." U.S. Environmenta l Protection Agency, 11 pp. Findings "(P)eople who work directly on brake maintenance are widely exposed to exceptionally high levels of asbestos. This occurs when brakes are cleaned and serviced during routine maintenance activities. EPA is establishing a Brake Mechanics Program to provide information and education on asbestos problems to vocational/technical students, working mechanics, and brake repair and maintenance specialists. The program will alert these specialists to the presence of asbestos in brakes and to methods that will minimize the release of asbestos fiber into the workplace." Commercial Substitu tion of Asbestos in Friction Products Ex. # Date Sept. 1976 Citation "ICI Asbestos-Free Brake Shoe," Asbestos 12 Findings Announces immediate production and worldwide marketing of a railroad brake shoe that contains no lead or asbestos. Called Tiger, the product was developed by Abex Corporation, subsidiary of IC Industries, Inc. 1976 14. Kwolek, J.P. "Friction Materials for Small Car Solid Rotor Applications," SAE Transactions, Gives history of development of semi-metallic brakes, starting with their use in police cars, taxicabs, and "a few vehicles sold to the general public." Notes that semi-metallic front disc brakes achieved success in meeting standards of the Los Angeles Police Department, and displayed a number of advantages over conventional asbestosorganic brake compositions by 1970. Increased cost was a major obstacle to widespread usage at that time. Author worked for Bendix Corporation. paper 1976 1978 1980 no.750874. Annual Report, RaybestosManhattan, Inc. Annual Report, RaybestosManhattan, Inc. Castleman, B.I. and M.J. Vera. "Impending Proliferation of Asbestos," Intenat. J. Health Serv. "The escalating costs associated with handling this raw material and the uncertain consequences of future government asbestos regulations ... have necessitated our decision to work toward the elimination of asbestos from all our friction products and this eventuality has become an essential part of our long term product and manufacturing plans." "Although from a social and political standpoint, publicity concerning asbestos has not adversely affected our business nor do we expect it to in the near future ... from a long-range standpoint, we are planning to eliminate asbestos from our friction materials products by 1982 in order to minimize the effect of any further government regulations in this area." Paraphrases a communication from General Motors to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Sept. 7, 1979), called "General Motors Programs on Non-Asbestos Friction Materials for Brake Systems." Approximately 60 percent of all passenger car disc brakes manufactured and used by G.M. had non-asbestos friction materials in 1979. G.M. projected that all its 1983-model passenger cars with disc brakes would have asbestos-free brakes, and all cars with drum brakes and light trucks would have asbestos-free brakes by the 1985 model year. July, 1981 10:389-403. Norman, J.C. "Synthetic Fibers Find Applications in Transporta tion," Indust. Research and DuPont marketing specialist for "Kevlar" aramid fiber presents test results and describes performance of this product as an asbestos substitute in brakes. Cost of use initially higher, but longer service life expected to offset the 25 percent initial cost premium in the life-cycle cost of the product. Excels in heavy-duty applications, compared with conventional asbestos brakes. Development. Con trol Technology for Brake and Clutch Work Ex. # Date 1978 Citation National Loss Control Service Corp., Long Grove, IL 60049. Findings A 15-minute exposure peak of 1.1 f/cc was found with brake washing using the Ammco Model 1250 brake assembly washer after use of a hammer. A "poorly maintained" Model 880 created operator exposures during grinding of 1.4 f/cc, but the "well maintained" Model 880 also created operator exposure of 1.4 f/cc for grinding brake linings. Report of Industrial Hygiene Study for Ammco This system uses a solvent, which dries into a gel in the collection tray, trapping the fibers, according to verbal communication from the manufacturer. Nonetheless, measured asbestos levels using optical microscopy are excessive and allow shop contamination to occur. Tools, Inc. North 1980 Chicago, IL. Asbestos Product Test Results. GCA Corp., Bedford, MA 01730. Prepared for Widespread garage contamination is illustrated by worker exposure measurements during compressed air use of 0.85 f/cc with levels of 0.1 f/cc 25 feet away. When the mechanic removed the brake housing and cleaned it by repeatedly striking it with a hammer, his 14-minute exposure was measured as 1.29 f/cc. In these tests, a scanning electron microscope was used to analyze tile air samples, so this would not be comparable to measurements using conventional optical techniques. the U.S. Environmenta l Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic July 22, 1985 Substances. Asbestos Dust Control in Brake Maintenance. PEI Associates, Inc., P.O. Box 46100, This report reviews exposures with a variety of improvised control techniques which have emerged as alternatives to the compressed air hose. Their performance was generally poor: damp rag use permitted peak asbestos exposures up to 2.6 f/cc with time-weighted averages (TWAs) up to 0.28; a liquid squirt bottle created a 10-minute peak of 0.54 f/cc with TWA over five hours of 0.21; the use of stoddard solvent flowing through an air gun caused peak levels up to 0.68 f/cc and TWAs slightly under 0.1; dry rag and brush generated peaks up to 0.81 f/cc with TWAs up to 0.2. Cincinnati, OH 45246. Prepared for the U.S. Environmenta l Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Wetting methods not using a collection system simply disperse the fibers, and when the liquid dries, fibers remain in the shop ready to enter the room air with minimal motion. Background contamination from such methods, therefore, would not necessarily be less than with the compressed-air cleaning method. A wet method system with a collection tray was also evaluated (Ammco Brake Assembly Washer). Unfortunately, 15-minute peaks were 1.1 f/cc. Toxic Substances