Document b5ODzzpVKXw543KEmrgXp1omD

pw y *t |.` l-H l 'n y }ry f< 1 v r" 'rfii|. *wT i win .L irr |? l|w.lP|Fy V T-W >i.",>'i '>?"w i >rwMy.i' w|" r !* r " y i | y | f i ^a.i LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION. INC. 101 MADISON AVKNUK NCW YORK 17, H, V. i January 21# 19^3 To Heaters of the Lead Industries Association Inc.: The attached suppleoent to our technical data hook, "Lead In the Ceramic Industrie.,' haa Just been published by the Lead Industries Association. It Is being nailed to all persons vho now have this looteleaf data book. A press release describing the new suppleoent, along with a copy, Is going to appropriate trade Journals. Use of lead In glared brick has ahovn considerable growth In recent years, particularly the low-tenperature, "accent" brick. Several million of these brick have been sold In the past few years, and the outlook Is for ever increasing decand from archi tects and builders. The supplement was prepare! by Jercoe Sblth of our staff, through the cooperation of T. D. Carnahan cf B. ?. Brakenfeld ( Co., vith the assistance of the Ceramics Technical Cocnittee. Very truly yours, RLZ:mk Enc. Execullt* >- . President F \ ''H g i wyyt^ y iy .n im i i iR i i i^ . J i . ' n .' ' i , m i n i i , u W || nn r: D '< 7T V . LIA23605 m .J kk^jxtor&i, ,i*:*L. jHHW?gTu; USE or LEAD IN GLAZING BRICK' 3 'MaajjlL_ t** "^T l'*lrW iMtt / f*w* w u 1*4 < rft* a,.*- - *- C^M Crfy. N* f*4. C**ii l>f1 1 l**4 <**> w^ N f>tf IN A-m1 } ' ' J f'A. M jir ni i ' >:r< (iL/t .h i *: :viKdl *!.. pavJi^l' jiv th*t new Stiik lllal v 1 A t, <ie iiV hj\c been gl.*/*.J tor seats H.n *- e'er. ihe :. n.-rul In* plj/v\! hrnk t.ilh the hnphiU l .- .I ..`Csent" bfvk b s irvvr-.isesl >n!x Ifl a`ih upjr a els ievent times In the pjsi * limited esdor f.n :c .i\ p i.k Iik v J in hrK.k b\ i- . r. >| k i'* i ii mjvf... *ics atsJ jlnn^phcK' l hoe *eie nOwed. howoet. to he s.ifiets *'i.*i0.iWv tiiHii n^Ji i.! Hik K %h..lcv A rc^U'i o'lii ' . ie ^. *1,*r p.ilctte m n \l van he avhvsoJ i*nl) hi ii. i! ivijmic c.*k'i >'i iilo KVU* i'mJi'i Can he hase been aJJc.l I. the hiK'k m bulk. jrsd wlhLv .'i\ ct'k'rv jrc I'btjuvd m thn m.nn<f, hut the high ..h | >| the lUini ni.iVtA thi\ mipri (iL/m^ h V nx*\| pfxivjl nKtl**J of .whK*\*nf weatherrev--t.int. mjiMienjnce l>iv cienplcte cvliH o^hnjrv arv >il.i/o hi/h in Umv I die mpiirnJ fiw the accent eol--. I he ti jN*n. ml\ U j J p|j/o *tfer the nu-\k il cr `injth'n 'l U^ firing lentiKtuturo and psSkl gla/in ; pl*|vMk"V LEADS ROLE IN THE GLAZE I c.J i\ ihw* -uKt \cfvjlile of the fluxing c<KiipHjnJx. Ilx uv in gl. /o. a* well as in Mher ceramic prHltKtv frc^iK-ntls .xjkinU >n more than *N h;pb fluxing p<*wvr. I eac helps t* make Ihc gl.i/ing opefatHWi a ftljiiuli liHv'pf'i^ ptivcJuic. With it. a vrijlc toe* nuil.ithHi Mill Joan j mij .iMc gla/e >ser * whk' tern* petatute or "Usng filing" tanpe. 1 c j J heating glares cxhht 1m mmf.tec tcnvHt and hove csecllent abilits to o>ni puux bricks and esen to heal nser imperh\tKos m the brick *h pinh.'liN j o J blMciv ihjt J .-m m the flj/c during firing In WjJ-lriv jrl-./v' Irequcntb cfjul * < pull r. lh<- j w iUj k -i ,f Mr. lhiRn.il D Ciin.hiN, H f. IVilnIrM A < <i . !<<.. . % .iihiii|:i.-o, I'tPunN.inu. in lly ri<piUU f lhs scil*.-;' r gijl.luil> Lno*lxl*ol KKj.yaiZT' ^ 1889.01 JUPAV'T" LIA23606 `iSte'w.'irtg. Viri .~kii* -*!> r*a*j\^... .w**-..--r. ' B5ECrrr *N--. i i --- ------ -----; ----- ---------- -J wompalibiMx x* ilh alnxM all llk^n color OXr Ic v , .v\Hjni t*r live wrde u h ` W thiv xers-itile material m cci-nnc pb/cs. TYPES or GLAZE (ib/cx foe brick max be defineJ of x Ij n mIx aJ j s "hiph tump" *>f "1*h * linnj " lhv ihjt mature at or m*jr the eunnp temperature t*f the hr tel are called hiph Afm( pi /<-> I o'* finny pb/cs .rc despned to fire xcscrat hundred dcprccs below brwk eunnp x* "burninp" fcmpvfaturcv //rc^ h*f One adxantape o( hiph fump pla/es ix that they can he sprayed *m> the "preen" brick anJ fired jUmp with the NxJy - an ccxMxomK'al. one-tire operation. Ilm. cxer. hc.ausc of pteatef flexibility a two-fire xyxjcm ft v j v , the pt.i/e t\ applied and fired ** jn slreaJx maimed bncl. 1lc temperature ranpv o( hiph fire pb/cs ix aNnit t | to 2 lOO I . and n naturally determined by the tinnp ch-iucli nsites of the clay Nxjy. No xinptc pb/c formulation i satisfactory lor the r^npe .*t cl.x* aiul tump conditions cncxHintctcd in the husk industry. Instead. pla/o are tftually formuIj Ii-J to suit specific chemistry jnd cxwulitu'ns atten dant to each application. I Of example, each ptj/C mud he tojmubted to l:t the theimal e\pan\*ei id each cbv Kh Jx . and here, ax m ther a'cav. h'aJ acv**ntn>.'JJic> the fornuibtor. It proxidcs him with an excellent means ot contrxd over the cxpanv* properties of hix pla/e. The hiph tire pb/es are pvnerally k*s*cr n lead content anJ in s*mc instances are lead free. tXc to the hipher refractoriness anJ surface lemum of hiph fire, fcaj-free pb/cs, ho* cxer. they do tuM exhibit the umo ability to heal oxer imperfections: therefore, enpx-hi-x are x'xmetinH'x xpraXi'O on firM to assure coxcrape (f craeix anJ Mcmishcv l.t>w l lrr t *vs fire pla/ex arc tlcsipned to fire in the IfOO'T to f7cKlT tanpc and have hiph lead content. Ihcse pla/ex are suitable for a xklc ranpc of eta) compoxiIkvtis ax used in xtrik'tural clay xxarex, and mod id the common xtainx may he uxed xxith them - any incimp.itir>iht) Nrinp. due to the presence t'f oxidex and compounds other tlun lead. I iv Un* hre pla/cv the rcconintcnded finnp pnvedure ix to brinp the hift'k up lo the lempe/alurc ax fad ax poxxthlc and then to cool slowly, l ump cycles ax \Ik ** * * 16 hours have been used successfully. >.- ! r r t t L-; f.: r P l- t. Tf- 1 " T^M ' "imxat,wu..VigrMB w/<w aj'ari J&v'yrftyG,* 9j**tm*&m3rr?s-->r i LIA23607 COLORS A wiJc sclectum of basic coh*fs is available in both the high and Km fire glares; this includes a wide range of greens blocs, browns. yellows. Macks and whites. Certain high-intensity reds and mang*c%. hosed n tlvc caJnuum wk'niuni pigments can only be ohtamed in the !w fire glares. these glares, propetly used, give a brilliant fjngc of colon which cannot be even approached by any other coloring mclh<*J. Since volatility of the cadmium-selenium pigmentx r\ a fund ion of lime and temperature. M is rtvxmxmendeJ that Ihoe glares Ke filed as quickly as poxs j Mc and at as low a temperature a\ possible. Also, it iv evtrcmcf) important that lhoe glares be fireJ in an owJi./ng alnwwipliefc and ncse-' in a kiln where will glaring has been dons*. liven trace quantities of ebb*me in the kiln atnvxphcrc wiil first turn a caJmiumwlenium basest glare* black and then c j u v * ciHupletc l*vv t odor. Clipper fumev. too. wifi Slacken the glare j\ m.> aluminum *r iron when prevent in suiliewni quantt\. ONE TIRE VERSUS TWOFIRE GLAZING One-tiring is attractive economically vincc it ehrmnatex the second firing and a gUist kiln. However. there are u- hmcat JifiK'ultH'x inherent h i the one-fire opcrathn j v well av ptoJivtion scheduling pn*hlcrm. Small qtia>uit\ demand* tri m architects and hudderx f*r a \.net% of edof\ can lx* handled more xaftsf.cffly with the two fire prvvcw I urthcimorc. u\h vmall sale "to order" production rv better handled in small vhuttfe tvpe Vilnv with lower tuv'l and maintenance e**vtv 1 wo firing hav other advantages av well, `'('linker** hixkv itHigh and chipped brick that are normally the htxkmakcr'x vrap. can Kvome profitable itcrr.v I Ik * esthciic effects ps'wihle w ith gta/id ivmgb so- ,*ce brick have been fixir.J to he particularly appealing to arehilevt and hodJing-owncr alike, (ilo/ed "clinker** find have actually Keen specified for v h ik p*bv. Anoths'r advantage tv that greater flexibility in car siting exists in the two-lire system. And, with low firing gta/cv the bnekmaker b now able to extend hiv color palette to include the highly desirable cadmium-selenium Cs'lorx as well. PROPERTIES OF LOW FIRE GLAZES Doe to ititerfacial action between the jl.vrc and the hrk k Kslv. low firing lead gl../cs have pin'd crarc resistance. Scxcial Ivpcs of brick surfaced with llcse iow fire glares have pawed autoclave pressures <d 150 lb. per sq. in. for 5 hours without cra/mg. Smo cra/e. These brick are, in general, more difficult to gla/e with rrsultonf goxt fit. Mic roc raring is common w ith the bright red, oranges and yellows. High expanskin gla/cx result fr~m the comhinaiwm of ingredient* required Itv compatibility with these stains; thus a dense pattern of tmy cu/cs dcvelopv Hrrck with these color* have been installed in buddings for a decade or more, and altfwHJgh mKiivra/mg has been present, no trouble has been encountered or is anticipated. pm/oMr to H'nuhrr I be weather resistance id a building's surface b determined by two (actors - its ability to withvand cKmKal attack, and mechanical dcicrksratkm. Ssmse of the first U*w firing gla/cs were formulated vsithout sulVkKnt devehspment work and were relatively low m wcaihci resrJjrvee. Apparent cvdvsr fading occurred in s*me f these kw acid-resistant gfa/s*v The etciTK-nts umJ. hail. rain, industrial atnwtsphcrcv etc. I actually .ttaeked and etched the gta/c surface, form ing fun pits whwh gave the appearance of color (aJ*np H*wcvcr. ceramic cofivrs resist fading, because gla/c stains arc UaNc m*rganic cx'mpoundv I aid up in buddings over the years, thev brick have shi'wn vmc wvathv'r sUterisHj Ik mi. Surprisingly, in nuniK-r d cases budding owners have expressed ikiMS i*l*< i iik ^iImI pwO W lKr MW 4*up* <few^ vit>r iWvt, *v<k m w* im m I^k X IS-i Ationtm * ! m4* ^*tvXU Wi ii *T kT \ !^y|iwjr^^ia&g.w LIA 23 608 i-,*. ih j t 1 ' *--iVt \ w-ti-- filler-i -i t ^ - r pleasure with ihc weathered brick. In any cave, the h ck**c to the pla/c vuiface it will ftakc id! or vpatl ufl t low temperature (tayc\ now produced exhibit mperior the glare. CVarly, thrv type of failure iv rxd related to i acid anJ weather tevUance. Weathering K knt>wfl to he a function of acid attack the glaze. belter grinding of the clay to obtain a finer particle u/c, anJ more intimate mixing are way* on the glare atvj it n therefore important that the glaze to minimize thu problem. he acid-fcv*tanl. There arc no trU specification* spe cifically lir I<m fire glaze*. anJ rtittin^ A.S.I.M. PROCESSING . IL1 'tentative Specification* Ceramic GWi'i) racing IiJc anJ ftrk-l" have hern used by the industry to test the quality of both high and low fire pU/ev Another tevt u*cJ iv V> cycle* of frecring anJ thawing. l*ui lor the m*\i pail the number and type* id lc*i% employed vary witit the manufacturer** intercM*. TfW damape t* a controversial prihlcm. It r* true that certain brick can absorb larpc quantities of water. Coder theve circumstance*, it * pcwdblc for the glare* to craze doc to KxJy expansion. A pood con servative recommendation would be to we hard homed brick. However. no failure* in the field from frost damage have been observed. The only failure* Milled lead glare* are available to brick manufx* turrrx where nulling equipment n not avadahle. la such instances thorough mixing of the prepared plaze dip pnor to spraying h required fn order to obtain the desired plaze properties in Knh the fired and unfired state. In spraying. extremely heavy coaling should be avoided, vince such coatings lend to crawl or veparale durinp firinp. fired thickness id the glaze rv normally in the range of O.uC-K in. and *v obtained with an application weight td approximately 20 to 25 lb. per l(<X) brick on a dry weight hash. of the spalling type that have been experienced have Color fidelity K not convidered a necessity m glazed been doe to the presence of mapnc*ium and calcium brick av with the wall tile industry, and tn fad pro oxide* in the hrieV I he^e oxiJc* are hygroscopic and, ducer* id placed brick agree that wenc variation m when in contact v*kh water. wdl expand. If the oxide colof i* drwraWc. > .... ... : v mm