Document b50BYd02dymOQXkV2VnzXgEe6

ilium ABD00221825 Wednesday January 31, 1990 Part II Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29 CFR Part 1910 Occupational Exposures to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories; Final Rule Compliments Of: Flow Safe Inc. 30 Broad Street Denville, NJ 07834 201-627-8553 Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 21 / Wednesday, January 31, 1990 / Rules and Regulations 3327 ensuring that their standards are at least as effective as the Federal standard. The 25 Slates with their own OSHAapproved occupational safety and health plans must adopt a comparable standard within six months of publication of a final rule. The Stales are: Alaska, Arizona, California. Connecticut, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan. Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia. Virgin Islands, Washington, Wyoming. For New York and Connecticut, plans cover only slate and local government employees. Until such time as a State standard is promulgated, Federal OSHA will provide interim enforcement assistance, as appropriate, in these States. VIII. Authority and Signature This document was prepared under the direction of Gerard F. Scanneil, Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, ZOO Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20210. Pursuant to sections 6(b) and 8(c) and 8(g)(2) of the Act, OSHA hereby amends 29 CFR part 1910 by adding a new $ 1910.1450 as set forth below. List of Subjects in 29 CFR Part 1910 Laboratories, Occupational safety and health. j. Signed si Washington. DC. this 22nd day of lanuery 1990. Gerard F. Scanneil, Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health. t Part 1910 of title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) is hereby amended as follows: h PART 1910--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS 1. The authority citation for part 1910. subpart Z is amended by adding the following citation at the end. (Citation which precedes asterisk indicates genera) rulemaking authority.) Authority: Secs. 6 and 8. Occupational Safety end Health Acj. 29 U.S.C. 655.657; Secretary of Labor's Orders Nos. 12-71 (36 FR 6754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059), or 9-83 (48 FR 35736). as applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911. * ' * Section 1910.1450 is also issued under sec. 6(b).'6(c] and 6(g)(2). Pub. L 91-596. 64 Stal. 1593.1599,1800; 29 U.S.C. 655. 657. 2. Section 1910.1450 is added to subparl Z, part 1910 to read as follows: i 191.1450 Occupational expoaure to hazardous chemicals In laboratories. (a) Scope and application, (l) This section shall apply to all employers engaged in the laboratory use of hazardous chemicals as defined below. . (2) Where this section applies, it shall supersede, for laboratories, the requirements of all other OSHA health standards in 29 CFR part 1910. subparl Z, except as follows: (i) For any OSHA health standard, only the requirement to limit employee exposure to the specific permissible exposure limit shat) apply for laboratories, unless that particular standard states otherwise or unless the conditions of paragraph (a)(2)(iil) of this section apply. . (ii) Prohibition of eye and skin contact where specified by any OSHA health standard shall be observed. (lii) Where the action level.(or in the absence of an action level, the permissible exposure limit) is routinely exceeded for an OSHA regulated ; substance with exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements, paragraphs (d) and (g)(l)(ii) of this section shall apply. (3) This section shall not apply to:'' (i) Uses of hazardous chemicals which do not meet the definition of laboratory use, and in such cases, the employer shall comply with the relevant standard in 29 CFR part 1910, subpart 2, even If such use occurs in a laboratory. (ii) Laboratory uses of hazardous chemicals which provide no potential for employee exposure. Examples of such conditions might include: (A) Procedures using chemically- . impregnated test media such as Dipand-Read tests where a reagent strip is dipped into the specimen to be tested and the results are interpreted by comparing the color reaction to a color chart supplied by the manufacturer of the test strip; and . (B) Commercially prepared kits such as those used in performing pregnancy . tests in which all of the reagents needed to conduct the test are contained in the kit. (b) Definitions-- "Action level1 means a concentration * designated in 29 CFR part 1910 for a specific substance, calculated as an eight (8)-hour time-weighted average, which initiates certain required activities such as exposure monitoring and medical surveillance. "Assistant Secretary" means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety end Health, U.S. Department of Labor, or designee. "Carcinogen" (see "select, carcinogen"). ^ "Chemical Hygiene Officer" means an employee who is designated by the employer, and who is qualified by training or experience, to provide technical guidance in the development and implementation of the provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan. This definition is not intended to place limitations on the position description or job classification that the designated Indvidua) shall hold within the employer's organizational structure. "Chemical Hygiene Plan" means a written program developed and implemented by the employer which sets forth procedures, equipment, personal protective equipment and work practices that (i) are capable of protecting employees from the health hazards presented by hazardous chemicals used in that particular workplace and (ii) meets the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section. "Combustible liquid' means any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100 *F (37.8 X). but below 200 *F (93.3 *C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200 'F . (93.3 X), or higher, the total volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture. "Compressedgas" means: . (i) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 40 psi at 70 'F(21.1 `C);or (ii) A gas or mixture of gases having. In a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130 *F (54.4 *C) regardless of the pressure at 70 *F (21.1 X): or (iii) A liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100 *F (37.8 X) as determined by ASTM D-323-72. "Designated area" means an area . which may be used for work with ' "select carcinogens." reproductive toxins or substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. A designated area may be the entire laboratory, an area of a laboratory or a device such as a laboratory hood. "Emergency" means any occurrence such as, but not limited to. equipment . failure, rupture of containers or failure of control equipment which results in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the workplace. "Employee" means an individual employed in a laboratory workplace who may be exposed to hazardous, chemicals in the course of his or her assignments. "Explosive" means a chemical that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature. "Flammable" means a chemical that falls into one of the following categories: (i) "Aerosol flammable" means an aerosol that, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.45. yields a ,r+ .3321) ABD00221827 ' 1 Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 21 / Wednesday, January 31, 1990 / Rules and Regulations flame protection exceeding 18 inches at full valve opening, or a flashback (a extending back to the vajvej at gree of valve opening; 'Cos, flammable" means: (A) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a flammable mixture with air at a concentration of 13 percent by volume or less; or (D) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a range of flammable mixtures with air wider than 12 percent by volume, regardless of the lower limit. (iii) "Liquid, flammable" means any liquid having a flashpoint below 100 *F (37.6 *C). except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100 *F (37.8 *C) or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture. (iv) "Solid, flammable" means a solid, . other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in 1910.109(a). that is liable to cause fire through friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or which can be ignited readily and when ignited burns so vigorously and persistently as to create a serious hazard. A chemical shall be considered to be a flammable jjf. when tested by the method ^Bbed in 16 CFR 1500.44, it ignites and burns with a self-sustained flame at a rate greater than one-tenth of an inch per second along its major axis. "Flashpoint"means the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite when tested as follows: (i) Tagliabue Closed Tester (See American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester, Zl 1.24-1979 (ASTM D 56-79))-for liquids with a viscosity of less than 45 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at 100 'F (37.8 *C), that do not contain suspended solids and do not have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or (ii) Pensky-Martens Closed Tester (see American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester. Zll.7-1979 (ASTM D 9379))-for liquids with a viscosity equal to or greater than 45 SUS at 100 *F (37.8 *C), or that contain suspended solids, or that have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or (Mi) Setaflash Closed Tester (see American National Standard Method of Tjfi^or Flash Point by Setaflash Closed *^B (ASTM D 3270-78}). ^^^anic peroxides, which undergo * .oaccelerating thermal decomposition, are excluded from any of the flashpoint determination methods specified above. "Hazardous chemical" means a chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. The term "health hazard" includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic systems, and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. Appendices A and B of the Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) provide further guidance in defining the scope of health hazards and determining whether or not a chemical is to be considered hazardous for purposes of this standard. "Laboratory" means a facility where the "laboratory use of hazardous chemicals" occurs. It is a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non production basis. "Laboratory scale" means work with substances in which the containers used for reactions, transfers, and other handling of substances are designed to be easily and safely manipulated by one person. "Laboratory scale" excludes those workplaces whose function is to produce commercial quantities of materials. ^ "Laboratory-type hood" means a device located in a laboratory, enclosure on five sides with a moveable sash or fixed partial enclosed on the remaining side; constructed and maintained to draw air from the laboratory and to prevent or minimize the escape of air contaminants into the laboratory; and allows chemical manipulations to be conducted in the enclosure without insertion of any portion of the employee's body other than hands and arms. Walk-in hoods with adjustable sashes meet the above definition provided that the sashes are adjusted during use so that the airflow and the exhaust of air contaminants are not compromised and employees do not work inside the enclosure during the release of airborne hazardous chemicals. "Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals"means handling or use of such chemicals in which ail of the following conditions are met: (i) Chemical manipulations are carried out on a "laboratory scale;" (ii) Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used; (iii) The procedures involved are not part of a production process, nor in any way simulate a production process; and (lv) "Protective laboratory practices and equipment" ere available and in common use to minimize the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals. "Medicalconsultation"means a consultation which takes place between an employee and a licensed physician for the purpose of determining what medical examinations or procedures. if any. are appropriate in cases where a significant exposure to a hazardous chemical may have taken place. "Organicperoxide" means an organic compound that contains the bivalent -- O -- O-structure and which may be considered to be a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an organic radical. "Oxidizer" means a chemical other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in 1910.109(a), that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials, thereby causing fire either of Itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases. "Physical hazard" means a chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas. explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or waterreactive. "Protective laboratory practices and equipment" means those laboratory procedures, practices and equipment accepted by laboratory health and safety experts as effective, or that the employer can show to be effective, in minimizi'ng the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals. "Reproductive toxins" means chemicals which affect the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogenesis) "Select carcinogen"means any substance which meets one of the following criteria; (i) It is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen; or (ii) It is listed under the category, "known to be carcinogens." in the Annua) Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) (latest edition): or (iii) U is listed under Group 1 ("carcinogenic to humans") by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs (1ARC) (latest editions); or (iv) It is listed in either Group 2A or 2B by IARC or under the category, "reasonably anticipated to be Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 21 / Wedr^s^y.^january 31, 199U / Kutes ana neguiauons OOltt carcinogens" by NTP, and causes statistically significant tumor incidence in experimental animals in accordance with any of the following criteria: (A) After inhalation exposure of 8-7 hours per day, 5 days fcer week, for a significant portion of a lifetime to dosages of less than 20 mg/m9; (B) After repeated skin application of less than 300 (mg/kg of body weight) per week; or .J (C) After oral dosages of less than 50 mg/kg of body weight per day. "Unstable (reactive)"means a chemical which is the pure state, or as produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or will become self-reactive under conditions of shocks,{pressure or temperature. j, "Water-reactive" means a chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard. ,{ (c) Permissible exposure limits. For laboratory uses of OSHA regulated substances, the employer shall assure that laboratory employees' exposures to such substances do not exceed the permissible exposure limits specified in 29 CFR part 1920, subpart Z. . (d) Employee exposure determination--(1) Initial monitoring. The employer shall measure the employee's exposure to any substance regulated by a standard which requires monitoring if there is reason to believe that exposure levels:for that substance routinely exceed the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL). (2) Periodic monitoring. If the initial monitoring prescribed by paragraph (d)(1) of this section'discloses employee exposure over (he action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL), the employer shall immediately comply with the exposure monitoring provisions of the relevant standard. (3) Termination of monitoring. Monitoring may be terminated in accordance with the relevant standard. (4) Employee notification of monitoring results. The employer shall, within 15 working d(ays after the receipt of any monitoring results, notify the employee of these results in writing either individually 4r by posting results in an appropriate location that is accessible to employees.. (e) Chemical hygiene plan--General (Appendix A of this section is nonmandatory but provides guidance to assist employers injthe development of the Chemical Hygiene Plan.) (1) Where hazardous chemicals as defined by this standard are used in the workplace, the employer shall develop and carry out the provisions of a {written Chemical Hygiene Plan which is: (1) Capable of protecting employees from health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals in that laboratory and (ii) Capable of keeping exposures below the limits specified in paragraph (c) of this section. (2) The Chemical Hygiene Plan shall be readily available to employees. employee representatives and, upon request, to the Assistant Secretary. (3) The Chemical Hygiene Plan shall include each of the following elements and shall indicate specific measures that the employer will take to ensure laboratory employee protection: (i) Standard operating procedures relevant to safety and health considerations to be followed when laboratory work involves the use of hazardous chemicals; . : (ii) Criteria that the employer will use to determine and implement control measures to reduce employee exposure to hazardous chemicals including ' ' engineering controls, the use of personal protective equipment and hygiene practices; particular attention shall be given to the selection of control. measures for chemicals that are known to be extremely hazardous; ^(iii) A requirement that fume hoods and other protective equipment are functioning properly and specific measures that shall be taken to ensure proper and adequate performance of such equipment; (iv) Provisions for employee information and training as prescribed in paragraph (f) of this section; (v) The circumstances under which a particular laboratory operation, procedure or activity shall require prior approval from the employer or the employer's designee before implementation; (vi) Provisions for medical consultation and medical examinations in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section; (vii) Designation of personnel responsible for implementation of the Chemical Hygiene Plan including the assignment of a Chemical Hygiene Officer and, if appropriate, establishment of a Chemical Hygiene Committee; and (viii) Provisions for additional employee protection for work with particularly hazardous substances. These include "select carcinogens," . reproductive toxins and substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. Specific consideration shall be given to the following provisions which shall be included where appropriate: (A)Establishment of a designated area; (B) Use of containment devices such as fume hoods or glove boxes; (C) Procedures for safe removal of . contaminated waste; and (D) Decontamination procedures. (4) The employer shall review and evaluate the effectiveness of the Chemical Hygiene Plan at least annually and update it as necessary. (f) Employee information and training. (1) The employer shall provide employees with information and training to ensure that they are apprised of the hazards of chemicals present in their . work area. (2) Such information shall be provided at the time of an employee's initial assignment to a work area where hazardous chemicals are present and prior to assignments involving new exposure situations. The frequency of. . refresher information and training shall be determined by the employer. (3) Information. Employees shall be Informed of: (i) The contents of this standard and its appendices which shall be made available to employees; (li) The location and availability of the employer's Chemical Hygiene Plan; (iii) The permissible exposure limits for OSHA regulated substances or recommended exposure limits for other hazardous chemicals where there is no applicable OSHA standard; . (iv) Signs and symptoms associated with exposures to hazardous chemicals used in the laboratory; and (v) The location and availability of known reference material on the hazards, safe handling, storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals found in the laboratory including, but not limited to, Material Safety Data Sheets received from the chemical supplier. . (4) Training, (i) Employee training shall include: (A) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.); (B) The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area; and (C) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used. * 3330 ABD00221829 'I rI Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 21 / Wednesday, January 31, 1990 / Rules and Regulations (ii) The employee shall be trained on , the applicable details of the employer's Chemical Hygiene Plan. Medico! consultation and medical examinations. (1) The employer shall provide all employees who work with hazardous chemicals an opportunity to receive medical attention, including any follow-up examinations which the examining physician determines to be necessary, under the following circumstances: (1) Whenever an employee develops signs or symptoms associated with a hazardous chemical to which (he employee may have been exposed in the laboratory, the employee shall be provided an opportunity to receive an - appropriate medical examination. (ii) Where exposure monitoring reveals an exposure level routinely above the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL) for an OSHA regulated substance for which there are exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements, medical surveillance shall be established for the affected employee as prescribed by the particular standard. (iii) Whenever an event takes place in the work area such as a spill, leak, explosion or other occurrence resulting Jmjttie likelihood of a hazardous ^^Bsure. the affected employee shall be ^^ided an opportunity for a medical consultation. Such consultation shall be for the purpose of determining the need for a medical examination. (2) All medical examinations and consultations shall be performed by or under the direct supervision of a licensed physician and shall be provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay and at a reasonable time and place. (3) Information provided to the physician. The employer shall provide the following information to the physician: (i) The identity of the hazardous chemical(s) to which the employee may have been exposed: (ii) A description of the conditions under which the exposure occurred including quantitative exposure data, if available; and (iii) A description of the signs and symptoms of exposure that the employee is experiencing, if any. (4) Physician's written opinion, (i) For examination or consultation required under this standard, the employer shall obtain a written opinion from the ^^mining physician which shall include ^HPfollowing: lA) Any recommendation for further medical follow-up: (B) The results of the medical examination and any associated tests; (C) Any medical condition which may be revealed in the course of (he examination which may place the employee at increased risk as a result of exposure to a hazardous chemical found in the workplace: and (D) A statement that (he employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the consultation or medical examination and any medical condition that may require further examination or treatment. (ii) The written opinion shall not reveal specific findings of diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure. (h) Hazard identification. (1) With respect to labels and material safety data sheets: (i) Employers shall ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed or defaced. (ii) Employers shall maintain any material safety data sheets that are received with incoming shipments of hazardous chemicals, and ensure that they are readily accessible to laboratory employees. (2) The following provisions shall apply to chemical substances developed in the laboratory: (i) If the composition of the chemica* substance which is produced exclusively for the laboratory's use is known, the employer shall determine if it is a hazardous chemical as defined in paragraph (b) of this section. If the chemical is determined to be hazardous, the employer shall provide appropriate training as required under paragraph (0 of this section. (ii) If the chemical produced is a byproduct whose composition is not known, the employer shall assume that the substance is hazardous and shall implement paragraph (e) of this section. (iii) If the chemical substance is produced for another user outside of the laboratory, the employer shall comply with the Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) including the requirements for preparation of material safety data sheets and labeling. (i) Use of respirators. Where the use of respirators is necessary to maintain exposure below permissible exposure limits, the employer shall provide, at no cost to the employee, the proper respiratory equipment. Respirators shall be selected and used in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134. (|) Recordkeeping. (1) The employer shall establish and maintain for each employee an accurate record of any measurements taken to monitor employee exposures and any medical consultation and examinations including tests or written opinions required by this standard. (2) The employer shall assure (hat 6uch records are kept, transferred, and made available in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20. (k) Dates--(1) Effective dole. This section shall become effective May 1. 1990. (2) Start-up dates, (i) Employers shall have developed and implemented a written Chemical Hygiene Plan no later than January 31.1991. (ii) Paragraph (a)(2) of this section shall not lake effect until the employer has developed and implemented a written Chemica) Hygiene Plan. (l) Appendices. The information contained in the appendices is not intended, by itself, to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligation. Appendix A to $ 1910.1450--National Research Council Recommendations Concerning Chemical Hygiene In Laboratories (Non-Mandatory) Table of Contents Foreword < Corresponding Sections of the Standard and This Appendix A. Genera! Principles 1 1. Minimize all Chemical Exposures -2. Avoid Underestimation of Risk 3. Provide Adequate Ventilation 4. Institute a Chemical Hygiene Program 5. Observe the PELs and TLVs B. Responsibilities 1. Chief Executive Officer 2. Supervisor of Administrative Unit 3. Chemical Hygiene Officer 4. Laboratory Supervisor 5. Project Director 6. Laboratory Worker C. The Laboratory Facility 1. Design 2. Maintenance 3. Usage 4. Ventilation i D. Components of the Chemical Hygiene Plan 1. Basic Rules and Procedures 2. Chemical Procurement. Distribution, and Storage 3. Environmental Monitoring4. Housekeeping. Maintenance and Inspections 5. Medical Program 8. Personal Protective Apparel and . Equipment 7. Records 6. Signs and Labels 9. Spills and Accidents 10. Training and Information 11. Waste Disposal E. General Procedures for Working With Chemicals 1. General Rules for all Laboratory Work with Chemicals ' 2. Allergens and Embryotoxins ABD00221830 Federal Register / Vo). 55, No. 21 j Wednesday, January 31, 1990 / Rules and Regulations 3331 3. Chemicals of Moderate Chronic or High 'I Acute Toxicity 4. Chemicals of High Chronic Toxicity 5. Animal Work with Chemicals of High Chronic Toxicity '` ' Paragraph and topic In laboratory standard Relevant appendix aection /I Safety Recommendations C. Material Safety Data Sheets Foreword As guidance for each employer's development of an appropriate laboratory Chemical Hygiene Plan, the following nonmandatory recommendations are provided. They were extracted from "Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories" (referred to below as "Prudent Practices"}, which was published in 1983 by the National Research Council and is available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Ave.. NW.. Washington DC 20438. "Prudent Practices" is cited because of its wide distribution and acceptance and because of its preparation by members of the laboratorycommunity through the sponsorship of the National Research Council. However, none of the recommendations given here will modify any requirements of the laboratory standard. This Appendix merely presents pertinent recommendations from "Prudent Practices", organized into a form convenient for quick reference during operation of a laboratory facility and during development and application of a Chemical Hygiene Plan. Users of this appendix should consult "Prudent Practices" for a more extended presentation and justification for each recommendation. "Prudent Practices" deals with both safely and chemical hazards while the laboratory standard is concerned primarily with chemical hazards. Therefore, only those recommendations directed primarily toward control of toxic exposures are cited in this appendix, with the term "chemical hygiene" being substituted for the word "safety". However, since conditions producing or threatening physical in(ury often pose toxic risks as well, page references concerning ma|or categories of safety hazards in the laboratory are given in section P. The recommendations from "Prudent Practices" have been paraphrased, combined, or otherwise reorganized, and headings have been added. However.jlheir sense has not been changed. Corresponding Sections of the Standard and this Appendix The following table is given for the convenience of those who are developing a Chemical Hygiene Plan which will satisfy the requirements of paragraph (a) of the standard. It indicates those sections of this appendix which ere most pertinent to each of the sections of paragraph (e) and related paragraphs. (e)(3)|i) Standard operating procedures C, D, E tor handling toxic chemicals. (e)(3)(ii) Criteria to be used tor Imple D mentation of measures to reduce exposures. (e)(3)(iii) Fume hood performance.--..... C4b (e)(3){iv) Employee information and DIO. D9 training (including emergency proce dures). (e)(3)(v) Requirements tor prior ap E2b. E4b proval of laborslory activities. (e)(3)(vi) Medical consultation and DS. E4f medical examinations. (e)(3)(vii) Chemical hygiene responsi B bilities. (e)OKvtiO Special precautions tor work E2, E3. with particularly hazardous sub E4 stances. In this appendix, those recommendations directed primarily at administrators and supervisors are given in sections A-D. Those recommendations of primary concern to employees who are actually handling laboratory chemicals are given in section E. (Reference to page numbers in "Prudent Practices" are given in parentheses.) A. General Principles for Work with Laboratory Chemicals In addition to the more detailed recommendations listed below in sections BE, "Prudent Practices" expresses certain general principles, including the following; 1. It is prudent to minimize all chemical exposures. Because few laboratory chemicals are without hazards, general precautions for handling all laboratory chemicals should be adopted, rather than specific guidelines for particular chemicals (2,10). Skin contact with chemicals should be avoided as a cardinal rule (198). 2. A void underestimation of risk. Even for substances of no known significant hazard, exposure should be minimized; for work with substances which present special hazards, special precautions should be taken (10, 37, 38). One should assume that any mixture will be more toxic than its most toxic component (30.103) and that all substances of unknown toxicity are toxic (3,34). 3. Provide adequate ventilation. The best way to prevent exposure to airborne substances Is to prevent their escape Into the working atmosphere by use of hoods and other ventilation devices (32.198). ' 4. institute a chemical hygiene program. A mandatory chemical hygiene program : designed to minimize exposures is needed; it should be a regular, continuing effort, not merely a standby or short-term activity (6, 11). Its recommendations should be followed In academic leaching laboratories as well as by full-time laboratory workers (13). 5. Observe the PELs. TLVs. The Permissible Exposure Limits of OSHA and the Threshold Limit Values of the American Conference of Governmental industrial Hygienists should not be exceeded (13]. B. Chemical Hygiene Responsibilities Responsibility for chemical hygiene rests at all levels (6,11. 21) including the; 1. Chief executive officer, who has ultimate responsibility for chemical hygiene within the institution end must, with other administrators, provide continuing support for institutional chemical hygiene (7.11). 2. Supervisor of the deportment or other administrative unit, who is responsible for chemical hygiene in that unit (7). 3. Chemical hygiene officer(s), whose appointment is essential (7) and who must: (a) Work with administrators and other employees to develop and implement appropriate chemical hygiene policies and practices (7); ` (b) Monitor procurement, use. and disposal ' of chemicals used In the lab (8); . (c) See that appropriate audits are maintained (8); (d) Help profecl directors develop precautions and adequate facilities (10); (e) Know the current legal requirements concerning regulated substances (50); and (f) Seek ways to Improve the chemical hygiene program (6.11). 4. Laboratory supervisor, who has overall responsibility for chemical hygiene in the laboratory (21) including responsibility to; (a) Ensure that workers know and follow the chemical hygiene rules, that protective equipment is available and in working order, and that appropriate training has been provided (21, 22); (b) Provide regular, formal chemical - hygiene and housekeeping inspections including routine inspections of emergency equipment (21.171); (c) Know the current legal requirements concerning regulated substances (50. 231): (d) Determine the required levels of protective apparel and equipment (156.160. 162); and (e) Ensure that facilities and training for use of any material being ordered are adequate (215). 5. Project director or director of other specific operation, who has primary responsibility for chemical hygiene procedures for that operation (7). 6. Laboratory worker, who is responsible for:. (a) Planning and conducting each operation in accordance with the institutional chemical hygiene procedures (7,.21, 22, 230): and (b) Developing good persona] chemical hygiene habits (22).. C. The Laboratory Facility 1. Design. The laboratory facility should have; (a) An appropriate general ventilation system (see C4 below) with air intakes and . exhausts located so as to avoid intake of contaminated air (194); (b) Adequate, well-ventilated stockrooms/ storerooms (218.219); , (c) Laboratory hoods and sinks (12,162); jd] Other safety equipment including eyewash fountains and drench showers (162, 169); and (e) Arrangements for waste disposal (12. 240). ABD00221831 3#B2 ^^Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 21 / Wednesday, January 31, 1990 / Rules and Regulations 2. Maintenance. Chemical-hygiene-related equipment (hoods, incinerator, etc.) should ergo continuing appraisal and be |:Hed if inadequate (11.12). 'Jsage. The work conducted (10) and Us scale (12) must be appropriate to the physicial facilities available and, especially, to the quality of ventilation (13). 4. Venfj'/ot/on--(a) General laboratory ventilation. This system should: Provide a source of air for breathing and for input to local ventilation devices (199); it should not be retied on for protection from toxic substances released into the laboratory (196); ensure that laboratory air is continually replaced, preventing increase of air concentrations of toxic substances during the working day (194); direct air flow into the laboratory from non-laboratory areas and out to the exterior of the building (194). ^ (b) Hoods. A laboratory hood with 2.5 linear feet of hood space per person should be provided for every 2 workers if they spend most of their time working with chemicals (199); each hood should have a continuous monitoring device to allow convenient confirmation of adequate hood performance before use (200. 209). If this is not possible, work with substances of unknown toxicity should be avoided (13) or other types of local ventilation devices should be provided (199). See pp. 201-206 for a discussion of hood design, construction, and evaluation, v (c) Other local ventilation devices. lUg^ilated storage cabinets, canopy hoods. etc. should be provided as needed Each kanopy hood and snorkel should h-.e a separate exhaust duct (207). (d) Special ventilation areas. Exhaust air from glove boxes and isolation rooms should be passed through scrubbers or other treatment before release into the regular exhaust system (206). Cold rooms and warm rooms should have provisions for rapid escape and for escape in the event of electrical failure (209). (e) Modifications. Any alteration of the ventilation system should be made only if thorough testing indicates that worker protection from airborne toxic substances will continue to be adequate (12.193. 204). (f) Performance. Rate: 4-12 room air changes/hour is normally adequate general ventilation if local exhaust systems such as hoods are used as the primary method of control (194). (g) Quality. General air flow should not be turbulent and should be relatively uniform throughout the laboratory, with no high velocity or static areas (194.195); airflow into and within the hood should not be excessively turbulent (200); hood face velocity should be adequate (typically 60-100 Urn) (200. 204). (h) Evaluation. Quality and quantity of ventilation should be evaluated on installation (202). regularly monitored (at J^flfevery 3 months) (6.12.14.195), and ^J^^Buated whenever a change in local '^^ffation devices is made (12.195. 207). See 195-198 for methods of evaluation and for calculation of estimated airborne contaminant concentrations. D. Components of the Chemical Hygiene Plan 1. Basic Rules and Procedures (Recommendations for these are given in section E. below) 2- Chemical Procurement. Distribution, end Storage (a) Procurement. Before a substance is received, information on proper handling, storage, and disposal should be known to those who will be involved (215. 216). No container should be accepted without an adequate identifying label (216). Preferably, all substances should be received in a central location (216). (b) Stockrooms/storerooms. Toxic substances should be segregated in a wellidentified area with local exhaust ventilation (221). Chemicals which ere highly toxic (227) or other chemicals whose containers have been opened should be in unbreakable secondary containers (219). Stored chemicals should be examined periodically (at least annually) for replacement, deterioration, and container integrity (219-19). Stockrooms/storerooms should not be used as preparation or repackaging areas, should be open during normal working hours, and should be controlled by one person (219). (c) Distribution. When chemicals are hand carried, the container should be placed in an outside container or bucket. Freight-only elevators should be used if possible (223). (d) Laboratory storage. Amounts permitted should be as small as practical. Storage on bench tops and in hoods is inadvisable. Exposure to heat or direct sunlight should be avoided. Periodic inventories should be conducted, with unneeded items being discarded or returned to the storeroom/ stockroom (225-6. 229). 3. Environmental Monitoring Regular instrumental monitoring of airborne concentrations Is not usually justified or practical in laboratories but may be appropriate when testing or redesigning hoods or other ventilation devices (12) or when a highly toxic substance is stored or used regularly (e.g., 3 times/week) (13). 4. Housekeeping. Maintenance, and Inspections (a) Cleaning. Floors should be cleaned regularly (24). (b) Inspections. Formal housekeeping and chemical hygiene inspections should be held at least quarterly (6, 21) for units which have frequent pesonnel changes and semiannually for others; informal inspections should be continual (21). (c) Maintenance. Eye wash fountains should be inspected at intervals of not less than 3 months (6). Respirators for routine use should be inspected periodically by the ` laboratory supervisor (169). Safety showers should be tested routinely (169). Other safety equipment should be inspected regularly. [e.g.. every 3-6 months) (6. 24.171). Procedures to prevent restarting of out-ofeervice equipment should be established (25). (d) Passageways. Stairways and hallways should not be used as storage areas (24), Access to exits, emergency equipment, and utility controls should never be blocked (24). 5. Medical Program (a) Compliance with regulations. Regular medical surveillance should be established to the extent required by regulations (12). (b) Routine surveillance Anyone whose work involves regular end frequent handling of toxicologically significant quantities of a chemical should consult a qualified physician to determine on an individual basis whether a regular schedule of medical surveillance Is desirable (11. 50). ) (c) First oid. Personnel trained in first aid should be available during working hours and an emergency room with medical personnel should be nearby (173). See pp. 176-176 for description of some emergency first aid procedures. j 6. Protective Apparel and Equipment These should include for each laboratory: (a) Protective apparel compatible with the required degree of protection for substances being handled (156-161); ! (b) An easily accessible drench-type safely shower (162.169); * (c) An eyewash fountain (162); (d) A fire extinguisher (162-164); (e) Respiratory protection (164-9), fire alarm and telephone for emergency use (162) should be available nearby: and. (f) Other items designated by the laboratory supervisor (156.160). 7. Records (a) Accident records should be written and retained (174). j (b) Chemical Hygiene Plan records should document that the facilities and precautions were compatible with current knowledge and regulations (7). ' (c) Inventory and usage records lor high- risk substances should be kept as specified in sections E3e below. (d) Medical records should be retained by the institution in accordance with the requirements of state and federal regulations (12). 6. Signs and Labels Prominent signs and labels of the following types should be posted; ): (a) Emergency telephone numbers of emergency personnel/faciUties, supervisors, end laboratory workers (26); !' (b) Identity labels, showing contents of containers (including waste receptacles) and associated hazards (27,46): (c) Location signs for safety showers, eyewash stations, other safely and first aid equipment, exits (27) and areas where food and beverage consumption and storage are permitted (24); and i (d) Warnings at areas or equipment where special or unusual hazards exist (27). 9. Spills and Accidents '' (a) A written emergency plan should be established and communicated to all personnel: it should include procedures for ventilation failure (200). evacuation, medical care, reporting, and drills (172). \ (b) There should be an alarm system to alert people in all parts of the facility Including isolation areas such as cold rooms (172). ABD00221832 Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 21 / Wednesday, January 31, 1990 / Rules and Regulations 3333 - ' 1 ........ " 'I' "i ................... 111 1111 wijjii ............. % (c) A spill control policy should be developed and should include consideration of prevention, containment, cleanup, and reporting (175). (d) All accidents or near accidents should be carefully analyzed with the results . distributed to all who might benefit (8, 28). 10. Information and Training Program (a) Aim; To assure that all individuals at ' risk are adequately informed about the work In the laboratory, its risks, and what to do iff. an accident occurs (S, IS). (b) Emergency and Personal Protection Training: Every laboratory worker should know the location and proper use of available protective apparel and equipment (154.169). ji Some of the full-time personnel of the laboratory should be trained In the proper use of emergency equipment and procedures (6). i: Such training as well as first aid instruction should be available to (154) and encouraged . for (176) everyone who might need it.. (c) Receiving and siockroom/sioreroom personnel should know about hazards, handling equipment, protective apparel, and relevant regulations (217). (d) Frequency of Training: The training and education program should be a regular, continuing activity--hot simply an annual presentation (15), ;-!> (e) Literalure/Consullation: Literature and consulting advice concerning chemical hygiene should be readily available to laboratory personnel, who should be encouraged to use these information resources (14). f 11. Waste Disposal Program. (a) Aim: To assure'that minimal herm to people, other organisms, and the environment will result from the disposal of waste laboratory chemicals (5). (b) Content (14. 232. 233, 240): The waste disposal program should specify how waste is to be collected, segregated, stored, and transported and include consideration of what materials can be incinerated. Transport from the institution must be in accordance with DOT regulations (244). (c) Discarding Chemical Stocks: Unlabeled containers of chemicals and solutions should undergo prompt disposal; if partially used. (hey shoul4;hOt^e.openejl|(24. 27). Before a worker'sremployment in the laboratory end^^hemic^ls, for which that person was respdnsible'shb^Id bie discarded : or returned to stoifaie |2i6). ! v (d) Frequency plJDIsposal: Waste should be' removed from laboratories to a central wa'sie storage areae i leasforiceper week and fronr i the central,waste sl'orage area a('regular intervals (14);' :. (a) Method of Disposal: Incineration in an.) environmentally acceptable manner is the . most practical disposal method.for , ' combustible laboratory fciUfefHi 238. 241). Indiscriminate disposahbypourjng waste chemicals down the drain, 114.231.242) of'*-. . adding them to mixed refuse for landfill . burial is unacceptable (14). Hoods should not be used'ds a means of disposal for volatile chemlctilf (40;200): Disposal by recycling (233. 243) or chemical decontamination (40.230} should be used when possible. 1 . Basie Rules and Procedures for Working times in (he laboratory but do not wear with Chemicals sandals, perforated shoes, or sneakers (158). The Chemical Hygiene Flan should require that laboratory workers know and follow its : rules and procedures. In addition to the procedures of the sub programs mentioned (j) Personal housekeeping: Keep the work area clean and uncluttered, with chemicals and equipment being property labeled and stored; clean up the work area on completion above, these should include the rules listed below. 1. Cenera! Rules The following should be used for essentially all laboratory work with chemicals: (a) Accidents and spills--Eye Contact: Promptly flush eves with water for a prolonged period (15 minutes) and seek medical attention (33! 172). . Ingestion: Encourage the victim to drink large amounts of water (176). Skin Contact: Promptly flush the affected area with water (33.172,178) and remove any . contaminated clothing (172,178). If symptoms persist after washing, seek medical attention 133). Clean-up. Promptly clean up spills, using appropriate protective apparel and equipment and proper disposal (24 33). See pp. 233-237 for specific dean-up of an operation or at the end of each day (24). (k) Persona!protection: Assure that appropriate eye protection (154-158) is worn by all persons, including visitors, where chemicals are stored or handled (22.23. 33. 154). Wear appropriate gloves when the potential for contact with toxic materials exists (157); inspect the gloves before each use. wash them before removal, and replace them periodically(157). (A table of resistance to chemicals of common glove materials is given p. 159). . Use appropriate'(164-168) respiratory equipment when air contaminant concentrations are not sufficiently restricted by engineering controls (164-5). inspecting ' * the respirator before use (169). Use any other protective and emergency apparel and equipment as appropriate (22. 157-162). recommendations. Avoid use of contact lenses in the (b) Avoidance of "routine"exposures laboratory unless necessary; if they are used, Develop and encourage safe habits (23): inform supervisor so special precautions can avoid unnecessary exposure to chemicals by be taken (155). any route (23); Remove laboratory coats immediately on Do not smell or taste chemicals (32). Vent significant contamination (161). apparatus whichmay discharge toxic (l) Planning: Seek information and advice chemicals (vacuum pumps, distillation about hazards (7). plan appropriate protective columns, etc.) into local exhaust devices (199); ' Inspect gloves (157) and test glove boxes (208) before use. Do not allow release of toxic substances in cold rooms and warm rooms, since these have contained recirculated atmospheres (209) . (c) Choice of chemicals: Use only those chemicals for which the quality of the available ventilation system is appropriate (13). . (d) Eating, smoking, etc.: Avoid eating, drinking, smoking, gum chewing, or. -application of cosmetics in areas where laboratory chemicals are present (22. 24. 32, 40); wash hands before conducting these activities (23, 24), Avoid storage, handling or consumption of food'br'beverages iheVorage areas, refrigerators, glassware or utensils which are-, aro used for laboratory/operaliont;(23.24. procedures, and plan positioning of equipment before beginning any new operation (22. 23). (m) Unattended operations: Leave lights on. place an appropriate sign'on the door, and ' provide for containment of toxic substances in the event of failure of a utility service (such as cooling water) to an unattended operation (27.126). (n) Use of hood: Use the hood for operations which might result in release of toxic chemical vapors or dust (196-9). - As a rule of thumb,'use e hood or other . local ventilation device when working with any appreciably volatile substance with a TLV of less than 50 ppm (13). Confirm adequate hood performance before use; keep hood closed at a)) limes except when adjustments within the hood are being made (200); keep materials stored in hoods to a minimum and do not allow them to block vents or air flow (200). (e\ Equipment andgJdssworetH&ndle and i Leave the hood "on" when it is.not in store laboratory glassware.wHh>c^re to avoid,. ; active use if toxic'substances are stored In it damage; do not use damagedigla'stware (25)., * or if it is uncertain whether adequate general Use extra care with Deyvar Rasks.and other-'-,*; laboratory ventilation will be maintained evacuated glass apparatus; ahlpld or wrap when it is "off' (200). them to contain chemicals- and'/ragments (6) Vigilance: Be alert to unsafe conditions should implosion occur (25)!:Use'.equipmenl , - and see (hat they are corrected when only for its designed purpose (23,26). (f) Exiting: Wash areasjofjexposed skin delected (22). (p) Waste disposal: Assure that the plan well before leaving thejqbbratqry (23). (g) Horseplay: Avoid practical:jokes or for each laboratory operation includes plans and training for waste disposal (230). other behavior which pi^ght, confuse, startle -Deposit chemical waste in appropriately or distract another worker (23V labeled receptacles and follow all other : (h) Mouth suction: Dqjipl.use mouth waste disposal procedures of the Chemical suction for plpeling or sla>iing-a siphon (23, Hygiene Plan (22.24). 32).. Do not discharge to the sewer concentrated (i)Personot apparel: Confine long hair and acids or bases (231): highly toxic, loose clothing (23.158). Wear shoes at ail malodorous, or lachrymatory substances Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 21 / 31, 199U / KuJes and Kegulations 3335 2. Electrically powered laboratory apparatus: (179-02) 3. Fires, explosions: (26, 57-74,162-4,174-5. 210-20,226-7) ^ Low temperature procedures: (26, 88] Pressurized and vacuum operations (including use of compressed gas cylinders): (27.75-101) G. Material Safety Data Sheets Material safety data sheets are presented in "Prudent Practices" for the chemicals listed below, (Asterisks denote that comprehensive material safety data sheets are provided). 'Acetyl peroxide (105) 'Acrolein (106) 'Acrylonilrile (107) Ammonia (anhydrous) (91) 'Aniline (109) 'Benzene (110) *Benzo(a)pyrene (112) 'Bis(chloromethyi) ether (113) Boron trichloride (91) Boron trifluoride (92) Bromine (114) 'Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (148) 'Carbon disulfide (116) Carbon monoxide (92) 'Carbon tetrachloride (118) 'Chlorine (119) Chlorine trifluoride (94) 'Chloroform (121) Chloromethane (93) 'Diethyl ether (122) Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (41) 'Dimetbylformamide (123) 'Dimethyl sulfate (125) ^Dioxane (126) Ethylene dibromide (126) ^Fiiiorine (95) 'Formaldehyde (130) 'Hydrazine and salts (132) Hydrofluoric add (43) Hydrogen bromide (98) Hydrogen chloride (98) 'Hydrogen cyanide (133) 'Hydrogen sulfide (135) Mercury and compounds (52) 'Methanol (137) 'Morpholine (138) 'Nickel carbonyl (99) 'Nitrobenzene (139) Nitrogen dioxide (100) N-nitrosodiethylamine (54) Peracetic acid (141) . , , 'Phenol (142) .... Phosgene (143) 'Pyridine (144) Ut ; ' " 'Sodium azide (145) ' *.. 'Sodium cyanide (147) Sulfur dioxide (101) 'Trichloroethylene (149) ? ,!,i, Vinyl chloride (150) ' 'r V', . Appendix B to $ 1910.1456--References. (Non-Mandatory) The following references are provided tO;:, assist the employer in the development of a,, Chemical Hygiene Plan. The materials listed below are offered as non-mandatory5^ . guidance.-,References listed here do not imply' specific endorsement of a book, opinion, 7. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of technique, policy or a specific solution for a the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. safety or health problem. Other references World Health Organization Publications not listed here may belter meet the needs of a Center, 49 Sheridan Avenue. Albany. New specific laboratory, (a) Materials for the York 12210 (latest editions). , development of the Chemical Hygiene Plan: 8. NIOSH/OSHA Pocket Guide to Chemical 1. American Chemical Society. Safety in Hazards. NIOSH Pub. No. 65-114. U.S. Academic Chemistry Laboratories, 4th Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. edition, 1985. 1985 (or latest edition). ! 2. Fawcett, H.H. and W. S, Wood, Safety 9. Occupational Health Guidelines. and Accident Prevention in Chemical NIOSH/OSHA NIOSH Pub. No. 81-123 U.S. Operations. 2nd edition. Wiley-Interscience. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. New York. 1982. 1981. 3. Flury, Patricia A.. Environmental Health 10. Patty. F.A., Industrial Hygiene and and Safety in the Hospital Laboratory, Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons. Inc.. New Charles C. Thomas Publisher. Springfield IL. York. NY (Five Volumes). 1978. 11. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical 3. Creen, Michael E. and Turk. Amos, Substances. U.S. Department of Health and Safety in Working with Chemicals. Human Services. Public Health Service. Macmillan Publishing Co.. NY. 1978. Centers for Disease Control, National 5. Kaufman, )ames A.. Laboratory Safety Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Guidelines. Dow Chemical Co.. Box 1713, Revised Annually, for sale from - Midland. MI 4B640.1977. Superintendent of Documents U.S. Govt. 6. National Institutes of Health, NIH Printing Office. Washingion, DC 20402. Guidelines for the Laboratory use of 12. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemical Carcinogens, NIH Pub. No. 81-2385. Chemicals and Drugs. Merck and Company GPO. Washington. DC 20402.1981. Inc. Rahway. N.j.. 1976 (or latest edition). 7. National Research Council. Prudent 13. Sax. N.I. Dangerous Properties of Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Industrial Materials. 5th edition. Van Laboratories, National Academy Press, . Nostrand Reinhold. NY.. 1979. Washingion. DC. 1983. 14. Sittig. Marshall. Handbook of Toxic and 8. National Research Council. Prudent Hazardous Chemicals, Noyes Publications. Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals Park Ridge. NJ. 1981. ' in Laboratories. National Academy Press. (c) Information on Ventilation: Washington. DC. 1981. 1. American Conference of Governmental 9. Renfrew, Malcolm. Ed., Safety in the Industrial Hygienists Industrial Ventilation. Chemical Laboratory, VoJ. IV, }. Chem. Ed,, 16th edition Lansing. MI. 1980. American Chemical Society, Easlon. PA. 2. American National Standards Institute. 1981. Inc. American National Standards 10. Steere. Norman V.. Ed.. Safety in the Fundamentals Governing the Design and Chemical Laboratory./. Chem. Ed. American Operation of Local Exhaust Systems ANSI Z Chemical Society. Easlon. PA. 18042. Vol. I, 9.2-1979 American National Standards 1967. Vol. II. 1971. Vol. Ill 1974. Institute. N.Y. 1979. t 11. Steere. Norman V., Handbook of 3. Imad, A.P. and Watson. C.L. Ventilation Laboratory Safety, the Chemical Rubber Index: An Easy Way to Decide about Company Cleveland. OH. 1971. Hazardous Liquids. Professional Safety pp 12. Young. Jay A.. Ed.. Improving Safety in 15-18, April 1980. the Chemical Laboratory. |ohn Wiley & Sons. 4. National Fire Protection Association. Inc. New York, 1987. Fire Protection for Laboratories Using (b) Hazardous Substances Information: Chemicals NFPA-45.1982. 1 1. American Conference of Governmental Safety Standard for Laboratories in Health Industrial Hygienists, Threshold Limit Values Related Institutions. NFPA. 56c. 19B0. for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous in the Workroom Environment with Intended. Materials. 7th edition. 1978.' Changes. P.O.-Bqx-1937 Gincinna(i, OH ,452bl,I( National Fire.Prolectlon Association. / (latest edition):.v .. i; Balterymarch Park. Quincy. MA 02269. ' 2. Annual-Report.on.Carcinogens, National;. 5. Scientific Apparatus Makers Association Toxicology Program U.S; Department of : ri (SAMA). Standardfor Laboratory Fume Health and Human-Services. Public Health'' `V Hoods. SAMA-LF7-10fip'.Vll<r('.ifllh Street. Service, U.S.'GovernmenlPrinting Office,..,. NW-, Washington, DC 20038.-' Washington, DC, (laiest edition). ,(d) Information'pn Availability of - 3. Best Company. Bedt'Safety Directory. -;' ' ReferencediMateriah;. \ Vols. J and ;0)tiwHeki NvJ.. 1981. . 1, American National SiandaVds'lnslilute ,4: Breth^ickv LI. Handbook of Reactive (ANSI), 1430 Broadway. New York. NY 10018. Chemical Hazards; 2ndedilion. Butterwortbs. 2; American Society for Testing and London. 1979/ ' 1 * Materials (ASTMK1916 Race Street. 5. Bretherick'; L':l Hazards in the Chemical. Philadelphia; PA..W103. Laboratory, 3rd edition. Royal Society of. : Chemistry. London; 1986. < 6. Code of Fe.dertfl Regulations, 29 CFR part (Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control,number 1216-0131) 1910 subparl Z\U.Si-Govt; Printing Office;,,'"' (FR Doc! 90-1717 Filed 1-30^90; 8:45 am) 'Washington/DC20402 (latest edition), ''km;, BILUNQ COpe fSIO-'M-M 1 -.-..it !r.. ;i* ' ,'K.'* : U.S. C.P.O. 1990-256-316*20025 ABD00221834 3334 Federal Register / Vol. 55, No. 21 / Wednesday, January 31. 1990 / Rules and Regulations (231); or any substances which might Store breakable containers of these interfere with the biological activity of waste substances in chemically resistant trays; also water treatment plants, creste fire or work and mount apparatus above such trays c lion hazards, cause structural damage or cover work and storage surfaces with Oi .^struct flow (242). removable, absorbent, plastic backed paper (q) Working alone: Avoid working alone in a building; do not work alone in a laboratory if the procedures being conducted are hazardous (28). (40). if a major spill occurs outside the hood, evacuate the area; assure that cleanup personnel wear suitable protective apparel 2. Working with Allergens and Embryotoxins end equipment (41). (a) Allergens(examples: diazomethane, isocyanates, bichromates): Wear suitable gloves to prevent hand contact with allergens or substances of unknown allergenic activity (35). (b) Embryotoxins (34--5} (examples: organomercurials. lead compounds, formamide): If you are a woman of (g) Woste: Thoroughly decontaminate or incinerate contaminated clothing or shoes (41). If possible, chemically decontaminate by chemical conversion (40). Store contaminated waste in closed. suitably labeled, impervious containers (for liquids. In glass or plastic bottles half-filled with vermiculite) (40). childbearing age. handle these substances 4. Work with Chemicals of High Chronic only in a hood whose satisfactory Toxicity performance has been confirmed, using appropriate protective apparel (especially gloves) to prevent skin contact. Review each use of these materials with the research supervisor and review continuing uses annually or whenever a procedural change is made. Store these substances, properly labeled, in an adequately ventilated area in an unbreakable secondary container. Notify supervisors of all incidents of exposure or spills; consult a qualified physician when appropriate. 3. Work with Chemicals of Moderate Chronic or High Acute Toxicity (Examples: dimethylmercury and nickel carbonyl (48). behzo-a-pyrene (51). Nnitrosodiethylamlne (54). other human carcinogens or substances with high carcinogenic potency in animals (38).) Further supplemental rules to be followed, In addition to all these mentioned above, for work with substances of known high chronic toxicity (in quantities above a few milligrams to a few grams, depending on the substance) (47). (Procedure A or "Prudent Practices" pp. 47-50). (a) Access; Conduct all transfers and work with these substances in a "controlled area": a restricted access hood, glove box, or Examples: diisopropylflurophosphate (41), `ofluoric acid (43). hydrogen cyanide (45). supplemental rules to be followed in portion of a lab. designated for use of highly toxic substances, for which all people with access are aware of the substances being addition to those mentioned above (Procedure B of "Prudent Practices", pp. 39- used and necessary precautions (48). (b) Approvals: Prepare a plan for use end 41): (a) Aim: To minimize exposure to these disposal of these materials and obtain the approval of ihe laboratory supervisor (48). toxic substances by any route using all (c) Non-contamination/Decontamination: reasonable precautions (39). Protect vacuum pumps against contamination (b) Applicability: These precautions ere by scrubbers or HEPA fillers and vent them appropriate for substances with moderate into the hood (49). Decontaminate vacuum chronic or high acute toxicity used in pumps or other contaminated equipment, significant quantities (39). including glassware, in the hood before (c) Location: Use and store these . removing (hem.from the controlled area (49, substances only in areas of restricted access 50). . whh special waming sighs (40- 229). Decontaminate.lhecontroiled area before*, Always use a hdod (previously evaluated normal work, is resumedthere (50)... to confirm adequate performance with a face ^ (d) Exiting' On leaving a controlled area, velocity of at least 6Q linear feet per minute) remove any protective apparel (placing it in (40) or other containment device for r'~ain appropriate, labeled container) and . procedures which mayJrestilt in tbe . thoroughly wash hands, forearms, face, and generation of aerosols, or vapors containing ; 'neck (49)."7.; :... the substance (39); trap released vapbrsto (e) HousekeepingrVse^v/elmop ora prevent (heir discharge with tbe Hbqd vacuum cleaner equipped.vrftb a HEPA filter exhaust (40). . ! 'Instead of dry sweeping If the toxic substance (d) Personalprotection: Always sycridskin wasaidry!powder(50). contact by use of gloves and lohg sleeves; ' (0 Medical surveillance: If using (and other protective apparel as appropriate) lexicologically significant quantities of such a (39). Always wash bends and armd substance on a regular basis [e.g.i3 times per Immediately after working withthese : / Week), consult a qualified physician v; materials (40). concerning desirability of regularmedlcal (e) Records: Maintain records of tKie 7:, surveillance(56). ' amounts of these materials on hand, amounts (g) Records: Keep accurate records of the used, and the names of Ihe workers Involved amounts oMhese substances stored (226) and (40.229). used, the dates of use. and names of users ff) Prevention ofspills onld occiditfttfpBe*. .. r 148). (pared for accidents and'spll!s (4lV^'f ' ^ . {h).Signs ondJabels: Assure dial the Assure that at least 2 people ere present at controlled arWisvtohspicuously (narked with at) time if a compound in use is highly toxic ; warning and restricted access signs (49)and or of unknown toxicity (39). ' that all containers of these substances are : >, 7 ' %/ (.4 '- - ' ....... ... i > - < h-.f '.. appropriately labeled with identity and warning labels (48). (i) Spills: Assure that contingency plans, equipment, and materials to minimize exposures of people and property in case of accident are available (233-4). ()) Storage: Store containers of these chemicals only in a ventilated, limited access (48. 227, 229) area in appropriately labeled, unbreakable, chemically resistant, secondary containers (48. 229). (k) Clove boxes: For a negative pressure glove box, ventilation rate must be at least 2 volume changes/hour and pressure at least 0.5 inches of water (48). For a positive pressure glove box, thoroughly check for leaks before each use (49). In either case, trap the exit gases or filter them through a HEPA filter and then release them into the hood (49). (l) Waste: Use chemical decontamination whenever possible: ensure that containers of contaminated waste (including washings from contaminated flasks) are transferred from the controlled area in a secondary container under the supervision of authorized personnel (49, 50. 233). 5.Animat Work with Chemicals of High Chronic Toxicity (a) Access: For large scale studies, special facilities with restricted access are preferable (56). (b) Administration of the toxic substance: When possible, administer the substance by injection or gavage instead of in the diet. If administration is in the diet, use a caging system under negative pressure or under laminar air flow directed toward HEPA filters (56). (c) Aerosol suppression: Devise procedures which minimize formation and dispersal of contaminated aerosols, including those from food, urine, and feces (e.g.. use HEPA filtered vacuum equipment for cleaning, moisten ' contaminated bedding before removal from Ihe cage, mix diets in closed containers in e hood) (55, 56). (d) Personalprotection: When working in the animal room, wear plastic or rubber gloves, fully buttoned laboratory coat or jumpsuit and. if needed because of incomplete suppression ofierosols, other: , apparel and equipment (shoe and head coverings, respirator) (56). V /(e) Waste disposal: Dispose of ' coritaminatedanimel tissues and excreta by . incineration if the available incinerator can convert the contaminant to non-toxic / products (238); otherwise, package the waste appropriately for burial (n an EPA-approved site (239)./ F. Safety Recommendations ;i The above recommendations from prudent Practice*" do not include[ihose which are directed primarily toward prevention of physicsHhjury rather tHqn toxic exposure. However, faiiucfof precautions against injury will often haveftfte secondary effect of causing toxic exposures. Therefore, we list beipwpage references/or recommendations concerning some.of-the major categories of sefely hazards which also have implications forchemicat hygiene: 1.Corrosive agents;(35-6)