Document b2rKM4Ea8kwQjOypK9LEL5Mo

FILE NAME: ZK/L DATE: DOC#: BO/L20 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: d:ZIssue - Boiler Maker and Plate Fabricator :-'.p:nl1r;.:~, n;'; ~'f;-lplHr::t:"lrl,~:\'}~i ;'1. :; i r~"q_""ir.p~'~('n'_.~ ~'("jl)i'r'. th::J.J... ;'1, fh)~.h1X i r'. i,:Hi~h.;11r:t.I:'lj ~,hlrl rY)Orf~-:':i ~-:t;ty If" :', -:I .",'"1',-1 "h~:! b~~i PH' .",1:1 .ll~ ;:'1. n,;:~ql\tr~l:'Jj~ "1',ht'_L ~1"~,"'--' (\.; ~~~I'rh h':'1~~:j:1.y' ~'<'11,;"~'1~}P'" if10h n'":,,, 1-" ,".J 1i i.n L'~.kJl, ~,,1~d }l1qh 'l'j'''~t~l~-''{I-jnci> TO (-(IY ~j~)o(::l';J~'~. r t 't,l~j;":'~' trt.~)'ntJ~" ;11,!(,: f'li q 1'j ~)n?!~Hr:1'f''.~ r;O'j1 ;:',,:11 <1 'W;' 'P;lt/ ~ 'q q (J r ~ h ('l ,'hi:' ""'))igf;"! L'~'1(f' ,~I t~ f I') \ " .YO. ;J OF ,t ,..'ERlES 0,'" THE JIAIV['P.tCTURE OF /';f~(.'l HIT}' ARCH HfI}(.')\ and finally THE SERVICE OF SUJP'I~l,Y '. Large "tocl; shed!f t'.!JI ~'!liiWn ~ nrli' looat.,;;} at YtjaJ'ty oollpl!n enl poi~ lhro11'yhoui ~ Ili>l.mlry. _, -' . Arch Brick supply .is one of the economical locomotive operation. most m The American Arch Company, maintaining 3tlG adleqlLl:ate stock of Security Arch Brick ait many convenIent points, :recognizes its responsibility ro the ll'aii.roads. ifh,n'/JJ r.w~ WSI!I:W'iiy Ardl>!$ iJw.m jl1$l/'wid!; Stock sheds carrying ample stocks ready for imnl(mate ship- ment safeguard against delay. I . This.l facilitates locomotive arch maintenance Rncl 6lidls m martaining maximum fuel economy. R.ABBISONwWALKER Illt:EFB1Jj1JlD"rORIES OCIIJ , .1IIIIIIiIIll'll'UU!~lllilillllaliWJlliUllil1!!H~ftWli.llillJ.lllilumlliUlllllWlli1Jlill;.lllUill\lliUllllilW~',,"--"""_",,--,_ AlgERIIllCllN ilR@GB t:::OU1 ill1lli'ilCiflI!mJllli'tWl!llll'&'1lr 1lIJ:!1lI)) L~~~11II.w$~t&dY~ ~~AwiIY.IDdlt6.Jllil~'!lW@illt Sp~~i~'i~t~ :t[IY :iJJY lliJY II' "I Ii I' tJ ! [f' \! II!! ttl, i'! Boiler ltlal{er and Plate Fahli~~ator N e'{J;ljjt~tIllJ;m~lll"':p llmn BItWUe1lr lIIFiiiellid The stearn generating plants, the Besler automatic boiler ami the Stearnotive, 'which are featured in two articles in this issue, open up a relatively new field for the utilization of the talents of the boiler maker. The trade in this country should he given due credit for its par: in 'what appear to he the first conspicuous and practical applications of any great success made of the higlj~pressure quick~steamjng boiler or generator of this type, It cannot he said that the basic ideas behind both types of steam generating plants are new or novel as both are refined de\'elopments of the flash boiler. How~ ever, the n:tum of steam pD\H:r to fields which heretofore appeared to be the exclusive property of Diesel power is definitely an event of considerable interest. The Besler boiler is an importation from Germany whete tbe idea has been thoroughly tested. It appears to have many qualifications to recommend it for appli- a caticn to existing equipment and to ne\\" trains. The SteamotiYe is a nati"e development and is slightly less ambitious undertaking as regards e\'aporation rates, etc.. than the Besler. The two types are similar, however, in their marked departure from the more or less established practice and introduce other ideas into the field of steam boiler manufacture. (;olilulllliilltlt<IIDllIlil @ill' th4lE~ lliIlilIlitllUllilII1ltWY "'hilt' accurate statistics concerning employment in the I'ariotls branches of the hea,,), plate industry are not a\'ailable, it is probably true that not since 1928 or 1929 h,b a year dosed \\"ith hetter prospects for the coming one from the standpoint of steady and reIlll!neratiw work. There is nothing forced or artificial about the term in this connection, howe\'er, since it is only the natural result of a long period of curtailment in the demand for ne\\' power, The point has been reached where it is essential that the replacement program in e\'ery branch of the railroad industry be carried on at an accelerated pace, This condition -extends throughout the entire maintenance and repair branches of the industry. In tht'se columns last month attention of tlle supply trade, engaged in producing materials and auxiliary equipment. ,'(as directed to the possibility of using the facilities of this puhlication to better advantage in presenting dera:ls of their products to the industry. By doing S() it worthwhile sen'ire may he rendered to those \I' hCN' <Iut y it is to speri f y. select and l'wntually tn al'pl~ such materials and C\lUiplllCm, . \ctllally. a far l>r();1c{C'l' field may he Y'('aclwd thn)u~h this lllediUIll than tlw Jc'l'ulllotiH' il)(luqr\' alolle. ' 11rodllci iOl~ :111(1 cl~n"":l'llnl'"rl, ""'1,,1, ,,.n .. n~ ;~~ ,d~ .. plate fabricating, have advanced and are,;till going forward to meet the ;!.ccelerated demands i [1 these fields, During the past year these industries have enjoyed a ievel of business not equaled at any time in six years. N ;a,'embellt" lRecilllPlIt"d' ]ljyj[Olltil~~lli '4I}J.Il" I..ocOlfJIDllotii,Ye Or.milellt" In the 1\m'ember issue of BOILER lUAK::R AND PLATE FABRICATOR, comment was made on thl~ encouraging indications of business recovery in the 10cCtmotiYe manu- facturing industry as shown by the re latively large number of steam locomotives ordered in the first ten months of 1936. This amounted to 143 units and before going to press, the report of an order : or 20 by the Union Pacific in the first week of l\'oyenber was also published, making a grand total of 163 f(Jj' the \'ear up to that time. ' - In 1\ovember, in addition to the 'Cnioll Pacific transaction, already mentioned. the Xew York Central Rail- road placed ~n outstanding order for 101) steam loco- motives, contracts being made with the Anerican Locomotive Company and the Lima Locol1loj iw Company for 50 each. The Chicago, l\lilwaukee. St Paul & Pacific ordered 30 locomotiyes from Bald\I'in and Olle frolll American Locomotive. The ChicagJ, Burlington & Quincy began the construction of 11 un its in its own shops, This brought the total number of ne\\' steam locomotives contracted for or ordered in jhe month of I\ovemher to 162, which IO'xceeds the total for the fir;;t ten months hy 19. From the first of Decemher to the tiIll:' of wrJtmg, 65 more locomotiyes haH' been ordered 1)\' ,\merican railroads, The Korfolk & \Vestern is helCi;ming ill its shops the construction of 8 additiunal units of tIll' 1200class articulated type descrihed ill the ::;ep tellll"" issue', the Seahoard :\ir Line has urdered :; 0111 - "tldwill and the Dem'er & Rio Grand \\'estem has also placed an order for 15 with this company. The \\,heeling &: Lake Erie ordered 10 locolllotiws f rol1l the _-\meriran Locomoti\'e Company and the Atchisoll Topeka &: Santa Fe placed an order for 27 ,,'jth the Baldwin LocomotiYe \\'orks, This surge of locolllotive purchasing l.::J.s not bee1l unanticipated as the pressing need for Iccol1lotiYe replacement ha~ heen well k11(nnl to all:ol1mrlTs of railway affairs. It is known that the 10colllotiyC' build- ers haye been preparing for the increase I YOIUlllC of business b" rehuilding and reinforcing as 1 H1ch as pos~ sible the staffs and departments that \',Ere carried through the depression. It is feared. hO\\'l'I'l'r. that the locollloti"e industry like other hean' inc!ll,;tries which have sllfrered sn:ere cnrtailllll'llt ()i ac!iyit\ will 1)(' hard 'put to ohtain the vitally necessary ,:xperienced workmen and forell1en {or. dfi,'ient pI'li ltll'tilln and c()!lsidl'1'abk training \\ill halT In he giY"ll nt'''' l'lll- 1 ~. " I I I } --) ) "\ _illlllljlml~lillIIIIOOlllml!lll!l!.!llli!llillllll!lll~IUr.tillHilliliWHijlllltIUI!!ll!!IIII!IIWIW_ _IU\IlI!!tlltmltlillM!It'"Ilt!!!I!I!"""WH'W'""' ' ' "I'II' IIIIHI' I' ,Jpearance somewhat comparable lto the road's latest reamline coaches" The cars were stripped down, lowereck roof sheets and some details o[ the old deck fram19 removed to save weight, and new carlines and roof heets applied from side plate ito upper deck sheets to )[111 a turtleback roof. On the power car a seL"tion 8 feet long at one end was eserYed for application oii the Besler boiler plant and uxiliary equipment. The entire length of 20 feet over he boiler room and baggage rooml<in the roof is taken Ip by the tonden:;ers and <tXhaust steam-driven fans. A lUmber of special detaiils of wnstruction had to be N"orked out properly 11:0 carry the weight of condensers md fans ,"nd also maintain the necessary strength across he sides of the car" The necessary control apparatus '\'as applied in e,tch mmpartment and the train is operlted in either direction 1lvithout turning. The old truck under the hoiler .end of the power ar was replac.ed by i.he Besler power truck, all other trucks remaining the salloe. Fuel and water tanks of 500 gallons capacity tadl were applied to the power car. The e-drs were semi-pennanently connected together, the old couplers and draft gears being retained. The overall length of the power truck is 17 feet g inches, and the total width over the cylinder lagging cover is 9 feet 5 inches. The wheelbase is Ii feet 6 inches and Bethlehem low-carbon molybdenu11l wheels with chrome vanadiullI axles are used. The total weight of the power truck is 35,000 [rounds" There are two direct, two-cylinder compound engines, each having cranks pressed onto extensions of the axle stub outside of the journal bearings. The high pressure cylinder is 6)1 inches in diameter and the low pressure cylinder is 11 inches in diameter. Both cylindeLi have 9~ inch stroke. These are conventional double-act ng compound engines, with piston valves. The crossbeads are cylindrical in shape and are made of cast steel 'with babbitted shoes. All bearings are of the roiler type throughout and all working parts are machined allover" The valve mechanism is ;!it Stephenson link motion arranged to be operated pneumatically to give 'wo positions forward and two positions reversed. Thj lubrica- ~.?:-" ~~/'C I!!; BRil- <', , . :.' ,,.", Steam g<!!l\er~t()r <iJ~ !i8t Wlil ill ~he lillboratoy), ilor h<;tUdi'J& $fwVlirtg t:(jmp~ch.e$s of tlJIi! Besler u~it for fail "JJd ~rvit<e Top view of tl.e rower howd.: showing th~ md( .;md li!ligiuu,,- frame casblgs i1I> uvdl ill, rille brake and ~tJril'lg iiJlrartg<elVlel'li ,/'/1 ( BESLER AUTOMATIC BC)ILEI~ The Xe\\" York, New Haven & Hartford now has in service, between Bridgeport, Conn., and Hartford, a twocar steam-powered rail train equipped \\ith the Besler steam power plant. This train is operated in almost continuous sen-ice from 6:00 a.m. to 10:20 p.m. making six trips of 31.9 miles between Bridgeport and \Vaterbury and one round trip of 125.86 miles between Bridgeport 3a1n7d.2H6.artford each day, giving a total daily mileage of power-weight ratio of 607 pounds (.3.J hursepowt:r ton). By comparison th.: New Haven Come-t, with fuel and water ready .0 run, weighs 2()(),590 POl!J)C .. This is powered with two 'I GO-horsepower Diesel ('ngilk,. giving a total of 800 horsIT}ower. If, h()WtTer, all :tus. iliary equipment is in operation at once, considering till efficiency of the electric cleve, a maximulll of 600 llOr,;,:.'. 'When it was first decided by the New Haven to use a Besler power plant the idea was to make the most economical possible application, from the standpoint of initial ;nYestment, in order to be able to demonstrate in service the capabilities and reliability of the equipment. This would involve simply the application, to two existing coaches, of the power truck, boiler, condensers and control equipment, together with the operating compartments at the ends of the train. A preliminary consideration of power is available at the r-ail. This gives a hOl'SCPl)\\'c"r weight ratio of 434 pounds (4.6 hor-scpowe:r per !:on I If, instead of applying th;: Besler power plant in rlll older plant steel coaches as was d')ne were applied to two of in this case, the modern s~u\Tceh\'.'a light-weight streamline coae bes, it is r-easonable to that a two-ear train could )e built with a total ready Would htoavreuna, hoorfseappopwreorx-wiml~litgehlyt 250,000 ratio of pounds, 500 pounds horsepower per ton). this idea, however, indicated. that a much better job could be done by a complete rebuilding and remodeling coof stthe two coaches at a comparat/ively small increase in Two old New Haven years old, were selected sted coaches, <tpproxirnMety and designs worked out fer ~2'e(; modeling them by the application of the Besler powt:r As fill1aHy completed, loaded with fuel and water ready to mn, the weight of the train is 303,600 pounds. The two steel coaches which were converted into this train had a weight of 258,400 pounds. The application of the plant and other modifications into a modern appe::lrin;,: streamline train. These ok cars were of the monitorroom construction. 'with nan-ow letter boards. As n'.. modeled the exterior was changed to give an outsidv Besler power plan/: and the modernizing of the two cars, plus fuel and water and air conditioning equipment, therefore has only added 45,200 pounds to the weight of the original equipment. With 500 horsepower available Total horS"P<Jw~r t.................. B<t'gJ0.:0r0 tr~in T h e8 0CUU I M ' J : at the rail the Besler train, ready to run, has a horse- Not~'-Tbi~ articl~ l>efor~ th~ is based On pap",s PY<"St"Oted New Yorl< Rail""'d Club. Octol>er 16, 1936, by K. Cartwright, N. Y .. lIT. H. & H. (d~tlttibing ir~i !h" ... ). =.1 Georg" D. and William J. Besler (describing the,qpow"," planO, "Uppl"we"ted by additional details concerning th" boiler. .T'jihon "foli1sowaliusog in '(b c it l updree dse -"t i bst uiomn moaf r ytheo f t qu W() e -psat}i)otnt.!s:l. r a i s e d dUring the discu". HOrS<cpow<r at rail ............ 55() Seatianlgre capacity .... "........... 152 Bagg capacity ................. 12 fr.--J.OOO lb. Overall length, ft. ""d j".............. . 103-2Y, Total weight; ready io n:m, ,I>...... 306.600 Distrihuted w.ight. l><'wer t,....,clr. lb. .. . 104,000 Trailer 'frailer, t riunscikd~p ower truck . c ar, lb. It... "" ........... c.......... 67,000 65.000 TraileY, leading truck. lb. '" -' ....... , 67.600 Weight Weight light train, lb. .............. POWtr plant ""d control, lb. .... 296.100 32,700 ("ppro~.) N'on~590 ("Jill.) ] liD " 0 / - .. -0 26{),59U 4836,.883~O3 2~S4854,,,35~979005 71,0]9 , I I I I I I I I I,fOiq. I I I I I I , I I I ~~~-------------- tion is accomplished by splash within a sealed crankcase, and a circulating plunger pump is furnished to assure lubrication at slow speeds. The cylinder relief vah'es are air operated. The engine is designed for a steam pressure of 1500 pounds per square inch and, at 1200 pound inlet pressure, the truck has an average starting tractive force of 15.000 pounds. The truck is rated at 1000 horsepower, although it is capable of producing more than this with sufficient boiler capacity. The boiler is of the continuous-flow, non-water level type, having no drums or headers. The general arrangement of the coils in the boiler is shown in an accompanying drawing. The tubes in the coils, vary in diameter from f:t inch in the top rows to 2 Y; inches diameter, in (he superheater section. The water enters the top of the boiler, passing down through the pancake coils where it ;s heated in the coils in the top six-coil sections. In the next lower six-coil sections the water is gradually changed to steam. Having reached a point in the boiler directly above the superheater coils, the saturated steam passes through a tube, indicated by the arrows in the drawing, to the outside of the boiler through which it is taken to the top of the coil group which entirely surrounds the side walls and bottom of the combustion chamb-er. The steam in working its way through these coils passes down alternate rows to the bottom coil underneath the combustion chamber. Having completed a circuit in the bottom coil, it passes up other alternate rows of tubes to a point at the top of the combustion chamber where.it enters the bottom of a seven-tuhe coil immediately under the superheater section. After pass- ing through this section it goes into the superh<:ater sec- tion composed of five rows of header type COlis. The superheater coils are U-shaped in arrangement with the ll1lll..:J L!L UIL ~'lJ!J\I.."JJlL CHU :.~L ~\ lULU Cl,--~all-UllL jl~HJ(!.-lll)L. plates are fitted to the IJciler shell. Tile i(lflll~l[illil IJI scale in thi,.; type hoiler i, c()nfined til tile" ';llpnlll'<tkJ sectlOll and the clean-out hanel-buIes are pf(jvidc.d , facilitate the use of a Illec lanical cleaner in the superheater tubes. The entire iJ,)iler is enca~ed in an ~t;nlgill sheet-steel housing- with .2 inches of insulation hd\\"~l"!' the inner ane! outer casing.,. The inner c<l~ing is 0",. structed of corrosio!1-resis: ing I ncollci and the t>ui IT bcariscikn.g.is slellpaadreatoefdshfereotmirotnh.e inner casing by ill,;ubrilJ!!, The boiler is equipped 'vith fully autulilatic ~akt\ cdoevnitcinegs etnociepsr.otect it against empty water tanks ur utile:l- The burner is the pressu'e atomizing tYlk of l~esln design and construction. it auto11laticalh' meters til<' fuel in proportion to the flow of air whicf1 is delin'r,'1i by a 111l1ltiyane type blower. Adjustment is not neCt'ssan' because of a change of alUude or a change ill dnit press tire, and the burner auomaticall y COI1l[lellS<ltes fm changes in air flow caused by entering tunncis, hi;~1t speeds. or cross winds--in e ':en' case metering till' l"r. rect all10unt uf iucl. The lurJler uperates iul!l' (Jll IJl" off. Ignition is secured hy a high-tension electri~ sp;ll-k. The auxiliaries are dri\'en Ly a two-cylinder. 90-dl.'gr{"," \'-type double-acting steam engine. The water PlUI1 1J drives are integral with the main crank shaft. Tbe au:<:i!iary steam engine drives the electric generawr thr'JugL V-belts. The generator sup plies current for li);hrillg, ventilating and for the requincments of the power phnt. The auxiliary engine also dri..,es the air compressor ::nd the forced- feed main-engine lubricators. 1t operi.! tes at a back pressure and exhausts into the train-heating line. \ rhen train-heating is employe ~d the power used to (!;'in: othuetpauutx. iliaries represents only two percent III the hoi);-r The condensers are of the fin and tuhe n'pe, placed on the roof of the car. ProlJdlor type fans e1rin'!! bv individual exhaust-steam turbir.es of our own design Cllld manufacture are located adjao:nt to rhe condellser (ures iotnutphwearrodo. f and draw air thro.1gh the cores. disclJargillg The turhine speed inherentlf' varies in pruportiol1 LO the steam flow, producing the}ptimum relation bd\\"t',clJ air flow and condenser load at all outputs. ...............L (K~OO:D - -..----.:.:....R8:~="1-J.rt.i.u.rl=t:-..:~~- Condl!t1serh"'''' .. -,_ Fanlurbine -r'm\{ ,JJ ", AuXIn. Iry tMgltll!o If rot!~ Foed",,,+erf\xttp Ai rCotnp'"l!'.S$or or Schematic diagr~m $howillg ~~'" ,dati".') ~Iul f~lld;"'liJl!l: 8~ the v~riou p"rr$ th" ~ ~wiplII"o!"~ )ecember. 1936 illlllllllllllllllllllill 11'111111111 111 11111 327 GENERAL SCfI(KlI1lE IOF OPERATION <tontrol mechanism which supplies water wh'::never the Referenc<E! to the accompanying- schematic diagram pressure is sufficiently low and whenever the tunperature ,\ilI help clarify the flJJnctioning of the various units inwIved In the power plaut and auxiliary. "Vater from he mam storage tank is pumped by a motor-driven lift :mmp to a header tank, thence 11:0 the boiler feed water :JUmp ':hkh :is one of the three auxiliary uni1'G driven oy a hlgh-pn:ssure auxiliary engine. From the feed- water pump the water passes through the feedwater heater, thence to the boiler. lhs course through the hailer has been previously described. Superheated steam at constant Itemperatureand at a maximum pressure of 1500 pounds per square inch leaves the main steam outlet of the hoiler. Superheated steam is used in the main engines on the power trw::k and in the auxiliary engine. The main engine exhaust is piped to the three condenser fan turbines. The auxiliary engine exhaust is piped to the feedwater heater. Exhaust steam after pass- ing through the feedwater heater and the fan turbines goes to:he condenser header which is equipped with a safety valve as a protection against excess pressure in the condenser coils_ The condensate from the condenser . is right. The injection of water is proportionl:d according to the temperature withir, the boiler. It is fully automatic in operation. S. Q.-What kind of fuel is used? A.~s.:; Jar, any type of fuel has been used with which we have come in contact. On this train the lighter grade :;f fuel is preferred, as the cost is not yet prohibitory. Any of the oils produced in America can be burned, as they have been tried in the laboratory. 9. Q.-U'lwt is the (:ombllstio1! ratc in illt! boiler! A--O\'er 500,000 B.t.u.'s per cubic feet per hour, al- though a maximum of pver 2,000,000 E.t.u:s per wbic feet per hour have been released. 10_ Q.-U.'hai is ilhe stad~ temperature' 500 degrees F. A.- 11. Q.-What is the water rate of the I:ngiHe at 1'ariolls speeds? A.-lO pounds oyer :a wide range of speeds and loads. That water rate can be naintained from 1200-pound inlet pressure down to 4OO-pmnd inlet pressure, which is the operating range at the present time. passes through a return line to the water storage tank. . 12. Q.-Hot" freqllcl1tly 1I1ust scalc he rCI1Wl'cd fro-III this type of boiler? A.-The present indiciltions are Ql'ESTJOKS AED ANSWERS CONCERXING OPERATION that it should be removed each 30 days, althou.::-h on the X ew Ha \'en train. it was operated the first ~iix v,'eeks At tht' Kew York Railroad Cluh meeting at which without remoying scale. the description of this train was presented man \' ques- 13. O.-1I"1Illt is the wcight of the boilcJ? A.- tions were asked concerning this equipment. t'he an- swers to a rmmher of these questions as givell by \\". J. Besler, are mcluded herewith. L Q.-H'haiis the ?!'reelliage of makeup "l.vater in 5100 po;-;-nds complete. 1--1-. Q.-If"lWf cffeci <"ill SIlOW ho'i.'(, all the 1'01/dClIsl'r cx/taust fall? A.-"hen snow comes ill contact with the fans two things may happen to disj>~)se or it. the SlIlIWler time 'whclI steam is 1I0t IIsed for hcatillq.;; Either the fans \\-ill throw it out of the way or the heat A.-It is approximately the same as in the winter wh~n will melt it. water is :ost through heating. In the winter time, there is no return from the heating pipes. so that the water is wasted. 1\'0 records of the amount of water consumed by ~he power plant are available at present. 15. Q.-If'ltal is thc temperaturc of tilc boilCY room.' A.-Temperatures as high as 140 degrees h,lYe been recorded in the boiler room, although at that time no one was in the rool11. 2. Q.-H(Y'lA' is scale jonllafi-OII j>r("'{'clltcd ill the boiler! A.-Scale is not prevented. Scale forms only in a certain portion of the hoiler wmch is provided with clean-out openings. Cleaning is accomplished either by dissolving it, or by the use of a turbine cleaner after removing the clean-out plugs. which is a simple opera- tiol1. An\" other means of feeclwater treatment may he used to keep down the scale deposits. ~ 3. Q.-Is tlie stca1ll superhcatcd.? A.-Yes. the steam is ;-;uperheated. :\t 50:J-pollnd pre~sure or 800- pound pressure, the temperature is maintained constant at the outlet of the boiler and runs 760 degrees. It is maintained at that point to give a good overall efficiency and good lubrication. 4. Q.--H01(, docs oil trcat the fccdwaicr! A.--Oi] goes into the feed water because the engines are lubricated by spraying oil into the engine cylinders. The oil is carried to the condensers and from there it is returned to the fe,,"dwaler tank This oily feedwater is pumped to the hoiler. which is Olle of its f eatmes. In a steam automohill:' boilel". which is now 27 years old. the boiler has neyer been touched. The tubes are perfectly clean hecause of the presence of a large percentage of oiL 1.."pOI1 analysis this was found to be some four or five percent of the leedwater. 5. 0--1s strai!fht lIIil/cral oil or (olll/,ol/Ildcd oil 71Si'd.> :\.-J3oth ,\'!){'S of oil are used. (l. Q.--])ocs the afollli~'iJl!l bl/rller 1'1111 illter/1/iticlltly or at "aryiJ1!J SpNi/.\'. so as 1'0 dl"i'clop slClI/l1 ill pro/,uriioll 10 titr ","cto' Yrl/llirClIICllis of till' tra;J/:' .\ _'1'1", .",,,,,;.,_ 16_ Q.-Arc com'clltiollal SilO/, rillgs '/Isel' Oil ill{' pistvlis of thc (,lIgillc s !" A.-Yes. 17. Q.-Hotl I/Ulll)' rings arc used Oil eac'l piston/ A.-Six. 1R Q.-If"hat is the maXil1ll1ll1 s/,ccd of Nris tvaill. alld at ,"/tat s/,rcd is maximu111 horsc/,01.c'er Jf'c'cloped? A.-The horsepo\\-er is constant from 120 to approxi- mately 65 miles per hour. The train is guanmteed to do 70 miles per hour, although on one nm a maximum of X2 ll1ile~ , r huur \\'a~ reached. Operatill~: conditions necessitated limiting the speed, so that t is not possihle to say how much 1110re speed it mighl be possible to attain. 19. Q.-J s a fircmall 1Iscd all this train? je.-YES. when the train is backing tip, that is, being operated by means of the controls at the opposite end from t:le power unit. the fireman rides with the engineman. 1160 feet away from the boiler. 20. Q.-HO'i.(' 11/llch /,O'wcr is rcqllived for thc COIIdcnsl'" exhaus! failS f' A.-The condenser fan" require approxilll:tteh- 30 horsepower under a full load. That i~ available at a loss to the engine which is not ve'Y great. as 12-pound back pressure on the engines coes not amount to lllllch horsepower. Turbines are used for driving the fans. 2 L ~J.-lI iih modcrate ,'01111111' /,roillictioli. '<c'//(Ji tro/,ortioN of the total cost of the train is ill tl:l' PO"il'{T /,I(Jllt i .\.- -OIl the :\('w lIan'n train, appru':imakh ()IH'-f()llrth ()f the C()~t is rcp~-t'st'llt('d by the pm' ('r pbnt ,~/l vl."..." J .... ~... l .. f , .. "L J. ((1.1',' of IICCt',",i:!.".' ,\,--1 i a availahle. it 1I'/ll1ld lllerely be resent' p()wer truck were p:ullphkt. trIoIlelinvga-n'(t)hue llt'\\' truck ill, a problem ()f liitillg the car. d roppinR the car and makill<Y was 25 perc"eBntuthiegm-hperloYiflll1e0n3t 5ptnhanwhinicle lll<![lubclit 23. s stt'am Q.~!s the and air connections. boiler opera . b ,\.-:.\0 attempt is made to ted at col/stal/t maintain constant prcssurc! pressure. ycar 100 109 betw wo een r kers 1913 had and j obs ma 1~!'5." k i n g ll)'ztJ. automobiles ,\lld for b It deals with machine d many of lhe leading inciustries in wIJ~. aTteshmetphebroaitluerre.ope:r\atecsonasttanat ctoenmstpaenrtatusureperihs eamtianigntaoutlet strayed emepvJoeYlol1p1me1e1nt tsopapn:)rtoufnteintieas.ccns;e\ d of hal'ing (\1 at is ficiency. what determines proper lubrication ined, and ef- presented are: Telephone girls increased mong the facl 2-t. il/!{as Q.~fs or fed the lubricatillg oil at.omi:::cd into the cyl- the ten years that linemen increase the dial by more :"ystem was than 50,00(} being insbllled, ""w tihnetosttehaemv. alve cohllafombtehre acnydlinadtoemr iwzeadllsb?y thAe.-vIetlociistyfeodf Ice dealers d 100 perl:ent. more than doubled between be<:anse eration. mechanical refrige rataI's 19:::(} and p,}pularized all 19,~\ .-\22.6-5O.. nQQe ..p--lo{funntdatof isfuethl epefirleh! orCsOepl/osUwlellrptihololurf.'Cy hOllY? It takes far more mands of a thousa work;'rs to furnish the textile dl'- COlltyO{S at the/tto'l!l,ptoltseitetraeilll!d isfroompemthteedpboyw mculls of the colonial texti days of nd A.mericans spinning wheels, toda\' than it did due"to increased inch cOlltrols alld ~,ltaf gages f.'elhl'att'Y for the baiter? does the er IInit, what operator ha'Z'e for le products as methods are used. a result l)f lower prices when use rJ madj]j;" it throttle.' air-l,rake There is noth \,ah'eA.a-IlTlIherecvoenrstreolslllceocnhsainsitsmof. yea:Mrs,acyheint esstelhlnag\'-erapre\'oJutic'nizecl ofFice \\'ork in l\'C". eonntiaret lytheauptoom\iHnag'tr-ictp.olainntd.icaastethtoe tohpeeroapteiornatoorf wthheat bisoigleorinigs and hookkeepers. rercen cahsheriserasn<dmetl\'paicsct~ouinntc:rmeatsseidnc3r2eaIs'neCC"I"! t hetween tbe last t\\ 0 increased only 16 percent census years. d l;:' Popl1hticJi iTnhg2e7r.re iQs .n-oTlthraUnfsmtyipsseioonf. a fTrahlelsilsltiesasmioll einsgilinSeI'dc?o A.- siciSaonus.ndbupticdtuurriensg displaced;O percent of all tht';).ter W ods pressed on are to directly connected an extension of the to cranks nnectwhich are to note that there is not a single axles. gear of It is interesting any description of music ushers increased thbey s3a5m,0e(1,0'e. aarsctomrussibcyian1s7,a0n0d0, t(t,;lche~l"ls" by 7000 and radio 1'.'; l1ploves by 15,000. lll:;:k:' A printer today can set ]J'ort' t on these two cars. 28. Q.-H0'<,' is tile control operated fr tvpe five as one ,,-ithout times as many a linotH,e han did in five times as mud! 1890, yet ther" ar,' sit2e9m. dQo.f-ItVlte/w(mf iilsl?theA.s-tPneumatically_ om the oppo- were made then po hecause employtd machinerv in the industry as then, has lowered prices A.-Only enough pacity is not ea to go a b ora out ge h a capacitl' of lf a mile. tire Stor boi age l er? ca- ssible the lishing husiness. \'ast growlh of the printing and :UHt puiJ, wtuabes. ,-\s the prrneesdsuirne tdhreopbsoialner awddaitteiro,nbalutquin the hot A "So meri me ca o in f r the ecen gTeatest t years b tec aye l. m o l o g i c a l devdopmenb ill andteirn ccoomnteasctfirnogmthtehheoetctounhoinmgizier section of thaentbitoyileorf, ste"eBl uint dtuhsetrilelsse," s~ys the pa lt1apkhelnet.place in tht iron ane! giv3e0s. thQis.-Hboiler its amazing resetrvgeencearaptaecsityst.eam which from 2600 of !1ounds steel in tlle Vnited per persor in 1900 States to 1 increastcd [yom cold 1CO'a'i<crl!' IOAlll.l-dToht'Se irtaitlakceartois gaebtlethe boiler hot in 193.5. steel. but There used to be f'nlv today there are aho two or 6,800 pounds three kinds oi up in an It cannot a\'erage time of five be operated in five minutes to get steam from dead cold. cations as to alloys. em indtlstrv de sizes, fini;lhl te" s10a,n00d0 sdhiafpfeesr e ntht atspJeJclioidl~- Tofhethetimneeceressqiutyi of pumping upmaiinrutfeosr, ahooowuet v1e2r, mbiencuatuesse. mands. "And six en;ployment has gro\,'n from less than 1 pis ready for operreadtiofrnomdepsetonndes cuoplodntothethteimpeoinr t where it or thyecyaeuasres aogf-.o tthoe arbeo<u:etnta theachlfl1m01iollgion today, and de5s0p,0it0e"0 ump steam up air. As far as the pressure c-.m be built boiler up is equired to concerned. working ment in 1936 passed below capacity and the 192~ -ical changes ern ploypeak Production is :br 4 minutes from the time the in approximately fire is started. 3.0 to will go even with higher." its inevitable rise e:rnploynH::nt }Hiillil<telfubl\l@.,.~Il!JliIl~e dobs and ]lfIDlII."'(\f'J@l@'Willtt Empll.oymeollt. ufaTchtuenenmgpilnodyumsetrnitesofhabsDdthecwlinoln:den and children in tll,ln- cion while me<:oanization has during the last Rem::nLb::en greatest, and the em- ployment of me~ in manufacturing Major industries which have instituted tdhuestIrniesstithuatse.moWreagtehaannddoubled since a1n8d90n,1jaXchcaonnicl.m8Jg into- 'technological changes in the millions of wage earners last few the greatest years have added t'hem employ more to their workers today payrolls than in and many of 1929, accord- centage of the largely becau nationa1 salary income earners get today than a larger perever before ductive se capacity machinery has increased and earning power" worktrs' 0 pro pinogrtetod arescteundtlyy minadaepbaympthheleMt "aMchaicnheirnye-IMnsatidteutJeoabnsd re- 'ill\yelt~W" whTichhe JroehpnorWt i.s Oth'Le etahriyrdisofpraessiedreiens by the Institut.e", of Richard 1!ll llID@MM<l":1If' l\Il'j[Mllillllilk"ll" llll\Illli"@ O'Neill, idnevnecnetitohna.t joTbhseacreonctreenated by the adtv,agnicveinogf fsaccietnucael aevnid- Boiler Makers' 12 at h former Association of r:ational president or the America, died N Dvernb bt: considered which on illl ts are connection "buts and ands that must with common statemen cause the surface unemployment." appear to pr-ovc> that ts machines age. is home in Mr. O'Neill Denver, Colo" He had been erlploye was 78 years et" 02 every part of the United State;" d by railroads in . Fo;-ty ytal:s a~o be built the first camel-b the"Vaaustot mteocbhinleoloingdicuasltriymprovements have been made in He first with the came Co acked to' Colorado locol1lotlve in E;04 to Il1 Rawlms, N yo. accept a posi lion productive capacity of w,orwkheircshinhamvaenygrejoabtlsy," insacyresasthede thhisatrreotiarde.melnotrahdeow&asSgoeu'"ntheerarln fRodrelmroaand.boAiletrthm-::aktiemrefoorf 328 Stedrnotive ",_.- A Modern Power lJn~t The design and testing of a new type of steam-generat- ing unit of good efficiency, relatively light in weight and requiring a minimum of space, was described jointly by the General Electric. Babcock & \Vilcox, and Baile\' :Meter companies at the annual meeting of the America;] Society of Mechanical Engineers. in Xe\\' York Cit\. November 30, In' E. G. l3ai\ey of the Babcock & Wilc(;x Company. A. k Smith of the General Electric Com- pany, and p, S. Dickey of the Bailey Meter Company jlrt'~el1ted the paper at the meeting, . The new type of steam-generating equipll" :II has been named the SteamotiYe. In it. steam is generated at high pressure and temperature: and fully automatic control in response to cl]anges in demand has been incorporated. The units are intended for capacities of from 2000 to lO,cXXl horsepower. Two s'xh units have already heen built. The first, now in sen-ice in the LYnn. ::\1,[ss.. works of the General Electric Company. is us"ed to test marine and other slllall turbines. It has an output of 21,000 pounds of steam per hour at a pressure of 1500 pOllnds per square inch. Anothel", a completely c()~ordinated power-generating plant incorporating the Steallloti \'t' and turhine-genera- tor. with a capacity of 10.000 pounds per hour and furnishing steam to a tnrhine at 1200 pounds per square inch and 950 degrees F .. is l>eing installed in a small, isolated plant of a large industrial concern to supply electric power and !o\\'-pressure steam for building heating. Both are oil-fired. Two oil-fired Steamotive units. each with a capacity of 40,000 pounds per hour, are now being constructed for the Union Pacific Hailroad for driving two 2500horsepower electric locollloti\es. it was annOl.mced at the meeting. These units will furnish steaL] to the turbines at 1500 pounds per square inchmd 950 degrees F. Indicating the compactness of the SteamotiYe unit. the one for Lynn was shipped complete from ScllCll('ctady Oil a railroad "flatcar. Objectives sought in the design of t11(' new e'luipment were pointed out by the speakers as high steam pressure and temperature, minimum weight ane! size pc: unit of steam produced, wide range of capacity with ;lbility of the unit to respond quickly to wide \'ariation~' in load conditions, adaptability to wide range of fuds, com- pletel\' co-ordinated auxiliaries, cOlllpleteh' co-nrdinated autonlatic control, and units of simple design and constructed ill sizes small ellollRh to b<, portahle_ Answering these specifications. the Sreall10tiw hoiler was designed and huilt by The Babcock & \Vile)x Company at Barbertoll. 0, The meters and complete automatic control were designed and huilt bo' Bailey l'Ifeter C01l1pany. Cleveland. The auxiliaries Wllich sup- ply fuel, air. and feed water are controlled in ac:ordance 329 :)~1rn iJn1SSur'(,! Controlh.;:r Ht'jh Pn?L"'",sun~ ICI p .. , >[~-.)tll TC;:-tl1pcruturo: lnd: .. dto, f-r_r) i";;-o IfJ..' r.Jtufv Tr y;~jl~2~t~!~W-----~ u.:Fiow-AI! F!0W/COllt.rL)I1c r' !J!1vQ Turbine. St(!.)fl\ v-.J!>./Q Opa.rdtor .- ,-,,'.,.. nor L.cn':.ro , Oil Purn;.) .-----"'"'--\IiI!r-TQ.FmpLc.r"~,.IJO~lil.jr-:2 Co:"tro! ~u.:?.1 Or! ,-)'"'I..;r orf \.l(j'V;;;' r'o< ...\ut:JO"\.."1tIC. Liy:lt Jng E...j.uI0!lhlllt Gcner~1 vie\rlf of gerJcr.Hi(!g unit how iii comrnerCIJ! service ar the Lynn, lv/ass. wo,I<s of the GenerJI Elec hie Company fo, its/ioe; IIr: \vith dl'JlJ:lIld~ f"r :-I('am. CIIIIIl'kt(" alld~ail'll' t''lUiPi11l'llt afe illciwkd. :llrt"111;I'I\' :~IIIllIIII Till: a1.1);iliary set \\a.' Celina! Electric C()II1 dl'.,i;':llt,tl :111,] huilt i'l' the :\';'l111hl\ IIIIrk "I P<lIl\. IIiJiell ,'''llll'il!'\ tIll' ""III;,l l t (" tlli:' iIi", ,I;d tlie plant 'Till' :Jll);iiiari", ..~lar('d .It t, 'e:l"liJ,']" Ii' ii' :'<-II"li,'("lll,1I ,'IJ(' I:lriilll,- drin'll lInie ill till' l';I,C III tilc' iced :ltll1]I' d(lilerill;.: l.;.UOU IIl1it :It 1.\ IIII ,'''ll,h[ "f a at a pfl'SSUrC lOOO IHllIlI,b, jllltlll'!' "I'I\itttT lit']" il Id"II('r ,'111" .'(IJ)()( h'lllr ,)i air ]ler hllllr at ()O-inch \\atn prt':-llrt. il J IIIIUll,j, Ilwl""il 1,1111111'. a:HI a luhricating-Ili\ 1'11I1lp. TIlt' t', i1llJlkll' ~t"illll<ltil"<' Iwit \\";t':; desig'l1t'd alld ("lllbtrllcted,,, :1' I" III' ,1I11:lhk 1111" eil]l,:'-c('iItI"iLICtli'ci1!r1l\'Ci'llilill,)1il"ickIdIlll1ll,l\i\"Ili'".I!I(;tl''IIII,"ll':;,"1,!I1,'.l:l,",-ll- \\ I!(II"':.i:lI''::,:illilI" III III{' IJ!llT;tti1))1 IL 't :tJI(: ~tti'Jl] "I !lig!J-l'rl'~'UIT :tilt! iJi.~il-ll'll1Jl('l"il!iI1T :'11';(111," "\\i'a,; th1Ti,l'"it"'tll'Jde atuitheulnililt'eliInIen:'.r "nT:lhtleilill'll-"cllilrcciuplaalri:([)<lh! 'lIlh1l;Jt;i.l:n'-' ilh(;t1l:tti"ll.'; arl' rIll' sm:dl :1,111 ill \\l'i:':'lit (1"/" tlll' 1I >1':11'" rt"III'"l'r! ilnd till' r('ti:I<' It i.; I),)"il,k t" tit l1it 11:,,1' ('\;illl Ilk, III II)ClIlllII,i\,, rlii, tq(' III IIII,k r illt() a IT.;tri"t,; 'i';(CI' 1I1ld the dl'sign i., ill'xiiJk il ih IlcllljllallillI\ lilllit.; i'l 11l'i;.:IJt. \1idtl1. (lr It'I1<[:1. -I' I'i;: I ,i '11: Ir;l' I): :< 11l":,: c!', ;111, ; i.ljJ till ,1 :lcL. I IiI, I)), 1\"('" ill rcL,t!\ ,iI ]J!"''''':::-l !:tIlt"' illtl,.,,t"1ille: Ii,, '~ ~1.ltL. :tIlt! '\\:1 :11', "lltd '11:': ;111" t! !lc;L!t-r lull(' ... tl) tIll 11~1 )1\1r:1: I. f: I J I. I Ill' III \ 'li.1 "\' J, III! i:!(!lll'l Ijr:tit \'l '1- ( f I; 't' J 1. '-, I [ ; t ) I" t;! 1'1 ,i 1~: : J ;:. , ! J 11 J'll \ :' ; II I ( \ fllfildi..'t" lIJ)1 !(T prl"........ lil"l. ;[I"'1''r1]('11(l';c[\dilt:.\;\;rtlill'lr' t/'lllltlll'kr,l I1h]<'":l[(I1'1,I']"].I'II],I'Id/'Tillt1k111.t!-1 IIIlttli"tlk"r'.It':]t"ll:<tl:. "i cirellil'. ;tll flrt' IW'!l:tc"'. :t~ \\'\l\litc'l'!lr :f""I'11r1llt til,l,''11, \",,1'. 1,"1",11"". ':ItIlrl,l1llll':".;"f li"ltI' 1,,,iIIT'IT,(ll. : I I I, I II! r : \11 ,ilt '(t':I:'1 I' ':' II' ':tl,,1 ill :il' ,t ';;rllill' ill' l'('ll1! ...... :!l1 d : I: ( .~..... ' ': I . i. Ii. "~ : I ... llrJ;111 .... tfl{' dr\ II! \\';tlt')" 11\ -I.":lllr .. !'[Illi. )","11 .. tl:till ~(I('" r.:\r(Hl~ll 1~j(' '-.ll)wri;\;ltl ... ll.;Lr:I~(lr. ;lJld I:il"t'l,tl\ 111 ilil" 'ilail] 1III"I,illl'. Till' \\:atcl" irlilil tllc' 't'I':lr:<111r I~ jf; c:h';[:IIIII'I<:I';l'rtli('1"'1Itihlle(j\("h],i.lt :tl\iIlTl III.t 11\':I1Il"'r"< 1i)t;1",1,1"1~1il);1',il IiII'i"lilllt "ti\l,l-' ,'lill, It-Il ':ttl'. alld i, n'il'd til ,iIt' IJiliin 1,\ tiIc' ICt'd j'lIlllp. I JUt' ,,, r!:e CIIllli rlct ;ll"rane:1'111<'lit lil til," :-;tl'il:II< [1,1b11lllf.t. lt ,_'Il!l __ tlttltC,,> \\11"itl i:-- 11racti'l.-;tlJ.'. ;l 11:1c'1...:I,L:ed jJJ/>\\li(rTc ~:j ~:.z:~s :~:.::.:~~;::. (I): :j"~ 5:c .. ~C'"" C'.;v'l.:! P~~~" .. (a):("rc~ ;g,,;f~-~ )..t y'" 8,~, f" ,~::""~,,~<,J F,," :~~r.".!;J Vet!.>" .,,;~,; <',.. ... ,;5"'-.... .In" ::~. (41) los.:> of ~N.~ ~~~:.;~~;";. ~:ry 'y" .;;';~:: ~:~~.';~:'b:;;.<;~ (2) T, .. <\',. .... r .. ~or ..' ; j , -"urn'ifl (3J 'r;:"Y:::~:::::~ r~~::g~~,y:'.1,,~:<~ if ." fc>~u:>,.s ....c"; ~~~(~~,~:~~~.~:~~;:~;~:~:.:<~,.~.~ " "T("~t, Illalk :llld ';ldhC'Illl'lIt 1)11 rll(' cil'.,i:.;n 'll"I"I"jJl]Il'Ilt;tl ~a-;I:I]tilil" IIlllt ,rlldi(" illdl,'JI1C' tJ:;tt it ',C'illll- i (4 J ;;~-v:"';:'~ "l .\\1 c:1'lllTiltill,;':' llnit ,)f tlii, IY[",' j, ell! inII- l'r:lcti ,'al f"l" c:,'lllT- \ Diagrammatic layout of Steamoiive urli: Jr lynn "'The' dimination of refractory in the furnace and boikr setting, replaced by waterwalls and insulatingblock, not only results in a larg-e saving in weight and volume, but also in reduced heat capacity that materially affects the ability to change output quickly. The small water content of the forced circulation boiler results in quick response to load changes and insures safety in spite (~f the high-temperature and high-pressure steam COI1- ditinn" These factors permit quick starting from a cold condition, requiring less than ten minutes from lighting the hurner to full output. It has been found that combusriol1 libcration raie~ up to -m0,000 British thermal units per cubic foot per hour call be obtained with low excess air and smokeless combustion with oil fuel. The pre~sure furnace which utilize~ forced draft only is entirely rracricaldc and materially simplifies tile draft c(juiplllent and com)',)l therefor. working with natural steam and w.ater ulr<culation. The PrillSel1dam is to have Yarro'l'I' boiers, but the :leW Canadian Pacific tonnage will presllll:ably have the improved Johnson type of \vatertube bDiler. The new Hamburg-Alllerika liners have V\'agne' boilers. In these respects. therefore, the designs rejlresent a natural cyolution along lines which are nov, accepted as the result of satisfacrory experience. "'im increasing boiler pressure difficulties arise in boiler llmm construction because of the heavier scantling of material required, while the factor of circulation demand ,; fuller consideration. X ew designs of boiler are thereiore being introduced in "'hich the drum is omitted a:ld forced circulation adupted. with the result that a cullsiderahle increase ill heat transmission rate hecomes r CJs~ibl(' v:ith suu- "tantial reduction in size and \\ei~ll1 0 [ lJoiler. Tllt' wide-range burners used on this unit and the ,.\ g(Jud llleasure uf boiler capa'Cit y ]" provided by ih", co-()rdinatecl auxiliary set makc complete automatic control a thoroughly practicable device. ComJlletely auto- l'yapuratioJl exvressed in terms of pounds of steam per hour per ton weight of boiler. This fi ~;ure is about 800 matic lighting of the burners has been entirely satisfac- for high-capacity generators with n;.tural circulation. tun, alld the use of saicn dC\'ices which autol11aticalh' The Benson boiler installation in tlle liner PotSdM'l. em utT the oil fire has pro~'ed a more efTectiyc protectioi1 working at 13.23 pounds pressure and 1:'78 degrees F. than safe!\' ya]yes and other proteetiye (leYice~ (1)ll11l1()11 temperature, has a corresponding cap;,city coefficient of ; I 0]] natt::ral-circulation boilcrs. ahout L?30. and an approximately sim :lar figure applies "l! j,; essential that the applicati')ll of a unit of lhi, chara,'UT he carei111h' cf)n,idl'rl'ci. since reductilJn in tIl thc \.elox forced-circulation boiler with steam con. <Iiti"n, (If -+30 l)(llllHls pressure and ~~.:S dcgrei:< !\ \\"(i.:.:ht and 'pan' H';juirl'lllelll' can ollh' )(' ,,),tail1cd \ <'lux hlliln 11a, recenth Iwe11 instaII<1 (Ill l1Ill' of tIll' ~ r(~,a:.:tTi(" .:'IIaritillll'S ]i"IH'b. :lln.uglJ increase in auxilian' ])(J\HT and rl'dllctiull oi llam efficiency. c,;peclalh' al high load,;. Jn certain The H.otterdam Lloyd liner l\.crlo~ 0110 has recenth' applicatiom the problem is simple. since the span; )('l'll "l",'edl'd lll) In' relJlacinu (JIll' ()f tIll' 0]"i"111""1 * ~. b U requirerlJents are detinitely fixed. H o\\"eYer, where cylindrical boilers with a Sulzer II I0110-t uhe super- space is ayailahle, it is generally more economical to use rressure steam generator, 'working at &c;O pounas per a larger unit. improve boiler efficiency, and reduce square inch and 700 degrees F., and fitting a high- .:cuxiliary power." pressure back-pressure turbine unit to act as a primary turbine to the existing plant. OutpU! has been raised l~~jIILtr-lllllt"ilillille ItilJll.lillllllll1ll BilIDnilt~JlJl'" ]j)(ijlIJWeIDlwPlIlli:llHeJIDI.1!t from 4500 horsepower to 6000 horsepJwer, raising the speed from] 3 to ] 5 knots. The future would appear to lie e\"~nly between the high-capacity natural circulation boiler working at appreciably higher pressures than ha\ e hitherto been employed. with the adYantages it offer,: in retention of By C. P. Blackall the water and steam drums to serve as a feed reservoir Signs are lOOW evident that a new phase is beginning in marine steam generation in which far higher pressures and temperatures will be employed. The steam conditions of the Pril1scJl do Ill, for example, the new 33,000ton Holland-America liner, are 600 pounds pressure and for meeting emergencies, and the :orced-cirC1l1atioll generator working at the highest preSSll res and temperatures prdcticable, with heat transmissicn rates subst;mtially greater than with existing orthodox prac:tice, which will result in Yery large savings in weig 'J t. 770 degrees F. temperature, and they constitute a notable advance on the conditions of 430 pounds pressure and 650 degrees temperature adopted ill the Staifl1dam, built fc.r ihe same owners in 192{). In dea.ling with the future of steam propulsion in his lEXpIOSI@lIilI!liii ~lItIII I{:II!:nJU!IJllt"essed AiR" l",illlJl1ll~ I. Thomas Lowe Gray lecture this year, John Johnson referred to a typical installation' "R" of 30,000 shaft horsepower as being representative of the practice of 1930, with steam conditions of 375 pounds pressure in tltE' high pressure lTceiYer, say 425 pounds at the boiler stop valve, ;and 740 degrees F, temperature, for which an oil fuel consumption of 0.57 pOllnd per shaft horsep(J\,'er hour for propulsion was indicated. In a compari- so:] with a hypothetical installation denoted as "e" and dat{"d 1936, rowork at 450 poul1cls pressure and 850 degrees remperature, "-Jr. Johnson stated that with :these conditions a fuel consumptioll rate of 0.5 pound of 011 per shaft hon;('power hour would he maintained in senice. He mention('d that the designs for the latter vessel, with ll1achinerv of 28.000 shaft horsepower, are cOl1lple'teel. The nev:"Hamburg-Amerika liner Cueisenou has turbine l1l<ichinery working at 735 pounds and 87B degrees F. In an these cases the boilers are of the drum type Fatalities occurred in two metal p1aT11~; recently when air line accidents occurred in rooms where employes were working. . One of the failures was attriblltfd to ;; combustion eXplosion in a high-pressure 2-inch diameter line carrying air at 500 pounds pressure for use in die casting machines. the pipe failing at several points, A 2-inch forged steel elbow \\'as split cleanly, and two safety yalves were shattered. The OpfTator of one die casting machine was killed and there was cow" uerable damage to piping-. vahTS. fittings, equipmcnt ane' walls adjacent to the exploded lines. \Vhik the cauO'e of the accident could not be definiteh' determined. it is :)eIie\'ed reasonahle that SUIlJ(' of the 'luhricatillL' oil frolll the compressor was carried (wer into the sy~t~llJ and h~ nitcd, probalJ]Y at one oi the die casting machines where the air was in colltact with molten metal. The compr:~ssor stlpplyins the system wa<; equiFJ1ed with hoth an in! c-rc:ooler and -an aftercooler and the piping was tested interest of safety. After the accident at intervals in the pipe of Yi 6 inch thickness was double installed, and t:xtra heavy to minimize tlte possibility of a similar occurrence was placed hetween the after coole an oil separator also :was advised that oil being r and the receiver. feel to thc coillpressor It be kept at an absolute minil1lum. The other accident occurred to piping llsed tion with air hammers at a PelllJsylvania ste in connec- the air line broke, an air rece{ver el mill. \Vhen toppled over on a workman with fatal results.-The Lo(olJlo/iz'c. and weighing approximately 10 I:ons. be the tallest pre-fabricated steeJ stack This ever is tbought to stack is anchored to the floor and roof erected. The of the boiler house, which reduces its ()tltsid,~ portable tractor-powered crane (If beight all-w to g3 feet. A uuilt to liit anrI place this stack altd for elded Other design 1i;;lS hean' duty, To erect this stack, a minutes. the crane was feat whill! was performed equipped 'Vl:ith an ill 3D It is reversible, hO\\'e\'er, the beam &-:l-foot bunn}. becoming tUlIguc and the 22-foot capacity. tongue a boom, which gives ;J. it a c),O-tun AUNUJ>weMQIlltl!llllllll lil!rlhl)k~ uta~k lIElIt"eQ[~l!telllll In building a plant to heat its factory R. G. Le Tourneau, Jnc., mauuiacturers at Peoria, Ill., ing equipment, were confronted with of heavy gradthe proLlem of constructing and erecting carry the smoke clear. a smokestack tall enough to an Ianlsli-d\veeltdheed psltaanctk, 11i0-4infcehetphlaitg(h' ,w5a7s ipnrceh-feasbirnicadtieadmientetor ]l[Ill.(~1iID!lllle DeIlt"'ll W< tim fill"'(IHIU l~I;mDlIlI!f;mcl!tllll!lIl"'ihll\Il~ Manufacturing is the largest industrial national income, geneAdlly contrib,!ting 20 source 01 the percent of the total, according to :I study percent tIl ? 5 just published by the National Industrial Conferl :nce BOUlt the board estimates receipts from In 1()35, aries, wages, dividends, interest, manufacturing in s;;\a:Jd other payments at $12 billion. The Conference Board's study makes first time estimates of income fro available for thc' each of the individual statt's. m manufacturiltg' m (It)ler studies will l)t' ready shortly giving income by st;,tes, Income fr0111 manufacturing was lion in 1929, but dropped rapidly a little over $18 bil- depression and in 1932 and 1933 '\1\ ith the \\'3.5 less advent of the than $8,5bil- lrliieomcnoi.nrdareFydroifnmodrict1ha9tiis3o6nl.oswarpeoitnhtatita hsausb ;rtiasenntiasltegaadiinly.willI'rlew- Approximately three-fourths of tile total manufacturilw, the Conference BJ<trd i.ncome f J"m.n received in th~ northeastern section uf pomts the United out. ]$ States. Of the total estimated income fOI Atlantic states received 3-+ percerl 1935. the ~\fiddl(' Central states 30 perct'nt. and the i, the East :\' cw England :\'urtll ,tarc,'; 11,5 peru'nt. or 17 perct'nt ::\ew York a\(;ne reC'cived (Ii tlie ("tal. Penll'l S2.01-J. lllil1illll, large,r manufacturing state. h';ll1ia. elil' ';('cI'Il.] receil't" I an e.;(illl:l((,<\ Sl, 352 11Iilli{)lI, ur warll' 12 percent of the tnt:tl, :;alaries of income and wage:, are hy far the largest cuntributed hy l1lanutact,lrin sing!, (I \ H' aCCoullt for 80 pt'rcent t~J 85 percent g indu';l rI of the totaL :l1l11 \idends. the second lar-gest type of p;lnnent. account I,)j, 12 percent t() 15 percent 0.1 the tOLll. .j. percent or S percent of l.ncome from The I"y' ]'cmaIlllllg is made up of C'lltrepncneurlal IOCOn1l:, manubctlIflng mteresr. and li rent. d ~tl"W llLilu~1l'" u~jf lE~iIL~u'lill"'<fMrllil"'l!il JIl,lIUruil@Uillil'llull"uJi 1: ).[etal & Thermit York. announces an Corporation. addition to its 120 lice Broadw<l\'. or .',[ :'\C\\' coated electrodes for arc-welding, urex he;,;\'\' The signed new electrode, known as for bridging gaps where Munx Type ht-up betw ::\, is de- poor and, in the and overhead smaller sizes, may_ lv: een plates ,used on, \'c-rt:cal on light-gage work. or to make rap~d. materials. The physical Slllgle Ih'lsS \~ cIt!, propertles ()~ the metal deposited by 7-1-.000 to 84,000 this electrode are s'ud to range trunl pounds p.er squan' weh. m ter;~lk strenh'ih, with new electrode 26 is percent to 24 percel'l ductIlIty, also said to wOI-k tqu lhe either direct current or alternating alh' well with current 2nd may he used either with straight or lTversed p:larity, \/essels Under External PreSSLlre* The action of <II vessel under external pressure is dif~ 1'trent, in many respects, from its action under internal pressure. A vessel under internal pressure, is, for the most part, under tensile stress and it tends to change to a Sh2.pe of greater strength. That is to say, a cylindrical vessel under internal pressure tends to take the 5hape of a sphere and would do so if the material were sufficiendy ductile. On the other hand, a vessel under external pressure tends to change to a weaker shape. As the changc in shape occurs, its resistance to such change is \'cry much reduced and failure takes place rapidly at :2 pressure even less than the vessel could safely withstand in its original form. The action of vessels under either internal or ext('mal pressure may be cOlllpared to the actioll of test sp('cinJell~ oi steel under tensile stre~s or ullder cOl1ll're~si()n. TIll' makrial ill the shell of a ,"esse! under internal pres!'.:1re act' in the sallle manner as a sjlecimen under ten- ---------.- A -----_. B fig. 1 sinn. A vessel under external pressure acts in a manner quite similar to a specimen under compression. This comparison of the effect of extErnal pressure may be canied a little further by considering the action of long and short specimens under compression. Specimens in which the thickness or diameter is small as compared with the length will, under compression, tend to bend easily. Some bending may take place before the stresses reach the yield point or elastic limit of the material. If, when a certain amount of deflection has occurred, and before the yield point of the material is reached, the load is removed, the 'specimen will return or spring back to its original condition. JIowever; when the specimen bends, it immediately loses streagth, it very soon passes the yield point and, because of the change in shape, the continued applica- tion of the load will cause it to fail. Specilllt:!1S which have a large thickness or diameter as compared to their length will not bend under a compress; ve load but 'will upset or change shape by increasing in diameter or cross section. A sl)('cimen ill which the thickness or ,liameter is small as compared with the length is said to 'ilil by "instability." On the other hanel, a specimen Ihat has a larg,' diameter as c(Jmpared with the length i i said to fail by "yielding." J'res::-urt' yesscls uIlder e:':(cfnal pressure ma\' fail in either oi these \\';tys. the ratio of platc tl1i(f,'l1[,S:, to diametr amI also the ratio of the length of cylinder to diame.er are very important in the analysis of vessels sublect to external pressure and will be extensively used in this discussion. Vessels with walls that are relative! y thin as compared to the shell diameter change shape: readily under external pressure and, by such action, become weaker and deflect still further from the ongiml shape. However, until actual permanent change in shape takes place the stresses in the material do not reach the yield point. Such vessels are said to fail by instabilitv. Other vessels which have walls that are relatively tl;i:k as compared with the shell diameter do not fail until the stresses in the material reach the yield point. TIl( y then st8Xt to deflect and thus become progressively weaker. The yield strength of a short thick column is {asy to calculate, it being simply a matter of diyiding the luad by the cross sectional area of the specimen. It is al so easy to calculate the strength of a vessel that will fail by yielding, as the computation is the same as that.1sed for vessels under internal pressure. However, j tlst as the strength of a slender column depends upon its leng th and its crosssectional dimensions, so also docs the st: ength or a \'eSsel, that has a thickness small in coml ;}risolJ with its diameter, depend upon its length, thiclness, diameter, anel, of course, upon the physical prl)perties of the material. In a cylindrical vessel under extern< 1 pressure, the heads, by maintaining the circular sbape of the vessel at its ends, tend also to strengthen the entire structure. Therefore, the distance between the head:;, or supporting rings, of a vessel enters into the deterTJination of its strength. On the other hand, when the Ie :lgth of a vessel reaches a certain point the heads no longer help support tbe middle portiun, w that the collapsillg preSSl1l't remains UI1Clnll O ed for any f urtber incre;:;;e ill length. The calculation of vessels uncler cxtena] pressure in\,ol\es some \'cry complex mathematics. The new rules for external pressures in the Unfired Pressure V<i:ssel -- ~ Abstract of paper Prt"st'uted -at the {('nth ann'lcJ meeting .of tiH! National Board of Boiler und Pressure \"C$f-d Inspt :tort::. ti-'Il- Assistant chi~f t'ugint..'t"r, Boiler Divh.ioll) Hal tford Skam :Boih::f rllS1)tttion <lnd I nsurallct:: Company. '. 333 O'l 10 345G1'8lQ 400 f-- 1- ---t-- ... I .-~.~.- - f - - - --- :-~ - t/D.J.(I'~-~ '-- 300 J ' - 250 r:::~ 'tl~ol.o~. 200 ISO !~O . . .~ 140 do (--- ~~ ~ ~ 120 <lJ CL 1\ l\l~"" ~ ~ ~ \! ~~ ~ 100 I \b 1 ' - - '"<.. :::J <I) 80 '~~ E'": 0.. "rv ~'I;. tcn ~O ~ i\ :.::z ' U 1\ \ ',\ N I I \< '0" $: 50 "" i\'t>:';' \ 40 -- I 1\ N "--f=-'. F-~l\~lN! \'~i\ I\i ~ !\ 30 f\ '\ N 1\ '-r-. i~ r-. - - f - . ! , f- - ,. +- 1-- f--- +-- - r- r-~ ~ i'- '" Ur:J.01S r-:Vi i- r.... r\ -:cc- 300 t D'O.O~r i\ i\ -l/I>O~O~Q 150 t : f\~ ~I'-r"-..O "~ . -- . t+ .,--- 7!1 I--~ L_+-~ - f- - - ~1 ~ -., r'. ~,-\"~, :0tt;>'~ t-.. f' ~ ~ t/o"d I' <J-~ 2M ~<b ;t <" b d :," ' : : . 0' L ,(Q 180 ',.,2: I ._- 160 2 l?o 0 140 "" 12.0 'Y- e \ \ \ 1\ \ \ ~ .... 1\ 1\ .. IOtl .- .~ '-"1 0 j\ \ : V~~ o~ i ~ 1\ \, 1&0 ~_ 1-"0 r\ \J i\ ;\ 50 ~b ~ r\ "i\ \ \I " - 40 ~ r i _ O~ \ \ \ r\ 1\ ~..~ .. I~ 'i? ~ j [\ I l\ [\ j\ ! f\ 1\ ' 1Y.o" \~:rK 1J \ \ i\ rt 0', [\1'\ f\. 20 ~J ~ NK ~ 1\ ~1\l\~ 1\~. 'If\ \ \, I " \'? : I~ \I 0.15 O.'l. 0.3 0.4 0.0 'JA 1.0 1.5 '2. i I 3 45 15 Length Be1ween Heads or Stiffening Rings.,. OUTs'lde G 7 8 fO D;C\m~ter- 15 LID t~O fig. 2 Boiler Ivlak"r cvd Piil,e Filbricator Code of the .\merican Society of .:\Iechanical Engineers relate only to ,"essels of the three general types shown in Fig. 1 and only when they are built of ordinary boiler steel or material having practically the same physical properties. The vessel (A) in Fig. 1 will be recognized as a plain cylindrical vessel which might he used as a vacuum tank. the external pressure being only that of the atmosphere. (H) Fig.!' reprC'i(,llts the typical, cylindrical. jacketed vessel or autocl,n"e. (C) Fig. I is a type of \"essel, extensively used, of which a fat l11elter in the IJ:lcking indl1stry is typical. It has been fuund by experiment that vessels having the same ratios of Icng1h to diameter and of thickness to diameter will collapse at the same pressure. For instance, two vessels, one of which is 100 inches diameter, 200 feet long, of I-inch plate, the other 50 inches diameter, 100 feet long and Yz-inch plztte have the same collapsing pressure, the tI [) and L/ D in each case Leing 0.01 and 2 respectively. Bec3use of the fact that the thickness. diameter and length of a vessel all enter into the computation for its strength, and in a very involved manner, it has heen found convenient to refer to the ilD and L/D ratios ;rather than the adual values of thickness, diameter and length. Furthermore. since the math cmatics invoh'czl ill making calculations are very complec, charts have been devised to make easier the s(Jlution of ;my given problenl. The chart applying to cylindrical YI,:SSe!S of the three types shown in Fig. 1, when const:'Llcted of ordinary boiler steel or similar material. is gi vnl in Fig, 2. The extreme right-hand side of tLis chart applies to those vessels which have a great lengtll as cornparezl to the diaJlleter. That is to say. the LIJ) r.uio is high anc! in such vessels the ends do not gin' any support to the middle section. Therefore. the collapsing pressure 01 the safe working pressure is independl~nt of their length, The middle section of the chart wl1t"re the lines are diag~ onal represents those vessels in whi;:h the strength is affected by the length. It will be not, a that as the [Min of length to diameter decreases, the working pressure increases" At the left-hand side of the chart the lines again be' come horizontal. This section repre;; ents those vessels that fail because of yielding- of the mlterial ilTespe~tive of the strength afforded by the heads 0:' supporting rmgs. That is to say, as a design is shortened in lenglh, a point is reached where failure will OCCur in the same W2";' as a short column. " Just as \v1th a short ,;:Gluffifli. wlw'/'l:':: the December, 1936 335 strength remains the same regardless of its length, the design of a cylindrical vessel reaches a point where fail- ure will occur by yielding and the collapsing pressure or safe working pressure is not changed by designing a shorter vessel. ] ust for a mOillent, take a vessel which has a len).,rth hvict: as great as its diameter. \Vith a given thickness and a given diameter that vessel at t/D ratio 0.8 wuuld have an allowable pressure of 45 pounds. If that vessel were twice as long, in other words the length were 4 time~; the diameter and the LID ratio up to the 0.8 line, we would find the allowable pressure is 22 pounds. \ \'hen we make the vessel longer the heads do not give the same support as they did when they were closer together, and therefore there is a lower safe working pressure on thOSe vessels. So that you see the length and the diameter length ratio of a vesse! under external pressure are very important whereas they have no bearing on a vessel under internal pressure. In the calculation of a vessel under external pressure, the length may be taken as the difference between any two points where the support is sufficient adequately to hold the vessel in circular form. The heads on a vessel 1Nhether Bat, dis h ed, or Fig. 3i a typical case, assume a tank of :iveted construction) with butt type longitudinal joints, ;:. diameter of 5 reet) a length of 20 feet between the heal seams and a thick- ness of the shell plate of Y; inch. In this vessel the LID ratio is 2)15 or 4. The tiD ratio is 0.5160 or 0.00833. Carefully note that both the hemispherical, are considered to be adequate supports of this nature. For heads that are riveted to the shell. the length of the vessel may be taken as the distance between the head seams. In the case of heads butt welded to the shelL the length should be taken as the distance between tbe points where the curva- ture of the heads begin. Supporting rings may be attached to vessels under ex- ternal pressure and, provided they are of adequate strength, the length L may he taken as the (i istance between ,;uch 400 _____ 200 _ 'llP]!()rtS. The meth()d for deknnining- whether rill g ,;uppo:1::; are adequate will be discusser} later. To illustrate the distance 100~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~_ _~-4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10 15 IcS Oll~"':de Diameter, Inch"s fig. 4 ~QO SOO that is to be taken as L in the application of this chart, a few typical constructions are shmrIiI in Fig. 3. In the lower left-hand sketch of this flgure. several designs of reinforcing rings. and possible methods of attachment are shown_ 0.0 3 0 I-----..f--j--..+.- C! :;:;-0.020 I ~ 0.0 15 Ew 0>- ~_~__--'-_ :\lthongh the rules gi \"en in the :\.S..\LE. Code fnr "essels subjected to external pressure are primarily intended for the guidance of :Iesigners these rules may also he used to determine whether a ,-essel ,dread\' in use has been proper! y ~lesigned anel whethc:r it is adequate for .20.010 o (!) 0.008 '0 VI ~ 0.0001--- __________ o ./. '":;l 0.004 c ~ 0.003 :: l- 0.002 ____ c-__ the pressure to which it is subieded. The simplest illustration of a vessel under external pressure is :til vacuum tank. As fig. 5 .!.~.. .. ...... Boiler !Vlaker dnd PJatlO F3Dnc"w.; numerator and the denominator of these given in the same units of measurem ratios must be or must be in inches or both in feet. ents, that is, both tofhefentihvneagsluereihnofgorsir.zothnFetoarlreaqtnhudeirevdermtico,mil elninteos fthineereliiwa in htehefOsUtif:lU" maRrkeefedrr"i4n"g rteoprtehseencthinagrt,thFeigL.ID2, rfaintido tohfe thvaerttiacmal line the yacuum vessel 5 purpo;e: of illustration, consider feet in diameter and 20 feet Follow vertically on ilD ratio of 0.00833. this line to the line ount. representing a there is one for While there is actually 0.008 and one for 0.009, so no such line, that the line that has heen LID ratio of mentioned previ, JUsly. That 4 and it was fOUl1tl that vessel had an ness would be 0,414 inch. the required thickSUTpose that it were: Qeciu>':{\ for 0.00833 would be about one-third tween the two or approximately at 25 the distance he- twoltuhsethaesiindgelae tshtiaftfetnhiengthriicnkgnli:nssthoef mthidedlseheolfl trhe vessel vessel would be adapted to that pounds, pressure, It is and the evident, therefore, that the vessel is entirelv satisfactory for use decreased. r f such construct ion were used, night the be rreaqtiuoirweodutlhdicbken2e,ssthoef ltihDe srhaetilol .wvoouulldd bbee 00..3010552i:5n,cha.ndFor as a vacuum vessel external pressure. which is subjected to only 15 pounds The question may be this construction, the and the ring, would he L. or tilt length 10 feet, O~ 120 between the head in diameter and 20 asked how feet in length, thin may a vessel 5 feet be and still be p18re0s0s.ure is 15 pounds so that tile proidnucchteso.f Tthheesewot\r'(kCinig~ satisfactory for use as a vacuum the chart find the horizontal line tank. At for 15 the bottom of and note that the vertical line for pounds pressure LID crosses this 15 rings Locating this value and following the line or. the chart horizontally to for stiffening a diam 60 inches, it will be 2.5 is required. By found tha' a moment of eter of inertia o( lpionuenfdor l0in.0e07a.. sEhsotritmadtiisntagntchee dtoistathncee lbeefttwof the tiD can be seen that a n r eferen angle ce 3 t, 0 ) i struct nches ura by l st Ytl e el in ta ch b les it th~c:k line 0.006 and that LID line 4 cro for OJ>07 it will be een the liD found that the 0.0069. sses the IS-pound line at a tiD value of In other words, the vessel in question would be the shell. satisfactory Of course if the 3-i nch leg were any other shape hav attached 1:0 of inertia of 2.5 would he satis factory. ing a moment For inst,mcc, ;l have 3l tiD ratio of 0.0069. If the ratio of tiD is 0.0069 should rectangular bar of iron meet the requirement. 2;J/g incH:s by 2Ys inches vv()\.Jii, (hat ratio multiplied by the then the diameter. thickness In other wil\ he words, Instead of one and it would be ring two or t ven more could be used = if tiD 0.0069 increase in the found that for tltis particular number of rings would result vessel \:':ve:ry in a Lhinn then t = 0.0069 X D and since D is 60 inches spulacthe caonndstaruscmtiaolnlerwsOilzleld of stiffening- ring. The limit teo = t 0.0069 X 60 = 0.41,,), inch sideration \\-ould have to be be an ,'conomica! one and conginn to the relative <cost of As a second illustrative example, consider autoclave, as shown at the upper right a jacketed with a diameter of 45 inches, a length corner of Fig. 3. of 36 inches. and additional rings and the expene compared to the cost of the \'es~~l of attaching thelll tiS a small number of rings. without rings or with <1. thickness of ~'i 6 inch or 0.4375 inch. vlOrking pressure is 140 pounds p The desired poi\Vnthoilfe dtehseiganb, othvee sdaimsceuspsriionncipI;ness cbaenenrefardom the stand not certain that the thickness is er square inch, sufficient. but it is to the determination of the safe Kllrking- ily be appli('tl pre~sllre [nr a In this tiD ratio case the LIf) is 0,4375/45 ratio is 3()/45 or 0.0097. Of 08. and the gtoin'fli1rs\t T~d~('eTLermIinnl'IJItankinwgh- a~tucphrea<;duertceramiHn,a,t,,i,o'In ir i, \Iell vertical line or 0.0097 OJI. to a point were a F"Il,J\\ing up the lill(, f, '1' a /i J) l-ati" lIifmtiItteI"d;'hyriltlh:Ce~ saizJ'ee :ll1d ';I'<lcitlc; ill the rjl1c;~ :tllalIh\e"dlddI" I1,1,.' allowable might he drawn. it will prc~sure \yould IJe (J1l1.I 1)(' 111111111 that >li.c:1lth J1Iure the 'lilT. tltt'n the 'J1lt:'[t(il,lulllldof ;tIrIkIltj;llt:ll]i,J' rjl"wr l'\h:(t''1\dci,,]i;lTd 100 pounds. COlltinuing pound line. it will he up the line O.~ to the thall 1-+0- is approximately founu that the required t /[) \'alue 0,0135. Since the diameter is n."d i~ IIf ~llftici('11t thickllc" llt" tilt' ] t;l1 Il(' j11\",;ti:;:(,l';\. It SIrliIlPl I'b(,ertainpgparricnI[l'>t thIlalaty\II'hlle' ll('iitlllt'1n"n'ianlterrnina~1:> (alJ1'"e,:1\It',nvJdl.alit. inches, the ,II 0.608 inch required thickness thus showing should be -+5 X -+) 0.0135 or i, "uilicit,tlt l1ll"re!~' to s(,cure tilt rill~'; ill pial" thn' will not llHl\e. In r/l(' ca,' tlut 1; (j was not sufficient. that the original thickness of It has been stated previously that anmeco'lu'ssary to proride sufficient rio\f'etosl!tosird(<l ri ~1l1.I~n'iciitl,nit.; if supporting rings strength the length attached to L may be vessels are of adequate the shnetiLof Twht'eldsilizl~e attnl dad"peaqcu-iant)e.;: r"f sseucure the ril1C:s t<! ctwonesetnitustuecsh ardienqgusa. te Tshtreenqgutehs.tiotnakaernisaess tahse todisjtuasntce\\'hhea-t minimulIl alllollnt of welrling- arc ch ri I'ets !~il'('n in thle and t IH~ of Incyltillnlderliocpailngn- sslle1lcsthoudns def(rJr tt'ixltt'rncaallcuplarteisosnuroe('(,r;(1id<te'.si.~n It will be recognized that ing rings depends upon the the required size outside Ji:ullete of support- se!, the length hetween the stiffening rings, r of the \'esand the work- !J{'('11 :t"tlllwd that sllch H's';t'I< ar -' truh' cl"iilldric:t1. has and sitllc\h,ill\'('rsesat'dbilydecbreeaaspepsrethcieaitredrestihs':.;ill11ocuet't-lJiJ(cr(o)lnlanrdhncc. ss U{InI bhinyugctkhpleirneagspsuoprlfiec.caitriTcouhnleaorsfirzaientghosefosruectihcarlinfgosrmmualay rbeeladteintegrmtointehde ptheenl(lltiltikedr hsainncde. sitomisepdraegctrilc'la' lIlIyf oimu,p-nois-sriollndlws< lllost k ._.. su,e. However. this under uniform external presformula is somewhat difficult to \'esse! that is truly cylindrical. hy the ble to C(Jnqrllct jJ,..// TIle decrease in Slj)t'fi';th use and it seems best, of the matter and for both for the readiness of purpose app of clarification c o n s i d e i out-o 'ation f -ro in undn the ess fac t th or a t o is f s p a e f rm et, i t ted req is uir J'~)(tn ed. into twohiocbhtaisinshthoe required size of stich lriicnagtsionfroomf thae cchodaret, The ctfect of out-of-roundness sistancc (,f a nssel to colla Im- decr('a~ing the n:- wn in FiR. 4, In applying this chart from a design standpoint, athned tin rati()s and it, theprseefodreep.'CilsHlsimopnosiJsoibthle thteo' 1g.i/vDe product of the length, in inches the stiifening rings ane! the between the the centers of lated and the line working pressure is calcurepresenting this product is locaterl on or ]>crmi,;,;iiJle tolerance as a fra"tion of of the thickness of the nssel. \\hile the clicl!nctcr heen denluped for determination of the formulae it:lve permissible tol- erance, they are ut1h1e111sidtheeofvetrhteiccahl alritn.e Freoplrloewsenhtoinrigzotnhtealloyutaslong this line fication of the rather complex <.nd, again for simpliproblem, a chart ha, been made as shown of tl~~ vpc:.c:p.t ~ ...~ ;_oI,-h ......,", :.... ~ " . . ide diameter in Fig. 5. <l. .. (LjD of 4, tiD of 0.0069, and i of 0.414) it will hi: Sound from Fig, 5 that an eccentricity of 0.9 times the ';hickness would be permitted. Since the thickness of shell is 0.414 the permissible -{lut-of-roundness is 0.372 Dr approximately :YB inch. The degree of eccentricity is the difference between the maximum and minimum diameters of the vessel and should he measured at several points. In the case of \,esse1s with lap-seam construction. the amount of eccentricity may be the value obtained from the chart plus the plate thickness. \\,hereas this prO\'ision permits a greater degree of eccentricity in vessels of lap construction. on the other hand snch yc<.;sels are permitted only one-half the pressure that would be allowed on a vessel of butt-seam construction, Still another point to which consideration must be gi\'<ttl in connection with cylindrical vessels under external pressure is the manner in which they are supported, 'which should, in all cases. be such that no concentrated loads are imposed 011 the shell. In the case Df horizontal vessels thcv shuuld be suppmted at the bea(b nr from the reinfurcing rings. if such rings are used. Ii no supporting rings are prO\'ided and if the \'b~d i:; of such length that it would sag or be undulY qressnl should dw ollly sUjlFort be at the heads, the;] intcfllwilialf.' SUpplirts should IJt' pro\'iclet! hut these ,hllllld IJl :11 the funn of a saddle. the arc of which extends 11\(',' at kaq lI11('-third (,j the Cirnll11fer(,llce. 011 I'nt iet! H'S.,e1s tIlt' legs Of brad,eb that lllight be used i; ,h(llllrl l10t be attached directly to the shell but to a sub- ~ralltial ring which in turn secured to the shell, thus distrihuting the load. There are 1792 tubes of 10-inch hore welded intD and connecting the two tube plates. The calandria section was subjected j 0 a test pressure of 375 pounds per square inch and the upper shell 285 pounds per square inch. All the n,ain seams 'wert X-rayed, and altogether about 1200 Xray photographs were taken of the welding of the four vessels. Two Hoiler Shop TooJl Two devices which assist greatly in connection with boiler works at the Denver, Colo., sho]'s of the Chicago, Burlingtoll & Quincy are shown in the j llustrations. The fil'st is a power attachment for cuttin; off and rolling flues in the front end. This device consists of a reversible air motor with power attachmen: and worm-gear drive to a 6-foot cutter bar. this bar being mounted on a 3-inch horizontal steel tube suitably supported by brackets bolted to the hoiler front ring. A gear box makes two speeds a\'ailable for use, dependtllt upon whether large flues or small tubes are being cut. Reference to the illustration shows that the cutter bar is capable of swinging \Trtically or sliding horizontalh' on the 3-inch h(:Jrizuntal tuhe. Tlw machine ma\' thus be used for cutril1,-! an entire set of flue, withont resetting the SUppO'ftillg ha'r and bralkeh. The cutter hal' has a telescoping tar and universal lIIfW;l!lUiWiIiJillJrul HllU!IJilliillilihrilM! ['(1l1Hf"<lflJlitlIfliltil!Plltlii"l1v lIJllJ lIFH.1tllslh/ BIIIJ)UeF' By C. P. Blarkull It bas just been announced from :\1oscow that the Kolomensk Locomotive \ \'orks near that city is shortly to build a new type of flash boiler with conde-nser, which will consume considerably less fuel than existing locomotive boilers, The locomotiw ",ill be able to travel 7000 miles without having to take water. The new boiler is designed for a pressure of 1400 pounds per square inch. Though only 20 tons heavier than the I{ussian "IS" l[)'colll()tin~. the new locomotive ,.,,'il! lw ahle to de\'elop 4000 horsepower. as against the 2300 horsepower of the "IS" locol11otiYe, with a const1111ptioll of 60 percent less fuel. The K(,lomemk \\'orks is at present huilding an experimental 6OO-horsepower locolllotiyc of the new design. and. when this has Jwen thoroughly tested. building will ,tart Of! the 4OOD-horsepower 10coll1otiyc. EHicient power i!JUCldunenr for wttil1g off ~~ i rolling bDiI",r \twb,,~ and flU>/!$ LARGE \\'ELDED PREssrRE VESSEL Four 50-ton evaporators recently made in the United Kingdom for the new sugar refincry of Tate and Lyle. Ltd .. at Silvertown, London, are claimed to he the larg"Sf welded pressure vessels eyer made to Lloyd's Class j code. These w~sels. which haY!:' heen made hv G. A. Har\'ey and Cu.. Ltd .. are 26 ftet 9 inches hiih and 11 fel.:t ill internal diameter. They are designed for a working pr('ssurc of 250 pounds rer square inch on the shell. Each consists of two shells, hoth 10 feet 4 inches high. and a {]ollwd top and hottom. The bottom shell, known as the calandria section. is fahricated of ]l%2-inch plate. and has t1.VO tube plates, each in one piece, 1 inch thick. socket arrangement to accommodate vaiol.ls lenl',>ihs, de~ pendent UPOll the angle of cutter bar ldjustment m:cessan' for am' particular tube or flue. Only one knlH::k]e joi;1t is ne~essary with this arrangenent, and in v1e~v of the rigidity of the drive, very sa':isfactory 'VI'ork loS performed and a longer life assured fo:. lhe cutters. The safety factor is also important, as the machine is strongly made aml desigl1ed so as to present little opportunity fur personal in juries. The rubher hose ['olllwdioll 'to the air motor and conveniently accessible control levers ,e- quired for one-man operation. The device shown in the second illustration is an unusually compact and effective arrangl'll1ent for counter~ sinking the riYet holes in flue sheets, This consists Gf' outside diameter and made of steel plate' 1.15 inches thick, electrically welded hy the shieldl:d-an:: process vvitl! equipment supplied by The Lincoln Electric Cumpan ,', Cleveland. . '''dded construction of the barrel {liminatecl a lan~c amount of calking of seams which ,,,'as nece:;sarv wi't It the former method of construction cmployillg ri"\-etill;.:. The two longitudinal welds of the b<irrd were hallJllk'r tested at 575 pounds and leak tested at 700 pOllnds llv- drostatic pressure, reyealing high :lllality leak-pro;)! seams. The welding was done wi (h "Fleetwe1d (;" electrodes. a steel frame to which is attached an angle motor for operating the countersink and a small cylinder and air- operated plunger which backs up the countersink and :o~r~o'ev1iddedesto tthhee necessary frame for feed. greater A convenient handle is ease in adjustment of the device and the air line to the cylinder is installed and connected so that when air is applied to operate the motor, pressure in the cylinder pUlls the countersink into the liyet hole. The overall length of this device is approxi- lnatelv 24 inches, The cYlinder has a -i-inch bore and 3%- inch stroke, The air line is made of l~ -inch steel pipe and the air pressure used is that of the shop line, or about 100 pounds per square inch. W eldihllg 1IUsed ihm Odd Fabltt"lI.ealltlliwg II!lli<IID1lOO This hom-shaped structure, spnading Out fn!lll 8 inches diameter at the oottom to B feet at the t<>jJ, was once a single flat piece of O/j 6-inch ingot iron. The structure is still a single piece of metitJ.---{)nly the shapt 1.ll@til"iJillIlrtlflll4!1J;utili'l1v e lIfII:ill!JiliH~"lr llt1urnilillti: "I1"j,iiutilln l'llvY Qj"Hti~Qj"41lli ll!hillrlr~ill '\'hat is thought to he the hrst hi~h-jlre,sure hl)iler ",'er maue with welded barrel and d()me. uncler C -68 (Class 1) rules of the A.S.:\I.E. Code ior fusion welded vessels, was recently completed by Farrar and Trefts, Inc., Buffalo, X. Y. The new boiler is of locomotive type and is for use in oil fields The barrel is 16 feet 6 inches long. 620 inches is different. It was made In' cuttillg- ()t1 t l(i pieu,;, thell fusing' them all together into OIle inte,.:ral unit hI the shielded-arc process of electric weldill.C:. Tlte ,;rrllCture is now being used as an outl('t htCll,C: iOf tlte C(lill' of a c1ari fying tank in s('wag-e dispusa \\'(lrk. Jr I\';l~ fabricated by the Farrel :Hanufacrurill,.; C()IUpany. J"- liet, IlL ltltlawu'ile (j[~lI:y li.ull IIl11w'l\.vliI" lij}j)~tlf ~jj[~"lt.1!U~ ilI'cUJ~llil'lJ","":"1M The 1937 ::\fetal Congress and Exrosiio\1 will ill' held Octuber 18 to 22, in the ..\.tlall~ic City\uditorinm. accurding to an announcement l11ade rcomly by \\'. H. of Eiscnman, managing director of this :tllllual metal show and national secretarv of the American ::;ocietv for ~\let als, after a meeting the Society's bu;[t'd of -trustees in Cleveland. Practical Plate Development _-\ rear'er has requested that a method of developing tlll: ~!l1()kesiac:k breeching as illustrated in Fig, 158 be ginn ill connection wiih the Practical Plate Development ~tTH:" The ~lll{Jkestack breec:hing illustrated in Fig. 158 is of rhe cOl1\'uHional typf:, with a round tOjl and a wash-boiler section where it joins the boiler. For convenience in laying (,ut lhe breeching. all lines have been taken on the neutral axis of the plate and all joints are assumed to be welded. no allowance being made for lap joints. The brceching to he dewloped is shuwn in Fig. 159, the eln',ui,m: Fig, leD. the plan. and Fig, 161. the end \'it'\\'. The elevdtion and plan are readily constructed {r(llll the illustration in Fig, 158. The connection be- 1\\(Tll till' l.reeching and the hoiler ill the end "iew. Fig- I(,j, Il11H 11(' oiltaincd 11\' projecti()n fmm Fi~" 15q :[;]i! jrl\l, :lc f, ,1I11",\', : I li\'l(h the ~elllil'jrc1(' F-F'-F' (,f tll(' plan. Fig, 160. illt" am !lumher (If equal part,;. the greater the 1ll1111!Jer of equal pans takt:"ll, the more accurate the final development. In this case ten wt:"re taken and the points numbered from 1 to :! 1 as shown. Then parallel to the center line J.l-.\', draw lines through the points 1 to 11, extending same down into the e1e"ation. Fig. 159, cutting the arc K -B and locating the points I' to 11'. Next draw lines parallel 10 the center line T-U through the points l' to II'. Fig, 159, extending these lines into the end view, Fig. 161. In the end view, Fig. 161, on the center line R-S construct the profile, Fig, 162, of the semicircular end of t~le wash hoiler section and divide this sectioIl end into the same number of equal parts as was taken in the plan view. :t\umher these points from 1 to 11, corresponding to the same points in the plan view, Fig. 160. Then parallel to the center line R-S, draw a line through the point 1 of the profile, Fig. 162, and extend the line into the end view. cutting the line drawn from the point l' of 'the elevation. The point 1" in the end view. Fi1;, 161. is thus located, and in like manner, draw a li11e through the point 2 of the profile, Fig. 162, and extend it into the end "iew cutting the' line drawn from the point 2' of the elevation thereby locating the point 2" in the end view, Fig. 161. Continue to use this method and locate th(~ points 3" iu 11" of the end view. Connect tht' pninh 1" to 11" with a line completing the end view, Fig. 161 In ex:cmining the plan \iew, it will he noticed that tht' center lint lVI-N divides the breeching into two sym metrical halves and. therefore. a development of one half of the plan view 'will be all that is necessary; a duplicate of this development will complete the layout of the hreeching', Di\'ide the semicircle H'_V'_I'. Fig. 160, into the same number i1f equal parts as were taken for the semicircular eno oi the wash-boiler section E'-If-F' and nnmber these points hom a to k as shown. Parallel to the center line Jl-X. draw lines tIl rough the points a to k extending them inw the dcyation. Fig. 159. wttin:, the line C-D. :!\umher the intersections from .a' to 1/, Conm."Ct the poinb a' 'to k' with the points l' to 11' in the elevation, Fig. 159, by means of dotted and solid lines a,; shown. These lines will be the surface lines of the objecl, and in order to develop the pattern further, their trtl( lengths must he found. Di\'ide tht arc K-E of the devation into any number of equal parts, four being take n in this case and 11t1l11bered from 111 to E and from F to 11 as ,;l1(lWll. Connect the poillh 111 to E and F to u with the point H in the ele\'atioll. These lines will be th<' surface~ lil1<:~ of the trian~ular sections H-E-G and J-F-\.. :\ext. paralll']' til the ce1lter lin(' JJ-X. dLl'VI' lim', through tll(' P' ,im, 111 to F and F to /I extendlllg 5a11\< into thl' plan and cutting the lines (;'-E' an:! K'-F" ~umhcr these intersections on {;'-E'. 11/'-Il'-o'-{ and on 1';:'-F', 1/'. t, s', r' as shown. Connect the poin~; m'. 'IJ', 0'. /". E' with the point H' and the points It', t', 5', 1-', F' with the point I' in the plan, Fig. 160. The next step is to obtain the true length (I f all the solid and dotted surface lines as dr,awn on the devatioll, Fig. 159. and to accomplish this. it will be nee ~ssary to construct a series of right angle triangles. PROBLEM No.IS The t:om~d !>olutiOli of ~robl",m No. ] 5 will he I'llbli ~hlHI lUI ~1u8 ,!February !l;SUtil 339 : ~';.' &UIY ,'ifla);"r Mld Plilte FJbrjc~lor Proti II!! Fig.IG7 O",v-elopm"nt of Op"'ning "It.. e""II,,,.. F19ltii6 ll(--'--L.L.L..--''- r ;; t u P 0 lim Diagram of Right Angle Triangles ftw Solid linlll> Fig.I():} Ir x---L.- ..tY I' 't'3'4'S' WW 1iJ'9'8' 7' Ologrom of R'lght Anghil Triangle!> fur- 5t:!lid tiMe:!> f1g.I~4 .f' .-.i,i'z,~, .---bs-':i' , --o' ... k' JJj',-I'-ilh' ' -c'-l' I --b'-j' I I I ~ II rI I I I I/ I /I f I / '4' I ..1I.J.I 1'_:8'__ JI )'y I't II' 10' 9'7' Diagram ot Right Angle Triangl,"!> ttl,.. Ootted Linu~ Fig. 105 I-k<lt Patt;"rn ,smal", Stock B,,-'O!!ching Fig. M stu k I ~...-l 1t-------- ----+t \)0I -U ~ Tl;-.-/'"-~---h''--I ~'''d--~~ ~~l~---- ~--'---~-"-+-----:f+------='-'" 1--: I i , i I C. Brn"'1.7"'~'. _._ Smoke StC1ck Breeching Fig.IS8 .L---------+-i M Elevation Fig.159 I E'1dVj-eW' Fig_101 +-c--;--- - - -U De~olIils of follyolJ? for smoke $tack oreechilvg CO;o.;STRUClfION OF RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLES Fig_ 160, and from 11) on the perpendi::ular. step utf the In constructing the right angle triangles in order to distance w-a' equal to the vertical di:;Jance Letween the obtain [he true lengths of the solid surface lines of the point 11 and the line C-D of the ele\'an Dn. COl1uc"Ct thi~ triangu-1ar sections If-E-G and I-F-K of the elevation, point a' with point 11, the line a'-n being the true length draw any line as x-y, Fig. 163, and at zv erect a perpen- of the surface line a'-It of the elet'ati :m. Cuntinue in dicular to it. From w on the base line, step off the dis- this manner, taking the bases of the uiangles ,c-o. 7t'-/) tance ,('-Ill equal to a-m' of the plan ane! from -,(! on the equal to a-a' and a-p' of the plan and LI.'-r 1('-.1, zJ..'-t, -,i."'/( perpend icular step off the distance LlLa' equal to cr'-Ill of y equal to k-u', k-t', k-s', k-r' of tilt' p1:!lI. This will aLo I the elevation. Connect the points aY-YIl, Fig. 163. This line will be the true length of the surface lirie a'-m of the make the altitudes 1l'-a' and u,-k' equal t,) the \'enical dis- tll1ces between the points p, ry s, t, u and I I elevation, Fig. 159. !~-like manner, from <:u on the base 0, the line C-D of the elevation, completing' the oolid sudace lir,es of the 'I"111 ' line, step off the distance w-t. equal to a-tt' or the plan, triangular sections. _ _~_. -- . 'III 1 IliL ----------- "lO'~15'1I;'l't'B', 9L.~' 9 to II 12 13 "" 15 to t Z 3 4 5 II 1 8 9 Pattern 01 Ellipiical Section'A" c" \\ i I' i I I t'l Elevation 1'1' End View _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ _______.-1 'roble", U~(j. 14 ,bPll'e~~",d I(tJU t:>JJ15e 142 "f HIli! September i5$li. Tb", (orr;:ti tiOltltion is pOiblished herewith i" "rdet to give (Jilt ~eJld~r$ who iltave d~velop1!cl the problem ll!l'l I)pportullity to t:bed. their w(lrk The true lengths of the solid surface lines of the semicircular ends must be obtained next Draw any line as X'<-)')', Fig. 1M, and at ww erect a perpendicular to it. From :n:tlV on the base line, step off the distance 'Lt'W.{)' equal to /-6 of tne plan, Fig. 160, and from UlW on the perpendicular, step off the distance Wltl-f' equal to the vertical distance between the point 6' and the line C-D of the elevation, Fig. 159. Connect the points 6'-/" Fig. 164, 'Nith a line, which will be the true length of the solid surface line 1'-6' of the elevation, Fig. 159. Continue in same manner, making the bases of the triangles equal to the distances 1t-5, d-4, c-3, b-2, <ill-I, g-7, n-8,J",CJ, j~10, k~ll of the plan and the altitudes of the triangles equal to the vertical distance between the line C-D illInd the points 5', 4', 3', 2', 1', 7', 8',' 9', 10', 11', respectively. Then connect the points as shown in Fig. 1M, completing the right angle triangles for the solid surface lines. Th(: true lengths of the dotted surface lines are obtained in the same manner and are shown in Fig. 165. The hases of the i-ight angle triangles are made equal to f-5, 1"-4, d~3, ,[-2, b-l, f-7, g-8, 1t-9, dO, j-ll of the plan, Fig. 160, and their respective altitudes are made equal to the 'VertiCAl distance between the line C-D and the points 5',4', .3', 2', 1', '7', 8', 9', 10'. 11', of the elevation, Fig. 159. G:mnect the points 1'-5', ,,'-4', d'-3', c'-2', b'-I', /,-7', ;/-2', J,'-9', i'-10'. /-11' with dotted lines and these 1ines will be the true lengths of their corresponding dotted surratt lines in the elevation. DEVELOPMENT OF OPENING IN BOILER Draw :any line <is X ..Y, Fig. 166, and at 0' erect a perpemlkular to it. ()Kl the perpendicular, step off O'-G'" and O'-Ko equal to O-G' and O-K' of the phil view, Fig. 160. Through G" and K" draw lines parallel to X-Yo On these lines, step off G"-Eo equal to G'-E' and KC-Fo equal to K'-F' of the plan viev.,', Fig, 160. Draw the line E"-F", Fig. 166, and from EO-Fo on the line X-Y step off the distances 1'-2', 2'-3', 3'-4', 4'-5', 5'-6' equal to the distances 1'-2',2'-3',3'-4/, 4'-5', 5'-6' in the elevation, Fig. 159. Then parallel to pO-Fo, draw lines through the points 1',2',3',4',5', and C, extending them on both sides of the line X-Y. At tht point Z on X-Y, draw the profile, Fig. 167, of the semic::ircular end of the wash-boiler section and divide it inlo the same number of parts as was taken in the plan vie w, Fig. 160. Number these points from 1 to 11, correspo:lding to the same points in the plan. Then through the points 1 and 11, Fig. 16;, dra'w lines parallel to the center line X-Y, extending same into Fig. 166 and cutting the line drawn through point 1', Fig. 166, thereby locating the points 1 and 11 0. In the same manner, through the pDints 2 and 10. Fig. 167, draw lines parallel to the center line X -Y and exter d these lines into Fig. ]66 cutting the line drawn through the point 2' and locating the points 2 and 10, Fig. 166 Similarly, locate the points 3 and 9", 4" and 8",5 and 7", <lind 6. Connect the pDints GOl to 6 to 11" to K" 'VI'ith a line, which will complete the development of th~ opening in the llOiler. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PATTER~' Draw any line as in Fig. 168 and on it step off the distance [-6 equal to /,-6', Fig. 164. \Vith 6 as a center and with the dividers set equal to 6" -j"; Fig. 166. scrihe an arc. Then 'with f :as a center :a nd with the > ~,c. :' -.....,. 342 : :; /", .. trams set equal to /,-7', Fig. 165, scribe a second arc, cutting the arc just drawn and locating the point 7, Fi!~. 168. 'With f as a center and with.dividers set equal to i-g, Fig. 160, scribe an arc, then with 7" as a center and with the trams set equal to 7'-g', Fig. 164, scrioe an- other arc, cutting the arc just drawn and locating the pDint g, Fig. 168. Continue in this manner, making 7_8, gO_9, 9_10, 10_11 equal to their corresponding dis- tances in Fig. 166 and making g-8, h-9, i-10, j-ll equal to g'-S', h'-9' , /-10', j'-11', Fig. 165, and 8-h, gO-i, 100_j, 11 o_k equal to 8'-h', 9'-i', 10'-/, ll'-k', Fig. 164, and g-h, h-i, i-j, j-k equal to g-h, h-i, i-j and j-k, Fig. 160, completing the patter~ to the l!n~ 1~,1l \Vith 11 0 as a center and wIth the diVIders set equal to ll'-r, Fig. 159, scrioe an arc, and with k as a center and with the trams set equal to /;;'-r, Fig. 163, scribe an arc, cutting the arc just drawn, locating the point r', Fip". s'-t', 168. (-to' Continue in equal to r-s, the s-I, s {- a lI m , e~igm. a nner 159, , a ma nd king k-.s', r' -s', k-t', k-u" equal to k'-s, k'-t, k'-u, FIg. 16+, complet1l1g the pattern to the line k-u'. . . From the line (;0_[, develop the opPOSIte Side of the pattern in the same manner, completing the half pattern of the breeching. A duplicate of this pattern will com;- plete the full pattern of the breeching as shown in Fig. 158. Boiler I'llokel' illnd Prate F"blictltu" right-side wall was blown out elltireJy, leaving nG support under that side of the boiler, as the boilers wen:;; set on brickwork instead of beir:g supported from the beams. This caused an excessi':e strain 011 the maiL steam pipe which held the boiler in place. Forttmatek, there was no water in the boiler at the time. fot th~1. added weight would probably hwe caused the pipine to break and the boiler to fall. :"/te Locomoti'Z!c. - - " COlIIIIll',illlllll1lltOJlIlI IlIIUdmID ,l'lIt"1!e Conltlr'illIlI! \\' ~H~l!1.r"lll'" A new line of single operator arc welders ha~ tlTt'nllv been Illade CleVeland. availallle bv These new The LinwIn welders will as Electric COl1ljJall\:. he known die "Shield Arc SAE" and will supersede the present typt: of "Shield Arc" which have bet'll I)n the market for the last six years. The predominatin:~ feature of this new arc welder is a new method of arc control which tlnkes BllitillllillwilllKlllua@l!l1I1l1tllln"~ 4Wlr'k D~~v~lllllfW ll'"eHd Te~illi:elli" A new hydraulic machine for accurately testing the strength of spot \'1lelds has been d.e\'elope~ and b:uilt by the Baldwin-Southwark CorporatIOn. PhIladelphia, for the Edward G. Budd Manufacturing Company. This 10,OOO-pound tension testing machine is supplied wit~ a round base for rolling from place to place and a hOIst- ing hook for mo\'ing with a crane. It is a completely self-wntained unit having an overall height of 70 inches. an I8-inch dia111eter steel hase. it low center of gravity, and weight of approximately 800 l)()\llld~ . .'\n 8-inch pn:cisioll di:d indicates the I"ad. Fluid under pres,;urc i~ jlumped hI' a gear pUI11P situated in the LJase uf the machine. Thi, pump is direct-connected to av .llt -horsepower motor, ,\ special! y designed t}:pe of self-alining. lenT-operated. renewable file-face gnps is used. These grips are so designed that harel. sharp New continuolI;; $ A IE du~1 <:t'lni '01 ~r(.wdde( faces can be quickly installed at a \'ery low cost, being made of short sections of machine cut files, The upper grip is of the open face type, while the lower grip is of the closed type with wide angle entrance. These ({riDS will accommodate ofLets in welded specimens from the smallest gage to ,~~ -inch thick without using back- ing plates or liners. Specimens up to I !/; inches wide can be tested. possible the adjustment of both arc heat and arc pe!1l"tration in a continuous sequence of ilne increment,;, It is claimed this cOlltinuous dual coni rol assures absolute uniformit\' of performance at every control setting and adds grea't!y to the successful opera.ion of arc welding'. These claims are hased on the optrai ion of a Iar,~'e number of this type welder which haye ,jI:~el1 in actual Scf\'ice in custumers' plants for the last y car. I t is a well-known fact that for cerrain types of arc:: v Jfllilli:we JJJLe.wkl (;iIBllWlii!iiii!'J llli"llilillldilliew lIIEXj[lP~<!IlD!!!J)iliflUllilil welding a low voltage with wide rClllge of current control is desired. For other types of work a ltig'her voltage with the same wide range of CJrrent is highly de: sired. The new welder therefore Jerrnits the use 01 A leaky stop valve on the pilot light and a leaky plug cock on the main burners of a gas-fired power boiler- the correct yoltage and current forllI classes of work in the range oJ each size of machim. :\"o. 2 of a pair in a California plant----callsed a furnace explosion which did $2500 damage to the boiler setting. II(llJ mlL lHL 1fl!;tl";Ii)<il"lHIiJju<IluVIli Jll&U dili'l,ilillit<Jec.l!l The escaping gas, which had filled the furnace and flues of the idle boiler, was ignited through cracks in the center bl-ick wall between the two boilers five minutes after tbe No.1 burner had been lit. The rear wall . V!01s booged ruld pushed back about nine inches. The How the PennsYlvania. through nsearch and experimentation. utilizes' the advances' of ~cjence., new inHcl1tiOllS and improved technical process"s for the improvl.':ment of its freight and passenger sl,rlrice is tyld in. III , soecial n:nnrl w},irh h"" ....At-P... !-j.,\!....,..,..." ~",",.i" ,,_"j."ll.w,",' (',emlllldliilttlt@lJ@! BtJlll!lnm l1t"iltlilil en DIlItltit ttiCIlllJilllill.'ltl!rtlIDH The rq)ort of the preYcntiYe engineering committee of tht Air Hygiene Foundatioll, wrincn by Professor Philip Drinker of Harvard, chairman. and other technical speciali"b on the cmnmittee. ;}chises that engineers in the "<!ust\' trddes" can and should cut heavy dust concentratiolls - below the present limits 'warra'ntec1 by medical knowlt:dge, This action is important, the report explains, not onlY iIJ ilwther safeguard the health of workmen but to ~i\'l: employer,; the maximum protection against 1111- jU:'t claims, Concerning the size of dust ]:k'lrticles. the report oj tions between dusts with 10 percent and 40 ')ercem quartz, especially when medical experts are reluctant to make definite statements as to the comparative significance of such differences, ' "It would he well to realize that men \\'orking i:, dust, tl'ades suffer far more from respiratory trouble!, of ail kinds than do men who work in clean air. The e \'idenct' that excessiye dustiness of any kind is harmful is beyoll(l argument." The committee attributes the handicap in this general field to the lack of fundamental data and recommends <l number of specifiC enginecrill~ researches for tIll.' FOlllldation tu 111lclenakc in the coming year. serH''; th,]t milch ha;; heen lllJ(k oj til(' fact rhat partick:, found in autopsied lungs nre of the onler of 1 micron (~'~;.()nll of an inch )-ahout like the common hacteria, It is ar~lle(1. tbtrl"fore, that the human anato1llY and physlolog\' exercises "some phenomenally accurate size Rrading which excludes larger particles," The report says "theri' i~ no rea~on whateHT tn look for ;111\' sl1ch nlYsrcriot1s cxplanation, The sizing is done in th,,'air htfor~' the dust is hreathed and 110t I,,' the man ailer it h,ls beeD hre<lthed." It j, pointed ou't that thl' larg'.'r particles H.-nil til fall fr"lll the air hy tlH'ir (I\I'n \\ei,!C:hl and that "onl\' 11l1's" sillan en(Hlgli \(1 act as raft ..i the transp()rting ai-r stn'alll are likel\' ('\,C'r to real'h thl' \\' illia11l Hogenson has heen named special rep resentatiYe on TOllcan I ron enameling stock according tl) an an1101111cel11ent by F, H, Ramage. manager of sales pronlotion. Republic Steel Corporation, His work \I'ill be in COl1jullctillll with that department uncler the new Product Deyeloplllent DiyisiolL :\1 r. B(Jgen~"n comes to Repuhlic with a hack!C:r<Jtllld (Ii technical and husiness training !.-!aineci at the uni \'lT~itie~ (If ~1 ichigan and Chic; .go. and <t clo,c as~()ciati(Jll \lith th(' ('nClllwjing indu,tr\' tilfotl';:h hi, lllO,! r(,Cl'llt COlllll'Cti"n, l-hil'a,g,; Yitre<Ju"" Fnanwi Prociuct, Cnlllp~ill\-, Itln~:--." ':1n di"ea~es stich as silicosis and asbestusi:" particles must reach the a:'\-eo!i (minute air sacs oi the lungs) or no silicosis or Clf;h('stosis 1'CsultS, In maladies like hay f(,Hr, the harm is done by particles which may be 15-30 microns instead of 1 micron, "Toxic dusts :;uch as lead and manganese are much more liktlv to produce ill effects if hreathed than if swal\O\,-e(1. Tbe rea:,on for this difference is physiological; it is established and should not be ignored in dust control problems,Again. common-sense tells us that the finer particles of lead are yastly more apt to be breathed than the larger. "It follows then that dust control for hygienic reasons should bo:' aimed ar the fine rather than the coarse particles, Continuin~; this argument to its logical conclusion, if one could avo;;<1 use of 1 micron dusts or less. or exclude them from the dust which passes a 325-l11esh screen, near!y all dust diseases would be eliminated, This is not at all an academic idea, for de-dusting processes are not new amI are being applied in many industries, If s()1l1e of the mechanical ingenuity which is now being anpliecl unthinkingly to creating 1 micron dust were directe(l to way:; for avoiding it. probably it would lw discover~d that dusts which are too large to he breathed would sen'e many processes just as well as those which are around 1 micron in size." The n~port includes a table gl\'ing latest available i!1- formation on the minimum air velocities necessary 111 certain industries to insure the maintenance of dust con- centrations at safe levels, The Jlreventi ve engineering committee assert,s th~ t many firms have neglected heayy dust concentrations 111 case~ whej'e the .-lust is of no pron"!1 harm. and adds: "There' is no satisfac{ol'\' medical answer at present to thi5 question, hut the engineer j" making a had mistake if he let5 men hreathe heavy dust concentratiulls of any material. If flO other H'ason fur dust control can Ill' found, then one should read transcripts of some of the r('(ent suits at common law in which fantastic damages for alleged silicosis were gmTlted to men who breathed dust containirw little or no silica, The courts and-compensaticm boa;ds :are not impressed with subtle distinc- The Engineering Experimental Station of 1he 'Cniversit\' of I11inois has issued recently a series of bulletins dealil;g with a variety of enginee~ing problem s. Bulletin 1'\0, 283, written by Frederick G, Str.H1 b, deals with "A SttHh of the Reactions of Yariotls I nore;anic and Organic Salts in Preyenting Scale in Steam Hoilers," Bul1etin No. 28-1-. dealing with "Oxidation and Loss of \\'eight of C\a\ Bodies during Firing." was \\'-itten hy William R. :\Iorgan, Bulletin ::\0, 285, "Pos:ihle I\.~ covery of Coal from \Vaste at Illinois Mil1i:s." v.as written bv Cllwde M. Smith and David R, Mitchel1. Bulletin ::\'0. 286, by Hardy Cross. discusses and de- scribes an "Analysis' of Flo~,' in Ketworks of Conduits or Conductors." Copies of these 11l1hlications rna\' he ohtainecl withuut charge upon application to be Engineering Experimental Station. Urhana. Ill.. up 1.0 March 1, 1937. or until the supply is exhausted, 0' B~'lP'lr'fIjj AJIlII'<IlJlhrll~s N<!l"'%v l~lIIlll11ll!1<illllllt<ll'~" S~lh" P1l'iIllIlUItl!lJl1l!UtUili!ll M, J. Czarniecki, vice-president in charge of sales. A. M. Byers Company. Pittshurgh. announces tIc fol1O\\'in~,: appointments that were made effective 1\0,'e111ber 2, 1936: George B. Cushing as manager of sales promotion, M r. Cushin<y came with A. 1\1, Ihers Company ill 1928 to organiz~ and head the present advertising department. Subsequently in 1931 he org3ni~ed a. tech~lica~ 'Jrornotion group now known as the Eng1l1eenng Sen'IC<' Dep"1't- l11ent. H. D, Landes. who has heen in the kellln:a1 gT011]> since its inception. has heen appointed mana!:er of the Engineering Service Department. 1'. C. \\'inans. who has been in the aclvenisillg depl1iment since 1930, has 'been appointed adverti:;ing man- ager. Both the manager of the engineering servi ~e uellari- ment and the advertising manager become a {,art or the r'UIIII~I~lllli: II,-:' 'IIIIII II:: I, I -' ..... BUeI!llUJ ~1.rll!keHr' aud PHnlte Fabllt"ile.mlltol" R"1r. U. S. Pat. Off. VOLUME XXXVI NUMBER 12 liIPWl'HUSHF.O Monthly by th& Sh:nruorr,-So,U'd",a" PubliahilL~ Com IUHI y. ~O 131)9 )';iol>l" Str.,et. Philarldph-ia. P". with Edit.orial IChl11'ch g""""l. :-Oow YDrk City. ,md 105 W. AcltlIll. and E<ecutiv~ Olli""" Street.. ChiCllgu, Ill. at W>W!ItiHMtoll. O. C.: 1$32 N"tiowll Prt'&!! Iluildioll'. CI~v<;Jat>d; T.,..ruin...1 Tow.,... ~Pr!wmi,d"~1ntO.. Dunn, Chairman of ll,>Itrd. tl,,"yy u",. Pre.idtut, C. Lur'u. 1.1. Sh.".rnall. \ i""'Pr....irleOl. Roy V Wright. RVi. oMo-iPllrire..iVdi~.,"..t.. cnd :;""'''''IAry, If. II. Tholttl''l,m. \ lli', C. Kooh, Vioo-Pr",ident. John Ti<.-DI~'''M''o''it''t'''.'t.T. "E".""Tu.rtHir.owson, Vic&Pre.id,mt. CSiullbi1cL"d"lrlii,ptIiouYilplil;Yri,oaa2in.00U,H2it8)TdeSatt'lul. r$e~.,aOuO;d P'"'H"""ionu. I y.".,.. fo<eign countriell, I $Y2B.0llr0.B23Y.0"0",",~,, $~,OO; y"""," ~5.Q{J. Sin,l(le copi"",, 35 ""ntll ",,",h. pItr"t':!:l"t":e'":t"iina(<>trhc~hio~nu'g8" or add..."." .bould reach us vdUI whicn it iN to go illw on 0.. WON! effect. It jg th.. 15th difficult or the IllO<t!.b Dnd often im.. r>C>!lllibl~, to supr.fy huck numh""" to ""place tho"" undeliv.".oo through (ailuro to tW:lnd UdVtH}tXJ notico In s.ending U:iI ChUDgt! of udtir~ pJeau..e he "'UN! to ~od liOO your old Hddr~ UH wdllW lhe new oue. AddrOS!! H. E. ~1C(':HndICtlS. circula- tion tntinagc.r, 30 Church Street. New York. N. Y BOILER l\'IAItEIl AND PI.ATE FABRICATOR", 8 memtw,y of th" AllIlOciut8d Busin""" Papenr, loc. (A. B. P.). uud !.b" Audit Il""",u or Circulation, (A. B. C.) H~:I.DWnO,l1H\!'tlLu~SDToAn!alid'.IfA:l!WcHia.l.tH! ,EBdritoowr.n. Edito<. L S.IlJodll"tt. Managing Ediuw. BlISIt-;ESS MANAGER: Warner Lumbard, been definitely successful, the use of dectric weldin,,,, In the manufacture of heavy machiner:r can be incre~sed many fold. As a first step there:'ore, the program 'l.'vill concentrate on the converting of cast parts to welded steel in machinery construction. H. S. Card, formerly editor of jhe tre!dill[] Eilyillt'l'r, has been appointed development :lin"Ctor of the h"dd- ing- section and will be in char:;e of the Pitts!Jmp 11 office, " D .. IlL~ltjbllttl.lldil1l!lil ",JJlon.lIw MILtllllli llliJillill<llill 'lJl'ltull'"ll"illWUiII ilCtlOIl"p!llf;1r6ILtiOIlIl Wil lliIt\ll';!lbi8lll!IIl"<I&1lill ~illil~lijjlliil'411" The Metal & Thermit I\ew York, announces that CDo, rLp.or:I:ltaiothni,as1j2o0ineRdroiatdsw~at:<l-"!r on ~ovember 2 in the capacity of research engineer. I k is the inventor of a number of Upes of Welding dc"l'- trudes and processes; and at the :\1, ,tal and Thermit Cor poration will be in charge of electrode research and Ill:' velopllent. EDITORIAL COMMEl'<T. Pa~e . .. ,.323 GENERAL: l\ev. Haven SteT(O }l&"l TtHin F~Htun.:'8 He..Jer Automatic Roilier. S!achine-l~1ade Jobs aud Pres-ent (--IDployment. Steamutive---- A Modf'rn Power Vuit . ... :.\,:iarine Steam Boiler Dev~lopments .. Explo...;jollfl in Compressed Air Lin~ . All-Welded Smok,,,tack Erocl<l ..... . Application of Gorle Rul~ to \'t~ls Unde.. Exteruul Pr"(,*",,"l"\~ ... JI-V; fsiH BuildiPIt: Loccmotive Flash HuBer .. " . . . " . .. . L.org(' \\ dd. d iPr"""ur~ V""""I ... , .... , . i;~!g::~~ ~~~J~;li~lijt ~ith"\V~~~i Bar~~i. Wddiug 1Ie.ed in Odd Fabr:cating Job. PnH~ticul Pbte Deve..J.oprnellt-X1X . llald'lvin-..t:.:i.outbwllrlt:. Df'vekp \Veld T~tf'r. " ;;;'~~~rn~:~}~Hri~;~s~l~o~{:~}:;~/)~\:rd:~ f:nmmittt',C" Rf'!lwrts on Dust Control H~:public App.oint.s SpB('ial lir"pn'"S.Putativt' By('~ App.oints l'iew Mnnu(..<p"r of Salf'-";j Promo I ion l1LESTlO"S ,,:-.i0 A.\'SWEH": Srllolu~"tw'k Bn'{"clling J.AN'OUlOti\'~ Hoih'r 1Iors'",)()\I,j'r Fluf'" Sht'"d Brace.s and Slityt){Jih ASS(J(:IAT!(J:-'S SELECTED PATEi\TS . " ..... ~24 :128 329 331 331 332 333 337 3H 3n 338 338 :S:)9 :H2 342 3t2 :\43 :\43 :\1:\ :lt3 :11;; :\I;; :117 3,18 newl'1 formed sales promotiun group headed b\' ;\1 r. Cus]ling. R. Ii, Gardner, formerly of the \ \'ashill}.,>ion, D. C, office of A. M. Byers COllllmny, has been appointed manager of pipe sales and will take over all sales management duties in connection with wrought iron and steel tubular products. JlI1Ifj)H)lJilliite.l!Uit~1fIII1'il 1l' 'ibli-'Il"Wdilw;g :iltudiri"d Realizing the need for co-operati\'e deyelupment of the industrial applications of the electric welding process, the electric welding section of the K ational Electrical :\lanufacturers' Association has established development headquarters in the Frick Building, Pittsburgh. The welding section has initiated a program of co-operatin: industry development to irn'estigate the electric welding market and determine the possibilities of extending it. It has been conservati\'ely estimated that by securing the \",idest possible adoption of applications which have RIVETED PLATES.-A pamphlet describing tilt: CIH1- struction of a large tunnel shield fabricated Iw ri ':eling' has been issued by the William B. P )llock Com!;am', Skl~l plate fabricator, Youngstown, O. . BLAST CLEANI;:\fG._The Pangborn Corporation. Hag- ebrosrtnowtynp, eMRdA.,-2hasRoistsoubeldastbucllleeatinninNg )u. n2it0.1aTohnisthdec\IiJcaengi~- used for the cleaning of castings a nd forgings of vari- ous metallic materials and steel proJucts of innumcraiJie shapes and sizes and operates witlout the use of el)l1densed air. AIRCO ACETYLENE.-A. booklet eUided "A.ireo ..\eet\,lene" has been prepared by the Air f,eductiun Sales l"J!;Ipan}" ~ew York. and gi\'es a cUl1ci"e presentation of tlw ston' of aeetvlene versus \'ariolls (,ther fuel ua~l'~. \ diagram worthy of consideration is lflclllded in "rill' h, JI ,klet and shows the cumparative cOlliurnptioll IIf 1l\.\C:"I: h\' the YariollS i llel gases, FOj;/:\c I 'uEssEs,--TI1e ChanilllTSi)llrg En~iJl'TI'lllC: COlllpany, ChamiJersiJurg, Pa.. has !>ublj"lwci rt'ct'1Il1 \ ;1 new catalogue on the Chambersburg 'L-nited" high-sp"'l"d steam-hydraulic forging presses. _~ complete (ksuiption is given of the operation of he various h'p", III presses. Illustrations are shown ofnstallalions in \arious industries and tables of dimensi,ms nf lhe cOlllplek line of presses are included. ~rO~EL ;\IETAL.-A bulletin entitled "Strength 1'1115" has been recently published hy the Intemarional Xickel Company, Inc., Xew York, that descibes rhe ~\)luti()11 r" scores of metal problems encounten~rl by the (,llgint:n. This bulletin, profnsely illustrated, C)\'ers ~peci fic problems in engineering fields from hydnelectric and ste:tlllpower plants to highway maintenanc:, refrigeration and automobiles, in which applications of ::"10nel can he llSl'd successfully, STEAM GE;:\fERATIXG EQcn'MEc,T.---/\ new hu-iJ.er catalogue, l'\o. 102, of striking design a lid appearance, has been recently puhlished by the Edge :\loor Iron \\'od,:s, ::\ew York, manufacturer of process cquipmFllt. b,)i1('r.; and welded steel products. .'\11 types I Jf watertul){:" hoikrs manufactured by the Edge Moor Iron \\'(Irks are cm'ereel in the calalogue and important access xie;; sllch as water walIs, air preheaters, and waste-Iwat boilers are urieHy discussed. tluestioDS aud Allswers PertUIDldllniuG t8 Boilers , i ! ,II Tills department is maintained for the l)lu:rpooe of helping those who desire assistau-x on boiler and plate fahrirntiug IJ>wblems. Inquiries should b_ the lllHme mollS aonomdmuandidCr9e.stsioonf.t~hev."i'lTl inteort. Arumvbe ron- Gidered. The identity of the writer, however, will not be discloooo unless Sfieciw permission is itiven to do w. i"}.- llJ rt'[t;, l Ii 1', p..tlhH! 1)1 i:!y[.ut be. l~ \.'Lt,,, di~\lllf!C \\ itl! the byt.tll (,{ ~n)(Jlt' .. t~.. d.: hr~t:'~j,1\1~:"'. GI' tht" ~3m(' a!J),lH'd tr, a Slll,dln ::;tall.: ut (jIlt' t.~f le- .. 1 t lall .!.! i~~tl ~~;tt tol: tilt> hulln:- J. L. 1 .-\ ..-Th... dnel(Jjll1ll'lH (,f the brl'eching ~Uh111i1tt"d with the qUl'stiOll is shown ill Practical Platt DeYelop111ent .-\rtic1e :\ 1:\. The method of developing the breeching would be the same should the diameter of the stack he made less than 22 inches. Problem No. 15 of Practical Plate Develor ment shows such a condition. the solution or which will appear in the January issue. locomotive Boiler Horsepower Q.-1 n your QlJl::stions and Answt:r~ D.tllartment of BOILEU )liIAKl::u Asn PU.TE F.4.i.LJUlCA-fOU, I ~ce tha.t )'VU givlt some vny interesting and hdpful information, .:and I 'Io-Vondt'r if ~'OU would publi~h th~ metbod~ used to calculate th~ uoyst:power of all ordinary locomotive boiler which arrit!"s 200 pounds pt''! 5quarot inch !:tiearn pressure. 1\i. ",y. S. A.~The question does not include the proper infor- mation for detennining the horsepower of a boiler. Boiler horsepower is taken as a measure of evapora- tion. One boiler horsepower is equal to the evaporation of 34.5 pounds of water per hour from and at 212 de- grees F. For locomotive boilers, it is generally desirable to make the hoiler and cylinder horsepower equal. The following rules are based on cylinder and boiler horsepower and Oil proper evaporating values being as- signed to firebox, tube and flue, arch tube and combus- tion chamber heating surfaces. Hon;cj)[)wer = 0.02120 X r X A for saturated steam. JiorSCj)o'wer = 0.02290 X P X A for superheated !.i:earn. \\'here: p ,= hoiler pressure, pounds poer square inch. A ,= area of one cylinder in square inches. Maximum horsepower is assumed to be reachtd at the follow- ing piston speeds: Saturated steam- 700 feet per minute. S\l:~erheated steam-WOO feet per minute. The am-ount of steam rrquired per hour. Pft horsepower is taken ali foHows: Saturated steam = horsepower X 27.0 poun<!s. Super'healen sleam = horsepower X 20.8 pounds. The pounds of steam evaporated per hour I>ef square foot of heating surfa:e are taken as follows: Firehmt heating surface = 55 pounds per hour per square foot heating surface. Cumbustior chamber heating surface = 5S pounds p.er hour 1)t-r square foot heating surface. Firebox wate.tubes == 55 pounds per hour per s.quan:: foot heating surface. 2-inch tubes. 18 feet long, l')],.-i11(h spaces = 9.: 'f pounds per = hour per square foul heating surface (base l\furc). 2)4-inch tube" 18 feet long. Ir:'in-inch spaces ](1.0 p()unds per hour per square f (Jot heating surface (base: igure). . The yalues for tuoe heating surfaces vary with the Sl'<tCi11;': and 1<'11I-->1h uf tht' tuhl's. \'ariuus engillC('l'in!.!: handbooks gi\'e tahles of ('\'<lporation for tub:':, and Due" 1111' \'arious leJ1l.-rths and spaciJl;':. Example : A locoll1otiyl' with 23-inch by :?:--:-inch cylij(kr~. llSlllg saturated steam at 200 pounds pressure: Horsepower = 0.02120 X P X A. Horsepower = 0.02120 X 200 X 415.48. Horsepower = 1761. Total steam consumption per hour = 1761 X Z; = 47,547 pounds. Firebox area assumed to be 212 square feet wilh eyaporatioD at 55 pounds: consumption = 11,660 pounds per hour. 47,547-11,660 = 35,887 rounds stearn 10 be e\aporatl'd by tubes. The heating surface area of one 2-inch ttlhe. 20 fed long, after deducting for tull{' sheets = 10.423 squ~re fed. Tuhes 2 inches diameter, 20 feet long, spaced ~ ~ -inch ,ate of evaporation = 8.32 pounds per hour per SQI:are foot heat- ing surface. Evaporation for each tube = 10.423 X 8.32 = E::'.7 pounds per hour. Number of tubes requi,ed = 35,887 -7- 86.7 = 4' 0. \\'ith a given boiler, the problem reverts to ohtaining the horsepower based on the actual heating ~:ltrface of the boiler and comparing- it with the cylinder horsepower based on the size of the cylinders and the bo ler pressute. The boiler horsepower based on e\'aporat on should be at least equal to 100 percent of the cylinder horsepower. Flue Sheet Braces :and Staybohs Q.~\\~hat would b~ the load in pounds per sqU3'1'"t:' i:nC:1 Ort "-t horn nut: shC-d brac~ of 1 3/] 6.inches diamet~r. supporting 80 g,. llaH incht'~ of 11boiler ]02 lr1tht'!i in diameter and carryirtl{ 220 pounds ]It L'~urt: P{T c;quarC! inch. Please Also show show figures ill fiftUTl""S in full 5hf(ull\l".'sinh~owhionwg how this is dl'nc to flnd the an.:l of any "::I\i'Zt Ot n st.aybolt at tht" root of thrt-ad or at the r-tduced stctio: l. )nint1s the a'fl:d of the telltale ho1".-J. G. M. A.-The question does not include sufficient informa- tion on the type of brace used, or the mar.ner in which the brace is connected to the tube sheet to give a com- plete answer. Using the information as given in the question, the problem resolves itself intc, deit'nnining the stress on a 1:~~ c.-inch diameter hrace fI ~d supporting 80 square inches of a front tuhe sheet, srpporting 220 pounds boiler pressure, and is as follows: The product of the net area in square inches multi- plied by the maximum allowable workini: pressure in pounds per square inch. giYCs the load to be supported by the brace. Assuming 80 square inches to be the net 345 .... !- "" 3"16 8oi18r Ivbk8( ~!'ld Plate Fi'lbn.::ntol area to be supported by the brace, the total load sup- ported by the brace would be: 80 X 220 = 17,600 pounds, load sUj:l}Qrted by brace. The load on the brace in pounds lwr square inch. usually termed the stress on the brace in pounds per square inch, would be the tot;d load on the hrace di vided bi' the llet ermis-sectional area iii the brace. - 2)!! w.oTuhlde chreo:ss-sectional area of a 1:1 1a-inch diameter hrace 1.1875 3.1,,/,16 X ( = 1.108 square inches. found by obtaining the diameter at tie root of the tlwe~ld) as follows: First obtain the depth of the thread from the following formulas: C. S. Standard Thread (Fig. 1) = = ------__ P pitch 1 ~ ~o. threads Pi" inch = depth = pitch X 0.6-1)5 pitch f = flat = - - 8 \\'hitworth Standard Thread (Fig, :~) The stress in pounds per square inch on the brace would he: 17.N!O-:-. 1.100 = 15,893 pound,; per square inch. total load or ;;tress on the brace. TIJi,; load wuuld he ill 'exce~,; of the maximulll allow- 1 = p' pitch = - - -__ ~ 0, threads p,:r inch = = r radius pitch X (J.I3:'3 = i depth = pitch X OJ)~ 133 Sharp V Thread (Fig. 3) abIt- stre,;s for stayholts and stays or braces as provided [or in the A.S.:\!.E. ['ower Boiler Cude. The cllde pro\'ides as follows: P = pitch = -----I --___ t = depth = !\o. threads per inch p X 0.750 "M.AXI;t.fClJ ALLOWAlH. S'fUES'sl!-'!i FOk ST.\YBOLTS AND STAYS Oll Bll.-\CES Dt'scriprion of staybolts .:ll\d stays or braces a 'Crn\;thit:d or flexible sta\'holts less than S~rt."~st:s, pounds pt"r :-;quare inch r----~_--.-J'\..._,. _ _~ For It:n~ths For l~ngths hdwt:'t:'11 SUll- b.ctween sup- pons not ex('el'JiJl~ 120 diamdtT..,l pnrts exce~d~ ing 1.20 diatn~ clers! then obtain the diameter at the root d the following formula: where: D' = D-2i D' = diameter at root of threads jcl J) = diameter of sta\'bolt in inche:. t = depth of threads in inches. the thread inches. rror;:l twenty diamekrs1 long, scrtwed through plate:; v;ith ends rivded o\'t:'r..... lJ HoHow' s,(I::'eI staybolts less than twenty diann:tep"l long, ~cre\vt'd through plates with t:nds riveted oVer.. .. c Cllv;eldt'd .qavs or braces and tlllwelded porrions or ~...el(h:d stays or hract"s..... . d Stt::eJ through stays or braces exceeding I Yi incbeg dialllt'-ter i .. _ . . . . . . . " Wdd<d fWlrtion, of sbys Or oraces...... 7,'::00 S.I..(HJ 9,500 lOAOO 6,O()() B.jOO 9.000 6,000 The area at the root of thread woud then be; 'D')" Area at root of threads = 'iT X~' _ . - in square inches. '. :2 where: 7T = 3.1'+16. J Dianlt:~t:"r-s tal(t:"n at bo(iy of stay or brace l\ssuming that the stay in question was an unwelded staY, the length of which exceeds 120 diameters. the lJ' = diameter at root of threads i(l inches. From this area, the cross-sectional ~.rea of the tell-tale hole is then taken and the resultant ;:trea vmuld be the least cross-sectional area of the staYi)o It. diclilleter of the brace, in order to support the load as .\ssull1ing for example. a stal!J(ilt ] -inch in diaillercr. 12 '-tllrl'ads per inch. with a :1; ti~illCI tell-tale IlOilo. the least cmss-s('ctinllal area would he: first. ()Iltain pitch of thrl'ad~. (/' I 1 /' =~- 12 Fig;. 1.-0. S. $rar"lhld nw~~tl fig. 2.-Whitworth Stitrtd~rd Thread fig. 3.-Shitrp V Thr",~d /' = 0.mJ3 inch then, olitain depths of thread. (t) t = 0.0833 X 0.75 = 0.062~75 illch g1\'e11 in the question and still stay within rhe maximull1 allowable stress on braces. would he calculated as iolluws: Detel'mine the required cross-sectional area of the brace. hy first computing the total load to he carried by the brace. and dividing' the total load, by the value of then, ohtain diameter of root of thread. j)' = 1 - 2 X 0.062.+75 = 1)' 1 -0.124950 [)' = 0,875 inch. then, obtain area at root of thread a.' follows: = the allowable stress for 111lwelded hraces for lengths between supports exceeding 120 diamel{ r~. Total load OIl hrace = 17Ji)() pOllnds. .-\lIowable stress Oil .';tay inch. El500 plJllI1ds per S(luare 17,600 -:-- 8500 = 2.07 square inches. Referring to any engineering handbook we find that a 1:VB-inch diameter hrace has a cross-sectional area of 2.07..:j. square inches. Thus. to support 80 sgtlare inches of surface. under a load of 220 pounds per square inch and stay within the allowable stress of 8500 pounds per square inch, a 1%-inch diameter brace rod would ha \'e to be used. Staybolts, g-enerally. are either threaded with 'C. S. Standard, \Vhitworth or Sharp V-threads, with 12 tlueads lJ<tr inch. The area at the root of the thread is Area = . 3.1416 (0.875):Il X -2- A.rea = 0.6013 square inch frolll this deduct the area of circle or: a :)1,i-inch diameter 0.6013 - 0.02761 = 0.57369 square inch area at root of thread with area of the tell-talc holeledllcted. The area at the reduced section is (btained by using the diameter of the sta\"bolt at the redU(,.:d section. This dial1leter should he ch~cked against thi diameter at the root of the threads and whichever is the least should he: used in obtaining the least cross-secti:mal area of the sta\'bolt. ~"';'"~?:;''-j ,'v:- ~l'lbJ;,r. :)S9i6 3'f),- ' "'I'," Executive Board-One Year: George L YOtmg, A!!!t!!ilflllVeiilmdll!llillill.@I boiler foreman, Reading Company; C. 'IN. BuffingtoD, 8urlJ:;;llJ1I1 tl}U.JlJI<l';U}W((]fltii'l'te Inspection of the Intclt'1!ltate Comnlltelt'Ce Commission Chief Inspector-John M. Hall, Washington, D. C. A;sistant Chief Inspector-]. A. Shirley, Washington. Assistant Chief Inspector-J. B. Brown, \Vashington. 8Ur<f:lilitU .[())If N;mwllgaitiioJ'n :!'!ltul1 S1te.1llmOO:!'!t ][nspccltion <lOIf the DCjj.lSlI'llment of Commelt'ce Director---Joseph B. 'Weaver, 'Washington, D. C. ArllhCdeJ]lJ[j Unilfonn ]J]oilllcli' Law Society general master boiler maker, Chesapeake il Ohio Railroad; A. \\T. Kovak, general boiler inspeC' or, Chicago, MihYaukee. S1. Paul & Pacific Railroad. Arne:U'ican Rouer ~lla](ltJIjfa<CilHrtClr' PhSii.,ncll;muion President: Starr H. Barnum, The Bige1cw Company, New Haven, Conn. Vice-President: \\T. F. Keenan, Jr., Fo,;ter \\'heeler Corporation, Kew York. Secretary-Treasurer: A. C. Baker, 7m; I{ockefeller Chairman of the Administratiye Council-Charles E. Gorton, 95 Liberty Street, New York. Boi1clr w..JIe CommllHee of the American Sociietv of Mechanical lSlllgltneelt'S Chairman-D. S. Jacobus, New York. Acting Secretary-M:. Jurist, 29 W. 39th Street, New Building, Cleveland. O. Executive Committee (Three years) ; A. \Y. Strong, Jr., The Strong-Scott Manufacturing Company, Min- neapolis, Minn. R. J. Bros, \Villiam Bros Boiler & ~/Ian ufacturing Company, Minneapolis, :!\linn. E. R. Stone, \\'estinghol1se Electric & Manufacturing Company. East Pittsburgh, Pa. (Two years) : E. E. Knublock. Union York. )'!;:8ti<G1l111li ill:<Gard of liluiiler amIPlt'es8tbl"e Vessel Inspectolts Chairman-\Villiam H. Furman, Albany, N. Y. Secreta!\'-Treasurer-c. O. ~1 vers, Commercial National Bant: Building, Columbus, Ohio. \' ice-Chairman-F. A. Page, San Francisco, Cal. Statistician-L. C. Peal, Nashville. Tenn. Intell'flallo:rlal ]8;!:'otheJthood of ]8;<Gileli' l\1akeli''', Wddi<tftl.llll"mll Shiiplhuildelt'1!l am! Hdpell's of AmeJrica Knt<tmational President-J. A. Franklin, Suite 522, Brotherhood Block, Kansas Citv, Kansas. Assistant International President-J, N. Davis, Suite Iron \\' arks, Erie, Fa. A G. \Veigel. C01'lbustion En- gineering Corporation. New York. J. F. Dillon, Jr.. Struthers-\Yells-Titusville Corporation. VVarren, Pa. (One year) : F. H. Daniels. Riley Stoker Corporation, \Yorc-ester. l\lass. 1\1. E. Finck Murrav Iron \\~orb, Burlingtol1. la. A. G. Pratt. Bal)Cock &: \\'i1cox Com- pany, :'\ew York. (Ex-Ofticio): Starr H. Barnum, The Bigelo\\' (ompany. New Haven, (onn. \Valter F. Keenan. J r., Foster \Vheeler Corporation, New Yode OFFICE OF INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY COMMITTEE, 15 PARK Row, NEW YORK IVIanager-James D. Andrew. Secretary-H. E. Aldrich. 522, Brotherhood Block, Kansas City, Kansas. Stoeoel Plate lFabrilClllitlOlffl AsoodutllO)j(ij International Secretary-Treasurer-Chas. F. Scott, Suite 506, Brotherhood Block, Kansas City, Kansas. Editor-Manager of Journal-L. A. Freeman, Suite 524, Brotherhood Block, Kansas City, Kansas. International Vice-Presidents-Joseph Reed, 3753 President - Merle T. Trees, 37 WeE;t Van Buren Street, Chicago, Ill. States and Cities That 1[1avlI'; Adopitll';{li due A.S.M.E. )Boilll';:!" Ctvclte S. E. lvladison Street, Portland, Ore.; W. A. Calvin, States Room 402, A. F. of L. Building, Washington, D. C; Harry Nicholas, 6215 S. Benton Blvd., Kansas City, Mo.; W. E. Walter, 637 N. 25th Street, East St. Louis, Ill. ; J. H. Gutridge, 2178 South 79th Street, W. Allis, \Vis.; W. G. Pendergast, 1814 Eighth Avenue, Brook- lyn, N. Y; W. J. Coyle, 424 Third Avenue, Verdun, Montreal, Quebec, Can.; A. M. Milligan, 262 Trent Avenue, East Kildonan, Man., Can.; J. F. Schmitt, 28 S. Roys Street, Columbus, Ohio; William Williams, Arkansas California Delaware Indiana Maine . Maryland Michigan 1\1 innesota Missouri New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania \Cities Rhodl: Island Utah Wastington \iVisconsin District of Columbia Pana:na Canal Zone Terri:ory of Hawaii 1615 S. E. 27th Avenue, Portland, Ore. Chicago, Ill. Los Angeles, Cal. Mennhis, Tenn. ~li:6ls1l.eli' Boiler Makcli's' Association President: l\l. \'. ::\1 iltOl1, chief boiler inspecto.r, Canadian l\;ational H.aih\ay. Yicc-President: \Yilliil11l 'X. :-Ioore. general hoikr furcl11an,_ Perc Marquctte 1<.ail\\';1\-. Secretary-Treasmer: Alben F. Stigl111cier. general foreman hailer maker, :'\ew York Centra'! S\'~tel11. \\'est Detroit, Mich. St. Joseph. Mo. Erie. Fa. St. Louis, :Mo. EYanston. III. Scranton. Pa. Homton. Te..x. Seattle. \Vash. Kansas City, ?\1:o. Tulsa, Okla. l\aslll'ille. Tenn. Om'lla. ?\eb. ParklTshurg. '-Y. Va. Philcdelphia, Pa. Tampa, Fla. States and Cities Accepting Stamp lOll' due '\'at~(J;lt1lal Board of Boileli' and Prcssurc "Vessel 1[m,pccW'r8 Albany Shop. Addres5. 29 Park\\'ood So:('ct, Alhan\,. K. Y. . Chairman ExecutiYe Board: "'iJliam 1\. :\T oorc. Execut;yt, n<>ar<l- -Th1'ee Year~: \ \'illi;ml :\. }loorc. general hOller lOrell1:l11. Pen~ ::\1arqul'ttl'l\.ailroac\; Carl c\. Harper. general boiler inspcc[llr. llnelam1. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. L()ui~ l\ailruad: E. C. l~l11lallf. supen-isor of hoilers. Erie Railroad. Executive Board--Two Years: ~1. \ -. 11 ilton. chief hoiler inspector, Canadian l\ational Rail\\,;1\': Charles J. Kline, locomotin' inspector, Interstate Commerce Commiss'ion: Sigurd Christopherson, supervisor of boiler inspection and maintenance, Kew York, New l-bxE'n Ii.: Hartford Railroad. Arkansas California Delaware Indiana ~raf\'land Mici1igan Chicago, Ill. Detroit, Mich. Erie, Pa. Kansas City, Mo. Sllall"S l\fimwsota ::'Ilissouri Xew Tersev New 'york Ohio Oklahoma Oregon }'ennsv1vania Rhode: Isbnd Utah \ \ ' ashinQion Wiscon~in CitieEl Memphis, Tenn. St. Louis, Mo" Nashville, Tenn. Scranton. Pa, Omaha. Neb. Seattle, \Vash" . Parkersburg, \V. Va. Tampa, 'f;la. Philadelphia, Pa, Se)hleeted Patents Compiled by Dwight B. Galt, P,~t-ent laW'jer, Earle Building, Washington, D. C. Readers desIDing copies of patents or any in:fmmation regarding patents or uade marks should correspond directly with lVk Gallt. ~~t!1her beneath the i1orm~t water h:vel of the hoil.ft'~ tnt;:.3:1$ yc;r m;J!~,,-:: 1:unrng a )j~pply of water. m the chamh:er, ~ans. ~or tJassing jru.~ llittW.(tW:. from tht' pipe through the ch:ambe-r whIle ma.mialtuntt it Otll: M cO:!j'ttJj~J 1,868"gS. BOlLEn. CHARLES W. BRABBEE, OF BRO!'<XVlLLE, NEW YOHK, ASSIGKOR TO AMERlCA!'< RADIATOR COMPANY, .oF l\:EW YORK, K Y_, A CORPORATlOK O:F NEW JERSEY. . Claim.--,/'1 boilt:f ,.comprising a g-ratt, a plurality of section!' arranged ~J(lt: by i>ide. ccr'l:am of said Bections each having (-I deptnding watt'f Ult'mw communiC3ting ..:hen:v.:ith and t~rminating ,11 its lowt"T end aoon: with .t1ll' W;!lt:r th~r~ill, a (,oflllt'c~ion from the upper pari of !.aid C-h.ll~l1b-.t:'J to 53ld stt':~m space, two connectIOils from :h~ 1owe:r part of the citJlmbH"f to the wah:r !ipace of tite boiler, and means for <:aU$mg 11 t;u\!w,ditl:fh through said 't4-att:f connt'ctions and chamb-er. Ten clliim.~. 1.91g,420 ARCH FOR BOILER FIllEJlOXES. HOBERT J. ~'EED.. HA:\I, OF TOROXTO. O!,\TARlO, CA!':ADA. CI(JiuI.-I~ .<.i lncoITlotiYe boiler" firebox. 3. hafHe arch :struc.urt:: di\'iclilllr tbt: hreho){ mto ;j combustion chambt'f and a furnact' chamt,ci' Jmd tumprising' a M:Tir:-. of water tuht:s ha \'in~ sp;)c(-'.d p;rrall.t"l hri ,:;":-supp,nftit:i~r re.:u:hes .:a.nd r~ch'l':s laterally {"onv('fged and dlSPOStil m 1>\lf}:y-po~d ~)OlH- tim-iS to pro\-idt: increased communicating Sp.:ict bdW~ii $.!lid (:'omouti.titlfJ c~m[,er and furnace chambt'r; and bricks 6UYJI0'ri.ed by :W1id f-H1t1:lttd rt:ache~ of thlC tubes and closing the spaces thert:!ktw6e~. E: c-VItrJ dllirul.L the pte, .t':.!ch oi :wid m~ro~rs having a transverse opening, said dt:'- pending w.ait'r tn-emben. b\:lng ar:rangtci sid!:: by ~ide and cooperating to form a d,::-pl::llding h:~dfl~ extending transv~~dy of th~ nonnal plane of said sectiuH~ ~ud dividing tht space ;above the gr.:lte into two cll.ambtn; ii.rranged Di)1; to tbt: rear 01 the other. tmid t:ransverSe openings .aliuing communlc<:'.tivdy to form a duct extending through said baffle, and lUOtl5 at the .ioWa'" PO:rtiOti 01 u...::a.id baffle for discharging a combustion supporting gas korn ~id duct. Thirty~i:wo claims. . 1,917.617. STL\M BGILEH. A!\CLES. CALIFOR"'lA. RENny A. ULRICH, OF1~OS CI()YJj.~A stam boiler comprising a casing, a iirt: box in :W1id c:':.Jsin$;. mt:ans for heating tbt fire box, a pair of par~l1d st~m dn.tU',!; :JJ.IT2nged in the casing directly above the fire box, lower drums ;2rrl,..ngltd in th.e casing adjacmt 'the fire hox, downwardly and otltw;3rdly ~xktJdinJt bankL of tubt's connecting the ~team drums to the lowl:::r dx-uruB, d agollully t:Jt~ teading and inter-crossing banks of tubes conne-ding th~ ]0,"0 cl" d.rum~ tu 1,864,iJ'. ]vlnCURY CONDENSER WATER TUBE STEAM BOILER. WILLIAM A. JONES OF WESTEHLEIGH, NEW YORK, ASSIGXOH TO THE BABCOCK & WILCOX COMPANY, OF BAYONNE, r<:W JERSEY, A CORPORATION OF NEW JERSEY. Clai....-A wHler '\lb~ boi1~r comprising tnbes and h""d.,.,-s, '10 air tigl:ti casing ar'i1:und ~;:tid tub..::s utLucherl to H.:airl he~dt:r:9, gupports to prt'vltnt l5aid casing (Jom moving ~ow3:rd Sllicl tubt':$.. and means closing- tht: tipaccs bet\,.. .::l:11 ~aid headt'"rs which together with said htadcn; constjtute the ends of ~id (,:Jl!:libg. T~n claims. 1,890.245.. !;TEAM TEM.PERATURE REGlTLATOR. JOHN E. BLACK. or IHJMSOH, NEW JERSEY, ASSIGNOR TO THE BABCOCK & WXLCOX COMPAN\. OJ" BAYONNE, NEW JERSEY, A CORPORATION 0:2" NEW lEnSBY., . the skarn drurns and arranged dirt:i:tly in the path of conlbuytioll frortl the fi:r~ hox... detlt.'cto-r~ drranged bctv..een HIt: finn ::md ~t'c(Jrtd kmk~ 01 tul:>t's, ddl('{tors arra ngt"d hetwt'cn t he first mentioned dcAtnors Hnll thewa.lls of tht ca~ing fur fonning downwnrdly and up'l.raJ"dly t:dt'tlding pa~ t.aRes with tht: first mentioned bauks of tuhes Ltrrangtu in th!' do\vnwardly eXltnding p.<lss.ages, means conuecting the upwardly extcndil,g ~B.:i\a!!~ to a smokt' ~t<l(:k, fted water. bt'uting means in tht' upwardy e-xte:ildinrr 1);:l~s.:uge5 ~nd c<mn~ctffi to tbe steam -drums, l! steam colloct:il~ drum ut'~ r..u-!g(d in tht! ca.~iog bdwe(:,h tht' tokam drums, ;il. series ()t tU'k~ cmmedt:d. tD Ihe .team .it urns throughout the kngths thereof and (0 the "tt;;em cuj leding drum. ~ superh~ate-d 6tt:.;1U1 otttld headtT -a.r:r.:ang~ be1.J\!.' thoe !;t~'ji'l , ,co1te<:tin,s d:rUIU~ and 5up~rheatt:d tuhes conoc>cting- th~ S.ttlLID t?"olltctinlt dt,lUJ.l WIth the super-llt~ah:d steam outlet ht'~idet~ and eXtt::"udm:1: dy\vMWardly th(,mgh the ""v,,"d m~ntinhed banks. 9 tubes. 011", ."bit(l.. I I I , :i ! ~ This (ombin~tiotrn Will He ipYou awtrnt~Uif1il Schedules nd RedVJ(;~ (o~t$ A Ll railway reports indicate that the boiler shops it fe going to be kept very busy for some time to come. (omple~e installations of the 1vi/O~Piece Assembla se com- bined with the llIse of the Electrical Tester will e:liminilte mariV problems, speed up repairs and assure big savings Ifl main- tenance costs. The Two-Piece Assemblage will provide a higher fader of silifeiy, eliminate the cause fer most broken bolts and reduce stock inventories. The Electrical Tester assures an unfailing method o~ jll1$pec- tion-reduees inspection costs by so per eertl( arid inspection time <!It least 60 per cent. Action Now Will Prevent A Lot of lrouble r\ie:d Yei'lr. ER B LT c p y ----~~================================ :======================= ~~--~-~~ FL~ , BRllDGlEVUlllE p PE~~NlA" -:--;'; ", , <~t<. ", GET TOGETHER DEPARTMENT PO::t][TIONS OPEN POSITIONS WANTED POSHliON OPEN Fe,r Foreman ior Boiler Shop. Experienced <)n weId- e l and riveted plate work and laying out. Cap.ahle 0 f handling men. Plant in the 1fetropolitan District. State age, salary retjuired, previous experience. where last employed. Address Box 592, BOILER 1hJ..:EU & PLATE FABRICATOR, 30 Church St., ]\;ew 'York, X. Y. POSHTllON WANTED Lay"rol1t-20 years' exp<:rience in lig-ht and heavy plate wor:" of every descriptiun. Able to estimate jobs. :\<1dress Box 593, BOlLER -"{ A KER A"IJ PL.UE FAHHIl'.\TIIR, 30 Church Street. l\:ew York. X. Y. Classified Advertisements-Help and Situ.Hioll Wanted advertisements appearmg ill the t'Get Together Department," We :ll word an insertion. Minimum ,i charge $2.00 for each insertion. For Sale Advertisements $10.00 a column inch. AllY number of inches may be used. Copy mmt be in this office by the 10th of each ~nol1itlh preceding to insure insertion in the Issue" I I I I I I I I - - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _~ _ _ _ _ . ~ . L(H:OmO~Uve J~I'U:~li Born~e!J I i ~ Il1spectOIr H~ W1H;~ IbOO~( By A. j. O'Nei~ Formerly Locomotive Inspectm", Transit Commission for the Stat!!! of N,~w Yark Furnishes all the information neces~ -y for the boil"t' maker, machinist, engineer or fireman ~,+w wishts 10 pass i an examination for the position of JOl.Omotive or boiler i inspector. One hundred and sixty-two <, uestions are giycn which might well form the basis of all examination rot' inspectors. All Federal laws, rules anI requiremenrs of the Interstate Commerce Commission at r includecL Second edition, 297 pages, 140 i!Ius1 rations, 5 J( 8 inches, flexible binding. ~:2.50 Book Service Dep.ill~"l'l1ljel1ilr SimmOl1!5-l!l:oarclmoilli1J PILIMishiflig COll'pJI(JU'W1ru{VUl;: / FLAIGED AND D~SHED HEADS IFltilJlt'I~j<Bd .!Iil'ild lDi~hed H~.tlld!l of J!ill Itypes, 11'11 li'.lrg~ di<llmeiern oilIl'1Id he<IJvy gci!llJg~li 0 ,UfIJ StCIJlI1d,ud, A.SJVI.IE'i \it~~ilPtktllJl IlIl'11d :uhci!lllow d1i$h spe,dfiC:;l!I~ioftSl JIIre WORTH :liDedci!l~~i;:t-,t:J~ WORTH aUAUN, 1;~rouSih tlnd through. (ttvmpld MtZC~BI'1IM<C<IlI~ Itl!quipl1l\i<l!:n~, e:ll:p<lI:ri 'WorktrHl!1rl of iong e~q)erien\C I\!lI1d~~ illllfdli!:I~l'1It! cillp<!tib~tJl: U\iWII1<lilgUi:MtZl1Jfr <lil1Jd Uiflequt!liedl $hippilrlg f<ldliti~, gUt'wlIl1tee ~he ~ne:lit pO$:liibie work pliis t~tI1: btl1::llt lPo:J;!tj bl<!1: :>tI1:YVlctl1:. SIP;d~1I' WORTH OfIJ 110m ned ordel~<lnd b COftviriced! iLil!:elratulrtf'! and prices upon Irequest. rru>~ESENY A fiVES. i<J"IW Y''''". N. V, W~J.t. C. Dick<ty IjHtt.bl.JiiJ~jl Pl.!!. Md:;:et':,Oliv~(, INc. B",",,,",. IVlliuu. Edw.,d H. Lloyd HCHJil-tti'il, T t.il1tW Th< Corbdt Corp. l~. Aw~"I,. tmm. Ducoctmun Met.l, ....d SupptyCo. ~, LuuJ., WI", Hubbdl & Shorp a ....lllIIicl.OM'" L . Bond O."'oU, MIc~. H. L. S<Yin CIoI<Al~IlI. ill. Th<o. L. Dodd !k Co. s..~ttl W4lilW. W. C $cott, Jr. $uJJ i'l'Uilld"",,,. CuJ[t W. ~;. H~hl,,(d .w ,\i~,,"," ilk 1",.owl<>, Cuwu,"w D(u~';!lot'ld, McCall s~ C,-,ltd. ,1Gns k~o~s b~ito~ ~~~~S. m:n dhlirty years -~i'J been bu-i~a-.: ~ng lbt:.ulelfllL Hl.illdreds oftll!!bes hate~', pal;;;;",d through his skillfui hands.' He'l!J wiiltched them go in'-ak1d 6'e'8' Seek'll ~hem.whell1 they came out. He, kl1ll/JliWlt just abou1l:.wh:at to exp~t from .~ Itub"" the hnilll: time he putS:it tool [.OJ .it. listen ItO what he says abn-wlt NATIONAL Se;llmiess Tubes~v ' :/ uTktiijll go ffl withoil'Jll' tr{lubi.r:. >~Tb,riPt! i~ liH:Jli.vJlillillJ; NA:rfONAL S<elltmleillW .B.oilell' Tu~"< wre lJ,itll'1JJ1ilhi, truliJ tl) 1t';'tlIIl;:" um~. ~__'__ '~" . willicl (l'D.Jilliclv E:trl!!",til!llit 1llilIU tl!lle~l!l"~ jtl~JtiIIlr.!v'- ttbeulr 1l'IIllli<lmwionwl tl"",tHWt"y. Th",!, th~DilJJaDh th" rube ~h"e~ mort!! t!iwIDily. """" ill """]ted,!, liLt", th", Ol~h",t". tJTh~'iYe frut and easy to install. NATIONAiL St!;Qml",ys Boilet" Tubes can b", ''',"iljl Jj;JI'<tod, mll"d and headed into flue slt""w ii),f;oauwe they !He e~ceptio",.lIy dueItil", lJJlltill bec"u~iIl tlv<ery rubel iu coVJlpleteiy wmK"'tlllI",L Thtlt meoUl'lw i,,~1t j"sttllUUttion ttlN! l"w Iwi!J,,()J!' eo~t for ~iI)u. '"j>ItI& ~:i.,w.r:.v stI%"n miff split yet. YY No, Uljjjdl 1:JJ:, I!LW'(I';;1t' will, ~Ot dli!l: velY' ~d mll!Oll Ithat NATHONAIL Boil,,1!' Tub,," "It'lii "~~H:nlell!J -!,ll"~",",d {moo" ijolid rull",t of ~~I-\lUitlbi" tmtr wdiilili ~hwt might illpHit OJ!' fllliK duri>14ll irl~ttll!HoUtio01 OJ" wh"'ltI th<ll u"'lrIricot: getw tou/th. ""T~JJ;Y lo,s/f longer. VY Why? B"'CHUllt!J th"jI'lr;t; ffi>ld", oHlily of "lcill",d" Op<ll-hMrtb ""II' d~'itri" f.. t'flaCtt! ut"du-(}f higMIf cr",ep wtl""D;![mv t!l!li,fonn d",,~ii:'jr ttttd ~oundl!ie:!l~ !lkelJ!j ,r",Hlll i..millJ!lti<Dtt&-with ;ooprovliid hillillt utiJilliltf"'lf "h>llr"clttlri~i!icu. A~fu: iO&tr completll! .a.HeU""t)tuVIJ dwltw. At T P l T T S B lJ R'C H, PAl.. I . I y I.