Document azRLEp9n0r8NYXdnKddXgXvR

The industrial hygiene laboratory has become a centar of research tor better working conditions through study of meteWels used and control of manufacturing processes. {Courtesy General Electric Co.) a- iTbe Expanding Field of Industrial Hygiene By A. C. PABST Twenty years ago industrial hygiene was a new science. Today the hygienist and the safety engineer are on the same team working for a safer environment INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE is a field that is closely interwoven with industrial safety. In fact, it can be regarded as a medical en gineering phase of safety. Unfortunately, many people know little about industrial hy giene and the functions of the industrial hygienist. Industrial hygiene is a comparatively new science--practically unknown 20 years ago. Today there are only 800 industrial hygienists in the United States, and a large num- A. C. Pabst is Industrial Hygienist, Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc., New York. This article has been con densed from a paper presented at the Petroleum Section, 42nd National Safe ty Congress. ber of them are not in industry but working for the federal gov ernment or state departments. Usually, the word "hygiene" recalls hygiene courses in school which dealt with personal habits, such as bathing, brushing teeth, cleaning finger nails, etc. People jump to the conclusion that a hy gienist in industry must be inter ested in keeping employees clean. In my initial visit to many of our refineries, it seemed that the first Stop in the tour was to visit the locker rooms and to inspect show er and lavatory facilities. Industrial hygienists are inter ested in personal cleanliness so far as it is necessary to protect the employee's health. We are 20 more interested in keeping ins lungs free from poisonous dusts and gases, his bones free truin lead, his liver free from chlori nated solvents, etc. Hygiene is defined as that branch of medical science that re lates to the preservation of health. Therefore, industrial hygiene may be defined as the science of pre vention and control of occupa tional illness. It resolves itself into the problem of finding factors or conditions in work places that may cause or contribute to the ill ness or serious discomfort of em ployees, and of devising the meth ods and means of eliminating or controlling such conditions. The industrial hygienist has Notional Safety Newt, April, ? 9S5 done much toward bringing medi cine and safety engineering into close cooperation partly because his interest overlaps these two helds. The typical industrial hygienist started out as a chemist or chemi cal engineer who became inter ested and studied toxicological ejects of chemicals on man. Con sequently. he has a good back ground of chemistry and engi neering combined with some medical knowledge--a sort of one- ihird doctor, one-third engineer and one-third chemist. His ob jectives are the protection and improvement of the health and safety of workers from all man ner of harmful exposures related to occupation. From this you will note that industrial hygienists and safety engineers have pretty much the same objectives and are mem bers of the same team. Actually, the functions of each are some times so inter-related it is not possible to draw clear lines of separation. Nor is it necessary to do so. for if a man's health is endangered by working conditions it is an important part of his safety picture. In many industries, safety and industrial hygiene are com bined in the same department. In the petroleum industry, how- like people, chemicals are of many types and dispositions. Most are uncomplaining, law-abiding citizens who present no special problems. Some are unstable and unpredictable. Some are out-andout neurotics, requiring a sharp and observant discipline. Others, harmless by themselves, may be influenced by bad company. Still others are troublemakers in soli tary, but docile and helpful in tandem. Some are just plain bad actors. --From a publication by Du Pone's Haskell Laboratory of Toxicology **** ever, industrial hygienists are usually attached to the medical department and work as closely as possible with the safety depart ment. There is good reason why the petroleum industrial hygien ists must lean heavily upon the safety department. In the petro leum industry the concept of in dustrial hygiene is relatively new and is considerably behind simi lar activities in the chemical and other industries, consequently, the number of petroleum industrial hygienists is exceedingly small. On the other hand, safety de partments are well established, well acquainted and close to the every day problems of the petro TABLE I--EFFECT OF ALCOHOL LEVEL IN BLOOD* Ounces of Whiskey Consumed in I Hr. or less % Alcohol in Blood Behavior % 1 2-3 5-6 8 10 16 24 30 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.15 02 0.3 0.4 - 0.5 0.6 - 0.7 Normal Feeling of warmth, pleasant social behavior. Judgment blunted Boastful, impulsive Officially still sober Fumbling, staggering gait, clumsiness, slurred speech Officially drunk. Responses and motor coordination strongly affected. Helpless, nausea Stupor Coma Paralysis of the respiratory center--death. Pfizer Spectrum, JAMA, March 27, 2954 leum industry, and have consider ably more coverage and man power. To illustrate, the American Petroleum Institute's roster of safety and fire protection person nel lists some 1200 names, prob ably not all, in this occupation. Contrasted to this, to the best of my knowledge, there are at present only 17 industrial hygien ists working for petroleum com panies--an industry ratio of ap proximately 70 safety men to one industrial hygienist. Most of the major oil companies now have at least one industrial hygienist and from 50 to 100 safety men, so you can see it is very necessary for us to work with and through our safety people. Basically, the practice of indus trial hygiene in the petroleum in dustry is the same as in any other industry and it can be boiled down to four general principles: 1. A knowledge of the toxicology of chemicals and materials. 2. A review of all chemicals or , materials used and how han dled and the tabulation of toxic or potentially hazardous sub stances. 3. The measurement of worker exposure to hazardous sub stances. ..4. If required, the recommenda tion and installation of ade' quate control measures and the evaluation of the effectiveness of such corrective steps. Toxicology of Chemicals -t- In regard to Item 1, the Toxi cology of Chemicals, it is usually difficult to adequately define a hazardous material because prac tically anything can be sate or harmful depending upon how or where it is used. For example, air and water are not regarded as harmful, but both are quite deadly under certain conditions -- air if injected into the blood stream and water if introduced into the lungs. In the same maimer, the use of carbon tetrachloride in a process having properly designed ventila tion would not be hazardous, while the use of carbon tetrachlo ride for mopping floors would be quite dangerous. Most safety people are aware that carbon tet rachloride is a hazardous chemi cal because there has been eon . --To page 103 Safety Mtwf, April, 1955 2t A Safe Job at Last (Want to Bet?) Nicholas Alkemade. of Lough- borough. England, has a new job ar.d. lor the F.vsr Arne ui his life, he :dels secure ys a Chicago Tryy. '<e story. Aihemade's hrst job was rear -.-r in a bomber. On a mis- umi ver Germany in 1944. his oL-. was hit and caught hre. The p:N: >;dered the crew to bail out. 3u: Alkemade's parachute was or. ' So was his clothing. Faced by .'.-.tain death if he remained in v.e plane. Alkemade jumped --bthout a chute. A >.e tumbled head over heels, lie ' consciousness. Three hours late- ;e came to--in a big snowdr::: The 3V2 mile fall, plus the sr.o ' had put out the flames in his cl 'thing. The snow had broken hi.- .a ruling. Kj started to walk, but discov erer i knee was injured. It collap-'eo on him. He spent the rest of the war in a prison camp. After the war, Alkemade got a job in a factory. A nine foot piece of steel fell on him. He was knocked out but lived. He changed his job and started pumping ammonia from a tank, where nothing could fall on him. But his electric pump shorted. The shock knocked him out al though his rubber soled shoes saved his life. As he slumped in the tank, his gas mask slipped off. An alert colleague saved him. He changed his job again. His new task involved transfer of sul phuric acid. The hose broke and acid sprayed over him, but prompt spraying with a neutral ising chemical again saved him. Alkemade, now 32, and amazed to be alive, has a new job again-- selling accident insurance. ; i : ; . : ; ; , ; r I | industrial Hygiene --From page 21 siderable publicity regarding its toxicological effects, and in some cases, restrictive labeling require ments have been passed, for exarnple, in New York City. Many other chemicals used in the petro leum industry have inherent toxic qualities of the same magnitude, yet are not so well known. In regard to toxicology, there fait* Knit-lined FiraEEaStanzoil INDUSTRIAL GLOVES Ac home a dog offers its owner a dailv example of real comfort. PIONEER'S objective in designing Scanzoil Duplex Industrial Gloves is to give those who wear them the same kind of comfort at work. For r\ NL-W Duplex is a light weight elastic knitlined glove of neoprene with straight fingers and non-slip grip. Small, medium and large sires in lO'/i* lengths. comfortable hands are busy hands, and protected handsare healthy hands. Where comfort, maximum protec tion, tensile strength and abrasion, tear, aging, flame and heat resistance are important, and a safe non-slip grip necessary ... where resist ance to alcohols, acids, bases, oils, amines, greases or ketones is essen tial . . . where all these specifications form the basis for your buying deci sion, there's only one answer . . . PIONEER'S Neoprene Scanzoil Duplex Gloves. Pick the best, most economical glove for the job from 32 FIONEER styles (including neoprene, rubber and plastic gloves), weights, sizes, and colors shown in the "PIONEER Industrial Glove Catalog." 237 Tiffin Rood, Willard, Ohio, U.S. A. Ins Of V- . .. FOOT-TOE-LEG Protection by "Sankey" "SANKEY" IMPROVED The metal shield (above) is designed to furIsh a maximum amount of protection to the ntire front of the foot--not merely the toes lone, but also to the instep against hazards om falling, rolling or flying objects, or from ecidental tool blows. 1 Absolute freedom of leg motion, utmost proction and comfort come with the leg-contour laped "Sankey" fibre shin guard (right). 1 Fibre knee-shin guard (right) provides flex:le knee movement on jobs with both knee end ain hazards. FOOT GUARD for more information writ* today ELLW000 SAFETY APPLIANCE CO. 219 SIXTH ST., GLLWOOD CITY, PA. NoW/ Safe* News, April, 195S 103 Of OUST STORM THROAT? are three ways in which a sny. stance can cause adverse } upon man: ** 1. It can be ingested or swallow^ 2. It can be harmful by contact with the skin or Pa^ of the body. 3. It can be inhaled as vapor, mist or dust. YOU NEED A . . . DUPOR No The respirator that's made to order for protection against dust, fumes and paint spray! Has everything, and more than you will find in units costing twice the price! Double filters; soft rubber face mask; sani tary face cloth; exclusive Dupor valves for controlled breathing; panorama vision! Economical protection that you cannot afford to be without! Write for sample, $2.00 postpaid! . H.S. COVER, SOUTH BEND, IND. "Respirators for Industry since 1894" Sfrp &Met &tii OJ jJ 0 -. Is?*- M,... 6-12with U~ IL insect Repellent Workers swatting insects can't keep their minds on the job. The resuit? Produc tion drops and accidents rise. Why run this risk? Protect outdoor workers from mosquitoes and black flies, with "6-12" Insect Repellent. It's available in gallon cans for use in handy liquid dis pensers, or in individual 2-oz. bottles and 1-oz. sticks. Costs less than a penny a day per user. Write todav for free samples and name of nearest supplier. THEY'LL USE IT. Place these handv "6-12" Insect Repellent dispensers around the plant near the outdoor work areas. Consumer Products Ooportmont CARBIDE AND CARBON CHEMICALS COMPANY A Division of Union Corbide and Carbon Corporation 30 Eost 42nd Street, New York 17, N. Y. Please send me o free sample of "6-12" Insect Repellent: Q Stick G liquid Nome.................................................................................................Title. Firm. Address. City.... .Zone. .State. 104 Ingestion Fortunately, petroleum mat*, rials are not commonly or inten tionally taken internally ^ therefore, trouble from this ^ rather rare in a refinery, although it does occasionally occur Un. knowingly. I recall watching j worker who had been complainino of stomach trouble, whose duties involved the compounding of lith arge or lead oxide in a doctor solution--this man proceeded to empty the bags of litharge into an .outdoor mixing tank and because of the dust and mists generated he correctly wore a respirator. Of course, his hands were cov ered with lead oxide, and to my amazement, the first thing he did when he came down off the cat walk was to take an orange out of his lunch box which he started to peel and eat--probably one of the most effective ways to get lead poisoning. Unfortunately, when petroleum products get into the hands of customers, ingestion is more fre quent, usually by small children whose parents carelessly leave products within easy reach. You know that every year there are fatalities reported from children drinking kerosene. We have had hurry calls from doctors involv ing children drinking penetrating oil and fly sprays. Some times adults are even worse, as there are many cases of anti-freeze poi soning, drinking of brake fluid, and one I recall of our radiator flush which contains muriatic acid and chlorinated hydrocarbon. This product is fully labeled, in cluding skull and cross bones. It should be emphasized that hardly a substance exists that is not capable of producing effects on the human body if taken in sufficient amounts or under the wrong circumstances. Even com mon table salt, if used in sufficient quantities, is toxic. It is reported NotiMai Seftty Nwt, April, !?$* W & ,Sk "API rn a icomp uTJCtS, ;den Fean * i5*- that many years ago the Chinese used table salt as a means of committing suicide. Every chemical substance, therefore, has a con-toxic dose and a 'oxic dose for man. Thus can be illustrated be the following data on a widely used commodity, shown in Table I. | ; | ' . Skin and Body Contact Aooroximately 60 per cent of . complaints received by our .uaitment are concerned with | dermatitis and skin irritations re- ; suiting from contact with petro- ; !eu:n materials. By far, the ma- ! of these complaints are ! from, customers so this subject is ! verv important in the marketing : of petroleum products. j Cases among our employees or ; in our refineries are few when compared with those among in dustrial users of petroleum prod ucts, and it is believed that the reason for this is due mainly to j the degree or extent of contact, j In the petroleum industry skin contact is not generally experi enced to the extent that it is, for example, in the metal working industries where a daily eight hour skin contact with cutting oils, often takes place. It is definitely established that skin is not an impermeable bar rier to chemical substances, and it is increasingly important as a route of absorption for many ma terials. Action of chemicals on skin may be local, resulting in dermatitis. Examples we are fa miliar with are kerosene, cutting oils, etc., or a chemical may be absorbed through the skin and cause damage to blood or internal Parts of the body. Lead tetraethyl, as an illustration, does not affect lhe skin or cause dermatitis but can penetrate the skin and cause internal poisoning. Regarding external or local skin ejects, chemicals may be classi fied either as primary irritants or sensitizing agents. A primary ir ritant is a chemical that may cause dermatitis in individuals frequently after only one contact. They may have a strong chemical action, such as acids, alkalis, amines, etc., or they may have a weak chemical action but require Prolonged contact to cause der matitis. Most petroleum hydro carbons are primary irritants but Klear-Vu Safety Mirrors are the answer to the dangerous blind corner problem in your plant or warehouse. They are also adaptable for outdoor use in your parking let, loading dock area or other points where fraffie converges. Mounted at cross aisle Intersections, entrances and exits at a height of 8 to 10 feet, Klaar-Va Safety Mirrors dearly reflect oncoming intersection traffic to both power truck operators and Style Circular convex Circular convox Circular convex Flat rectangular Fat rectangular No. 120 130 ' 240 918 1640 Dimention* 12" diam. 13" diam. 24" diam. 9" x 18" 16" x 24" pedestrians. Available in either convex or flat glass styles, the mirrors are easily in stalled and quickly adjustable to any desired angle. LESTER L. BROSSARD CO. 540 N. MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO 11, UL Write for Bulletin. J CHOOSE FROM 115 MODELS TO MEET YOUR EXACT NEEDS! Only Ballymore ROLL-OR-GRIP all-welded-steel ladders as sure you of just the right portable safety stair for each need. A standard size range from one to twelve steps; a choice of three safety treads (expanded steel lath, steel grip-strut, or rubber-clad steel plate); optional hinged shelves or removable baskets; and a wide choice of widths within each size--these extras add convenience to the superior safety, features built into every Ballymore -- the original -- safety-step ladder. BALLYMORE Safety-Step LADDERS Factory. trained reereientativei In principal TO: 8AUYMORE COMPANY, WAYNE 17, PA. { ) forward tree catalog ef Safety-Step laddert. ( ) Have repreientalive coll is tgrvey my iofly odder needs. Addreit . i 1 1- Motional Safety Newt, April, 1955 105 Now! for greater safety \*3|\ New Safety GRIP-STRUT ^ stair treads custom made to your exact Size Here for the first time is a really SAFE stair or ladder step, combining the proven features of Safety GRIP-STRUT material with a double locked carrier plate to provide additional safety-over present types. , Made 16 yut n individual liu at lha factory, the cost Is amazingly low...you tan buy a standard It* stair tread in lots of $0 for 12.43 each, f rices proportionately lower in greaser quantities. Distributors in all principal (dies. Con sult your classified telephone directory. GRIP-STRUT division The Globe Company ---afe-*- - iManutarfurer* >ince 191* S. Princeton Ave. Chicago 9, Illinois ' MS idtM @ m . illiiW @@@KI Whenever norma! lighting is inter rupted--no matter what the reason--you set adequate emergency lighting INSTANTLY. Your customer* and employees are safeguarded against injuries: property damage, pilferage, loss of process control is mmimwed. Exide Lightguardsare UL-approved and can be plugged m anywhere. Operates instantly--each lamp illuminates up to 10,000 sq. ft. Exide battery in one lamp unit prowdes power for more than 8 hours of continuous lighting. Once normal power is restored, automatic controls recharge the dependable, long-life, trouble-free Exide battery. smm for facts on why Exide Lightguards guarantee more protection for every dollar you invest in such equipment. " Extta INDUSTRIAL DIVISION, The Electric Storage Battery Co., Philadelphia Pa, 106 ate uifliscu in me tauer Category in that prolonged contact is u$tj ally required to cause irritation! Sensitizing agents, on the 0ther hand, are chemicals that are in nocuous to most skin but capably of producing dermatitis in a feVi. susceptible individuals following repeated contacts over a long c* riod. Sensitization may require weeks, months or even years 0f contact with the material before dermatitis develops. As mentioned above, the petro leum industry is now handling large quantities of chemical addi. tives and inhibitors, many 0f which are strong primary irritants and very active chemical com pounds. By nature, inhibitors usually have to be very potent chemicals because while they are used in very low concentrations they exert a powerful influence on the characteristics or perform ance of the product, and manv of the inhibitors are just as potent towards man. One very active class of inhibi tors are the amines and substi tuted amines, and we are par ticularly concerned about them because they are very damaging to the eyes, and a splash can readily result in blindness. The amines are usually strong =~.elling caustic liquids, insoluble m water, hence difficult to remove by washing. They can cause severe eye burns and necrosis of ey- tis sue. In addition, most amine- are readily absorbed through the -Kin. and even low quantities .nay cause internal damage, and c : ath. Employees should, of cour.be fully alerted as to the Hazaras of such materials and should be ; ducated to the use of protective tog gles, gloves and aprons. The foregoing applies to con centrated or undiluted inhibitors. Finished petroleum projects should and usually do contain such a small quantity, and the inhibitor is so diluted, as to result in practically'no more harm :r. the finished product than there would be from the straight mineral oil itself. Industrial dermatitis cases sometimes result in erroneous conclusions as to their cause, even by those who should know better. I recall the case of a young mar. National Softly Ntwt, April, I95S tegorv-i 5 usu-j tation.-11 other. addy dbitoi poteS arse,. -,vho worked in a gasoline station and developed a severe dermati tis. He went to a physician who -ace patch tests on him and found he I .ad a rensstivity to special ew '.n.e but no reaction to regu lar :.';oi:r.e. ,-,r narently, the physician had y,; ' -pecial gasoline contains a h,- ...' lead because the case was -^ed as resulting from an exs of lead tetraethyl in the spee.ul gasoline. We thought this strar.ae because while we all kr.s" that lead tetraethyl is a v-.o'^ut poison and can. be ab- sor'-e 1 through the skin, it is not a c r:mary skin irritant and has ncv^ ` been known to cause der mci i* vij. A review of records of gasoline shipments into the particular area showed the regular gasoline actu ally contained the same or some times '".ore lead than the special gasoline, clearly proving that lead tetraethyl was not to blame, but that some other material was responsible. Inhalation Of the three avenues by which chemicals can be taken into the body, inhalation probably has re ceived by far the most study and investigation because it is the most important consideration in industrial health. The vast amount of research on the inhalation of materials has resulted in the Publication of very useful data on safe human exposure levels known as threshold limit values, 0f maximum allowable concen trations. The list is compiled an nually by the American Confer ence of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and is published by ;be American Medical Associa tion. It tabulates the maximum mount of the various materials porkers can safely be exposed to 'or an eight-hour working day without injury to health. few of the materials encounin the petroleum industry *** listed in Table II. TABLE II Oases and Vapors PPM (benzol) ................................ 35 c*?n dioxide .................................... 5000 "a tetrachloride ................. 25 Safety News, April, 195S Ml i iPERDMRA^YfcrF'THloAeowMrsP r Don'* stop traffic to repair Moors--use Permamix, the new aM~tompratiire' DRY TAMP floor patch. DRY TAMP MEANS SPEED No sticky mass to dig out of the drum or to handle Permomix dry pours sett Instantly feather edges perfectly no production delays non-skid surface. ALL TEMPERATURE Won't freeze JcS* can be stored or used in any tem perature will store Indefinitely a stock room Item will not "set" ' In drum whether open or covered. ^Mistakes just can't happen. Tamp 'in place and traffic rolls. CUTS MAINTENANCE COSTS on concrete, brick, tile or asphalt floors no special equipment or skill needed a one man job comes In durable 50 lb. net wt. fibre drums * solve your floor patching problems for good. Write for Details Nowl PERMAMIX CORPORATION !5S W. WACKER 0RIVE CHICAGO t, ILLINOIS Triple strand rope of polyethylene plastic: two strands of yellow, one of black. Attractive and high visibility. Immediately identifies a restricted area in that it carries out the standard CAUTION colors. TENSILE STRENGTH OVER 400 POUNDS NO SAG OR STRETCH Has high di-electric properties. Not affected by oil. Will not readily absorb dirt. May be easily cleaned. 2850 N. FOURTH ST., PHILADELPHIA 33, PA. 107 They INSULATE They PROTECT They are PUNCTUREPROOF '&SJLJOOT SANDA0 No. 504-S Steel Toe Shoe One costly Foot Accident could have paid for 1000 Pairs of Wooden Soles. Reece has a shoe or sandal to fit your needs. Write for Catalog No. 351^; Strap-on ' Sandal REECE WOODEN SOLE SHOE CO. DEPT. N-S-4-55 COLUMBUS. NEBRASKA Install DIAMOND Bulletin Boards When you install Diamond Bulletin Boards you are setting up lasting "message centers" where your messages are easily readable and protected from the elements. Employees can read them at any time because Diamond Bulletin Boards are illuminated and ventilated so that the glass will not fog. Write for furOier information and prices. SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMPANY 425 MAGEE STREET. PITTSBURGH 19. PENNSYLVANIA Hydrogen sulfide .................... Naptha (petroleum) ............... Octane ............................................ Sulfur dioxide ............................. * Toxic Dusts, Fumes, and Mist* Substance Cu. M. Sulfuric acid ................................... 1 Mineral Dusts Substance VPPc; Dust (nuisance, no free silica) 30 Silica high (above 50% free SiO^) .. 5 medium (5 to 50 % free SiC>^).. 20 low (below 5% free Si02)"... 50 These values are based on the best available information from industrial experience, from ex perimental studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the two. They are not fixed values but are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or addi tions as further information be comes available. Threshold limits should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent conditions only within which it is felt 1 that workers may be re peatedly exposed, day after day. without their health being ad versely affected. I cannot overemphasize the importance of the threshold limit values. I believe that every safety man should be familiar with them and have copies of the complete table, because they have been incorporated in state codes and have the force of law in many states, and therefore, must be complied with. So far some 19 states have written threshold limit values into their laws and often management is not aware of such requirements but would be in a vulnerable position if trouble re sulted from excessive exposure to any of the materials. Usually it is up to the safety people and the industrial hygienists to alert man agement to the existence of these codes and to institute measures for the measurement of air con taminants so as to insure compli ance. Even gasoline has a maximum safe level which is 500 parts per [ccETA; Tpr. ISUgi- e [JU'M*X- tol exItaIC [fin million, ihe result oi exposure o concentrations greater than 500 ppm is shown by the following: TABl lll-GASOUNE EXPOSURE Svmpirms: Headache, irritation of eyes ' and throat, dizziness, nau sea. loss of conciouaness, death. Parts Per Million % Maximum allowable concentration tor -rolor.ged exposure .. .. 300 0.05 V;^- c jvmptoms after several hours ........... . .. 1000 Maximum concentration tolerable for 1 hr........... .. 5000 ' 0.1 0.5 Dangerous for short exposure ........................... ..15000 Fuat for short exposure ..25000 Lvwcr explosive limit... ..14000 1.5 2.5 1.4 Product Labeling One very important function of the industrial hygienist is in re gard to precautionary labeling of product. This is receiving more and more emphasis as state after ; state passes labeling regulations. | The most recent is the State of ! New York where the Council on 1 Public Health passed labeling : regulations which became effec- ; tive August 24, 1954, as Chapter ! IX-A of the New York State Sani- j tary Code. These labeling regula- ! tions have the force and effect of j law and require ` precautionary labeling on any product which en-. tails a hazard in a reasonably anticipated use. A hazard is de fined as: The risk of injury or illness which j way be encountered during or as a re- suit of any reasonably anticipated type of handling or use of a substance, or during its specified use, if any, by rea- son of the toxicity of the substance through ingestion, inhalation or absorption through the skin, or due to its j | j j I i i corrosiveness or irritating properties, or decause of its flammability or explo siveness. Similar labeling regulations al ready exist in California, Illinois, Oregon, and the Territory of Hawaii, and are in the making in New Jersey, New Hampshire, ; Ohio and Rhode Island. More can j ke expected. Fortunately, most \ state regulations are guided by j recommendations of the Manu- i facturing Chemists' Association, j .nc-> and with some few excep- llns, conformity in one state re sults in conformity in other states. It is recognized that, as a rule, j labeling regulations of many j Products are advisable and result I ,n safer handling of the material j Safety Newt, AptU, J9SS r* COATED WORK GLOVES CUT GLOVS COSTS TRIPl-PALM design eliminates the "failure points'1 of ordinary work gloves, resulting in multiplied glove life . . . greatly reduced glove costs. Knit-wrist or gauntlet style with coated or "free- breathing" backs. Ask. your jobber or write for information. NO SIAM HIRI TO THE RIP OUT . . . EXTRA-MIAVY Wing. thump' RUBBER CO. COATING TOR (one-piece palm Carrollton, Ohio EXTRA IONO and thumb) WEAR . . . construction for and greater multiplied serv palm comfort. ice life. In Canada: Safety Supply Co., Taronta . Make Your Own SAFETY GUARDS wHh H&K Sfaxdevtdtyed &&& . ;^vs/abb. bui/afto- This bulletin illustrates a simple and inexpensive way of con structing your own guards for moving parts, such os: fly wheels, gears, and belts, and for individual punch press dies. Only ordinary tools, such as a hack saw, hand snip, hammer and screw driver are needed. When properly constructed, guards made of sturdy H&K parts will comply with State and insurance requirements and will conform with Ameri can Standard Safety Codes. iJro-' Harnnqion & Kina I P r C tinO I *C O 5649 Fillmore Street, Chicago 44, Illinois 114 liberty Street, Now York 6, N. Y. to* WORK SAFELY in (lame and heat *r, /if J Wear Steel-Grip Aluminized Asbestos Safety Apparel Aluminized asbestos reflects up to 9*>% radiant heat, and won't burn. Steel-Grip has tailored this material into well-fitting, properly proportioned safety gar ments that protect workers while allowing full free dom of movement. L'nexcelled for hot-metal handling and processing. Every yard of cloth has been care fully selected for uniform quality. Each garment bears the Steel-Crrip label, your guarantee of wear and satisfaction. Available as coats, pants, aprons, sleeves, leggings, spats, gloves, mitts and curtains. Many uses in industry. Many advantages to users. Write for test swatches or trial garments. Te he use* of the Genuine Steel-Grip INDUSTRIAL We manufacture a complete line of guaranteedtested and ap proved tafety apparel in leather, duck, Perma-Proof materials, asbestos, uoI, Dyne! cloth, fax colite-coated materials, aluuit num-coated materials, etc, . , knoum the country overfor qual ity and dependability. Write to day for catalog. Safety Apparel tliM'Hll INDUSTRIAL GLOVE5 COMPANY . a corporation Demeed this Trade Mart 1704 Garfield Street, Danville, Illinois _ (In Canada: Safetv Suesiv Co., Toronto) ' ' GUARD AGAINST The Hazards of Sudden Blackouts Big Beam Model 2ATW with storage battery and built-in charger that keeps battery fully charged at all times. Variety of models to choose from. Sudden blackouts breed confusion, panic, property damage, bodily injury -- even loss of life. You can have completely dependable pro tection against sudden blackouts by installing Big Beam automatic emergency lights. (Plug into any con venient lighting outlet) Then whenever regular lights fail, your Big Beam will provide hours of bright, safe illumination. PORTABLE ELECTRIC HAND LAMPS Two-Fosilton Flashing Xod iaacon Model No. 164 (Seoied Boom) I Modal No. 104 (Standard Bulb) |BEACDN UMP Modal No. 40tF Flore and tonteni Modal No. 2U 1500-Foot Seam Writ* far Complete Information -- U-C LITE MANUFACTURING CO. 'SSi'SHSSlS' IN CANADA: Samerd Morks & Co. ltd., 459 Church Straat, Toronto 5, Ont. 110 by customers, but it requires e*. tensive work, knowledge of prod, uct and toxicological informa, tion to determine what products must be labeled and how they should be labeled. In our com. pany's operations, we use some, what over 2000 basic chemicals or raw materials and manufacture | some 3500 finished products which j must be reviewed individually. To illustrate, the following just a few of the hazardous mate rials that are encountered ui j petroleum refinery operations or | that might be compounded into ; finished products: j Respiratory Irritants j Acrolein . Acetaldehyde Aluminum Chloride Ammonia Asbestos Ditertiary butyl para cresoi Dusts, physiologically inert, general Dusts, attapulgus clay Dusts, bauxite Dusts, catalyst Formaldehyde . - Fluorides Furfural Inhibitors " Lime Nitrogen oxides Ozone Pine Oil Silica Smoke Sulfur dioxide Welding fumes Toxic Materials Aniline, liquid Aniline, dye .. Benzol (benzene) Cadmium , . Carbon Monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chrome compounds Cobalt, metal Hydrogen sulfide Inhibitors Lead, metal & fumes Lead, oxide, litharge Lead, soaps Lead, tetraethyl Manganese Mercury Methanol Radioactive materials, general Toluol (Toluene) Xylol (Xylene) Zinc Skin Irritants Acids--all kinds Amines Benzol (benzene) Caustics Chromium Salts Coal-tar Compounds Cobalt, metal and compounds Dyes Inhibitors ' ' National Softy Nows, April, 19SS som icais s'ickei salts j\is. general 0:is. high boiling from Cat. i sceam cracking r.'.s. insoluble cutting Phenol radiation The petroleum industry has .natie ;-..r.arkable progress in the .ieve^o-r.ent of new and better procv..-; and in improving procfjsir.g aerations. Accompanying this prepress have been new prob lems toxicology and health en gineer;..^ which must be studied ,v:th .'-.o same zeal as other types of rsn.arch. The advent of cata lytic --..eking resulted in the pro duct;.-: t.nd handling of aromatic liydr.'s 'bons, and of importance to us. >.:alth problems long associatea .vith the coal-tar industry. The v.-.r of new chemical catalysts, inhibit -3, and other chemical compounds involve health prob lems 1 the chemical industries have ;.->ced for years. To illustrate this trend we need only took at the modern gasolines, fuel oils and motor oils. Years ago motor oils were practically 100 per cent petroleum with little, if any, additives; today they con tain up to 15 to 20 per cent of chemicals, additives and inhibi tors, and this trend will continue because there is no question that additives contribute much to im prove performance character istics. Every step in this direction, however, does pose new problems of health and safety among our plant personnel arid our cus tomers. Fork Trucks --From page 35 er catalytic muffler--on mining and construction equipment, may add impetus to two growing trends in mining--the shift to ward trackless mining and the increasing use of diesel equip ment underground. The Coplay Cement Company, Coplay, Pa., has been using a Because we have the widest avail able selection of unit packets, and a broad choice of heavy duty kits, we can provide you with the perfect combination of kit and fill for your specific plant and field conditions. Call your Bullard representative. KLEAR-GLASS 1955 A new double-duty pro___ duct unequalled as a clean- . ^ ~ Ing and defogging agent " ' lmmdiateiy upon application, glass or plastic surfaces will r. main FOG-FREE STEAM-FRE6 DUST-RESISTanT OPTICALLY BRILLIANT, for savaral day*. 0 Eliminates work-interrupting time breaks tor manual wiping of goggles, masks or eyeglasses . . , TIME SAVING. 0 Fog-proofed lenses protect both worker and co-worker, and encourage use of eye gear constantly . . . GREATER PER SONNEL SAFETY. 0 In the foundry -- at the lathe -- on the assembly line -- with the truck fleet -- in the busy office, unobstructed vision pays dividends . . . OPERATING ECONOMY. AVAILABLE AS: definable Self-Oitpaming Wall Cabinet Individual pocket applicator I1/} and J'/i ox. Spray bottle ORDER TODAY thru your dealer or write Dept. N-2 THE BUCKLEY CORPORATION M7 Fifth Ave. New York 17, N. Y. Netreno/ Safety Newt, April, 1953 CYLINDRICAL KIT provides protection for first aid un der the severest field conditions. Units packed In a vinyl roll-up belt. UNIT PACK KIT with replaceable rubber gasket. Snap-locks open with a flick of the finger, and close to seal out Indus trial dust and moisture. BULLARD m Mrcm9 m E.O.BULLARD COMPANY 27S Eighth Straat mnim San Pranelaco writ* far rtfy <2> California III