Document abG78ZEr7oy4d3QQ4NzVvQGb

382 CHAPTER 20 1948 Guide -or design condition', is computed following the principles discussed in Chapters 6 and 8 and the method described and illustrated in Chapter 14. In predicting fuel consumption for heating a building by the Calculated Heat Loss Method, the general equation is: where H (t -- tg) N E (td - to) C 0) F = quantity of fuel or energy required (in the units in which C is expressed). H = calculated heat loss, Btu per hour, during the design hour, based on tQ and (<) ^generally H = lit + Hi but may on occasion equal lit -f- t = average inside temperature maintained during heating period, Fahrenheit degrees. h = average outside temperature through estimate period, Fahrenheit degrees (for cities with an Oct. 1-May 1 heating season, see Table 1, Chapter 14). td = inside design temperature, Fahrenheit degrees (usually 70 F). to = outside design temperature, Fahrenheit degrees (see Table 1 in Chapter 14). N. = number of heating hours in estimate period (lor an Oct. 1--Mav 1 heatine , . season, 212 days X 24 hr = 5088). s . E = efficiency of utilization of the fuel over the period, expressed as a decimal; not the efficiency at peak or rated load condition. C -- heating value of one unit of fuel or energy. Although the assumption of an Oct. 1-May 1 heating season is reason ably accurate in the well-populated New York-Chicago zone, it is not valid as far north as Minneapolis nor farther south than Washington, D. C. and St. Louis. Consequently, it is suggested that allowance be made for this variation, especially in the far north or southern cities. Example 1. A residence building is to be heated to 70 F from 6 a.m. to 10 f.m and 55 F from 10 pj*. to 6 a.m. The calculated hourly heat loss is 120,000 Btu per hour based on 70 F inside at -10 F outside. If the building is to be heated by metered steam, how many pounds would be required during an average heating season? . . Solution. The heating value of steam may be taken as 1000 Btu per pound, and since it is purchased steam, the efficiency can be assumed as 100 per cent. Assume average outside temperature as 36.4 F. The average inside temperature is; (16 X 70) + (8 X 55) 24 - 65 F. Substituting in Equation 1: F = 120,000 (65 1.00 [70 - - 36.4) 5088 (-10)] 1000 = 218,275 lb. Example 8. How much would the fuel cost to heat the building in Example 1 during an average heating season with coal at 18- per ton and with a calorific value of 11,000 Btu per pound, assuming that the seasonal efficiency of the plant was 55 per cent? ' : Solution. Substituting in Equation 1: F= 0-55 [70 - --6.4) 5088 (-10)] 11,000 = 36,079 lb = -18 tons, which, at $8 per ton, costs $144. Example 8. What will be the estimated fuel cost per year of heating a building with gas, assuming that the calculated hourly heat loss is 92,000 Btu based on 0 F, which includes 26,000 Btu for infiltration?. The design temperatures.are 0 F and 72 F. The normal heating season is 210 days, and the average outside temperature during the heating season is 36.4 F. The seasonal efficiency will be 75 per cent. The heating plant will be thermostatically controlled, and a temperature of 55 F will be maintained from 11'P M; to 7 A-M- Assume that the price of gas is 7 cents per 100,000 Btu of fuel con sumption, and disregard the loss of heat through open windows and doors. 'Solution. The average hourly temperature is: (72 X 16) + (55 X 8) Estimating Fuel Consumption for Space Heating TTie maximum hourly heat loss will be: :. H = 92,000 - 26'^0 = 79,Q00 Btu. 383 M = 79,000 (66.3 - 36.4) X 24 X 210 100,000 X 0.75 X (72 - 0) = 2204.6 hundred thousand. Btu. 2204.6 X $0.07 = $154.32 = estimated fuel cost per year of heating building. Several time-saving procedures have been devised for quickly estirnating the hourly Btu loss of one and two-story residences in order that fuel estimates can be predicted more quickly from Equation 1. A graphical method of calculating heat losses has been developed-1 which makes possible a quick solution if the gross wall, ceiling, of floor areas and respective transmission coefficients are known. The Federal Housing Administration has originated a short-cut formula for residential heat loss determinations which makes use of the floor area and three selected transmission coefficients. . The formula was developed to apply to detached houses approximately rectangular in shape with 1 total exterior door and window areas equal to about 25 per cent of the floor area and with a floor area not greater than about 1500 sq ft. Equa tion 2 is for a one-story residence and Equation 3 is intended for two- story structures. Hi -- A {G + I/w T Uc -f- Ui) (lj -- to) (2) H, = A (G + 1.2 /w + 0.5 Uc + 0.5 Ut) (fd - to) (3) where Hi = heat loss from one-story residence, Btu per hour. Hi = heat loss from two-story residence, Btu per hour. A = floor area, square feet, measured to the inside faces of enclosing walls and is the sum of the following areas: (1) all the area on each principal floor level; (2) the area of all finished habitable attic rooms, including bathrooms, toilet compartments, closets, and halls; (3) all other areas intended to be . heated and not located in the basement. G -- glass and infiltration factor for ordinary construction: (0.45 for no weather stripping or storm windows), (0.40 for weatherstripping), (0.30 for storm windows with or without weatherstripping). Uw = coefficient of transmission for outside wall. , Uc = coefficient transmission for ceiling. Ui = coefficient of transmission for floor. ,. . td = inside design temperature, Fahrenheit degrees. to = outside design temperature, Fahrenheit degrees. Notes for application of Equations 2 and S. 1. The calculation of heat loss from heated spaces into adjacent spaces such as attics, basementless areas, and heated or unheated garages shall be based on' the assumption that the temperature of such adjacent spaces is the same as the outside design tem perature. 2. For all floors over basements or other warmed spaces assume Ui =. 0. 3. For structures having concrete slab floors laid on the ground a modified applica tion of the formula may be made. _ Assume Ut = 0 and calculate the heat loss in accor dance with the check formula. Then add the slab loss determined in accordance with the procedure developed by the National Bureau of Standards and described in BMS Report 103. . .. 4. No basement area is to be included in the formula calculation. If finished' habi table rooms in the basement are to be heated, the additional- heat loss should be calcu lated separately and added to the amount obtained by the formula. - Both the graphical method and short-cut formulas; when used within the limitations established, have been found to give reasonably accurate