Document aM9EYjkEXMKNxERdw0YVNDqB

226 Tivcuty-sctond Congress-National Safety Council 4. Eliminate protruding .instructions which workmen may strike against. Where this i im{K>9ftihlc* jxt warning signs and paint tte obstructions with bright colored paint. If yon are going to sjxcd up the tempo of the job and ecur more >esuls per hour for each man. the field must he cleared for quick operations back and forth. Some obstructions cannot lie renxwcd, and these should be marked so that quick detimrs arc j>o*sil>lc -a illtout slowing up the speed of rt>e operation. Danger sign* *lxnld be posted hi passageways where there is insufficient overlicnd clearances Runways and passageways should ! kept free from loose materials and rubbish. 5. Adequate lightuig. jarticularly where footing* are uncertain or where there aie dangerous projections, ts important. As soon as a man -Is hurt on the job tlte news is instantly spread among all the workmen and they immediately slow' up to prevent such an acchlent happening to them. The job cannot be kept in high gear if Hie men are thinking in terms of moving slowly ami carefully. ft. Insist that all employees wear good heavy soled shoes. This Is perhaps the easiest ami sinqdcst rule to support and the one that will be the most productive of results, lit mw own company we put on a '"shoe examination** at payoff time with the warning that if tliey do not have heavy soles they do not need to come back Monday morning. If tuen arc not afraid of stepping on something and injuring their feet, tliey w ill snap into the need lltat is required to reduce unit costs. The cost of hjuidlrtifr materials is one of (he largest items cm any piece of coo structiou work and tlwrse costs can he lowered hy safety rules such as tle following: 1. Construct suitable tochoard? aromwl all floor oiieiihigs ami at the edges of the platforms, scaffolds ami staging. 2. Caution workmen against placing tools, rivets, bolts or other materials at points from which they may be accidentally pushed or kufclced off on somebody below. 3. Materials should never be dropped from overhead unless absolutely necessary, lu such cases, make sure that a^v person below is warned, *4. Material* may be passed or carried Ironj point lo point and should never he (lirnwu. 5 Never permit workman to stand or walk beneath swinging loads, fi. Materials should he piled carefully so they cannot topple over. 7. Where it i> necessary to stand bulky material, such as planks of forms on end. they jJkhiUI Ik* placed so they coniHvt be Mown over or Upset. 8. Warn workmen again.*! dislodging materials when taking: supplies from piles m* trucks. x.- ..* - -6 * ' l-C.e't' <i% Od.J^'3 Occupational Disease Hazard of Silicosis in Construction Operation and Its Prevention By D. HARRINGTON Chief, Health and Safety Branch, United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. The speaker'**d in part: This paper is based on approximately eight years of personal study of the effect of underground dusts oil health ami safety, supplemented by about twenty-five additRwial years of close attention to data and studies made by others. The subject will be handled from an engineering viewpoint rather than from that of tlie pathologist, the doctor, or Hie lawyer; and while tins is unusual it should Construction .SYr/iott 227 lx* logical, as the real solution of a serious and widespread mlu*tri*| health in-oMc-m, brought about by breathing dust, is that t>t prevention of duct disease. Tlicre appears to be warrant for the conclusion tlt any dust, or comhmat>>m of dusts--*wlKther of a c*al or melftl mine or a tunnel--which is insoluble *r .iolvdde with difficulty in the fluid- and tissues of (he respiratory organs, ts likely to he harmful ultimately to the health of underground workers, if it is present in the air in minute form and is breathed iu large quantity over large portions of the working shift (or any considerable number of months consecutively pet year; some soluble dust* which occur in uiwtcrgtuund workings arc also decidedly harmful. It ap|:ar.\ that the quantity of dust m the air breathed mote or less continuously, together with its lack of solubility or difficult solubility, gov erns the hygienic harmfulnrs* of duet t` workers much more than do the specific physkal or chemical qualities ct the dusts hkely to he found in umfci grotusd workings, this docs not mean that air containing a large quantity of finely divided Hint dust or similar hard, sharp. Insoluble material is mn Hkely to he wore harmful titan air coniaumur c similar quantity of probably k-*s in herently harmful dusts, sue!* as very fine limestone, coal, or shale. Breathing com parativcly entail amounts of finely divided free silica or similar hard, sharp, insoluble, supposedly more dangerous type of dust is, however, likely lo be much Uv%< lianufu! to health than breathing much larger amown* of less inherently liammd dtut. such as that from coal. >ha)e. Iteiuuthc. ore. or litncjttuuc, m combinationa of such dusts. Physical examination of underground worker* rlsows that tuen who work hi very dusty place? in coal mures Jmve definite respiratory disease, whctlicr (be dust is horn coal only or from a mixture of cool with r'-rk or stale or day Men have worked iu coal mine* and lave tlwrn Roue to work iu dusty metal mines or tunnels amt have become affected hy miners* consumption, or have worked in metal tumes r*r tumid* and later have succtmilied (o restdratory disease after having worked iu du-iy place* iu col riUmN> \Vh>l >Uikt iiWiUihk 4>r diffiudllv toluMtf m tl>c a ml tUim-, of the respiratory organs arc chiefly responsible for respiratory disease i miner*., there arc certain soluble dusts of lead, arsenic, atxl other rock* or ores which me definitely poisonous or wliich result in material bar n n the health of worker*. That llic quantity of dust breathed is the imjxwUint point in the tarutfubjcs* of dut is a certainty, yet to state what is tliat dangerous quantity u,r what is a safe Hwill is difficult, hi fact, ts impossible with our jncseivt facilities and knowledge. In South Africa an arbitrary limit of 5 mg., or 500,000.00 iwu. tides per culnc meter of air. wa set. Their recent reports, iwmexer, give tlx? average air dustiness of Hie working places as around w just over I mg. per cubic meter of air; there is firolKsldy r.ot one dry mine or tunnel in the United States where the average, air dustiness of working (daces is as knv as S mg. per cubic meter of air (the South African fvtanJard) or 10 mg. per cubic n elcr of air (the standard set by Higgins, ami Lanza in Uwfir study of miners' consiimptkai in the Joplin. Mo district in 1915), and a recent stale regulation restricts the mwubci- oi du-tt imrlides to a maximum <t IS.OUO.UW per cubic font uf air or a5>mrt SJO.OOD.fKIO per cubic meter In general, the average air Uustmess of working places of our dry metal mines rims ;dx>vc 20 nag- ?kt cubic meter of air and maisy rim above 50. The outstanding remedy for tlw Ijad situation with respect to dust disease (in many localities a most distressing one) in imdergrmiud workings is education--education of underground workers in the necessity oi taking such precautions a are available; of employers in recognizing the seriousness of Hie situation and in providing devices and mctlxotjs to reduce or prevent the incidence of disease and, if accessary, enforcing 228 T7VCmy-second Congress--National Safety Council their adoption on the sockets; of the doctors in correctly diagnosing the disease, giv ing publicity to its prevalence, seriousness, preventive remedies, etc., and in death cer tificates religiously assigning dust disease as the cause* where auch is the case; and of the merchants, new*)tapers, and other influences in the community in trying 40 prevent the disease rather than t hiding its existence. As specific remedial xticatuucs for metal mines and tunnels, the writer suggests the following: mechanical ventilation, with u definite person or persons in cluirgc, should be adojwci. to force moving currents of air in every place where men work in order to remove dust, heat, and gases. The use of water should He enforced m all drillings, in the sprinkling of ore and rock piles, in tl>e wetting of timbers, man and haulage ways, and in every place where dust may be found. Where possible, the blasting sltculd all be done after a shift; where this cannot be done there sliould be an enforerment of strict i emulations as to the wetting of the region of blasting both before and after firing the sliots, as to the removal of all explosive fumes by ailequate air current*, and as to the pi c\outrun of entrance mto n blasted place until all dust, fumes, etc. have beest removed. There should by all mean* be strict physical examination of underground workers lietorc employment and at pcrimls of not more than six months during the employment. wttli prompt removal from dangerously dusty work sliould unfavorable physical symptoms be found. In our nal mines education i* also badly needed. The dust health problem of the contractor is likely to lie manewhat different titan that of the mine ojicratoa--yet some of live factor* arc fundamentally similar. There is no question that far too much stress Was been laid on silica dust am! silicosis when tl>c emphasis should he placed on the very definite dangert, to workers in breathing a large quantity **i` any and all ktinls of finely divided dust which the worker accumu late* or Is likely to accumulate day by day m his system: tlic resultant respiratory disease should l>c termed iMKniiisooiocortiosis or simply dust disease rather than silicosis or anthnuitt.ii*. etc., since it is highly probable that no person has ever been tncajmcitated by the breathing of any single dust hut rather by a combination of dusts. While it appears that all dusts and cirmbinatirms of dusts which are breathed into the respiratory jiassages in large quantities and over considerable time period* we likely to he harmful to health, unqucstiunablv some dusts arc relatively mx>re harmful than others: some have effect in one manner, some in another: some dusts affect the lung*, some the bronchia! apparatus, some five eyes, some the septum oi the nose, some the stomach ami some live skin: same individuals have considerable resistance to the fiarmful effect of breathing dust, others are readily susceptible to it: some nationali ties arc likely to succumb quickly to dust disease, and divers are much better able to resist its inroad* on health. Having breathed one kind of dust does not aid any human being to resist any other kind of dust; tuberculosis may accomjiany the. other ilk due to breathing of -ilicLi dust- hut tuberculosis does not always accompany or result from breathing silica dust; tuberculosis may occur in connection with thrt breathing of coal dust or other dusts, though it is not so likely to be found In connec tion with coal am! with some other type* of dusts: silica as a rock, whether as free silica or as a silicate, is practically insoluble in water, but when in the* form of very finely divided particles which float m air these very finely divided particles are readily voluble even in water: no human being knows what percentage of silica in a dust is likely u give ttiTicosts. whether 5 per cent- 25 per cent.. 50 jcr cent or mare, and silicosis (so-ci*led) is alleged to liavc Ix*en caused by breathing dnt with as little as 3 ixt cent silica; no person knows what quantity of dust in air (silica or oilier dust) is likely to t*o dangerous though numerous arbitrary standards of air dustiness are Coustruct ion Scctia11 229 given to the public, these standards ranging front as low as 250.0WI particles per cubic fool of air to 15.000,000 particles; present methods of determining air dustiness, whether by weight or by count of particles, arc anything but accurate or dependable; while the x-ray is unquestionably useful tn determining the condition of the rc*piratmy passage* as to dust lianft, it is Improfoblc that any person can from tlic x-ray alone determine whether the person x-rayed has silicosis, authracosis. or any other specific type of dost disease; practically every human being breathes silica dust, as SO or more per cent of the earth's, crust with which we come in contact is silicons am! probably 15 or more per cent is free silica ami all of ns breathe dust from field*, toad*, etc.: dusty air. with high teivqvcralures (say. over 80 degrees Fahrenheit) and high humidity. is more likely to be liarmful because of dust than air with less trying tem peratures: dust laden air contaminated with gases, sncli as high enrlxm dioxide or high carbon monoxide, is more likely to give ill health from dust than would air free of high content of extraneous gases: dust disease may iitcapncitnle its victim >r may kill him mi less than a vear from tlve lime lie first works in the dusty place,, hut in general it takes a much longer period: it Is said that any periim may work in a dusty ittttKJsplieig for several years without *pf<arent ill health, yet several years after leaving the dusty work, may succumb to dust disease; generally when a worker has become afflicted with clu>t disease, it is impossible to cute him so as to completely remove the ill effects, and this ta aptly expressed by a ifactor in "The Anime*m Slone Trade*'. August, 1933, as follows : *'Ho treatment for the cure of silicosis is known. We can't make stiff tissues aoft again. Prevention ss five wily resource-"" It i* said that sickness cause* at least eight times ms much loss of time to worker* as to indus trial Mtidtixts and urn ucstkxtaHly oisc oi site moit prolific causes yf skfawits of in dustrial workers is the breathing of dust: dust disease unquestionably is the scourge of the industrial worker of today. Wliat can nut! should !*c doi*e about it? First of all, industry sliould recognize that any ami all dusts breathed in large quantities for a fang period arc likely to be dangerous to the persons who breathe them; then available measures should he taken to prevent air dustmen, the essentia! Swing: 1. Use water in drilling,, or sprinkling sm faces., or ha ct^itxctioni with processes 2. Use tlic best possible ventilation to sweep away any fine dust which may or! into the air where people work. 3. Install the best available equipment to prevent dust formation. 4. Have every person in the organization undergo a real physical o.xammaticm fa- fore entering the organization and at stated intervals (not less than annually). with removal from duty air as soon as symptoms develop in the respiratory tract. 5. All those really interested in the preservation of the Iwafth of workers should familiarize themselves with available data as to dust dangers; a limited bibliography. 6. While there is now an enormous amount of Ivtigaliort as to dust disease chiefly of the misnomer '`silicosis", knowledge of a definite, dependable, accurate character about dust disease is woefully lacking am! tlicre is probably no mi.re fruitful field for concerted, unbiased, disinterested investigation than that in connection with the health harmfulness from dust Industrinl organizations, co-operating with the stale and tlic Federal government as well a* oilier parties, should institute studies as to dust disease to have available authentic disinterested data for use not only in connection with the numerous court actions now pending. and likely to increase, hut also as a solid back ground foe slate regulations and stale laws which now are being framed without dc pcndablc data chiefly became no really dependable data arc in existence. 230 Ticcniy-sicotnl Congress'---National Safety Council ^ " Effective Safety Program for Contractors * By J. C. WILSON Vice-Pieftidvut m Charge of Safety. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago Tin; ajicakcr .said in jart; Taken as an entire industry, there arc few mechanical operations in the cejttstruction (tame--very few hazardous machines to l>c guarded. It is therefore plainly evident tliat accident prevention in this line. ' distinctly one which rests on the human element. Dur comiAity lia* cspccudizcd So accident prevention aynl has liad some success in assisting member* t tlie *'A. G. C." to reduce and prevent accidents. As a brief outline of an effective safety program for contractors, t would like to submit the following, developed through jear* of constant dTutt on this particular problem. We .wtuiUed more than 1,000 construction accidents and found tire outstanding- entires to he: 25 jwrr cent stepping on sr striking against Ejects: 18 per cent handling objects; 15 jkjt cent struck by falling: object*: 1J i>er cent falls c*f person*: 10 per cent flying: jmrticlc* in eves; and less than 5 per cent of alt accidents studkcl could have (>ccn prevented through the use >! additional mechanical ni'cKiiri!s. Tints 95 per cent O'tdd haw liven prevented by pinpcrly educating the workmen in .safe practices., or in other word*; by insisting on nltcdicfflcc in necessary rules fur tlicir own safety. With tins a> a hnnulatkat. we opened a campaign to educate the foremen so they i turn c- uhl train their workmen to guard again*! these causes--to watch constantly and to fnllow through on a prog* am tetjn ting full co-operation from everyone on the job. We suggi.%l holding a foreman responsible for his results including accidents. To flu's end. a report form lias been prepared which supplements the regular accident report. It rciftiirej tlie krcnftn'i personal investigation and bU written statement covering what happened--'why--how and vvluit has been done to prevent another accident like it. A safety committee should Ik: formed as soon ;u* the new job starts. The timekeeper is usual]> the secretary ami the superintendent the cllainnan A* each type of work is added tin: i nremail d that crew is made a member. This committee will have eomjjsetc clKirjte of accident ]revent ion. ami by comtiuiity training the new men and aluavs watching die work as it twogresses should have no difficulty in jufwdtitg acci dent*. A safety engineer will make regular inspections, review accidents and maintain interest ui accident prevention. Tlie system of posting Indictms around the jol>---placing safety slogans inserts in pay nivcki)KS--retjuiting each employ ic to study the rules--sending safety letters to the workmen's homes--all are a part of a general program ami adil to the results of intelligent supervision, Much success has followed the use ot charts which analyze the accidents reported over any given period of time--usually monthly where a large crew is working. These ire divided by foremen ami dmlnl as n caux*. They require full co-operation from tlie mamigemcnt os does. any scheme in a safety program. With else Contractor s help, a safety meeting is called ami cncSi superintendent. foreman, and straw boss is present to discuss each accident and to explain to the safety committee just what hapjufucd and why. .But--ami here we put it up to you---if tlie meeting ends tliere and tlie big boss doe* nothing---a* hapfiens many times--the accidents will continue. If lie takes proper actinn and follows up the foreman, he will soon have a good record and a safe job. Construction Section 231 Following this procedure on a certain targe job, with a force averaging about 45) employees, their lost time record by months was ns follows: January. none; Febru ary, one; March, none; April, one: May, three; June,, one: July, none: August, none; September, five; October, none; November, lour! and December, one. The complete co-operation prevailing between Ibis firm and their inumiKC coin|any. and in fact every one of the 450 workers all down the Him-, which made pos sible this record of liot sixteen lost lime accidents in tin? whide .war; five month* with no lost time accidents, ami with four mouths with hut one lost time archkut; slKiutd dcady indicate that safety pays big dividends ami xaven construction costs. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1933 The chairman called few the report of the Nominating Committee, and this was presented by W. IT. Tubesbig. Associated General Contractor* of America, diarrm.tn of the committee, uml officers were elected as follows: Gfnrrat Chairman--Joint Russell, Jr., United Hugmccts -A CMittriew<. Inc... 80 Park Place. Newark. N. T. [`fi v-Cbir/Vwirfii--\V G Wheeler, Building Trader Employer* Ass*<tati**. 2 Pari; Avc.. New York, N. Y. Vire-Chau man far KtighteerUtg Ft tgeets--'P. P Marietta. Jr ThotnjHun SlnrreH Co. 250 Park Avc.. New 'York. N, Y. I'ice-Chairman for Utility Construction--C H Black. Stone Se Webster KHgitK-cr- ing Coep, 49 Federal St.. Boston. Mass. Vice-Chaumum for IJ. .T. Engineering Department--Cajit.. KIHoit Vandevawter, tj. S. Engineer Office, 2830 Munitions Bldg. Washington. Ik. C - Secretary-^Robert McKinley. Genera! Accident Fire & Life Assurance Cmp., 4b9 Ledyard St, Detroit. Mich. Ncus Lett?? Editor--Edgar X. f'old:-tine. Slate Cuniticiuatjo:) Insurance Fund of Calif., San Fsanctsco, Calif. Buffinecrntfl Committee Chtii* .*<*--J. C F'ore-ter, The L- K. Myers Co., 11H Monadnock Bldg.. Chicago. III. Membership Committee Chairman--Norman WeiHogs. Booth FliiUl. Ltd. 1942 Forbes St., Pittsburgh. Pa, Poster Committee CInumwN--Jamr* N Doyle, James N. Doyle, Adtut-tsuvut Bur eau,, Rcg`d, .155 St- J-JklKdiik Si... Monti cah Qud>ec. Can . Program Committee Chairman --K J. Beigehuh. C W. Blakcshc & Sons. 58 Wavvrly St.. New Haven. Conn. Publicity Canstuittee Chairman--Thomas W. Walton. Henrv W. Horst Co.. 1505 Race St., Phibuhrlphia. Pa. Satisfies C(*mu*iitee Chairman --W. A. Si`Ow. Aini.Fated General Contractor* of America. Inc.. 1329 K. Street. N. W,, Washington. I). C- Members at Large-- \V. I*. Amlm. 4649 Humlioldt Avc.. Detroit, Mick' Mis* E S. Ghee. Mcl.aury Marble Cnqj., ^\ratn;1r Avc, and East 141st St., New York City. W. R. Richards. Bureau of Contract Information, 729--15th St., N. W., Wash ington, D. C- 2i2 Turnty-srcoml Congress--National Safety Council George Widtia. Guilders ami Manufacturers Mutual Casualn- Co,, 120 S LaSalle U '-.te oajsc 3' a"ae- In' /-f.v ` The Safety Program of the San Francisco Bay Bridges By E. N. GOLDSTINE Safety Engineer, State Compensation Insurance Fund f California. San Francisco The i>caker said in j>arl: An extraordinary effort is .being marie in the construe* tu#*1 of the two San Francisco Bay* bridges to assist the contractor in achieving the objective* that have been outlined. The State Compensation Insurance Fund of California, which i*rtvidr* the Workmen"* Compensation Insurance coverage for most of the work Jmured. U vuwlinj- cIomtIj and harmoniously with the California Indus* trial Accident other insurance carriers the bridge engineers, and all nf the major contractors to eliminate accidents as much a* it is possible to do so. Sohiv of the measures adufvud arc here described. The contract**** are members of the Construction .Section of the National Safety Council, and are displaying; regularly |y weekly changes from three to fifteen safety posters. Every cmplovcc lias received an individual stt of safety instructions. Any failure to dwerve them may result in dismissal. Evbry foreman Isas received an 18* page set *f mo*e comprdiciisivc safety instructions. Every employee received every other week hii cm*dvtc iwblicatkm prepared by the State Fund under tl title of the ' Bridge Ruthler." consisting of four or five pages. Itw contents cover tl>e nature of the work that i* I>cmjr k*e. de*ar*iH>u<n of tltc material* l^eing used and how they are jwciQrcd. persona! item* about the men. safety cartoons, and one page on some aspect of accident prevention. At each location a supervisor of.first aid employed by the contractor* has been appointed. It is live part of hia duty to sec that first aid supplies arc maintained; that all minor injuries arc reported on a special form: that all cakcs requlr-mgr medical aUvutioii are thoroughly InvcstiRAlcd and the facts recorded on a special investigatiDo report; that safely posters are regularly displayed: that accident reports are promptly made out d sent in; inspections are to be wwulc regularly., s well as being on the outlook constantly for any dangers that may be . present: that safety suggestions arc encouraged ami Iweded; tliat arrangements are made for any meetings with foremen or groups of employee*. Two of tins contractors have had all key men lit their organization present at a serie* of first aid talks, which wan followed hv a series of discussions on the experience of tin? respective organizations and wliat was to l>c done in the future. A third con tractor has selected a dozen men to wear chromium plated safety badges and con stitute a workmen's Safely Committee. They meet every week for half an hour for tlic same inti pose. Tin: first aid supplies have been carefully selected in the light of vkhflt would probably be needed for the work in hand. First aid stations equipped with slretcliers and hi one Instance with a private ambulance have been *et up. Safety contests have been held and prizes awarded. Comprelicnstve tabulation* of accident exjwrricnec have been prepared showing tl>c number of days of lost time in various types of employment, by nature of injury by body part iujiued, by general cause, by primary basic cause. by work groups, by days of the week, months of the year, ai>d hour* of the day. When they liavc an accident they know about it and come to the realization that it would be better not to have any more if tltcy could possibly avoid it by reasonable foresight. Construction Section 2i3 Safety Measures in the Construction of Municipal Facilities , By SAMUEL A. GREELEY Fearsc, Greeley & Hansen. Chicago Vnforunately. since Mr. Greeley spoke extemporaneously from miscellaneous notes, no copy of his address is available. However, he particularly stressed the necessity of dealing with the general public hi this type of construction, especially where the construction work consists of public highway* anil ojK-n cut sewers, which paw* through various Umiis along trie right-of-way. He pointed out the necessity of the proper storage of mater ials, tiw jvrotection of trcndtci and machinery used on the peratkn*. etc. In tunnel and open trench work lie stated that probably the greatest lazard wa> that of cave-ms., being caused by jwior shoring, rains, etc. He also brought * that the tmproficr handling of explosives caused a great ony accidents. Another hazard i the lack of specific requirements not being covered in tide specifications by the cneweffs. He claimed llxat the specifications should be. very clear in reference * Acrkkiit prevention, this should be covered so that there can be no guesswork on the part *f the contractor. Saamary rcifttireroent* should ahu l>c clear!) defined. He jwunicd -nit several iuvT?rKVf ta the past wlrere jobs were seriously interrupted by disease ami desertion. Pcvxeal hygiene is am important factor wlvere cautin arc necessary. The men *&ou3d l>c required to htUe frequently, be provided with changes of clothing,. Inmk hooew dvxikl be kept clean, blankets and bedding should be aired frequently. Umphai*W the importance of sanitary and proper hygienic conditions, he pointed out mi <sse jrfx where 2.500 employees were working, that in u period ef one year they had only {tier cases of pneumonia. Safe Practices in Construction Work By K. J. REIGELUTH C. W. Blakealee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. The *ixaker said in part : In 1929 our firm was faced with the problem of reduc ing accidents oar bearing an increased cost of insurance. Wc made a study of otu accident* and found ten major items c*f cost which arc definitely caused by accidents 1* There the increase in cost of insurance owing to a higher rate imposed for bad experience- _ 2. There is an expense which results from the Interference with production caused by an accident. 3. There is an expense following the accident owing to a demoralization of thu esprit de corps The resulting timidity and nervousness of employees who observed or knew about the accident slows up production. 4. There is also a definite cost in vounection with the training of substitutes for the injured men . 5. Another item of cost is in connection with spoiled work. This is incident k? almost ererv accident. . 6. Frctiuently on serious accidents, the cause of the Accident or tl>e result of the accident is damage to equipment, winch must be repaired before the work can con tinue. 234 7 ivcnly-second Congress--National Safety Council 7. If the equipment has not been damaged, it will at feast Inive to stand idle vihilc repairs are being made, either to the crew or to the work on which tire equip ment has been engaged. 8. If an organization is properly managed, it will not let any accident go by with' out investigation; therefore, the time of supervising and executive officers spent in investigating the accident arc certainly items of cost. 9. The time lost by the injured for dressing, even when the accident is not serious, is an item of cost. . tO. In connection with every accident of any serious nature, there is always con. sicVerable time lost by others in addition to the injured. The idea prevalent among so many contractor* that the cost of accidents does not srrtomlv concern them because Un?j" arc covered and protected by an insurance com pany. i* palpably erroneous when you consider this list of ten items of casts which have to be borne definitely by the contractor. We faced this situation squarely in our organization and found that U*e accidents we were carrying under self inMtrnnce on comparatively safe tsrojects cost us $4.08 per $100 of payroll, whereas the imuratKC on liazardous Job? tliat we carried with the insurance company cost us only $3.70 per $100 of payroll. When we added to these insurance costs the other uinc items of cost, we found that it was necessary that we find some way of seciu ing safe practices ami so lower our cost of protection. We were aide to accomplish inc m tin* directum because our-executive* were roused to the scrioulness of the situation, \\ e found tint the first thing to do was to get <hu superintendents aiwl foremen Aether. We held the sweeting* once a month and liatl ow superintendents and foremen come in to attend them foe an evening dinner. We brought them from these work, no matter where it wtt*. isi some eases it being necessary for them to travel all Uv to attend the meeting. We found, Itowever, that the costs of the meetings were amply justified b> the reduction lu live coet of accidents. At these sricetmgs we read the record of accidents on each job, giving emphasis to the pood records as well as the bad ones. We also lad instruction talks on matters of vital interest to Use men and items which had direct hearing on the question of safe practices. Our speakers included men frown insurance uKtiianict. rope and cable manufacturers, and also some oi our own organization. They talked on such subjects as rope, cable, cltaim, boilers, and method*, and exhibited broken tools and other factors cutei mg into accidents which could easily be brought to t?*e meetings. When we hud carried the meetings to the point where the men became interested in safety, we gave them definite orders on tine adoption of safe practices. We found that there was no particular advantage in appealing to them on the humanitarian side, but wc did find that they would accept orders from us on the question of safety the same as lltcy accepted orders on oilier features of the work. We j-laccd the responsibility definitely cm the foremen and superintendents. We succeeded in carrying on Tor Over u year without a single accident by our ts uck drivers. Wc operated four of our quarries for over two years without a tingle lo*t- time accKtrnc. In 1929 >4if construction blanch of the business reitorted 4.52 lost hours for ?vcr> tlwusaml hours worked. In 1930 the ratio was 5.20, hot in 1031 the results of our efforts began to he apparent when we lost .007 per thousand hour* worked. ami in 1932 our record in the construction field was even lower than that. ADJOURNMENT TlVUNTY-SnCOND ANNUAL SAFETY C ON CRESS NATIONAL SAPllTY COUNCIL Delivery, Taxicab and Bus Section Officers 1932-33 UfneraJ C'/iairmuu--Cahill V. Wmi.i..:-, Pillsbury fT*ur Mill* L>, Minneapolis, Minn. 17v-CA*t*r*ira for PeVtrery Fleets--F. K Yaws, H. J. Menu Co.. Fitulnirgh. i i,v-CAaVuiff*i far 7ffeeis^S. S tiMKVvnsun. Miiswcll'llavis, Inc.. Hiifdun!, Coon. r*i,*-CAeiVi(w for Bt*t fleets--ALEXAMifcR Suamho, Washington Rapid Transit Co., Washington, I). C- Seeretary ami AVcv Tetter ZitfiiW--Ricjiamp Lkoxaiw. The Taxi Weekly. New York City. Chairman faster & Sih Cammiticc'--XtCToa T. Mutucu. Northwest Casualty Co.. Seattle. Chairman Program Contmitkf*~C G- IIohakt,, Wsehohlt Stores. Inc., Chicago. Chairman PuUlh ity C&mmtttee--Luas. H. Ruth. Evening Star Newspaper Co.. Washington, D. C< Chairman .1leathershif* Cnmtuat-,**-- H. C. Skck^, City lee Co. of kaiiws City, Kansas City, Mo. Chairman Statistics Coturniitce--A. K. LuvaSTrApr. Bowman Dairy Co.. Chicago. Chairman liuymeenmi Committee--William K & Pew cr Co., New York City. Tlve United Electric Light Members at Large-- Row-tar Clajk, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, H. L. Cummixss, Yellow Cab Co, Richmond. Va. Marcus A. Dow, Greyhound Management Co., Cleveland. Dale Habmax, Yellow Cab Co, Kansas City. Mn T. A. IfoBROCKS, MimicsoiR Truck Gunters' Assn., Minneapolis. Miivu. H. A. Isaess-Bkowx, The Taxi Weekly, New York City. T. R- Jonxsox, United Parcel Service of New York, New York City G. F. C- Taylor, Shell Eastern Petroleum Products, Inc.. New York City. J. ). Zeiixkk, New York City. 235 236 Tn'euty-sccond Congress--National Safety Council A2'7 TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1933 The first session of the Delivery, Taxicab ami Bus Section was called to order by C B Auel. the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. East Pittsburgh, Pa., who welcomed the delegates in the name of the Executive Committee of the National Saiety Council. He then introduced Genera! Chairman C. V. Wells, IMU- bury Plour Mills Comjtany, Minneapolis, Minn., who presided. Chairman Well* opened live meeting: for forma! business, and the following actions were taken: 1. The old set-up of sectional officers was changed to* consist ol one general chair man, fourteen vice-chairmen for different type* uf fleets, a secretary who is also to serve as head of the Prog: am Committee, three chairmen <st genera! committees on Engineering, Posters, and Statistics, respectively, besides which there are to be an indefinite number of numbers at huge, including the past general chairmen uf the section, . 2. It was deckled !<> go oxer the sectional membership to weed out those who tad been automatically cnrolkd but tad no particular interest an the activities of Hie section, and to invite through the News Letters of other sections other Council members with fleets f more llian five vehicles to enroll in this Delivery, Taxicab am! Bus Section. It is understood that all fleet members and insurance companies writing public liability insurance are to be retained automatically a* section member*. Report of the Nominating Committee * Chairman Wells culled for the repost of the Nominating Committee and this was fwcSeuicd by Joseph HoUenricr.. The HoHrmler Storage and Van Company. Chicago, Chairman of the Nominating Committee. Tt following officers were placed in nomination and elected: General Ckairvuin--C. H. Ruth. The Evening Star. Washington, D<. C V iee-Chasmum Fur Bakery Fleets--A. E. Cameron. Pie Bakeries. Inc. Newark. X. J- t I tti--CfnnrtN<jM F-nr Fleets--T. A. Scftcudel. Premier Pabst Corpe-ra- litMi. Milwaukee, Wit, J "tec-Che,triMtm For Bus Fleets iCity}~--Leonard K. Maimd. United Motor Coach Company. Dcs Plaines. 111. Vice-Chairman Far Bus Fleets {luier~City')--Earl Hensley, Pacific Grcyliotind Lines. San Fraiwiscri. Calif. Vice-Chairman Far Dairy Fleets--A E. LuudstCfM.lt. Bowman Dairy Company, Chicago. ^ Vlee-Cbatruiau Far lee ami Coal Fleets--L, W. Daw Icy. Southern United Ice, Company. Jackson. Miss. . Vire-Chairu*ttH For AVut/Htfrer Fleets--W. if. Burk, Traffic Manager of the Caution Repository. Canton, Ohio. Vicc'Chisirman For Petroleum Fleets--Clyde W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Indiana). Chicago. JleeChainuan For Puttie Utility Fleets--"H. N. Gainer, New York St Queens Electric Light & Power Company. Long Island City. N, Y. Vice-Chairman For Retail Store Fleets--C G. Hobart. Wieboldt Stores, Irc., Chicago. Delivery, Taxicab and Bus Section 237 Vice-Chairman For Tit.vicalis--Vrnnk K Toye, Toye Brothers Yellow Lab Com pany, New Orleans, I-a. Vice-Choirmo\i For Trucking ('City)*-->H. E. Trerise, Koppcrs Seaboard Coke Co, Brooklyn, N. Y. Vice-Chairman For Trucking (Inter-City)--D. M. Miles, Here Comes Meeks, Seven Mile, Ohio. Secretary and Chairman of Program CommittecS. S. Grcenburg, Maxwell- DavIs, Iuc., Hartford. Cocm. Chairman Enginecting Committee--A. D Prentice, Hartford Accident He Indem nity Company, New York City ChainmiH Paster Committee--V. L- Nutley, Northwest Casualty ComjKmy, Seattle, Wash. ChairuMit Statistics and Context Committee--Georgy A. Meyer, Southwest Trans portation Company, Xcxuikuna. Ark. Members at Large-- Marcus Dow, Greyhound Management Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Robert Clair, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. Dale Harman, Yellow Cab Company, Kansas City, Mo. C. V. Well*, Pillsbury Flour Mills Company, Minneapolis, Mum, B. C. Skeen, City Tee Company of Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo. C. C Rosenbetger, Markel Service. Inc., Kansas City, Mo. George Widita, Builders and Manufacturers Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago. A report of the Foster Omiraittcc. prepared by Victor L. Ntitky, chairman of this committee, was read by G. J Coleman, Northwest Casually Company, Seattle, which called attention to the fact that all through tlic depression tlie Council has steadfastly offered a large assortment of posters for the use of its members. Since the last Annual Safety Congress. 756 different kind* of posters have been offered to the members, and 2,888,000 copies have actually been met! More posters have been issued drat were suitable for the Delivery, Taxicab and Bus Section members than tor any other individual seetmn. This is probably attributable to the fact that mcM Industrial concerns operate a fleet ot motor vehicles, thus making them eligible for membership in the section The Chairman then introduced the first speaker: Selling Safety to Drivers By MERRILL HUTCHINSON President, Hutchinson Advertising Agency, Minneapolis, Minn. Mr Hutchinson spoke extemporaneously from notes, and therefore, unfortunately, no copy of his talk is available and only tlse substance can be reproduced here. He said: There arc tlirec important steps which must be discussed in the selling of safely, just as the sarru? step* occur in the selling of any other commodity or service. These, arc, first, whom do you want to reach; second, wtat <k you want to get him to do; and third, what means have you to get at him? Now, although these principles arc the same in any kind of selling, the selling of safety is usually left up to the transportation department or the delixery superintendent, or some other administrative officer, and the advertising department of the concern or the public relations department is left entirely oirt of the picture. Perhaps this is a mistake. If the advertising men of the business were called in for advice or a*- 238 Twenty-second Congress--National Safety Council sistance. they could doubtless, make valuable suggestions, and 1 want to recommend co-operation in this respect. It would be splendid if we were able to say that posters reduce accidents 17 per cent, safety talks 5 per cent, esnjdoyecs' magazines 3 per cent, and so on; but there is no wav to discover whal medium accomplishes the results when several are used. Therefore, we cannot answer the question: "What is the best way to sell safety?*' The situation is like that of a sick man who goes to a doctor w!>o makes him go on a certain dirk take certain exercises, get more fresh air, and take certain treatments. Neither the doctor nor the man will be able to tell which of these did die business nor how much each one contributed. It is emphatically not a matter of using this or that method, but of using this ttud that,--all together. Id us now consider whom wc want to reach with the safety message In fleets. What kind of i*cojIe arc lltesc drivers ? We know that their average intelligence is about 12 years. Therefore, we must not tell them anything in words or figures which a lS-year-uM child would not understand perfectly. One of the great stumbling blocks tn advertising safety or sausages or shoes is tltat the man who pays for the adver tising wants the advertisement to be the kind that he would like, and fails entirely to realize dull this would only be wood for reaching people like himself. If the management insists an thinking that what it wants U what the other fellow also should have, die effects of the effort may be entirely lost. Another thought in selling safety or anything else Is that tliu thing is not under taken like starting a chicken farm. Tliat is, by getting a few hens and a rooster and putting them in a coop, with a yard, to produce eggs. Advertising doesn't work that way. The tiling doesn't keep going by itself after it is started; it lus to be pushed all the time hard or it will stop dead. Thi* pushing must be of good quality as well as abundant in quantity. It is not enough to keep ou making a noise; the noise must he an enthusiastic one. The advertising material must radiate belief in something. .. With regard to the medium to be used in reaching drivers, I have already inti mated that as many different approaches should be used as possible. Care, must be taken, however, in using novel ideas. They arc only effective when closely asso ciated with the idea you wish to imi across. For example, a dentist might use a giant tooth for a savings bank to pay fix' dental work, hut a giant tooth would not be good for a piano company to me. If the associated Idea detracts from the central one, ft should be discarded. Some advertisers consider that it is necessary to have a beautiful girl to advertise thiojifs. but 1 caonot see where this is advantageous if the beautiful girl is not associated with the things advertised. The person to be readied is too likely to remember the girl and forget safety. In any case, however, it is necessary to use something out of the ordinary to get attention. Position of posters or bulletins is also impoctant. You simply cant get a human being to go out of his way to look at your advertising, no matter what it is. You must stick it right in front of them and dress it up. The billboard stuck up oil a dump heap will not be nearly so successful as one put on an attractive spot. The appeal used in your advertising of safety should challenge. I remember a splendid example from an insurance company which advertised, "Will your widow dress as well as your wife does?'* That sort of thing bangs you m the eye. This is a difficult thing to do but important and worth much study. You want your reader to say "That's right" when he gels your message. It must ring a bell in him. Finally, let me advise you to sell safety on the basis of selfishness. Let the men Delixery. Taxicab and Bus Section 239 you want to reach knuw that if they arc injured iu an automobile accident, that may be the end of them. Or worse still, they may be crippled for life. Let them know definitely that if they kill a child with their vehicles, they may never get over it and may be nervous driving for the rest of tlieir lives. You must make continually clear what effects accidents will have on the man you want to reach. f decent 'Technical Problems of the Engineering Committee By W. E. SANFORD Safety Supervisor, The United States Electric Light and Power Co... ... ," New York City ,~' The speaker said in part: Tlic following subjects have been referred to the com, mittce for action during the past year: 1. Revision of part II of the "You and Your Car** leaflet series, entitled "Mechan ical Equipment." Tins subject apparently carries considerable interest, as it brought forth many constructive suggestions. 2. "Safe Driving." This pamphlet, designed for the use of organizations which do not fed justified in going to the exjiensc of publishing drivers' rules, also excited wide interest and many valuable suggestions were made. The pamphlet is now avail able to organisations and to date some 50,000 copies have been sold. 3. "Brakes on Trailers." The proposal of Wisconsin to enact a law requiring brakes on all trailers having a gross weight of 0000 pouuds of more, made it de sirable to secure the optcikHi of organizations interested. The consensus of opinion seems t - be that all loaded trailers should be controlled by the operator of the power vehicle and that depending on an attendant on the trailer or semi trailer would be cxttemcly UaxardoMS. It U also considered to be essential that adequate parking brakes be provided an tlic trailer, so arranged that the wheels may be locked when the trailer is detached from the motor vehicle* 4. "Refueling Hazards--Buses" Considerable information was furnished on the operating experience of organizations all over the country ; accidents,, however, have been infrequent. It is suggested that the succeeding committee follow up thii> question. 5. "Side Lights on Vehicles.*' Should some form of side lights be required on all vehicles, with a view to reducing the danger of night accidents at mterscetiur.s? It is suggested that this subject also be carried cm by the new committee. Brakes and Accidents ? By LIEUTENANT GEORGE ANDREWS '" Vehicle Homicide Squid, New York City Police Depertment The sjieaker said in part: In the early port of the year 1930, a conference was held by the Police Commissioner and the Chief Magistrate of the Magistrates Court, City of Hew York, for the purpose of formulating a squad organization to supply complete information and reports of fata! and near-fatal accidents. This squad in vestigates and reports on such accidents in the boroughs of Manhattan, the Bronx and Brooklyn. TIhkc squads have a personnel of three lieutenants, forty five detec tives. and cover twenty-four hours service daily. The detectives assigned to this