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- SC ' PR I Rair-it Research! Institute OP THK PKOBNAriON OP SOClCTIIS POP PAINT TtenNOLOny PROCEEDINGS/NUMBER 101 ........ .... .................... Acerbic Approach to Problem Of Old Lead-Base Paints -- Feasibility Study Jl an 1'. Al l e n It. Ka w it c h I and Ra y mo n d R. Mv k h s * So iu mO wrf(CM can In rtflOorvd vnoooraline la th 'Oil* kf waaiaiant < >* talvtiaat ml owbk cam* ovnOi each at tweraaa mio -o mio io ana piaatma. Th# wiCi-tcolo aaplication ol tixb tabriiant la rakvea *a haiwd al laak aaitaninp af child>an in SM-*y. mainlaincd daralllnk> it ihawn ta ka feasible tram bam lacbaical and acanam.c viawpainn. KfT WOWS: Inaatiian; Acarbic tubalancaai lactate acta acaiata: dipanna; Laad.baca painrt. in t r o d uc t io n It is a matter of record that repeated ingestion of old lead-baso paints bv children may result in lead poison ing. In many older residences currently utilized os inulti-familv units, surfaces carry heavy accumulations of such old paints. The condition at these surfaces is such that loose ibices or chipe of paint are readily available to children. These old lrad-base paints, nmriijvrr, seem to have a pleasant or sweet taste to children, which further increase* the chances of ivpitmx ingestion,tl While restriction of the lead contrnt of new unit ing* can minimiir tlie hazard of future lead poisoninil. such measures do nothing tn alleviate the danger pri-st-ntcd by lead-base paints applied earlier. Neither can one expect prompt eh imitation nf the liasard hv ' Virp PwwJfHt. fiiai livMrt fUrlsmr Id. Ilk* 44tM |i name, f/1 lilt M Ga fill Lo*b#fOlt. fcfOl, OHM MflS. to.. l*i< al Ornmmn, U* ** iMfvrh IhfPam. P*tM Inmu ImMiho . i/t Ihpa. Mrt. ktM Mit fattmiN, Mai. Ohw (111). ** A rmaiit rrvmnri mt iAmw jwrwkaa Hull U4HM Mf f if* ** VMM tam \% mmm m mmm u amt n 1 few mni a lit Uhl tMttp. removal of the old paint or by isolation of (lu-ic curfaett from children, since currently available methods of removal or isolation are expensive and usually re quire vacating the residential area, at least temporar ily. If it were possible, however, to render the old paint unpalatable, the probability of ingestion by chil dren eould be steady reduced.' The trustee* of the Paint Research Institute, desiring to define more pre cisely the potential value of this approach to a re medial program, sponsored the study repotted here. . OINMAl mONCATIONI As a point of departure, we determined that if successful large-scale treatment of deteriorating painted surface* were to bo possible the following properties were desirable in the applied acerbic ma terial: {1) Fragments or chips of the treated surfaces in troduced into the mouth should produce on intensely acerbic (unpalatable) sensation in a high |icreentage uf the population. (2) The acerbic potential of the treated surfaces should be retained fur extended periods of normal use and cleaning. (3) No substances employed should present ap preciable toxicological or ILtmmability hqtard to ap plicators or residents. (4) The tseatment should not require the re moval of furniture or futures; rroecupancy should bo possible within a short time after the treatment is completed. A Journal of Paint Technology Ref 0007-SWP-Q37039 J. r. IUI A. (A WITCH wl I. I. MTIli {5} Application of the material should be possible by etcher framed crews or by unskilled! residents. ifl) Treatment should not interfere with or un duly complicate subsequent rclinikhing or rcdccontmg. ?' TJie ent of m.ittrwls ami application I,ihor should be mull- suevir o f a c w s ic s u c s t a n c is Distastt'fnl. ur.il Mns.itmin may be eljssificd fur present purpusi' us. Intter; peppery tlidt, burning j, vour i.icul1. ur .ittnngrnt I [nickering!. S'cmatimii imuKmg primarily olfactory response* have nut been inrludeil lu re Itecauac mntnuieil ex posure in rcMdciituI arras would tend to render oc cupants insensitive to the repelling agent. Hitter substances generally produce the most in tense acerbic rfactum*. Some chemicals produce a bitter taste at concentrations near one part per million.1 Vnfartnnatrly. however, the sensitivity to bitter oral sensations produced by synthetic chemicals is weak or entirely absent in up to 301 of humans fnr some compounds-' Sensitivity to bitterness is thought to be an inherited trait Bitterness alone, therefore, should not be depended upon as the repelling force for all persons. Peppery taste, if intense, may be acerbic, but con tinued exposure to heavily seasoned foods may in crease tolerance or even produce a desire for the sen sation. Some eL 'iren of Spanish-American or East Indian cxtractu... for example, enjoy eating hot peppers which arc repugnant to others. Sour and astringent principles may not be prom ising as acerbic agents for this use inasmuch as most ro highly water-soluble (eg, zinc chloride and alum). Furthermore, many (e.g., tannic and gallic acid derivatives) decompose rather rapidly by chem ical or photoehemial reaction. We believe that based on the factors detailed above, the primary materials to consider at acerbating agents in treating paint film* should be some com bination of bitter and peppery principles. It appears, therefore, that we should utilize a bitter principle as the primary source of repugnance and add a peppery principle tu repel those children who .ire immune is bitterness. Table 1 lists some id the candidate substances in these two categoric*, to gether with some of their pertinent properties. Sucrose octa-anetate posMsSM an intensely bittrr taste at low concentmtioiu. It exhibit* relatively Inw toxicity* and is commercially available at a reasonable price. For these reasons, sucrose oeta-ecetate was chosen as tha bitter principle for our initial experi mentation. The choice of a peppery principle was more diffi cult. Crude extracts from red peppers are highly colored (rtd to orange) and hence treatment may cause the appearance of treated surfaces end surfaces inadvertently contacted to change. Extracts from black TnW i ftatirum Issllrf t|t iiriujll* Mffilffittf M- JtlUtllK' t'llfm'i: ^iaiMs. tstsisHriKij dcoatr |itiihala<c PffiMdfy Hrimiilfi f-jpuumr Cipijnim Pipcrint p'**ri*tr >| prptmiiln| ten*l liHb* V|*iJac m *irf * l)iMe-1 Mmlrtairlt tfiluble *n v*ir* I *( fur ifniAiuriiic alcohol Col IVrflltAllf. In* illCfl IlfHliSlHlC* fnie-tiM'U liiift'f Chifhtlv MM- wflr ift alirf. tor Urftjtiinitrf *.* sitltoM rtxrnMiv Isiiirr (Muri*m. fW part *ol lllsk- III IIlMI |Mfl) flrf Um rasHM-t* Ml 4rtiNfr fVMilivi. lCCllr. uplurne 4ftU iiilisdMMfi il liMimcarMpnv l.`ni 41 *c- fUifirifit k*r diuihnt.* * ItnitMriv IfiMCf pnnctpte fprm*al ter rlrnffiiunifff jleisimi. A ItflUMj: mw*l tiiteiiMil lib t fruit ip term 2 k m itl film,* ............... Riiriiint ran** 'Jrircttblc M 1mt part m lun POO- iNMiMlate tft cffihl Frrtriv mtelMt in 1amt orfMut Cnranr prpprf extract. Arifht red. Csomuiucm ffif black Pepper. Twdew at tint Hut Hunttni alter taiitd. aipmik irnffiinbki in water. Solubk in tome *f ftMp aplvenia. Uwd in uiptrt punfmt Hill ip HraiAdv.* (I) Urn UMt Iffidax. <P1 ManMffiffit af CfciwMV and Hum <l Pn*n (NffiiMaiim. pepper or from white peppers, on the other hind, are lighter in color or colorless. Pipeline, a constituent of blaek pepper available as a purified, crystalline chem ical. was chosen for the initial experiment.. Extiaetiosi of ground blade and white pepper indicated diet lest expensive peppery principle* may be obtained from thaw sources. CXmiMCNTAt Samples of sucrose octt-icetate.* and pipeline) were dissolved in mcthvlenc chloride. Thin films of these solutions were applied and dried on the surface of varnish-coated paper board, prepared to simulate the surface of old paint Small (1 sq cm) wafers of treated beard produced pronounced acerbic tasisatiens in the mouth of lest individuals at solution concentra tions of less than IS fur piperine and about 2S for suctose oeta-scetats. More eatensive testing was performed with the following solution: MnrHe Sefcnts Tnl tmUuiem 0% (*fi(Sit) MCTMS Mta-tcttate, 1% pipeeiae N% lerUirknc dilesMe rCseoee AMnW Ctaanl 6*. SSilweSw. WA 3* Jo u u ial or Fa in t Tsew*OLoer 0007--SWP-037040 0007-SWP-000115608 Of th* over 73 adult! wliu were given 1 sq cm wafers of board treated with this solution to chew. all but one reported a pnmourned aesrisic reaction wuh- lVli teeonds. The olfrmivf taste generally in- created in intensity during flip lint minute and pet. 'isitd /or to-.w mini.tr- .ilti-r ^MSfuhnn. .Smoking >>r nting hicHly-lljtnred fowls prior to Irttmi; appi'-irril to partial!- nusk tb- n-|>rti il .nerliic response. Inti m on case ss.is it simnn.it.il Tin- firi-xemr in ||K- nnmlli nf rnotm-ndiinii ^'iitanule during Irsfmg did not ap pear tn alft-ct the .ui rlnc n-n\..lions of tin* few pt rams tested. It lai been inputted tlinl iloltlrvn |*ttScs.x ionic gustatory receptors on elui-ltt and tongue surfaces than adults.' It may In' [Vissilile, tliercfiire, tn obtain the desired repugnancy to children with timer eonu-iilranuin of acerbic prnieipli-s than iImj m.- used in tlu-se cspenmeiiti. To test the durability of the acerbic films, treated, v.iimslied surfaces were waslied repeatedly with sealer, and )ii>u.xehuld detergent in water with ou ap parent diminutinn of the acerbic property. Moreover, films exposed to bright sunlight for 11 days did not change in appearance or become more palatable. Re peated scouring with abrasive household cleansers did reduce acerbic reaction, but resistance to removal by scrubbing appeared to increase with aging of the treated surface. The persistence of the acerbic treatment do serfbed above ean be explained by the fact that sucrose octa-acctate solutions, on drying, form dear, flexible films possessing surprisingly low water sen sitivity. It was felt that' the physical properties of the acerbating films, such as abrasion resistanee, should be improved by the addition of a small amount of an Inexpensive, compatible resin. This was confirmed ex perimentally by adding 51( by weight) of a petroleum resin* to a test solution. Careful adjustment of the >T* md content resin would be necessary to opti mise physical properties without appreciably dimiu- ishins die acerbic property. " Sucrose oeta-acetaec has been known and used as n plasticiser for many polymer svstemt. It should, therefore, interact strongly'with the binders of old paint films. The mrthyU-sie chloride solvent is also rradily absorbed by paint films, so it Is likelv that appreciable amounts of acerbic principles can he alt- tnrhrd into the old paint surface* diving the drying -if the treating solution. The degree of absorption may he increased by the use of some less volatile solvent, such as tridihiroi-thylmc. This would, however, in crease the potential' toxicological hazard during ap plication and diving (TLV) of methylene chloride s 500 ppm: trichloroethylene =s 1U0 ppm).* The test snhitiun (without fortifying resin) was sprayed so that the fringe of the spray pattern f the ACHSiC a MIOa Ch ro OlO sIAO-lASt "ovenpriv"fell on typical, nunpamted household surfaces. So damage or appreciable change m id |iearancv wav evident on wa'lpapcr, fatiric. f at!i<-r. or brick surfaces exposed to the light "ovrrsprjs * A 'light increase in gloss vxas noted when unpmgi-in. -it approached a full triaiincot him. Adhesnm of t-.,. acs-rlnc film to glass or portrl.uo surfaces is [tour iinJ overspray cimM lie rnnns.it from wuiduws and i-;. i [ lam fixtures he normal washing procedures. Application of the acerbic materials as ,ui rim.lsum ui water may have eesmonoe and otfier .iilv.m. layrx over vini|vle solvent sssttms. The g'in -a! fr.isilnlitv of ixiiiilsiuii preparation was chenkixt !<s applying an emiilsirin of the following furmula: / muitthiflth l* tfor ;it 4 ,ft msi^fst; s iiih n ' mi suuu- '."'i Ms llul* Ms* shlsMiilr fftlMLl Ttritn Isldfli |Np|a t nV% smisUiftuiy ditftiir^ *? V'f imiMN t*r ihhn nit Tliis solution was stirred vigorously into an equal volume of water (hv volume). The resulting emulsion applied by spraying or by brushing dried in a fesv minutes, leaving the mated surface strongly acerbic. Addition of the rmolsifii-r increased tha water sensi tivity of the dried treatment film slightly. 'The raw materials employed in the emulsified treatment are estimated to cost less than $0.01 per square foot of treated surface. -C MITHOM Of APPLICATION The acerbic solutions described above could prob ably be applied mast efficiently and economically by spraying, from either portable spray equipment (for trained application crews) or from aerosol spray cans (for ItmitM. topical application by householders). Spray tests were first run utilising portabit airatomising spray equipment Proper choice of spraying tip and air pressure reduced the `ovurapray* to s satisfactory level while surfaces to be treated were covered with an adequate wetting film. Excessive ap plication. resulting in "runs* was avoided by applying the material slightly Ik s than that required for a fully cxtnHnuuus coating. No problems of equipment oprratiun or maintenance were observed. Equipment cleanup was accomplished satisfactorily with a mix ture- ul chlorinated hydrocarlxm (t-.g., trichloroethy lene) und mineral spirits. Airborne particles of aevrliic material were mud* irately offensive to tlic applicator and nearby ohservers, causing a very unpleasant taste in the mouth and some sneezing. L'sr of a trspirater designed to trap particulate matter eliminated this npisance for the opctabir. Fur targe scale operations, appl icators will apparently haw to wear respirators which wmild * l rotstiwtti iMhiiifitl (Immil Cteg., Omp im, f SHT-tJ. Marne loffinml Cffi--wffiW C*^ CMtntm ! Vn- 13. No. 581. June 1973 J7 0007-SWP-037041 0007-SWP-000115609 J. P, T|AS. A. *. CAWTTCH m*4 I. t. MVItS screen out both solvent vapor and particulate!, and 'thor person! will have to be kept from the area until the a>r u free from acerbic material and solvent vapors. Sproving of (lie emulsified acerbic formulation produced levs effort upon the operator than did the vnkrnt volution. Tlie me of retpiraton for large-tcnlr work (till ccemt advisable. A portnoi nf the acerbic solvent dilution was juckac' d h i it riivnl Cam mini; |imp.iiir iioliiitaiH' av ilie pn>|>ellant.* Contents uf the .irrmtil can was 3M5 I liv weight) acerbic vilvrut inliitinil anil ifIB pro pellant. \o problems of filling nr use were evident ex cel# that, dnnng spraying, inhalation nf iiirlmrne ilruplcts of the dilution jiroducixl very intense acerbic reaction almost instantaiMsmvIy in tile month anil n.-ual passages of tin- applicator and permns in ad jacent moms lin n brief exposure caused coughing, sneezing and gagging. Delectable amotinti nf acerbic material in the air perxistrd fur alunit SO minutes. It <vas concluded, thcrrfurc. that arnmil application of this type of solution without adequate respiratory protection would not be practical. Application by airleu spraying equipment was not attempted, became the experience repotted above thusred that formation of very finely atomised drop let! is undesirable. '' Application bv swabbing, brushing or rolling would eliminate the problem of lingering airborne droplet!, but applying the methylene chloride solvent solution by these 'methods proved to be difficult due to the very high rate of evaporation and the resulting inability of laying down a reasonably even costing. Replacing part of the methylene chloride with a lest volatile solvent blend might reduce the evapora tion rate suficiently to permit application with reasonable control by swabbing or brushing. For ex ample. sucrose octa-acetato dissolved in a blend of 201 (by weight) mineral spirits, lit dipentene. and Ml methylene chloride seal easily applied by swabbing with a cellulose sponge. ' TOXICOUMICAl AND UAIIUTV HAZAIOS N'o effort was made during this study to evaluate the toxicological haxard of ingredients employed in the experimental formulations eseent to determine from standard sources that none nf them was died as bring acutely tuxie. When a finul formulation is pro poned for large-scale testing, the toxicity of both the ' ( * The StrM-WiNiMM Civ, UrwUmk OM. volatile solvent fraction and the deposited acrrbic film must be determined precively. Similarly, legal <jui-ltimn. such as patent position and possible- liability for either personal ur property damage, will have tn Ik - ennudered. It i< nur under standing that a Ilritivh patent I1.1S been issued dealing with vnine avpvctv uf tin* work and that additiniul patent applications liave Into made in tlie l'. S. CONCLUSIONS Tin' invi-vtig.itiunv reported here tunfirm tin- gen rul fenvilidity f treating ulil lead-h-isn painted -nrfad's to render them uupalatablc tn a high [lercrnt.ige nf chifdnti. Such treatment should appretulily reilucn the pniiiability nf ingestion nf Mich m.it.rmk and tlie aciximpanving danger uf lead poisoning. A strongly acerbic1 mftrtion can lie applied economically in the potentially hazardous surfaces of a residence wiihnut stripping the living area uf furniture or fix tures. Reoecupaney will lie possible within a iliurt time following the treatment, bitter and peppery principles in combination appear to be best suited fur this u p . Specifically, a combination uf sucrose octaacetate and black pepper extractions are proposed. When dissolvrd in organic solvents, these substances may he applied directly nr as an emulsion of a mote concentrated solvent solution and water. Application by spraying is attractive from the economic mandpoint, but formation of very fine, air borne psnielfs of the acerbic solution must be minimized by careful selection of spraying equipment and operating conditions. Application by swabbing, rolling or brushing may also be feasible whan treatment of small areas by nontnined personnel is desired. ACXNOWUDOMINTS Tbs authors deeply appreciate the counsel and suggestions contributed by: Seymour Maim, of Aceto Chemical Co., Flushing, N. Y.; Robert L. Collins, of SHerwtn-Wifilams Co,, Cleveland. Ohio: George Buefcflv. of Binhs Mfr Co,, Chicago, X1L: and William Kaphovlts, of S. B. Pennick ana Ct, New York, N. I Referents* <l) MwnrirP. It W. Thr Chemical W Srrt !.. |. IIW>- IS) JM. p.9H. (Si !. "Ilmasiee* h|inilw rf tnduxrial Muriih." It) Mmsttf, It W. if ril. p. 215. (5) 'nimhwW limit Vilm-i t Airtmnw CMiumiumv* Amciwan Cne<i ! Imbmiul It-giciiwiv AifriomOfieei Oh fame Iff) kneeCma JOURNAL Of PAINTTKNNObOCV tikae lb NuNtar HI: Pams IMS Crertiahi iw i ty me irimiiH d tmimin tm PriraTremtirer. PMliSriinre, Pnmrlwali, u. a a. ' .. ........ --................. 0007--SWP--037042 0007-SWP-000115610 7"^* v T- .. f- `'COMMUNICATION & ROUTING SLIP TO DATE B&'SgtP* 01? - s { -"J 7U. m U PLEASE CALL WILL CALL ACAIM C (Ux j Ul Ua . U (Hta4\ PHONED YOU RETUENED YOUR CALL VISITED YOU MESSAGE & ROUTING "Cs FOR APPROVAL L*Lur*udL COMMENTS /jyULrtZt) "**. -uAfasi'f PILE INFORMATION NECESSARY ACTION RECOMMENDATION RETAIN RETURN SEE ME SIGNATURE f r o m TIN! A.M. n p m. 0007--SWP-047904 0007-SWP-000115611 0007-SWP-047905 0007-SWP-000115612 ! | P1 If --* 5 ft - Ml:!3 3 ? ** * s= 13 5 i1" 51J7 3. f | = * n i2 2 'j. 5 = 3 = l|f f I'llS "3 Si 52 !: i * = _ 4 8* 5. i s*1 ? 5 1 ` v ! ` 8 il |s 5 ^ v.TS. - - 5. ? H *.1 -S - *-itit*3* -5' ; s * ? i *i5 13** i'-5 =.; s = I Z2 = s _ * s. 5S'iJ,J _s _^ j: - = -- si* -- !L :i!--! * 5 -- 4 5 ; _. - i '4- I $ | = *2 ? S' * 4 " - * 5 i li* 3 ~ 9*." ^ * - .ar^ = 5*5 U l*il l2.f?s ! 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" yr s i H*1 ,i | s*5rs"i> * rf4 J i J " ; = r??f 2 till: TS =: if:: ? m 1 ilFs m .* s i * * * j 8 - XT r I as ,sr 3* r* r 5?* 3 * ri x * : * ; 2 1 5.1 f * w 7"i rrl::si?i s :.3 5:i*t ? s H3 I * X- i * * s 3-3 s s 9 ?? sr "Ml rEllnf Ilrr M,75?5i^I8I*S1-*3 0007-SWP-047907 0007-SWP-000115614 ANTIMONY l>X 11 IK Anliiin-ny nxeb- a h u m- |inlurr-l nmies ' n result nr muslin" niiiiiiiniiv nn-s, I In- eii|N>rs l*inp riiiNlrnsril lo form t uliilr poarU-r. Tin- w iIiih I i< sinm-wliAl analnpmis I* live jwnilinIjiHi ill zim; oxide, villi llir i-Mi'jitinn Hint there i* mill In lie i ilillit i-ik i* ill lire vn|Nir >la|p <if tin* tun Mllislnllers. Tlw oxide nf nnliniiHiv prtslnii-d ahmit twenty rwiri nirn Ms suid in In - siiiiii-ttlint mnrse mill of 1111'iili'finiirv |iro|s`rlies fur ill- in paiiil. Him- early imicnl Ims referred in (In- product imi f pipmcMt from Irml ores ninlHinili" antimony. In risislinp procr-ss nl IliffN tem|>eta- followed liy mililinmiii.il. Dark* aim refers In an larly Kremit process in which |Iip \.pnr~ fmm mtislisl antimony on- t r plnnl in ctml.rl villi liipiids tnniaininp nllinliiii* earth metals, n wnihinalinn pipment In-ill-; produml. Our of lluw |Npmeilt* thus pnnlun.il iniilaiiiril linriinii sulphate ami mipht Ih > tcrianl an "antimony lilhopne." A i>imn*ii( Iv. however. all nf lltese early pijmieiitu met with no prrat MHiws. It is possible tliai tin* eliief Innll m< lln'ir odor, whirli vns nfli-li yellow, due In antinn-m sal|iliiik> Irinjr present. Villi furlln'r reference In pmi-v-ees. j( wnlilil lie of inlrrrst In know Hie extent nl anlimnny ore wliiili iwiy in lln- fnlnn- Ir available for IImi pnslttcIimi nf mi< b a pipnn-nl, since some intrsli;alim Imre clsinn-d llial the vnrlil'a supply nf antimony is mmparalivcly mmll. If this is Iron, its use will Mnl In - ascxtcwled as smile iniplit ilpin-. Till- Hrilnr's first e\|N-rinii-iils villi anliinniir nxiile ilafe lark to I'***, wlieii n ipiHnlily nf il,i< pnalnri as mails by an Ann-rh-mi maim* lailnrer was Mihmillcd. A lea pn-liiniiiary lals-rainry teslv were niflili- wiib tin- prmlni-l. but imi cvpnsore*. fl was imi, however. until lot I that any spianlilv <-f prodmt aa rereivetl fur actual i-\|aisiirr tests, ami this was ill tin- tnnn nl a very finely iliriilnl while |aiwi|er obtained alims-1. Hlu-re il has I., mllv lieen inltmliierd in a inninn-r- ial manner, 'die writer". investij>alinns ilisclnsrtl (lie fnllnaiup prnperlies, '. Ill the tattle lirlnw an- -rivi-n tlie s|mifii- prarity, bnlkinp value, ami fiiirm-va uf iitiiirniy nvi-h- as i iiiiipnni) with lilhnfNine anil Tilrtimx. * 1`eveleinoenl nf Aitllnwoy InVie. If. H llnikr: l-rn-. 1`alnl awl Var- nlrV Hnr. nf Itn-al llrltala, A|-rll. ltd. . Rraluatlmi nf While lluvnls. II. IS. Clarke: Jew. of HU ami Color Cbrm. Anan. nf Isnnlen. In, t-lil. ' .i i s . ' aw * . . . .Vhl liiemj rivlihl.lllea-i-Hi- ........ 'IIIh in -x ............ Kruvli). x.w l.w i.w "eWrllier. ,- till Ills|M. I|llmk ,,tHM-|.nl w w h I imi* j lull* ti( imlitl. 1 it .-w i.W S.TO 5.711 Hin -w s s per iv-H Ihnoie XBim-> mii. m.x m.H !. Oil .1/isiirptiwN.--The oil absorfilion of ptpmrul ile|*nils lo wa exlenl upon lit* lliM-in-ss, aurfar- ana of the privies. auil oil physical properties. Antimony nxirle Is ra|illy welnsl with ISna eil, lint prams mptirinp j !3.< tv. of oil in llie fianlm-r-t'iilemail ted In an onlinary primlinp test. Ihr pipmenl forms a smooth |arit, w HH |rls of |iipiiH-Ht In It pari* of linsrwl oil. Kor sfirwliiiff, I tan hi* mimed with further i|iuliliea of oil, slrier ami thiuner make a aatisfaelory pint ir Ihi-re is pn-w-nl fnoii IW lo JS pr eent pipim-ol. Hie Imlanee is-inp liipinls. ,lM>r*rlMfrla Curmt IvaeaMfrr of Pipmenl serf OH fe IVlul vf H ffnaliiif Cfiwlilriwf ivr \ tNt. ivr I mil. n Antmnsi)' llrl-V.. .... HI nil IJi|iiltts............ .... tm IsHhiUmiip......... % | TWanot....... ... Ml Miutf4....... . -tt | mi MuaMir.. ... IfWinjr f'oa-rr umf ll'*ifeur.--Tile lihlinp |mwer of a white i miai ile|H-nils ii|mu ils n-fw-live imh-X, fiianees, ami nllirr phys jimpMies. Atllnmph brusliinp tesla over Mark |ailleil anas are o niaifi- lo ilelermilie Hie hirlillK |siHt-r or a |aihl, lie* HVfrl relia im-llnal is llinniph llm u-e of Ibo I'fuiiil erv lUmm-li-r, a simph- | nf apprains ilial piree rph-h naulH in ihr- lalmraiory. Vliifmrss liripliliires anil hiiliop pouer am, however, n-rv i-bwll asars ialnl, all lexis slviahl hn laanl u|nm pipnenla of emii|araliruly Ilia s rotor. Thus, for inslamr, umsl all while opai|m- pipmrtila uf ( liriplilness are lower in tiuliii|! pwer than Tilatmx, lillmpmie aiilimmiy oviile, lull llu-ir lihlinp |niwer may he rrpisl In MHue of nlaive if they an- "iliHy** or nlf-snlnr, ilae |u inipurilhw in llm pm of mniiufarlare. . Her Clo ular K. W. : . ' ' 3UI v Tlf tirilri1' i-i-'iill' i||i n iilmili-r -if -;itn|ili- nf llir nliilr jiig.Tl*`lll-; I' lf iK-il in i-lm i!jijrn\umili h |||t. i*i||irii mgj nnh-r nf hilling |mcr: Tihiimv..................................... Iirriiii~i liitiin-; |nnn-r 1 tIn>)nini-.................................. S'*-\l lB ~| billing; |nmer \ iiiiiiimiv 11 jilt-...................... Ij ih ix i (liiliiii; jMisrrr V- n lmriil in nlimr, luiUi irr. nil iif |ln- nil'lli* |ii"iH<nlx an- nr yrinti-r lii<li(i<! |mt'r ((mil |iiu<liriill\ miy ulln-r nliilr |>ij:illi`iil nf ii|Hiil I rr i-_-lil Iir'4. lilhrr Phyxiraf Pn/irrtirx. --Whim illiliimnn uviib" in lill'Uil nil in -I'rnnil, il bniiix n film llml ix wift mnl tm-kv fur ninny ilnyr, lint* iinlnmin" a lmk nf lining." |irii|irrlK Kirn nlirii (ha iinutl Hinniint il "liii-r I" .lil'h'l, (In- >~nmi* rniHlilinii may lx- nlinmi. Tliis n*llll lins " -it nliriliiin-il In llin m iilii' nniiirr nf iln> |iiinm-nl nn miitritxli-d In ilii- Ini'ii- initiin- nf iiniiiv ntln-r nliilr jii"7iH-nl-i llml ilrjr li|i rn|'iillv vi In n i \|>ii'i-il 111 nil n illi ii 'iimll u mih iiiiI <if ilrirr. `Ilia urr, IIk -u -- inri-. nf an i-.\lm niniimil of ilrirr niili nniini'iiiy nviilr in Knrnmli-il, mnl <--|n-i tally IIn- mi- nf n ilrirr llml i-'iitfnilH "ninir inbalt. .VnutliiT ' liill'ili li-ri-lii nf niilililniit n.sill 1- l-uilll' i< llir ii-iuh-lii-V l '`Hill.'' Ill lilt- iirilir'* n|iininii, lliin ...... . i> ihlrmnii-n nilli IIn- Irtiiiif- r- iiiiitiiin Imrm Irrinln-fi nf iln- |iinii-iil. anil cmilil In- largrly nvi-r- 1 null- mill Miiliilih- ilrirr nihlitimir. I'larkr* lut* mlim-fllitl Ihnl mu- |ii-r u til nf lillmi-ni- In- cTMiiml tiiili iiiiiiiiinnr nxiilr an 11 ilrirr iin-i-l- -IHIII. Ill liiniit i-H'i-s Ilii-t unnlil ilnnliib-w ln- an nilmillapr. Tin- nrinT Ini" fminil (lull /.ill" nthlr in nl-n 'Ilti-ifiiiliiry fur lilts |Mir|nsr, nml if" II'I- ti-iiif.'- In |irirliiri- 11 linrib-nitlp ill-linn thnl llnliin lmi*k rx- --i 11- 1 li.ilkini!. In rx|nt'lirr li-'l' ai Un-llili^lnii.f iiiiliiiHilir nviilr iiiiiilii-ri-il fr si-'i-rill nmlilli* niilumi illiv iinirki-il ilvfa-la rxt-r|i| a 1 iirinii' fnriii nf rmiiiiii mnl >iirrnri-1 bulking;. \n i-nnkinp nr Hilkiiin nil' iilisi-riii*l, lull rry 11111 rb-<l irfm* lii-i-nliinilinli * n|i|inri>ii|. |n nliilli| v ilm- In I hr ri-li-liliiili nf -"Itinkl- ninl tlll-f |mrli<lrx by n Him llml hml 1ml ilriinl liitnl. Mrmtrr, linl> nf IIn- nliilr finli-il mil irrv rn|iiilly, |Hi'.-ilily ilm- In h u t -4 Imlking. In |hr i-inii|Hisilr |iig'iiii-n| li-'l 4. lbr iwi- nf linriuni nll|iliilli nr nf lillm|nnii- in iniMlrrnlr aniinuil* ri-'iilu-l in ininli i-b-nm-r lilm*. pmlialily ilnr In Ilm ailiM i-linlkinp i- mli-in-v nf linin' |iipnirnl. Ifnili- "nml film* si-rr iIiih 4(>liimil in uliili-, lull in liplil linlr, fmliii". ilui- In 1 linlkinp, ntt linli-il. 11 i< |im intlx in |ir*ilii-l tin- |irn|n-r rnnnnlm fur " tli-rinr wnrk, bill il trnnlil S--4- n-rrrmi-rr ahuir. ffhh-nllllr Snilmi rin-ulnr ,N l7 *C In- i-v|n-i li-"l ihnl 11 iiniyiih-nilili* niniHinl nf rim- nviili- niivv-l willl ilkim-ri |ii-_-iih-nl mlilinl In 1 In- aiilinin( nxiilr ttmilil lx- mi ii`Kmiln('i'. SnliMil 111in-- mii;lit 11 ill- In- nlilailiril, I hi I'xpiiifi' in iitiimpi-ii xui|iiiiii"- fnnn-x. inilinnniy mWr |ninl( Inrin-il M-llnii. ilm- in lln- fnriHiilinn uf miliiimny Hiil|iliiih-. Thi y4*l* Imr 4-nlnr. bnni-u-r, iliJt|i|ii-iiml inlin-ly |mii n-iiMiml nf (lir |minlii In I'hinn air. Ii\iililli'*li nr lln> yi-lhiv Hillplibli* In trliili- mlinMiny i-h ii|iiiiiik I Imvilli" " i iirn-<l in b-m Ilian IS Imnis. Km. I In n-fi-rring" irri i-vli-i^iu-ly In llir |*4'iMn luxii; i-lfm l nf n-rlain iinrimi>ni 1 nin|i iini"l-, I'lnrli |mililx mil llml HMlininny mrlr i- |imlialilr nnii-l`"i<-. amt t-t-rilix n-rlaili ix nf |mbm|iiiip ni1rilnil"il lu niiliiiiiMiy ir r<-nllt ilm- In artrnin. Tin- i-laini- Ihnl Imu- Iri-n mail)! n-sanlinp lln- inni-lntifa' imlnir of aiilinniny nxi<li- b--l lln- ariu-r la tmnlui'l xrrii-t uf |m|a in aliicli wrir iin-lii"li-<l litlH"|t<*i*- ami Tilamu, alllinuf.'li pruvniur r> i<li"iKV tlrrtily bail r-ltmi->I IIn-m fan /allrr |iip- `Jirt nii'iiu ii' imii-lii\ii\ Tin. le-ir- t\ore madr in >-<i'i,rHliii wilh l>r. O'ciir It. 11 unior, iif tiporgi- Wiidtinglon I oi'i-rsily. ii|mn n nunilwr if mill'll* I lint were llrsi kept fur M ii rnl week* tinder olm-rvatinn |t> determine llieir MiilHbilitv for tin- In-In, Till' rnliliil" were fed with mi i-iiiiiNiini i>f pipmi-iil nml water. the emiiMim in raelt iledaiHT I'l-iii" jnKsml lliruii"li h rtiMrt-r IIil.e ilnnii ilia animal** Ilirimls into tile n Iiiiii*iIi. Hi lliis iiu-lIu n I ii mi !-ini|ili` matter lo inritre delivery n( exact niiiiniiils. Itmlv weight'- nml leiii|>rrattirr were taken oeeaeinnnlK. Sin n iii|f nilli min gram nf pigmeiil, fin* iIiif h were nlinrly in i ri-a'i-il lii % grains daily. Tin- latter niimmil fi-|>nmcnl.< mliat might In- (unininril in m-niiiH iliinilili' (ml in eoni|iarahle In an amount Imu il on (In- Innlv wcifrill of an average human, to I*/. nmm (an aiiiniiiil nnllh-ii-iil to fill a ili-inilaso- cap). Enrn KiK-h heroic ilium adniinM'-reil in i-r m-v it h I ai-eks' tinir failed to have any market! effect, an in iiolimtol in tin* following table: tfi`fnirl * t 'lluinil ami Vallmlnglnl Kfftrl* nf I'ninl /'iifatenf* llnl.l.il No. t. TITAKOX. ' Mnlorinl emulsified in tl <-i . nf water and friven an Mlotre: -Inly IT, mm............... I "ram (weight nf animal. 3.100 gram*) " in, I M3.............. :i pram* It :iii. mm....... ... "> '' ("right of animal, ll.nns grant*1 .4 ill, mm....... ... a * . Aug. i. mm....... tl .1, mm....... . . . 4` ** * * si 1. mm....... ... 3 1 II II. mm....... .... 8 IB, mm....... ' < tK, mm____.... s >4 2, mm____, , . , *! ** 4 4 ?*, mm____ ...*>** i l. mm.......___8 " . '' '. 4* ill. mm___ '* Hi-|it. 1. m*:i...., ... fi " 14 ` <1. mm.... ....8 - " i, mill.............. Kill'll ami aidnpwh-d (weight. 3.tOI> grain*) I'l.lXIt'Al# OHSKKV.VYIOXS: Animal exhibited tin aymirfoma, except (lie nattal iinliitpie.it ion to rat after adminiatraliwn. . AlITOIflY: fimliura are negative, except for the presence nf cmi-iiliaaii and the digestive dirturliaiKna noted in ItaUiit No. 1. Kn definite petholngiial findings traeealila to preparation. , . 74 t K t.vrcs Tilt: k miw it s ititrr.N t it v s o x ecu iimir .u wiatt: tNAITlccTut. Hr/mrl o h l'linir*l nml hilhnlofliral Kffrrt* of 1`amf I'i-Jnirnl* lfahl.il Xn. I. I.ITHltl*l)XH_ Material cnintsiffrd in -*3 n-, of wali-r nml given at follow.-: .Inel*y < II A ti4g. i;. m. :i, - ii, i. :t. mm........... mm........... mm........... mm........... mm........... mm........... i gram (weight. 3,tl grain"I I JffJllll.d Ti 5 5 r * W M (weigtit, :l.:nnt grain" 1 If m. mm........... 4 it, mm........... nt, mm........... 1 m, mad........... if m, ii3........... i 4 f4 m, 1943........... , mm........... s b, mm........... .* i Setd. 4, mm........... 3 b, mm........... 3 "1 if 44 4 4 4t M 44 (Wright, :l..1?n gntni"i '* !, m?:t.............. KilM atnl aiiln|i.-ii,i| (weight, 3.310 grant _ rl.IXICAI. OIISKMVATIttXS: Aitimal exhibited no VMtpf"m* itn|airtanec, esn-pt man- indi-|nr>itii*i In rat aflrr ailmriiianlnitiiiai preparation. . ' 1`ATIHlMMIIf'Af.: Animal rxhihited no pwth'dopi'-al tnaiiifei<l linin'. Al'TOrHY: Autnpy show* no gnaw |Mlln4ngieal ihangra, cxer wonte <uiigc*live dielHnaitiro nf the inlivlinea atnl nw-ettl'TV. fo i-iilinsia present, Alaloniiiial alnl thoracic viitera ill gfsel i-omlilio latrge intralinea art* wnnn-altal di.di-nilnl. Inti h|io w tin |>alli"bHn< ih'frela. |v t.tTKa T:*Ta. t iik H.inniTa nm.x i.iTiiiitniM: .txn nratr .mt 'Ht: TXAt-TEtTWI. Itrfmri o h t'limnil and /'iMtbjaud K/rrh of Fu ih I I'igmeml* llald'il N'n. .1. AXTIMUXY IIXIliK. Material rtmildfl'il in ti re. nf water and given at f'db'Wa: duly 17, I9M,........... I gram (weight, erame I *' *, IW3..............n granw * :m. Ifiw..,,.... " (wvighi, l,M eramr) ' 91. IOTA._______ a * . XV 1:13.1.... , . , . . *' ** i. ___ ' 11. i!a___ " Hi, I!i3:i___ ___ * - l. I!l-.M___ .... d tm *, vm\___ ___ r ** ' 3?. IU3-I___ < 31. i:i3.l___ ___ r 3ii, 1923 ___ ..*** * <cpt. 1. |1i:l___ .... r, IS, 1113:1___ * 4| - 1933___ ----- Killnl and aillo|>dint fiei-ight, 3/1 In grama) ti.lXICAI. OlINKltVATION.S: N H\ni|iliniM idHcrral, rxi-rpl I In- it uni iiiilii|isiliiih In cut after adniniiMnttion. AI'TDI'SY: On superficial ctaniinalinn Ihi- Ilinm-id nul alidom- imil tiiui-ra ap|a-nrcd In In- in pml lumlilinii. Slight chronic pitrilii, niili man' thickening nf (In- -.tntnach walla. I.iver cxhihilnl some im riilwi-is. Inir-diucs Mmw inane .-light enteritis, with moderate mn- iri-~l imi. lint oHa-nviap normal. I urge intestine* *n> distended willi feral iniillrr. hrunnisli-libit-k in eoliir, lull no s|ircillr pathology Ih u ih I. Heart mnl lmij.'s iinniial. ' ' -. Is- i.iira ri->TM, t iib iiih iiit * is iv k n a s t iw iiw o n iiie a mi nmir II III IIIKII IN' 3 1 iiiii r h . The lire! rrsiilli were rather duriling in .relation l Hie alilimony nviile, ainer il waa (In- writer's n|iinirai that this raMlian wan eery H|rl In Ih - Inxii-. II i* apparent, hoarser. Ilml (lie antimony iixiilr was in-olutile in Hie slumacli join-* nf tin- animats anil |aenl nul in Hr fined willimit elfiil. In fail, examination liy funiariiii! <>r Hie faxes frnm all (lie animals resulted in nannl while pill* piling every teat fur Hie pigment ad originally administered. In viuw. however. nr tile fnrt that wnrknieii niighl ilrink aeiilnlaleil Inn-raged ituring the appti- -Dlinn nf paint, il wav lliouelii desirable In repeat the tenia with oera- .-innal nilniillirlmlinn nf lln- ililuteil juii-e nf Icnauis. Tliia was ilnne nn-l nu elfei-l nan noted on tin rnlihila Irnilnl with Titannx nr with litlHipnne. Tlioac Irralril with antimony nviile died in 2-1 hours. Snhve<|Ui-iil re|Kat tiwla eliuked tliia Pmling. After an anlopey, the stomai-h anil intestines were eanminnl ami soluble niitimuny <nm- iwiuinlv fmmil. Apiatrenlly the i-ilrin ariil in the h-ni'm jaiii-c lunl everted a very marked enlteiit |KiWet upon lire antimony oxide. ; Teata were Him uiaile with lemon juire anil lifTemil strengths of (!. P, citric ar.iil u|>nii antimony oxide. The tesla imlirateil that lliese ubelanoes, even in ililulinn, are great anlrentv fur aHliwuary oxide.-. Shaking 1 gram in a liter nf O.JD per cmi eitric acid showed alwut -Id' per cent soluble.' . . -. < l,miOl*ll\i:.--lln- writer's lir.-t e\|a-rirlM-r with lillio|artn> da lati-k In I!h i;, alien thin pigment was Iwing introduced gradually the iminl trade, one nf ila t hief use* at that time la-itig in liimh-n rntilier, and .->iniilar indaslrtr*. The prudufthin nf exterior |atinl* with it hail not thru lawn hm nilofiulnrv, dm* In lire nceai-'ainal darkening eifeel of aunligld a imiisiiifT. Imt ila ire in inlvrinr paints wa* well .darted. 1`omhin with lliinmv mal nil rarnMira carrying a ivniMih-rahle amount ihiiincr, maiinfaclnrrr* were aide In phnx mi Hr market ttnh-k dryi flat coalings nf great hiding |anrer ami whiteness. I`ndaddy nn ty uf interior paint ever gained as rapid hradway nr lawnmo a-* popu in a almrl pcrhal f time. A cnMtparisrui, for instance, fur the ye ItniT, when two nr three plant* made a tirtal uf a llmnainl tone, w ID!!, wln-n eight Amerh-an planl* pnalueeil a total uf over on. Im dml thnnsand Inna (Inn hninlml million |Hind.*). slums the strii inailn in its prialuctimi ami nu-. .Some meal flgnrr* nn lilhopn prodm-limi, as prvai-nleil Iwfniv tin- Amerhnn /ini- Institute in IM are of inlerrst record: TMm inn......... ... I.HW* 11W#......... ... Higiri I1W....... A |M......... mm......... mu......... IWJ......... ... mm......... im 1 ........ mm ........ .... mm ...... .... mt; ......... mm ........ mm ...... IM* ........ ltd ...... a .... tuts*......... Tins. M.>l nigM rftum* ' The chief enti-ur id lltln nt|i>l ilcvrh>pnu-nl was tin* no* ul lilhnpn in flial and bis* inlerhir whip*. I'revimi* In l#l the Use uf |aii was very largely mnllm-d In pvleriwr rarfma, lh inlerinr walls a ceiling snrfaeea (wing mated with pa|a-r in the ease uf Inone* nr orth nr h-fl latm in Hr case nf factorial. When people began to a|iprt>iHr ease with which anrfaem mtthl he liiddi-H with IIr ir w lv|ai paint, ami Hr increase id light mnl snnilary inmlilinin fullowing use. Hr deeeh*pnRiit hecanui m|iiit mid inlerhir |inling inpal *Homrsllc iwSwIliqi marki-tcil, as dm hj I'. M. Itenheilnil Harve H-Mtawn-d. - '' ' |H* Informathm iegantlag Hr ml* <it tMeetnr wall taalnta. Re He llflc BeetI,III <1n-nlara,Xmi. T, 1. 311. :C1. 4-X 3. 1*T, etc. Me, . - ' It M mint prnlialile tlwl ilii* jiiiouitl of Mu lrji1 current wnl throujdl lUr ilttnturfttitt of thcae paints in fn-tnrio, livnlm with Iho inprenatal Hl ii-in_-y of Her workers, Imi more than balanced the rntim lot of Ilie pninla miJ |lu-ir *|>|>li<li|in. Mlial till* her ineaiil In lint rtitilractor Hell a* In tlir rtoimniin lilnalHMi in llie cmi'lmmiail of lalmr is dillieull lo ctlilliale. Iluriiij; I!h i9 Hh - writer m|i>| in Atlantic t'il) ami in l*i|Miuroli a writ* of |i|lui|mitr |isiinl IH* in white atnl in iiilnra In ascertain alial conihiunlinii aits best suited fnr exterior work. Mixture* with rarinur fornw uf while lead, riiie iixelc, ami with inert |iij'menH Wi re tried. Without rvferriun In tin- darkcniii)* totinn llml may Inn ot tim-d n nnti- of I Im*--a rt riill of the oni-aii-fuclnry i|ualiir of llie liiliii|niiie tlii-ii jirixlnii'il. tile main tlrfnl Initial in IIil - tesla true n form of r|iiil limitin > tlini fmwl in ont way related to waliiii". Millie intiolipilnr- elaimiii}; that Ilie tin sulphide (insvlll in lillmfnnir unik rjtia a iixnhiliiHi lii rinr vulplinlc, wltirli i>, nr morn-, water Hilulile. Tlic u rior fnuinl. Icmiarr, Hint mixture* with nlmut '111 |ier cent of line oxide jraie U-lii-r rrrulla ilian with the otlmr formulas, ami tile toe of w.mr inert pipnienl ntninl justifiable. TIiim, for Iiialanre, one of llie Im-M lil|in|mne formula* trie*l mil n- compostal uf Iff per nail lillui|HHie, In | r nail nine, ami per ta-nl nliitinj;. Thine It-e'lt* ) irnlmlilt alfnrili-il Ilie Br>t iiiforniatiiiii regarding lln> l>re|H-r iIi bc .-h of hilio|Riiu- paiiil* for exterior n>. .Since Hint porhal, fnrllier led* lime I ecu made lit other nlwiirr.i, ami naxiiiniietidnlioii* lutu- Ilia'll tiiiule llml ex|a-riinenlnl |iaiiila should la' niaili! up Willi almut Vi |n r nail liiai o\iile. tine formula Hint lia* laaai widely nruiumiaiilial for list is an follnua: I'ilMIHlil..................... V. l-l'l'iM .................... to rigmtut. 1Jlli(i|M*ae................. to Zllll" Ov1*le,....... -to Unities................ ft| The li<||iii| l la- ran ltn~n-d oil. trilli nut mer 1.1 per tent rcmMlird lliimier ami drier. Many ii-H lime nl-" Imui |iro|HHi-il with Ibpiiil* nmtniiiim.' a periiaiinire ol tniiioli <>r lanlied nil in an effort In relard llie t-hitlkiiio |iro|H rlu s ul llie |ii]'iiii'iil. A formula recruitt rennuuiemleil In tin- writer for exposure is fullnaa: f'fananil i'vMim-lll-tH A4ll*a*llMP ................................................ ........................................................ . l4fini(MMIi law 1.hewed iHI................................. lloHrd l.lieml till................................. Rllowii IJiHiil <*|l................................... I'lrtiilrimtl Tntfrnrin* h w I .. i* Diai Si ==s=: Iff!! J- *=nT*5Sf?-- .' ?. Iljl a * r ; j e ? : f ! vs 5 SS * !iW; if |! ** it x J M ! jH nrl zm?.*a*_: Jm * : * : if; VS Vi s * ff MW S s3 &i --------------** *" ssa; f --------------1 2 * 5: 'j'jji 1 * T = i. 5g:; ; U 3 9 5 S1 *Sssi* *ft*u 1 a II * ** `.7*. ** i III'*If3? * * *^ j <` 1 ;Iff f'i' .. 3 fir nil * r 2. S' p eB. S*' >=.=- <- a -- sr & 2. "= 1 = I5 * !fZ-1. |r 5 3 Is- 3 itlt ! 3T a 88 * ? e S. 4 S5 rf5 8 2* 75 2 I5S. li 2 ? I 21 ? V{f ||I!V**! if *5 .................. 3553S3w g.1 f fill i iri 2 3 3 m3 H ??H *u -A aMKS *. 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Wtnni auU i*int Nuiiitor. a W 4-4-4 tSi r 4-4-4 & i: J-M 54 r +4-4 ss R +-t- In tiiis eri**, five different white paints ire tried out ilune. ajain timed blue, and again in white. but with a email percentage of added aluminum powder to cut off the ultraviolet rare of light that destroy oil film*. The amount added na small (]V. per centi and aerrtd to make the paints of greater apparent whitenes*. Panel S'u. tV.J and l"B|nr Nimils-r. mh | 11 tv n .#* 1 \v 0 A tv 0 It rs ; w 7 50 | " 7 \ *> tfl i W 7 15 wM 02 | V 8 .V ta to !1 11 ! V w 8ft It w ft .1 no 11 w ft It 07 ' \v lb OS 1 nr in A w 10 H 0007-SWP-000115624