Document aJgbJ9LzG1N82e9m76v2G9Bze

FILE NAME: Union Carbide (UC) DATE: 1977 July 12 DOC#: UC081 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Internal Report - Airborne Fiber Counts in Consumer Spacklingand Drywall Replacement Installation Project AIRBORNE FIBER COUNTS in A CONSUMER SPACKLING and DRYWALL REPLACEMENT INSTALLATION PROJECT i t. Date Sampled: June 21-25, 1977 Date Reported: July 12, 1977 Va Samples Collected By: H. B. Rhodes Union Carbide Corporation Samples Analyzed By: G. J. Spencer ' Union Carbide Corporation / Reported By: H. B. Rhodes Union Carbide Corporation Union Carbide Corporation Metals Division Niagara Falls, New York ( , SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Residual asbestos exposure in a two-story residential structure that resulted from two prior consumer uses of asbestos-containing tape-joint compound was measured. Asbestos exposure during and after a consumer spack- ling and drywall renovation job was also measured. This job consisted of extensive spackling in one room and removal and replacement of approximately three 4' x 8' panel's of drywall. , i * . Samples were'collected on Millipore filters and counted by optical phase-contrast microscopy in accordance with the March 30, 1977 edition of the NI0SH-0SHA method (P & CAM 239). The absence of significant numbers'of short and/or narrow fibers not visible optically in the samples was verified by scanning electron microscope techniques at magnifications of 1 ,500X and to a/ limited extent at 15,000X. / ' The results showed that residual asbestos exposure was somewhat less than 0.01 fibers/cc >5y and was not changed appreciably by the present test. It is questionable whether this is really different from the natural background. The combined spackling and drywall renovation operation tested gave a maximum, one-day time-weighted average operator exposure of about 0.3 fibers/ cc longer than 5y and a maximum ceiling exposure (10 minutes) of 0.5 fibers/cc >5y. Considering the size of the area renovated, these values are consistent with values of 1 - 4 fibers/cc >5y that have been reported for commercial sand ing operations where entire series of rooms (including the ceilings) are sanded in sequence. . General area household samples during the operations ranged, from 0.007 to 0.3 fibers/cc >5y and averaged 0.05 fibers/cc >5y. it rs TABLE OF CONTENTS . Section " OBJECTIVES * TEST LOCATION AND GENERAL PROCEDURE RENOVATION OPERATIONS AND SAMPl COLLECTION Residual Asbestos Level (6/21/77) Preparation and First Application of Compound (6/22/77) Spackling Drywall Removal and Replacement Second Application of Compound (6/23/77) Sanding of Second Application and Installation of . Finish Coat (6/24/77) Sanding of Finish Coat (6/25/77) FIBER COUNTING PROCEDURE ' NIOSH-OSHA Optical Phase-Contrast Method Scanning Electron Microscope Examination PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Residual Level (6/21/77) Preparation and First Application of Compound (6/22/77) * Second Application of Compound (6/23/77) Sanding of Compound and Application of Finish Coat (6/24) Sanding of Finish Coat ' Summary of Results During Renovation Operations CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX Operations Log No. 1 2 3 (a) & (b) 5 6 7 8 LIST OF FIGURES Title . " Sample Locations - Prior to Testing Preparation - Spackling and Drywall Installation * 9 Installation of Spackling and Drywall Package Information - Drywall Compound Finished Spackling and Drywall Chrysotile, Possible Amphibole, and Non-Asbestos "Fibers" - Phase Contrast Illumination, 400X Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis on Millipore Filter Airborne Fiber During Drywall Removal and Wet-Out of Compound - Phase Contrast Illumination, 400X Page 13 14 , * 15 M 6 & 17 18 19 ty 20 & 21 22 V\\ LIST OF TABLES No. Title I Summary of Airborne "Fiber" Concentrations - Consumer Spackling and Drywall Installation II, Airborne "Fiber" Concentrations by Location and Operation During Consumer Spackling and Drywall Renovation Operations Page 23 24 I- qbjectives ' This study had the following objectives: - 1 To measure a residual household .exposure to asbestos resulting *' from consumer use of asbestos-containing spackling compoun , tape-joint compound, and the installation and presence of a fireplace log with attached asbestos. ' 2. To measure-asbestos exposure during a consumer spackling a/id a' drywall removal and replacement operation. l- ^ w. TEST LOCATION AND GENERAL PROCEDURE .... ' 18 feet ,.>,,3 to simulate ashes was also installed at this time. %4*nrl Tn i Q 7 R a n u D S t a i r s D a i n r o o m wcib u u m u i c t c i y ------------ Fvton c 1 \/d . . rpDairs were made on the ceiling using several coats of an asbestos-containing taping compound manufactured by Georgia-Pacific _ ^ i n g yl" , done on an area ootf aobout o5u0 ^squuaairce ficecett.. xI.n. a--ddnt-i-o-n-, three sh,eefntys% ou.fho 1t/u4b x 4' x 8' asbestos-cement sheet were hand sawed and power drilled for the enclosure. The present renovation work covered two operations, spackling aTMd drywall removal and replacement. The work was done at widely s e p J o c a tions i e., 2nd floor and basement, over a five-day sequence as o^ljned be TheseW p s follow the installation procedure recommended by Jhe manufacturer of the compound. Specific operating details will be desen e with the sample collection. 1. Measurement of "background" or residual asbestos level in the house. .2 Preparation of cracks for spackling. Removal of old drywall and hanqing of new board. Wet-out of asbestos-containing y mix tape joint compound.. Application of first coat of compound (including burying of joint tape). Clean up. 3. Application of second coat of compound. 4. Sanding of second, coat of compound and application of third coat. Clean up., S Sanding of third coat and clean up. The consumer doing this work was reasonably skilled in small to medium home repair jobs of various types, but had no special skills in handicraft or woodworking. Prior experience with drywall jvas limited to .the installation of the recreation room described.previously. The work was done in a manner that was considered to be reasonably representative of "middle-of-the-road" consumer use. No specific precautions were taken to avoid dust but deliberate efforts to cause airborne dust were not made. ,RE.NOVATION PROCEDURE AMD SAM.PL^E COLLECTION -- - - Residual Asbestos Level (6/21/77) * * Samples to estimate the residual fiber level in the house and to serve as a reference point were collected in the upstairs bedroom (to be ' spackled), in the cellar recreation room (to be renovated with new drywall), j in the first floor living room (to represent a general living area), and ^ out-of-doors (to give an indication of background). Sample locations are shown in Figure 1. All samples, here and throughout the tests, were collected on Mi 11ipore membrane filters of 0.8y priority with battery-powered M.S.A. pumps calibrated to a flow of two liters per minute. Preparation and First Application of Compound (6/22/77) Spackling: The preparation for this operation is illustrated in Figures 2 (a) and (b). The room, ~ 1 1 ' x 18', had three cracks about 18' long running from the lower corners of two windows to the baseboard.- Shifting of an entire ceiling section had left a large crack ^3' long in the ceiling /w T /"\1. f vii viiv. v- o' A 11 v-W t ~Ti" l", 11 v_ i /o-,> i, I V* n --, "u1 ij u P,u/-,ui iu4-u cfZ I \j -wC ior~im nu 1t 1ica 1I wa i i* -v<a 1 f/\oa u u j ui-c. 1 1 u 4c.- y, this plus an area about 8" x 8" that needed tobe filled in to a depth of about 1/8" to conform to the ceiling contours. The cracks were cleaned out with a chisel to remove loose material and to give enough space to fill. The dust and debris produced were swept up with a pan and brush and deposited in a paper trash bag. Later in the day, drywall compound was applied to the cracks and ceiling with a 3" putty knife. A total width of about 3" along the cracks was covered. An area air sample was collected over the entire day at the location shown in Figure 2 (a). A composite personal sample on the operator was also collected for the entire day, (except for the wet-out of the compound, which was sampled separately) and included this preparation, clean-up and application. An all-day area sample was collected simultaneously in the first floor living room at the location shown in Figure 1 (b). Drywall Removal and Replacement: The drywall replacement involved one wall, m 1 long, of a cellar recreation room. The old drywall was first torn out as illustrated in Figure 2 (d). This was accomplished by breaking enough of the board with a hammer to allow access with a pry bar. It was observed during the operation that the tape adhered strongly to the boards and could be pulled off in long sections. There was little or no observed tendency for the joint material to come off the board .or powder. The large pieces of drywall were carried oOtside. The smaller pieces and other dust and debris were swept up with a'pan and brush and deposited in the trash barrel shown. . V'vX -3- Three pieces of new 3/8" gypsum board were next fitted and nailed t the studding. Where needed, cuts were made by scoring j^he front of the board, cracking, and cutting the backing paper with a razor blade. These cuts were made out-of-doors to facilitate moving the pieces into the house. : After the handling of the board was completed, a five-pound box of dry-mix tape-joint compound was mixed in a bucket as shown in Figures 3 (a) and (b). The powder was gradually added to the prescribed amount of watpr ^ 'With vigorous mixing, allowed to stand, and re-mixed with the viscosity adjusted via additional water in accordance with the manufacturer's instruc tions.. The overall operation took about 17 minutes. Separate operatQr and area samples were taken during this step. The entire box was mixed at one time and was stored with a reasonably tight cover when not in use for the duration of the job. The product used was Durabond Wallboard Compound, Ready-to-mix Powder, manufactured by the United States Gypsum Company which was purchased on June 19, 1977. The logo on the box is reproduced in Figures 4(a) and (b). Note the asbestos warning label and the application directions which have been followed carefully in this test. It should be noted that this box printing has a 1974 copyright and was the last one on the shelf with the asbestos warning label. More recent products from this manufacturer appear to be asbestos free. After wet-out, the and a first coat was applied COat. WdS dlbU djjpti c. u.1 -ti u une i l . . knife. compound was used to implant and cover the tape to the nail-heads. A 6" knife was used. A first uiuur y\y.o 4 mvs t i r> ^-- i n v " r ^ ... -- - - Ia/ 1 H d - ' In addition to the separate samples during the wet-out, an area sample was taken for the entire day at the location shown in Figure 2 (c). Second Application of Compound (6/23/77) - A second application of compound was made in both rooms on the following day. This took a total of one hour and 15 minutes. No visible dust was generated and no air samples were taken. Sanding of Second Application and Installation of Finish Coat__ (6/24/77).. When dry, the second coat of compound was hand sanded in both rooms using 150 grit paper attached to a block. This operation is illustrated in Fiqures 3 (c) and (d). After each sanding step was completed, the dust was swept up with a panand brush and deposited in a trash bag in the same manner as after the preparation step described previously. Personal and area air samples were collected during the combined sanding and clean up step for each room. Following sanding, a finish (3rd) coat of compound was applied to the cracks and the drywall. Area samples were taken to cover this time an the remainder of the day. A full-day sample, including the sanding periods, was taken in the first-floor lining room. a -4- Sanding of Finish Coat (6/25/77). The final (second) sanding and clean up and the sample collection nattern for this operation closely duplicated the one just described. The finished work is shown in Figure 5. In addition to the SrirS period. FIBER COUNTING PROCEDURE . NIOSH-OSHA Optical Phase-Contrast Method . ' ' The latest draft of the NIOSH procedure, P & C M 3 9 1977 was used as the general basis for optical counting. This version or tne method differs significantly from earlier editions in that. 1 Substantial changes have been made in the selection rule ' covering which fibers encountered by the reticle are to be included in the count. Thislargely eliminates systematic bias due to fiber size distribution. 2 The total coefficient of variation is expressed as a function . ' of the total number of^fibers j:ountedjnsntmeamdi imofrmainstinngflein value applicaDie to all situations. fibers is also required. understandabl^an^meaningfu^fashion^11 U s o ?d tflm p h a su e d Chat t h e s e are addiiions to the procedure and are not believed to be in conflict with it. The legal basis for refinements to be described is found in the following quotation from P & CAM 239: "3. Interferences * In an atmosphere known to contain asbestos, all p^ V ^ u] ^ g ! hW qpgater a lenqth to diameter ratio of 3 to 1 or greater, and a 9 9 than 5y should, in the absence of other inf;pj^ation, be considered . as asbestos fibers and counted as such."^Emphasis added.) ill See for example, "A Report on the Fiber Content of Eighty Industrial Talc 0) Obt ained Fromfand Using the Procedures of, the Occupational^ Safety and Health Administration. NBS, May 19/7. p , nrnKiGrn of the principle reasons for an international conference on the probl ' sponsored by NBS and scheduled for July 18-20, 19//. + ii , approach here emphasizes the development and use of "other infor mation to obtain the most intelligent assessment of what is seen through the microscope. In this connection it is important to realize^that optical fiber counting is,not an exact science but an art. It requires a unique blend of tal ent, training, and concentration. An experienced counter develops both in "eye" and a counting rhythm, which permits him to recognize "fibers", decide which fibers are of the appropriate type and dimensions to be counted, and to move rapidly from field-to-field so the counts do not take an inordinate amount of time. The objective is to provide the experienced operator with a set of ground rules to judge between the varipus types of fiber and "put them in certain classes ,. .. ,. ^nc*fr phase-contrast illumination, chrysotile asbestos has s6me very distinctive characteristics. It is typically dark appearing, composed of random-size bundles and flexible hair-like threads with curvature. When chryso- tile fibers are short, however, i.e., 5-10y, perfectly straight, dark rod-like ^ particles occur. Classical chrysotile fibers are illustrated in Figures 6 a) * and (b). v ' u' ^ Fibers of amphibole asbestos are usually larger in diameter than chrysotile and more rigid and rod-like in appearance. They can, however, break dpwn into very fine needle-like material. With the exception of crocidolite, the amphiboles also can contain prismatic crystals which usually have the appearance of chips. The amphiboles normally refract light differently than chrysotile under phasecontrast and appear brighter. As particle size decreases, however, light refraction and contrast are diminshed and the particle will appear darker and less definitive. At this size it cannot be distinguished from chrysotile fibers of similar dimensions. . Figure 6 (c) illustrates material which is probably amphibole. It is_not well defined in the photograph, but the rod-like particles have a narrow bright band along the center axis which shifts as the focus is changed. Unfor tunately, there are a number of non-amphibole particles which show the same features. Examples include, but are certainly not limited to certain mineral wool fibers, chips of fiberglass generated by abrasion, wollastonite, and fibrous talc. V * In addition to the three kinds of "fiber" just described, i.e., chrysotile, amphibole fibers and chips, and material that looks like the amphi boles, particles are frequently encountered that meet the NIOSH fiber defin- ltion-of L/D >3y, L >5y but'are obviously not asbestos in any form. These include such things as fiberglass "poles", some clay and mica particles, organic fibers, and linear agglomerates of non-fibrous material. The briqht "wavy" particles in Fiber 6 (d) illustrate this type of material. On the basis of the optical characteristics discussed tempered with broad operator experience with a wide variety of known particulate materials, fiber counts at this laboratory are made and reported in the categories de scribedbelow. Materia 1 which is_ gbvio_us 1_v not asbestos is not counted even though it meets the L/D - 3, L >5y criteria. ^ y i o j l L e. asbestos - Any fiber having an aspect ratio >3 and a length >_5y that is, in the operator's judgement, chrysotile. In -6- ' : the event of doubt, any fiber having the proper dimensions and dark appearance will be included as chrysotile. On this basis the short, dark amphibole fibers, where present, would be reported as chrysotile. 2. Possible amphibole - Any fiber of the appropriate dimensions that is not judged to be chrysotile and is not obviously _ material other than asbestos. This would include all amphi boles and materials similar in appearance. & i * It is evident that this classification is oriented towards <a more reliable assessment of the airborne level -of chrysotile asbestos. It does not address the problem of identifying amphiboles or distinguishing them from sim ilar appearing non-asbestos materials. We believe it provides significant added information in situations where chrysotile is of prdominent interest ^ and have used it in the counting of the filters collected in this test. For r, tape-joint compounds chrysotile is an important ingredient, any "possible am phibole" originates as impurities in other mineral ingredients. The other counting problem encountered relates to the very low air borne asbestos concentrations found in most of the samples. The NIOSH procedure sets an optimum fiber density on the filter of 50 to 100 fibers per 100 vie^['9 fields and states a minimum density of 10 fibers/100 fields. Within these limit the method is claimed to be applicable to a concentration range of 0.1 to 60 fibers/cc with a total coefficient of variation of 0.25 - 0.4. The validity of*these claims, particularly with regard to accuracy, is a subject of considerable controversy at this time. The discussion, of this question is well beyond the scope of this study. For the present work, sample times were adjusted, within the limits set by the nature oi the operation, to deposit the proper density of fiber on the filter. Where this was not possib e, additional fields were counted in increments of 1.00 fields, until the minimim. of 10 fibers was achieved. Separate results for chrysotile and possible ^ `Phibole are reported at values rounded to one significant figure. Fibers/100 fields and the total number of fields counted are also shown in all cases to provide more complete information. ' Scanning Electron Microscope Examination The application of electron microscope techniques to samples collected on Millipore filters is complicated by the fibrous nature of the filter. The most widely used techni'que at present involve_s the deposition of a carbon film on the surface of the filter to fix the particles in place, placement of the filter with the carbon side down on a grid, and a slow dissolution of the filter with vapor. This is a tedious process and unless a very careful technique is used, some loss of fibers occurs. Union Carbide is working on a much simpler approach where_a controlled sxposure to vapor collapses and consolidates the filter surface so it is re ,alively smooth without dissolving it to the point where the fibers sink out of iiqht The treated filter can then be carbon or gold coated and individual Fibers identified by electron diffraction analysis for chemical constituents. Ihe method is admittedly less versatile for identification than transmission techniques, but is also very much faster. It is illustrated in Figure 7 where 7 (a) is the untreated filter, 7 (b) is the treated filter, gold coated and 7 (c) is a representative here is 2000X. "Edax" pattern for chrysotile asbestos. Magnification samples fr0m 6 fTM 1500X iQamn M on ,o d , 1 1 ' These were scanned randomly at fiplrk nf nPnnas 3? d M_28uwere checked systematically for 50 viewing pekis of 0.0048 mmf area each. Sample M-30 was also scanned at Asbestos fibers were found to be extremely rare and ?t was cleeJ iha? Siihir DllritvTif ch rsolutlon the magnifications used there was not a*multi- Sittiidf.. t o t i t k i v p ^ fibers that were missed by phase contraTOpiTea 1 methods. Quantitative measurements on these samples are in progress. * ... PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ` . location, operation tested, collection time, and the counting results is provided in Table I Thgse airborne fiber concentrations are summarized by work location and the kind o f operation being conducted in Table II to provide an overall picture of the resultsphat is easy to visualize. Each day's operation will be discussed in detail in this section. Residual Level (6/21/771 "Blank" samples were taken before and after the test. These samnles were removed from the carrying case, set aside unopened, and then counted in the same manner as the other samples. The number of fibers found in 500 fields foliowingTabl'e: ^ the tW samp,es col,ected out-of-doors in the Sample Identification Blank M- 21 N-81 Outdoor M-32 N-97 Samples Fibers >5u Found in 500 Fields Chrysoti1e Possible Amphibole 3 1 4 0 9.5 5.5 . 3 2 Fibers/cc >5u Chrysotile Possible Amphibole 0.003 0.0004 0.002 0.0002 In general, the blank samples run about 1 fiber in 100 fields and ^ L 0Uid?r samp es ran9ed from about the same to three times higher. Since t k n i u f ihS S?mE-!S f?n ?Cted during the testin9 had filter loadings substan tially above 1 fiber/field no corrections were made for the blank r . . , Jndc)or samples were taken in three rooms in the house before the start of the work and after it was completed and cleaned up. The results are shown and are also compared with the outdoor samples in the following table: -8- Sample Location Bedroom (2nd Floor) Living Room (1st Floor) Rec. Room (Cellar) Outttdoors Airborne Fiber Concentrations Before and'After Renovation Before Renovation Chrysotile Possible Amphibole 0.009 0.01 0^)06 0.003 0.001 0.0 0.002 0.002 - After Renovation Chrysotile Possible Amornbo le 0.007 0.006 0.002 0.0004 0.001 0.001 o.oei * i4 _ 0:0002 0 ) All results expressed as fibrs/cc longer than 5y. Total fiber concentrations in the-house were all 0.01 fiber/cc or ^ less (range 0.003-0.01) and averaged 0.008 fiber/cc. The renovation work didnot appear to cause any increase. Considering the uncertainties in the analy tical method it is questionable whether these levels were actually different from the natural background. In any case, neither the prior consumer work with asbestos-containing materials nor the present renovation represent a significant source of continued asbestos exposure in this house. Preparation and First Application of Compound (6/22/77) ' On this day the wall cracks were cleaned out and opened up with a chisel,. the olid dry-itwall was ripped ouut asinsjd-ifrieplacmeda,t- thre\-f dcrny^-rmli/1x1 ncfol mWprlo^unRdDDwialsPd. Wet~OUt Liie UfVWCM I ic. ayc HUJ LU iUVJ UMW W``^ ~ ~~~ ~ w -r ^ - . , **Avin-i Both working areas were also cleaned up before the compound was applied. Area samples were collected throughout the day in each of the three rooms. A com posite personal sample was obtained on the operator over the same time period Separate area (cellar only) and personal samples were obtained for the wet-out of the compound. The fiber concentrations found are summarized in the following table: ' Airborne Fiber Concentrations_O_' During PrepaFatiorT and First Appiication of Compoun_ Sample Location Bedroom (Speckling) Living Room (No work) Rec. Room (Drywall) General construction Wet-out of compound Chrysotile 0.02 0.02 1 0.3 0.03 Possible Amphibole 0.08 0.009 0.007 0.04 Operator (2 ) General construction 0.2 0.0 Wet-out of compound 0.1 0.2 (1) All results expressed as fibers/cc longer than 5p (2) Covers both bedroom and^recreation room. -y- The main sources of airborne fiber were the rip-out of the old drywall and the wet-out of the dry-mix. Total fiber concentrations in the operator's breathing zone of about 0.3 fibers/cc were reached in both of these operations. The area samples show that preparation for spackling raised the level in the bedroom from'"'0.01 to ^0.1 while the living room, where no work was done, went from 0.001 to 0.03 and the drywall tear out in the cellar gave 0.03. Since all of these samples, both personal and area, were collected for nearly eight hours, the results can be considered as represent ing of eight-hour time-weighted averages. * ' The types of fiber found are shown in Figure 8. Both chrysotile and possible amphibole are illustrated. . Second Application of Compound (6/23/77) / V\ This was a wet operation with no visible dust. Air samples were not collected. Sanding of Compound and Application of Finish Coat (6/24/77) . This operation covered sanding the dry compound in both rooms where it had been applied, clean-up after sanding, and application of the second coat of compound. Personal and area samples were collected during sanding in each room. Day-long area samples were taken after sanding in all three rooms. The results are shown in the following table: th\ Airborne Fiber Concentrationsv`' , During Sanding of Compound and Application of Finish Coat Sample Location During Sanding Possible Chrysotile Amphibole After Sanding Possible Chrysotile Amphibole Bedroom (Spackling) Area Samples Personal Samples 0.2 0.07 0.1 0.09 0.0 0.07 - - Living Room (No work) Area Sample <--- ----------- 0.02/0.0----------------- > Ree. Room (Drywall) Area Samples Personal Samples 0.2 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.004 (1) All results expressed as fibers/cc longer than 5y. * The total fiber concentrations during the actual sanding operation^ h were in the 0.1 - 0.3 fiber/cc range which is similar to the tear-out operation ll of the previous day. The sanding and clean-up operations only lasted 93 minutes. j; These concentrations, therefore, represent maximum or ceiling values that _ I would be combined with 387 minutes of zero exposure to calculate an 8-hr. time : weighted average since the operator left the house after completion of sanding. A -10- Thus : ' ` r- - TWA = <20) ( 0- 19) +. (.73j ( 0,.lj ,,.t..L 3.gZ I ( I - , p .02 fibers/cc >5,, After sanding the levels dropped sharply to the range of 0.01 to 0.1. ^TWA values calculated from the results of this sample and past sample that cover a total period of nearly eight hours were 0.08, 0.02 and 0.02 fibers/cc >5p for the bedroom, living room and cellar, respectively. / Sanding of Finish Coat (6/25/77) The last day's operation consisted of the sanding of the final coat of tape-joint compound, clean up with a pan and brush, and replacement of furniture. Area and personal samples were taken at the same locations and v in the same manner as the previous day. Results are summarized as follows: Airborne Asbestos Concentrtions^ During and After Sandinc; of Finish Coat Sample Location During Sanding Possible Chrysotile Amphibole After Sanding Possible Chrysoti le Amphibole Bedroom (Spactiling) Area Samples Personal Samples uivmy rr>vuui.i! fti wui at\; Area Sample 0.02 0.09 . 0.02 0.0 0.007 - --------- ------- 0.006/0.001------- 0.001 - / Ree. Room (Drywall) Area Samples Personal Samples 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.008 0.002 0.5(2) 0.001 0.03 (1) All results expressed as fibers/cc longer than 5y. (2) During shake out of clothes and placing in washing machine. The sanding here was less intense than the previous day and the maximum fiber count for the operator was about 0.1 fiber/cc with an 8-hr. TWA of 0.005. (Operator again not present for remainder of the day.) Afterthe clean-up,the levels in all three rooms were back to the less than 0.01 fiber/cc level that had been observed prior to the tests. Overall TWA values for the total period sampled were 0.009, 0.007 and 0.01 fibers/cc >5y. The highest level found throughout the test sequence, 0.5 fibers/cc, occurred as a short (10 minute) ceiling sample while the work clothes were placed in the washing machine. In this operation four shirts were opened up, the pockets were checked and the shirts were dropped into the washing machine. The pants cuffs were shaken into a trash bag and the pants were also dropped into the machine. The corresponding O-hour TWA for this operator was 0.02 fibers/cc based on exposure to an average level of (0.008 + 0.007 + 0.003)/3 0.006 for the remainder of the day. A -11- Summary of Results During RejioyatimLQLe^ ^ The TWA values so far described for the various-operations.are summarized below: y , Personal il #2 Preparation, Installation A Clean up Ceiling C D TWA^1^ - - 0.3 . " Sanding & Clean up Ceiling TWA 0.3 & 0.1 0.02 Sanding & Clean up .._ Ceiling i TWA xt A 0.09 & 0.04 0.5 0.005 0.02 / t' Area Spackling - Ko operations Drywall renovation 0.1 0.03 0.3 0.3 0.08 0.02 0.2 0.02 0.04 0.08 4 0.009 0.007 0.01 (1) All results expressed as fibers/cc >5y. . .The highest c e ilin g exposure fo ^ th e ^ f i ^ ^ r ' f o r t e and tne nignest iuii-uajr n' An^ 3tl-nnc Were in progress the iWA fn T h e lfr e f TM omr n n o r e " r a n g e d f r J o . S o ? to 0.3 fibers/cc >5u and averaged 0.06 fibers/cc >5p. ,t is aiso relevant A f / ^ " ^ / h/epr t f d O r i o r c o i r e r d a l are in reasonable accord with values ^ sanded 1n succession. Using a sanding operations where a series walls might be expected to result value of 0.2 fibers/cc >5u for one wall, four alls m gnt P downward in a level around 1 fiber/cc " ^ " ^ - / ' S l e this to 2 fibers/cc >5u. instead of tending to flow down the wal d ound> application and S 9 ^ e t ! 'i S t 1 U o " 1 ^ the test results appear guite reasonable. ,t should also be pointed out that substantia1 " - ^ u s e s % hen drywall compound occurred in this ^si ^nc Jly when substantial repairs are it is considered tnat such uses take place only wnen ^ 0 room n ade reI?edSUthatththisSfrequencyisconsiderably higher than average. A rate iSf S h l n g m l once in^ten /ears is suggested as more typical. "Asbestos and Silica Dust in the Drywall Industry", H. B. Rhodes and 0 ) B. L. Ingalls, GDCI Drywall, Jan./Feb. 1976, pp. 8 A- - I Z- CONCLUSIONS Recognizing that there may be some serious .1imi-tations on the reliability of the analytical procedure, the data, as obtained, support the following conclusions: 1. The three, fairly substantial consumer uses of asbestos- containing taping compound at this residence have resulted in a residual asbestos exposure of somewhat less than 'i * 0.01 fibers/cc longer than 5y. It is questionable whether this is different from the natural background. w A 2. The combined spackling and drywall renovation operation tested gave a maximum, one-day time-weighted average operator . .exposure of about 0.3 fibers/cc longer than 5y and a maximum ceiling exposure (10 minutes) of 0.5 fibers/cc >5y. Consider- in the size of the area renovated these values are consistent ' with values of 1-4 fibers/cc >5y that have been reported for commercial sanding operations where entire residences and apartments (including the ceiling) are sanded. 3. The values found are substantially below the current 0SHA proposal of 5 fibers/cc ceiling and 0.5 fibers/cc TWA and the NIOSH proposal of 0.5 and 0.1 fibers/cc for daily occupational exposure for a full working lifetime. A SAMPLE LOCATIONS - PRIOR TO TESTING 1 (a) Upstairs bedroom. Cracks to be patched are under the window(s) and in the ceiling above the window. 1 (b) 1st floor living room. . 1 (c) Cellar recreation room. Wall to be replaced. ' - fy ' 1 (d) Outdoor sample. , Figure 1. 14 ppppppfl-nnN-SPAr.KLING AND DRYWALL INSIAjA^T10N_ 2 (a) Sample location for spackling nnoratinn 2 (b) Wall crack ready for application of spackling compound ( 2 (c) Sample location for drywall replacement. 2 (d) Removal of old drywall. Fiaure 2 15INSTALLATION OF SPACKLING AND DRYWALL 3 (a) Tape-joint compound used 3 (b) Wet-out of compound. 3 (c) Operator hand sanding - spackling. ' /V i 3 (d) Operator hand sanding drywall. Figure 3 V1 This all-purpose compound is designeddo^embedding tape, finishing joints and concealing nailheads in gypsum panel walls and ceilings. Also used to produce a light texture prior to painting. This is a drying-type compound and should not be mixed with chemically hardenirlg-type materials. DIRECTIONS FOR USE . * * MIXING: Mix compouncTin a clean container, using 3 to 3'/2 pints tap water to 5 ibs. compound. Sift powder compound into water while stirring. Mix vigorously for about 3 min., or until powder is thoroughly wet. Allow to soak a few minutes, then re-mix to a smooth consistency. Adjust mix if necessary after second stirring by adding small amounts of water or compound. Additional water is required when compound is to be used as a texturing material. Mixture is then ready for use or may be held for several days. Do not intermix with other materials, APPLICATION: Drive in nails, leaving dimple in surface paper of gypsum panels, to receive DURABOND Compound. Butter compound into channel formed by tapered edges of panels, filling fully and evenly. Center tape and forco down into fresh compound. Leave sufficient compound under tape for proper bond. Remove excess. As soon as tape is embedded, cover with thin layer of compound. Apply first covering coat ol compound, over ali nailheads. After first coat is completely dry, apply second coat, feathering edgesabout 2 in. beyond channel edges. Second-coat nailheads. After second coat is dry, sand lightly. Apply a thin finishing coat to joints and nailheads. Feather joint edges an inch or two beyond second coat. Sand Hgt!y when dry. For texturing, use brush, roller or trowel for desired texture effect. May be painted wheh completely dry. During cold-weather application, provide heat to.maintain 65F. min. temperature.' CAUTION: Contains asbestos fibers. Avoid creating dust. Breathing asbestos dust may cause serious bodily harm. KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN Per Wirunty, diielilmi.r end notice require menu, read Current U.S.Q. IncVuctlons md tpacillcitlont, copies ol which are tree on.requesL -i>..... . .rv. . i - one 17 F * f* i<i-ttt irfifrfiin *Sli'w ni*ht l'W^itwrun .:,u...i,.--_^.-. J*..-- *HMM^'^-V"-V-,,,U" j.-ig.U.lyifr.ii".if)ii'>if^wii iWh.ii. 4 18 FINISHED SPACKLING AND DRYWALL 4 (a) Finished wall crack. 4 (b) Finished wall cracks. 4 (c) Finished ceiling cracks. 4 (d) Finished drywall installation. r CHRYSOTILE, POSSIBLE AMPHIBOLE, NON-ASBESTOS "FIBERS" (Phase Contrast Illumination, 400X), i. *v '>> 6 (a) Chrysotile Asbestos (M-22) 6 (b) Chrysotile Asbestos (M-22) w 6 (c) Possible Amphibole (B-27) -- j-*- 6 (d) Possible amphibole and non asbestos "fibers" (B-27) Figure 6 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ANALYSTS- on MILLIPORE FILTER " (2000X) "7 t f \ V4\J I 4-A 4-nr| Cl1 l/IIWI VUI 7 (b) Treated Filter Figure 7 A VX-V -21- * / S 7 (c) Edax Read-out Figure 7 /V AIRBORNE FIBERS DURING DRYWALL REMOVAL. AND WET-OUT OF COMPOUND (Phase Contrast Illumination 400X)- Figure 8 4 4 t 5 a c k GROUND PRIOR TO TEST (6/21/77) S X^ ` ^ TA3LC SUMMARY OF AIRBORNFJT' CONSUMER SPACKLING ANA I |ample !I. i.jJio. -32 -21 -25 37 -23 Dat"e* 6/21/77 6 /2 1 6 /2 1 6 /2 1 6 /2 1 "Sri Air6~Sfafmple__M_i_n_u_t_e_s 11:07A 7:16P 489 Blank 12:58P 9:10P - 49a 11:27A 10:55A 7:27P 7:20P 480 ' 505 Description of Operation Outdoors- about 4' in air. See Figure 1 (d). - Bedroom-^' off floor, 3 1/2' from side wall, 9' from end wall. See Figure 1 (a). Living room-^4' off floor, 3 1/2' from side wall. See Figure 1 (b). Recreation room - Center about 4' off floor. See Figure 1 (c). No. of ' No. of Fil tc Fields Counted Section Use. 500 2 500 2 ' 200 1 200 1 300 2 EPARATION AND INSTALLATION (6/22/77) 24 6 /2 2 9:00A 2:48P 429 Personal sample. Operator preparing --- - -F- ~..>v *"u u drywall-. Cleanup after three opera tions. Installation of drywall. Spackling and taping with "wet" compound. (Taping in same area as TJC wet out.) 100 _ 30 6 /2 2 3:38P 3:55P 17 Personal sample. Operator wettino out 2 0 0 dry tape joint compound. 28 6 / 2 2 9:18A 2:42P 422 Bedroom- 8 ' from side wall. See 1 0 0 4:1 OP 5:48P Figure 2 (a). During preparation, cleanup, and spackling. 27 6 /2 2 8:57A 2:41 P 440 Living room - Same location as M-37. |:i 4:09P 5:45P 100 During various activities on other floors as noted. ` 36 6 /2 2 i- fia 6 /2 2 i . r 9:10A 2:40P 400 4:30P 5.-40P 3:38P 4:30P 70 Cellar- 4' from side wall. 12' from 100 wall replaced. 4' from floor. See Figure 2 (b). During drywall removal. Cellar- Same location as M-36. During 200 wet out of TJC and immediately following. &A TM;-N-Di--;-G-O-F--SE-C-O-N-D -C-O-AT- AND APPLICATION OF F.INISH COAT (6/24/77) ,i] 26 6/24 7:1 OA 7:30A 20 Personal sample. Operator sanding 200 spackling. Upstairs bedroom. Clean up after sanding. y i 35 6/24 7:1 1 A 7-.31A 20 Bedroom - During sanding an< cl^ajit(p. 200 !} Same location as M-28. *' /I -27 6/24 7:32A 3: OOP 448 Bedroom - After sanding and cleanup. 100 -is Same location as M-28; n :1 -29 1 6/24 7:10A 2:54P 464 Living room - During and after sanding 100 and cleanup of spackling and application of finish coat. 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 :'R" CONCENTRATIONS WALL INSTALLATION n i . -23- Fibers/100 Field! 1.9 0 .6 6.5 Airborne "Fiber". Concentrations Fiber/cc >5n Possible" Amphiboie "Fiber" Fibers/ 1 0 0 Fields' fiber/cc >5u 0.003 1 .1 0 .0 0 2 0.009 0 .2 1.25 0 .0 0 1 8.5 4.8 0 .0 1 0 .0 0.006 0 . 6 0 .0 0 .0 0 1 Cements 1 1 3.5 14.0 1 1 .0 167.5 3.0 0 .2 0 .1 0 .0 2 0 .0 2 0.3 C 03 0 .0 5.0 4.5 6 4 0 .0 - .. 0 .2 0.08 0.009 0.007 0.04 If- Too heavily loaded to count a c r n n , ts- ifSLSS.' ! " / ; r ' wy not be chrysotile. 5" r"r's t * , 2 2 -. 1 21- > ss- 1 ihordtdh ^ th- ^ a n P^rticulate fibers dence of a s S s ' " ^ 50"* u- \ V9- 1 89- ' 05- ` 3.25 6 .0 o.o 12.5 0 .1 0 .2 0 .0 0.02 2.5 2 47.5 o 0.09 0.07 0.07 o.o wvs iv1;! ; Geometric chunky material present. A 1 rod-shaped with light refractive indej VC - : 22- | a- 0 79 6/24 7:37A . 8:50A 73 Personal sample^ During sanding of 100 1 drywair in cellar. Cleanup after sanding. Application of finish coat. -22 6/24 7:37A 7:52A 15 Cellar - during sanding and cleanup. 300 1 Same location as M-36. | [-34 6/24 7:54A 2 :55P 421 Cellar - after sanding and cleanup. 200 1 Sama location as M-36. A ;jl! 1KAL SANDING AND CLEANUP (6/2S/77) 4 it 6/25 _ 12:43P 12:57P* 14 Personal sample. Operator sanding 500 2 [ r e6 spociding. "Upstairs bedroom. Cleanup :! ;|- after sanding. 6/25 12:42P 12:58P 16 Bedroom - during sanding and cleanup. 500 2 r 60 Same location as M-28. . 'i jte; 6/25 12.-59P 8: OOP 421 Bedroom - after sanding and cleanup. 300 2 j i t ' 63 Same location as M-28. 1 ii -a -64 6/25 12:15P 8:OOP 465 Living room - During and after second 300 2 'j ;i:|- sanding and cleanup. ;| -72 6/25 1:03P 1:36P 33 Personal sainple. Operator sanding 500 2 TJC in ceTlarf Cleanup after sanding. * 6/25 1:03P 1:37P 34 Cellar - During sanding and cleanup. 300 1 Same location as M-36. ;1 f - 1 2 ' 6/25 1:45P 7:1 IP 326 Cellar - After sanding and cleanup. 500 .2 ,! Same location as M-36. 6/25 1:55P 2:05P 10 Personal sample. Handling of work 200 1 ' : |- 22 clothes after sanding. Other clothes sorted and added to washing machine i $ [8>8l during most of period. (Operator #2) Blank -- 500 2 500 2 t-9 7 7/9 & 7/10 10:30A 11:OOA 77::2H5OPP 1025 Outdoor sainple. Same location M-32. 5.iif? i I ` k lEj. i; f.1 *  V t 8.0 0.08 2.0 0.02 3.5 0.2 0.6 6.25 0.01 2.5 - * - f 0.03 0.004 1.9 0.09 0 . 0.0 0.5 0.02 4.6 0.007 4.3 0.006 1.3 0.03 3.5 0.07 1.0 ' 0.002 6.75 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.4 0.06 0.6 0 .0.02 0.001 0.001 0.008 0.01 0.001 0.03 0.8 - 0.0 - * 0.6 - - 0.4 ------------- -- -, . ...... 62-lv LI' l.\ i - SO- ; A 97-y. riTc El sc ;.|i Z2 1< u : oc - . ' nluvavci: ' Z j / {_d i' 0F:7;T;' -24- TABLE. Ir AIRB'> " F I B E R " CONCENTRATIONS^1L L k O C M l Q O I i P . O P E R A T I ONDURIHG ---------------- CON SU M E R ' SPAC K L I N G A N D DR Y M A L L R E N O V A T I O N Q_Pj L RJ t M l 1-Floor Bedroom lackling) Area Samples Personal Samples Floor Living Room > repair work. neral exposure.) Area Samples ?nt Recreation Room -ywall removal id replacement.) Area Samples Personal samples >rs Area Samples Residual - Before Tests 6/21/77 0,009/0.001^ ^ ~ . ` 0.01/0.0 % * 0.006/0.001 - ' 0.003/0.002 Preparation of Job & First Installation of Compound ________ 6/22/77________ Preparation, Clean up, Application Wet-out of (5) Compound Second Application of Compound i123/77 0.02/0.08 No samples taken. 0.02/0.009 0.3/0.007 0 . 2/ 0 . 0 ^ 0.03/0.04 0 .1/0.2 Sanding of Compound Sanding of Application of Finish Coat Finish Coat _D_u_r_i_n_g__S_a_nd6i/n2g4/77Af_t_e_r__S_a_n_d_i_n_g"/5)' During Sandin6g/25/7A7fter Sandir 0.2/0.07 0.1/0.09 0.0/0.07 ' -' 0.02/0.02 0.09/0.0 0.007/0.001 - 0.02/0.0 ________) <------ 0.005/0.001 ---- --- > 0.2/0.03. 0.08/0.02 0.01/0.004 0.07/0.01 0.03/0.003 0 .002/ 0.001 0.5/0.03^ 4 0 .0004/0.ooo; \11 results expressed as fibers/cubic centimeter longer than 5 micrometers. rhe first'number given refers to chrysotile asbestos, the second to "possible amphibole", i.e., 0.009 f!bers/cc >5u of chrysotile and 3.001 fibers/cc >5u of possible amphibole. See Section for discussion of these fiber categories. A\so includes spackling preparation, clean up, and application of compojnd. During shake out of work clothes and placing in washing machine.  APPENDIX V7.-V Operations Log 6/21/77 Sampling for ^ hours in bedroom, living room, and cellar. 6/22/77 ' 9:30 a.m. - 10:05*a.fy. 10:05 a.m. - 11:45 a.m. Preparation of wall and ceiling cracks in bedroom. Including clean up., H. Removal of cellar drywall. 11:45 a.m. - 12:00 Noon Clean up after drywall removal. 12:00 Noon - 12:30 p.m. Lunch (Pump running.) 12:30 p.m. - 3:38 p.m. Fitting and nailing of drywall. 3:38 p.m. - 3:55 p.m. Wet-out of drywall compound. . R/9'3/77 yt 4:00 p.m. - 4:20 p.m. 4:20 p.m. - 5:40 p.m. - Spackling upstairs bedroom. Fill cracks in wallboard. Apply tape, cover. Fill nail holes and corner joints 7:45 a.m. - 9:00 a.m. 6/24/77 . Apply second coat to cracks and to wallboard. 7:10. a.m. - 7:30 a.m. Sanding and clean up of spackling in bedroom. 7:37 a.m. - 8:12 a.m. Sanding and clean up of drywall in cellar. 6/25/77 8:12 a.m. - 8:53 a.m. 8:58 a.m. - 9:10 a.m. * Finish coat of mud applied to drywall. Finish coat df mud applied to spackling in bedroom. 12:40 p.m. - 12:55 p.m. Final sanding and clean up of spackling. 1:03 p.m. - 1:37 p.m. Final sanding and clean up of wal1board. 1:55 p.m. - 2:05 p.m.! Clothes in washer. Job complete. IN OPERATOR BREATHING ZONE DURING W ET-OUT OF DRY M ATER IALS AND ' CLEANUP A FTER SANDING AIRBORNE ASBESTOS COH Ctrm w uun i n w w - ' " "S