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UNO9 RECD LOAN ! -- --- i '130 Annals New York Academy. nf- 'iy 48. Ducois, P., ?. Amblard^B; flu TIllTiTi miin & J. Legrand. 1972. Acropathie " polyvinyiique _profi.k)iei Itinu. Bull. Soc. Franc. Dermatol. Syphiligr. 79: 197. 49. P'-v.hi-.t a--pWrHivimi 1973. The health hazards of plastics. J. Occupa- ^ *i~igfaean^ 808. son, H. A., R. L. Peters, H. H. Franxel & S. Borowsp. 1967. The ?0oy_->52. Fadlhall, L. T. 1957. Industrial toxicology. 2nd edit! The Williams & Wilkins * Company. Baltimore. Md. igiena Sanit. No. 1: 38. iva, V. S., L. L Balakhonova & E. Sh. Gronsbero. 1958. GigieniSeskaym ristika proizvodstva khloristovo vinila. Gigiena Truda Prof. Zabolevam^H/l): 6. 55. F:latov2L> S., E. Sh. Gronsbero, N. A. Smirnova, E A. Stulova & V V. Orescxev^1965. Voprcsyl gigienyi truda i sostoyanie zdorov'ya raboiikh, . zanyatyikh flmroizvodstve lateksnovo polivinilkhlorida. Gigiena Truda Prof. Zabolevaniya Hgi. --56. Filatova, V. S. & w. Antonyuzhenico. 1971. Gigieniieskiye usloviya truda i * professional'naya a&olevtemost' raboiikh proizvodstva suspenzionnovo poli- vinilkhlorida v dinanWkza ryad let. Gigiena Truda Prof. Zabolevaniya 15(4): 32. V^77. Fischer, J., H. MUNDSCHEHtnfc R. Wolf. 1965. Milzszintigraphie mit 1-Bromo- mercuri (snHg>2-hydroxypnn|n (BMHP). Fortschr. Geblete Roentgenstrablen \Ai. Nuklearmed. 103: 349. 8. Fischer, J., R. Wolf St H. Gam3^1?73. Die Milzszintigraphie. Dtsch. Arztebl. * No. 7:401. NsS. g-i9.. Gall, E. A. 1969. Tumors of the livotiSln Diseases of the Liver. L. Schiff, Ed. T", ~ 3rd edit J. B. Lippincott Company. PBB^leiphia. Pa. Grrsios, C. T. 1971. Acro-osteolysis in F\K\Workers. Med. Bull Stand. Oil Co. / 31(1): 49. i46i1.. GCnther, O. 1956. Die Kunststoffe und ianL arbeitsmedizinische Bedeutung. Zentr. Arbeitsmed. 6:156. 'ffw l/- 62. Harris, D. K. 1953. Health problems in the mfianfacnire and use of plastics. ^ Brit J. Ind. Med. 10:255. VX 63. Harris, D. K. & W. G. F. Adams. 1967. Acro-osteolyBa occurring in men engaged in the polymerization of vinyl chloride. Brit Med. JftnJ12. fxgt ^ 64. Henschler, D., Ed. 1972/1973. Gesundheitssch&dUchsQUbeitsstoffe. Toxikolo- v gisch-arbeitsmedizinisehe Begrilndungen von MAK-WeSm (Maximale Arbeits- __ platz-Konzentrationen). Verlag Chemie. Weinheim, Wesrwmany. A Sj*~~ 65. Herrle, K. 1963. Polyvinylchlorid. In Ullmanns EncyklopSne der technischen vwmUp '"O*"" Chemie. W. Foerst, Ed. 3rd edit. Vol. 14. Urban St Schwaraaberg. Milnchen, . y West Germany. -------- % '^r 66. Hexvieux Sl Tessier. 1959. Quelaues observations d'exposition^jfintollrance ' aux dirivis vinyliques et aux risines dthoxyliques. Aren. Malad Profess. 20: y 61. y 67. Iber, F. L. 1970. Portal hypertension in the presence of normal liver: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sd. 170(1): 115. 68. International Labour Office. 1971. Encyclopaedia of Occupational He Safety. Geneva, Switzerland. Vol. I: 387. \yis. International Labour Office. 1972. Encyclopaedia of Occupational HealtJ Safety. Geneva, Switzerland. Vol. IL 1467. /L.f.70. Irish, D. D. 1963. Halogenated hydrocarbons: L Aliphatic. In Industrial Hy PrJti and Toxicology. Vol. It Toxicology. D. W. Fassett St D. D. Irish, Eds.: uteri* 8 6^* y science Publishers. New York, N.Y. I>1. Javitt, N. B. 1970. Clinical and experimental aspects of sulphobromophthalein and related compounds. In Progress in Liver Disease. H. Popper St F. Schailner, pa. VsU m t. vi-- v--l. v> v 602458 1/ BFG35965 ...... .............. Thank you for choosing Ek-inM* Advanced Information Consultants Vendor for your document delivery needs MI Mail irana Typ* GEO02 Vonficotion $ SNpDoto p** Coot $ $ Dot Cheep* $ 24874001 */// INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY ,y-lV LAWRENCE T. FAIRHALL SdenUtt Director, ReL, United Statu Public_HeaUh\Scrvice SECOND EDITION 24874002 ffe BALTIMORE HE WILLIAMS & WILKINS 1957^ COMPANY BFG35966 356 INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY chronic damage to mild exposure, including the incidence of Bright's disease among painters. Smyth and Smyth (4), in testing the effect of turpentine on animals at a con centration of 715 parts per million, found no significant blood changes nor any pathol ogy indicating that this concentration was unsafe. Chapman (5) could find no evidence of chronic renal injury in rats exposed to the fumes of turpentine over a long period of time and concludes that neither turpentine nor paint acts as a renal irritant predispos ing the human kidney to glomerular ne phritis. Nelson and his associates (6) found that 75 parts of turpentine per million of air caused nose and throat irritation in sev eral people and 175 parts per million was intolerable to the majority. pentine abscess formation. Klin. Wochschr. 16 r 1274(1936). 3. Umeda, T.: Influence of structural change of some chemical substances on movement of ciliated epithelium tissue culture. Acta Derma tol. 1: 501 (1928). 4. Smyth, H. F., and Smyth, H. F., Jr.: Inhalation experiments with certain lacquer solvents. J. Ind. Hyg./0 .-261 (1928). 5. Chapman, E. M.: Observations on the effect of paint on the kidneys with particular reference to the role of turpentine. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 3:277(1941). 6. Nelson, K. W., Ege, J. F., Jr., Ross, M., Wood man, L. E., and Silverman, L.: Sensory re sponse to certain industrial solvent vapors. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol 16: 282 (1943). 7. Snider, S. R.: Detection and estimation of steamdistilled wood turpentine in gum spirits of turpentine. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 17: 107 (1945). VINYL CHLORIDE Analysis Inasmuch as turpentine, even in the low concentrations present as an aerial contami nant, yields colors with various reagents, a number of procedures of this type may be applied to its detection and estimation, pro vided suitable air samples can be taken. Turpentine, for instance, produces color re actions with furfural, salicylic aldehyde, and other higher aldehydes in sulfuric acid. When turpentine vapors are absorbed in sulfuric acid and oxidized by chromic acid, the carbon dioxide evolved may be used as a measure of the turpentine present. Estima tion may also be made based on the amount of color produced. Turpentine also gives an initial pink color with vanillin in hydro chloric acid which rapidly changes to a bluegreen color which is stable after about 30 minutes. By wanning, as small a quantity as 0.02 milligram of turpentine may be de tected. Snider (7) has found that steam-dis tilled wood turpentine may be detected when present in gum spirits of turpentine by de termining the benzaldehyde present. Benzal dehyde is found only in steam-distilled wood turpentine and not in either gum spirits or sulfate wood turpentine. REFERENCES 1. Daabolt, N., and Burckhardt, W.: Investigations of turpentine hypersensitivity with the patch test. Arch. Dermatol SyphiUis 171:252 (1935). 2. Karreth, R.: Reticulocyte counts after intra venous injection of turpentine and after tur- Characteristics Vinyl chloride, chloroethylene, CHj= CHC1, is a colorless gas which condenses be low --13.9 C., freezes at --159.7 C., boils at --13.9 C., has a density n 20/20 of 0.9121, and a vapor pressure of 2,300 millimeters of mercury at 20 C. Its limits of inflammabil ity are 4.0 to 21.7 per cent by volume of air. Vinyl chloride may be prepared by the chlo rination of ethylene followed by the elimina tion of hydrogen chloride. The latter is ac complished industrially by passing the vapor of ethylene dichloride over such contact catalysts as alumina, activated charcoal, or pumice at high temperatures. The process in present use for the technical preparation of vinyl chloride depends upon the direct ad dition of hydrogen chloride to acetylene in the presence of mercury salts. All compounds containing the vinyl group CHj==CH-- polymerize readily. Vinyl chloride polymer izes on exposure to sunlight and in the pres ence of peroxides and catalytic substances. The polymers are unusually strong and re sistant to water. These polymers are thermo plastic but require the addition of plasti cizers in order to speed the softening rate and prevent decomposition. Polymerization, which is activated by the molecular absorp-f tion of energy, proceeds rapidly with the formation of chain products which may be' interrupted by ring-closure of the two end molecules, by union with the second ,X6r ation to. J. xt of rence aicoL dc&m- -ita of 7: m 3Hj= aeshe, boils 3.9121, ten of mabilof air. ichlolimina- is ac3 vapor contact coal, or Dcessin ition of ect ad- dene in lpounds =CH-- olymer- hepresistances. and rethermo- ( plash ing rate liiation, abeorpwith the may be two end id chain, Sm CARBON COMPOUNDS 357 or by the addition of a foreign substance. As a consequence a large number of poly mers and copolymers having a wide range of physical properties has received industrial attention. The range of the vinyl chloride polymers is increased by copolymerization with vinyl acetate in which the vinyl chlo ride content varies from 85 to 95 per cent :and the molecular weight from 8,500 to 23,000. Polyvinyl chloride forms a series of thermoplastic resins having many of the properties of rubber when modified by vari ous plasticizers. These substances are proc essed similarly to rubber although they require no vulcanization. The plasticized polyvinyl chloride resins do not deteriorate on contact with air, light, or ozone. They are also moisture resistant and not affected by immersion in strong mineral acids or strong alkalies. Industrial Uses The copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride have found extensive use as litho graphic varnishes and enamels and coatings for all types of bases, such as cloth, silk, and paper. Polyvinyl chloride has been used as a rubber substitute in many industries, being applied mostly in solution form (1). The plastics igelite and vinylite are polymeriza tion products of vinyl chloride and are used for insulating cables, making X-ray films, and foils. In addition to wire and cable coat ing material, the polyvinyl resins have re ceived extensive application as liners for tin cans and have practically displaced all other plastics in safety glass for automobiles (2). Vinyl chloride is also used as a refrig erant. of time, 0.5 per cent may be breathed for several hours without acute disturbances of a serious nature. Vinyl chloride does not possess warning properties of the odor or irritation type, but in high concentrations (5 per cent) gives warning by producing symptoms of dizziness and disorientation in advance of any harmful effects. Analysis No method has been developed specifically for the determination of low concentrations of vinyl chloride as an aerial contaminant. The usual procedures for the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons could be ap plied, however, in the absence of interfering or complicating substances. Patty and his associates (3) used an explosion pipette (with electrolytic gas to energize the explo sion), followed by absorption of the explo sion products. REFERENCES 1. Mattiello, J. J.: Protective and Decorative Coat ings. VoL m. John Wiley A Sons, Inc., New York, 1943, p.203. 2. Wakeman, R. L.: The Chemistry of Commercial Plastics. Reinhold PubL Corp, New York, 1947, p.305. 3. Patty, F. A-, Yant, W. P, and Waite, C. P.: Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial organic compounds. V. Vinyl chloride. U. S. Public Health Service, Public Health Repts. 4B: 1963 (1930). XYLENE Characteristics Xylene, xylol, dimethylbenzene, CBU(CH) j, Toxicity Patty, Yant, and Waite (3) investigated the physiological properties of vinyl chloride and found that it is less harmful than carbon tetrachloride and chloroform and is similar in action to ethyl chloride. The symptoms produced by inhalation exposure are prin cipally those of narcosis. The respiration varies from an initial rapid, jerky type to a later slow, shallow type. While very high concentrations of 20 to 40 per cent by vol ume will kill guinea pigs in a short period is a homologue of benzene It exists in three forms--the o, m, and p. As used commer cially, xylene is a mixture of the three with the m-xylene predominant. The first two isomers are colorless liquids, while p-xylene is a solid consisting of colorless monodinic crystals. All are insoluble in water but solu ble in alcohol or ether. The highest fraction of "light oil" obtained from the distillation of coal tar contains the xylenes. The follow ing physical characteristics serve to differ entiate the isomeric forms of xylene: Boil ing point: o-, 144.05 C.; m-, 139.30 C.; p-, BFG35968