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Safety Engineering Tables
TABLE 47-P SAFE BEARING LOADS ON SOILS AND ROCK (Values approximate pressures allowed in major city building codes)
Nature of Soil
Safe Bearing Capacity (Tons per sq ft)
Solid ledge of hard rock, such as granite, trap, etc Sound shale or other medium rock, requmng blasting for removal Hardpan, cemented sand and gravel, difficult to remove by picking Soft rock, disintegrated ledge, in natural ledge, difficult to remove by picking Compact sand and gravel, requiring picking for removal Hard clay, requiring picking for removal Gravel, coarse sand, in natural thick beds Loose, medium, and coarse sand, fine compact sand Medium clay, stiff but capable of being spaded Fine loose sand Soft clay
25-100 10-15 8-10 5-10
4-6 4-5 4-5 1 5-4 2-4 1-2 1
From Mechanical Engineer's Handbook, rev 6th ed Edited by T Baumeister (Copyright 1958 McGraw-Hill Inc ) Used by permission
TABLE 47-Q
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GASES AND LIQUIDS (Gases at 32 F air = 1 000, liquids water = 1 000)
Gas
Air Acetylene Ethyl alcohol vapor Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Ethane
Sp Gr
1 000 0 920 1 601 0592 1 520 0 967 2 423 1 049
Gas Sp Gas Sp Gr Gr
Ether vapor Ethylene Helium Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen Mercury vapor
Marsh gas
2 586 0 967 0138 2 370 1 261 0 069 6 940
0 555
Methane Nitrogen Nitnc oxide Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Sulfur dioxide Water vapor
0 554 0 971 1 039 1 527 1 106 1 554 2 250 0 623
1 cu ft of air at 32 F and atmosphenc pressure weighs 0 0807 pounds
Liquid
Sp Gr
Liquid
Acetic acid Alcohol, commercial Ammonia
Benzene Bromine Carbolic acid Carbon disulfide Cotton-seed oil
1 06 083 077 088 2 97 096 1 26 093
Fluonc acid Gasoline Glycenn Kerosene Linseed oil Mineral oil Naphtha Olive oil
Mainly from Machinery's Handbook, 16th ed (The Industrial Press)
1606
Sp
Liquid
Sp
C.r Gr
1 50 0 70 1 26 0 80 094 092 0 76 092
Palm oil Petroleum oil Phosphoric acid Rape oil Vinegar Water
Whale oil
0 97 082 1 78 0 92 1 08 1 00 0 92
1 cu ft water at 4 C weighs 62 43 pounds