Document aBvDNx65kebjgg95w2YVVaMXy

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O J. A. KRUG, Secreta BUREAU OF MINES ' R. R. SAYERS, Directo MINERALS YE 1945 , Prepared under the direc E. W. PEHUSON, Ch Economics and Statistics H. D. KEISER, Edito UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING O WASHINGTON i 1947 For tale by the Superintendent of Document*, U. S. Governmen Price $4.00 N49770 LEAD1 By H.Ric h a r d Mo t e SUMMARY OUTLINE Page Goneral summary......................................................... Baltent statistics......................................................... Government regulations............................................. Reciprocal trade agreements.................................... Domestic production................................................... Mine production....................................................... Smelter and refinery production........................ Aotlve lead smelters and refineries................... Refined lead................................................................. Antlmonial lead................................................. Secondary lead........................................................... Lead pigments........................................................... 164 165 166 167 167 167 160 160 160 161 162 162 Stocks............. ................................................................... Producers' stocks................................................ Consumers' stocks........ ........................................... Government stocks.................................................. Domestic consumption............................................... Prices..................................... Salient statistics on promlum prices................ Foreign trade................................................................... Imports............. .......................................................... Exports......................................................................... World production......................................................... Rovlow by countrlos................................................ Page 162 162 163 163 164 165 166 187 107 160 170 170 GENERAL SUMMARY Despite hugo reductions in military requirements immediately following victory in both the European and Pacific phases of the war, the supply of lead available for industrial consumption throughout 1945 was seriously short of demand. Domestic mine production, the largest single source of supply, continued to decline. Imports of lead-bearing materials so urgently needed to offset the decreasing domestic mine output dropped to the lowest level since 1940. In contrast, however, the smelter production of secondary lead, always a substantial source of the heavy metal, increased 10 percent over the 1944 output. Consumption of refined lead, although 12 percent less than in 1944, continued at a high level, and to meet the demands for essential military and civilian uses monthly allocations were made from Government stocks of refined lead. As a result, the Govern ment stock pile was reduced to 68,700 short tons at the end of 1945-- slightly more than a month's supply at the average rate of consump tion during the year. Domestic mine production of recoverable lead, smallest of any year since 1938, declined 6 percent from the 1944 output. Refined pri mary lead production from domestic and foreign ores and base bullion decreased 5 percent in 1945. Stocks at primary refineries (physical inventory) more than doubled during 1945, while Government-owned stocks decreased 24 percent. Consumers' inventories recorded a 19-percent gain over 1944. The established price of 6.50 cents a pound for lead at New York remained unchanged tluoughout 1945. This report deals primarily with tbe smelting, refining, und consuming phases of tbc industry. full details of mtnlng operations, see separate reports issued for the various Stales. 154 For LEAD Salient statistics of the lead industry in the Unite 1941-45, in short ton 1925-29 (avorago) 1941 Produotlon of refined primary lead: From domostlo oros aod base bullion.. From foreign ores and base bullion___ 060, 625 123,104 470, 517 100,460 783,629 670,967 Recovery of secondary lead............................... 280,000 Imports: Lead In pigs, bars, and old....................... 4,692 Lead In base bullion..................................... Lead In ores and matte....................... .. 96,747 40,090 Exports of refined pig lead................................. 98,048 Lead remaining la bbnded warehouse at end of period......................................................... 136,969 Refined primary lead apparently shipped to domestic consumers........... ........................ 690, 916 Estimated consumption of primary and secondary lead..................................................... 900,250 Prices: ' New York: Average for year...................... cents per pound.. 7,47 ' Quotation at end of year........... do.. 0.26 Loudon averago.....................................do.. 6.87 MIno production of recoverable lead........... 604,230 World smelter produotlon of load_____ 1,860.000 397,410 274,396 24.704 82,116 14,369 150, 286 812,803 1,050,000 5. 79 5.86 4.49 461.426 o t Data Include lead Imported for immediate consumption plus m - * Includes 3,874 tons of foreign lead reexported In 1042,11,258 to tons In 1946, according to records of the u. S. Department of Oom * Data not available. < Revised figure. ' ' Figure 1 shows trends in the domestic lea 156 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS Lead continued under Government control during 1945, through the provisions of War Production Board General Preference Order M-38. In operation, the order prohibited use of lead for certain purposes and permitted all essential uses to function free of control Facing a critical supply position late in 1944, the WPB amended Order M-38, effective December 20. Under the revised order, the use of lead for most civilian applications was restricted to 60 percent of the 1944 level of consumption. The order contained three lists pertaining to the restriction and availability of lead: The first group, "A," banned the use of lead in certain civilian items; group "B" covered military uses, storage batteries, cable covering, tetraethyl lead, ammunition, and a few nonmilitary uses, such as solders, bearing metals, and brass and bronze, for which lead would be available with out restrictions; and group "C," which contained the civilian items restricted to 60 percent of the 1944 consumption. Greater restric tions were placed on other than essential uses in an amendment to the order on January 15, 1945. A second amendment on February 1 increased the. allowable use of lead in storage batteries for civilian use from 30 percent of the 1944 baso period to 37.5 percent. The order was again amended, effective March 31, when a list of 64 permissible uses was substituted for the previous lists A, B, and C, which covered restricted uses, unrestricted uses, and quota percentage restrictions. Government control over lead was extended on February 14 to im ports of three important manufactured items when WPB General Imports Order M-63 was amended banning the importation by private purchasers of collapsible lead tubes, storage batteries, and lead foil. Later in April a subsequent amendment included lead disks, slugs, and other semifabricated forms in which lead is a com ponent part. As a result of cut-backs in military requirements, lead quotas for several manufactured articles were increased during the summer months. Storage-battery manufacturers were permitted an increase to 25 percent of the 1944 usage during the third quarter of 1945. A similar increase in the quota was permitted in the preparation of collapsible lead tubes. In late July, the WPB, because of increas ing stocks, removed lead from the critical materials list and placed it on a list of products still under surveillance. Prompted further bv the improved statistical position of lead during early August, the WPB removed entirely the limitations on the use of lead chemicals for rubber compounding and gasoline refining. The production of white and red lead was permitted a moderate increase. Belief that the ending of hostilities had improved the lead supply situation enjoyed only a brief existence, however. The Government stock pile was dwindling rapidly, and it was obvious that reserves would soon be exhausted unless consumption was again restricted. Accordingly, on December 18 the Civilian Production Administration (successor November 3 to the WPB) announced a reduction in allo cations for the first quarter of 1946 to producers of automobile batteries and tetraethyl lead. Quotas for the manufacture of industrial-type batteries, cable coverings, and collapsible tubes were unchanged. Subsidy payments under the Premium Price Plan for overquota LEAD production were continued throughout 19 Premium Price Plan and an accompanyi and payments from 1942 through 1945 aro Prices. RECIPROCAL TRADE AG On June 19, 1945, the Senate passed a tho Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act for much as a 50-pcrcent reduction in tho r January 1, 1945. The bill further pro reduction under wartime agreements shou ever, and any cut in the duty should be established by the 1930 tariff act. Under policy, any reduction embodied in a re apply equally to virtually all countries. In accordance with the Mexican Trade 1943, the tariff on lead-bearing ores, flue at % cent per pound (lead content) and lea lead, etc., lfi cents per pound during agreement permits the increase in the flue dust, and mattes to lK cents per pou bullion, pigs, bars, scrap lead, etc., to l% after the war emergency is officially termi DOMESTIC PRODUC Statistics on lead output may be prepar refinery basis. The mine-production dat lead content in ore and concentrates an average losses in smelting are the most acc from year to year. The pig-lead output, refiners, presents a more precise figure o generally differs from the mine figure du tween mine shipments and smelter receip These inequities, however, tend to balance MINE PRODUCTIO The mine production of recoverable lea pigments) from domestic mines in the decreased 6 percent in 1945, was 21 per peak in 1942, and was 41 percent below the period 1925 through 1929. The dom principally from three areas--Southeaste area (Joplin region), embracing Southwes Kansas, and Northeastern Oklahoma; (principally Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Colora total produced in the United States, app from the output of a relatively small num produced over 4,000 tons of recovered lea ranked first in the production of lead, and district continued to be the largest lead-p percent of the total domestic output. T Joseph Lead Co. continued, as in the past 158 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1045 output from this district. The Tri-State area produced 6 percent of the total domestic output in 1945 compared with 7 porcont in 1944. The Western States contributed 47 percent of the total domestic production despite a decline of 12 percent from 1944. Idaho continued to be the largest producer of lead in the Western States and second largest in the United States, notwithstanding a production decline of 18 percent and the smallest output of any year since 1899. Nearly 93 percent of the State total lead came from the Coeur d'Alene region. Five properties in Idaho produced 51 percent of the State total lead, and of the total 81 percent came from zinc-lead ore and old tailings from the Coeur d'Alene region. Although lead output in Utah, the lowest since 1899, dropped 22 percent beldw the 1944 production, the State.continued to rank second among the Western States. In spite of a decrease of over 7,000 tons from the 1944 output, the United States and Lark property in the West Mountain (Bingham) district, operated by the United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co., remained by far the largest producer of lead in Utah. About 85 percent of the State total lead was recovered from zinc-lead ore. Lead production in Arizona was the largest in any year in the history of the State and 37 percent greater than in 1944. The Copper Queen mine of the Phelps Dodge Corp. at Bisbee was the largest Arizona lead producer in 1945; about 91 percent of the total lead was recovered from zinc-lead ore. Colorado production decreased 4 percent; the California (Leadville) district continued to be the largest lead- Mine production of recoverable lead in the United Stales, 1926-29 (average) and 1941-46, by States, in short tons State IP25-20 (nvorugc) 1041 1942 1043 1044 1945 Western States and Alaska: Arizona...................................... California.......................................................... Colorado................ .................. Montana........................ ... . . . Nevada...................................................... New Mexico........................... South Dakota........................ Toxas.......................................... Utah................................................................... Washington.................... ........ Wyoming................. ............ ,, ,, 082 9.743 2,070 141,810 18.87J 9,807 6,730 21 213 149,609 1,323 062 15,638 3,464 12, 674 101.914 21,269 6,023 4,068 60 180 09,001 3.903 14,772 6,161 118'909 6,370 4,008 23 181 4)851, 13.727 6,820 97) 467 5) 723 41 13 K 707 6,682 83) 530 J?* 7/, 27P0.0T 34 Central States: Arkansas.................................... Kansas.................................... Missouri.................................... . Oklahoma..................................................... Wisconsin......................................................... Eastern States: New York............................... . Tennessee............................................. Virginia................................................. 870, 907 as 552 26,121 202,240 58,300 1,745 239, 137 3,846 4.000 664,230 240,551 11 14, 638 282 105,909 26,021 1,226 209,302 2,100 23 6,518 481,43# 266,636 2 0,419 335 199, 648 22,806 775 236,229 2, 434 238 4,476 486,230 231, 410 9,213 184,010 '020 217,000 "266 4,843 468,3)3 209,018 124,683 l', 416 201, 677 1,044 6,200 416,861 7,224 17,044 68,447 C* 275 7,602 3,802 184,152 3,006 1,776 201.620 ' *64 4,243 '5,160 368,831 LEAD producing area in the State. Zinc-lead tho State total in 1945. Dotailod information on the production the United States may be found in tho cha with the mine production of gold, silver, c various States. Mine production of recoverable lead in the United 1,000 tons pr more during any year, 1 District State Southeastern Missouri region... Coour d'Alene region.......... Tri-State (Joplin region).. West Mountain (Blngbam).. Warren (Bisbee)......................... Park City region........................ Central........................................... Old Hat......................................... . Coso................................................ California (Leadville)...........j . Tinttc............................................. Austinvillo................................... Metalino.........................-............ Heddloston................................... Bush Valley................................ Piocbe............................................ Summit Valley (Butte)......... Kansas, Southwestern Missouri, Oklahoma. Utah............................................... Utah ............................................. New Mexico_____ _ Utah................................................ Utah................................................ Kentucky, Southern Illinois. Animas.................................................. Pioneer (Rico)...,............................ Warm Springs.................................. . Upper Mississippi Valley....... Pima (Slorrltas, Papago, Twin Buttes). Upper San Miguel.................... .... Big Bug......... .............................. .. Bayhorso....... .............................J.-.. Magdalena....................................... Besting Springs......................... . Harshaw........................................ St. Lawrenco County............ -- Wallapai...................................... .-- Eagle.......................... -.............. .. Rod Clift........................................... . Montana.................... ..-j .......... .. Smolter (Lc w Ib and Clark Oounty). Ophlr................................... . Port Hill......... ....................... Barker...................................... Hog Heaven.......................... Iowa, Northern Illinois, Wisconsin. Arizona................................ .. Utah...,......................................... i Corrected figure. SMELTER AND REFINERY P The production of pig lead in the Unit main sources--domestic mine production base bullion, and secondary smelter produ and is produced at primary plants that small quantities of scrap and at seconda exclusively. Of the 8 primary smelters States, only two (Selby, Calif., and Brad merchant lead. The other 6 plants prod taining approximately 98 percent lead quantities of impurities recovered from snipped to refineries in tho Middle Wes 160 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 recovery of the gold and silver and purification of the lead to meet commercial requirements. Both primary and secondary smelting plants may mako refined lead or antimonial lead. Because of tlio large quantity of hard lead--such as battery scrap--melted at second ary smeltors, the output from this typo of operation is essentially antimonial lead alloys. Statistics on the production of refined lead and alloys at secondary plants are given in the section of this chapter on Secondary Lead. The 16 primary smelters and refineries in operation in the United States in 1945 consumed 454,778 short tons (lead content) of ore, 19 percent of which was mined in foreign coun tries, compared with 477,765 tons in 1944, 15 percent of which was foreign ore. ACTIVE LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERIES A list of primary lead smelters and refineries operating in the United States in 1945 follows: California: Selby--Selby plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Colorado: Leadville--Arkansas Valley plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Idaho: Bradley--Bunker Hill Smelter (smelter and refinery). Illinois: Alton--Federal plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Indiana: East Chicago--International Smelting & Refining Co. (refinery). East Chicago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc. (refinery). Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Co. (smelter and refinery). Missouri: Heroulaneum--Herculaneum plant, St. Joseph Lead Co. (smelter and refinery). Montana: East Helena--East Helena plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Nebraska: Omaha--Omaha plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (refinery). New Jersey: Barber--Perth Amboy plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Carteret--United States Metals Refining Co. (refinery). Texas: El Paso--El Paso plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Utah: Midvale--United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. (smelter). Murray--Murray plant, American Smelting A Refining Co. (smelter). Tooele--Tooele plant, International Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). REFINED LEAD Primary refineries in the United States in 1945 produced 462,110 short tons of refined lead, a decline of 3 percent from the 1944 output of 476,131 tons. Of the 443,585 tons of primary lead produced in 1945, domestic ores and base bullion supplied 80 percent, and 20 percent was derived from foreign ores and imported base bullion. In 1944 the origin was 85 percent domestic and 15 percent foreign. The quantity of refined lead produced from foreign base bullion has been negligible since 1943. The following tables give the production of refined lead bv sources and by country of origin of the ore. Details of the sources of lead from domestic ores are given in the section of this chapter on Mine Production. l ead Refined lead produced at primary refineries in the U in short tons Source 1041 1042 Refined lead: From domestic oros and base bullion.. From foreign ores................. ........................... From foreign base bullion......................... 470,617 74,166 26, 284 467,3 81,4 17,0 Total from primary sources................... From scrap......................................................... 570, 907 13,454 666,8 12,8 Total refined lead....................................... Average sales price per pound.......................... Total calculated value of primary refined lead ......................................................................... 584, 421 $0.057 $65,090,000 579. 6 $0.0 $71,422,0 i Excludes value of refined lead produced from scrap at prima Refined primary lead produced in the United State in short tons Borneo Domestic oro and bosc bullion......................... Foreign ore: Foreign bare bullion: Mexico.................................................................. Total foreign................................................. 1041 470, 617 10, 661 5, 7OR 123 300 27,173 21,211 74,166 831 25,358 47 48 26,284 100,450 670,007 1042 467, 10, 6,0 2,4 23. 30,3 81,4 16, 17,0 09, 606, ANTIMONIAL LEA Antimonial lead production at primary cent to 56,495 tons in 1945. The distribu to source, is shown in the following tabic. contained in antimonial lead produced in 1 owing to a greater demand for low-percc Antimonial lead produced at primary lead refineri Year Produc* Antimony content . (short tons) Short tons Percent I041 ..................................................... iw2 . . . . ......... x.:... 1943 ............................ .......... 1944.............................................. .......... 1945........................................ . ..... 40,237 51,762 63, 616 67,002 60; 496 3.610 3, 524 3,371 4,070 4,148 3.7 0.8 6.3 11 7.3 162 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 manufacture of such items as type metal, solder, sheet and pipe, and collapsible tubes and foil. Although antimonial lead is an important byproduct of the refining of base bullion, the Quantity derived from this source is only a small part of the annual domestic output. The major production is recovered from the smelting of antimonial lead scrap at Secondary smelters. Production data from lead-smelting plants treating scrap materials exclusively are summarized in the following section and discussed in detail in the chapter on Secondary Metals--Nonferrous. SECONDARY LEAD Some scrap lead is treated at primary smelters and refineries, but the greater part is received at a large number of plants that treat secondary materials exclusively. Secondary lead is recovered in the form of refined lead, antimonial lead, and other alloys. Recovery at primary and other plants in 1944 and 1945 is shown in the following table. Secondary lead recovered in 1945 was 10 percent greater than in 1944 and was equivalent to 82 percent of the total refined primary lead produced in the United States. Further details appear m the chapter on Secondary Metals--Nonferrous. Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 1944~45, in short tons As refined metal: In antimonial lead: Orand total: 1944 1945 11,368 43,678 3S, (HD 18, 625 42,698 01,123 31,176 110,311 180,818 . 06,652 42,366 151,713 104,070 107,837 331,410 $42,421,248 303, 030 $46,408,902 LEAD PIGMENTS The principal lead pigments are litharge, white lead, red lead, sublimed lead, leaded zinc oxide, and orange mineral. These products are manufactured for the most part from metal, but some ore and concentrates are converted directly to pigments. Details of the production of lead pigments are given in the chapter On Lead and Zinc Figments and Zinc Salts. STOCKS Producers' stocks.--Lead stocks, ns reported by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, aro shown in the following table. Stocks of refined and antimonial lead include metal held by all primary refiners and by some of the refiners of secondary material who pro duce soft lead, plus foreign lead smelted and refined in the United States and ehtered for domestic consumption. According to the monthly reports released by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, LEAD stocks of refined lead and antimonial le a low of 19,536 tons in January to 38, followed by alternating decreases and i September. From 36,514 tons on han stocks advanced to a year-end total o 1945, and a net gain of 124 percent from Lead stocks at end of year at smelters and refineri short tons Refined pig lead. Aatlmonial load. Lead in base bullion-- At smokers and reflnerioa. In transit to refinorles-----In proocss at refineries-- Lead In oro and matto and In prooes* at smelters. 1941 15,9 4,2 20,1 8,6 2,2 17,7 28,6 61,4 100,1 The Bureau of Mines annual survey refiners indicated stooks of 16,788 tons at plants on January 1, 1945, and 37,69 Primary antimonial lead stocks at thes 3,387 short tons (lead content) at the b at the end of the year. In terms of lea 16 operating smelters and refineries dec tons to 59,095 tons during the same pe bullion at refineries that receive base bu smelters that produce base bullion for 6,066 tons at the beginning of January December 1945. Stocks of "in-process 5 combination smelter-refinery plants a the Bureau of Mines. No direot comp these data and the figures of the Americ Figures reported to the Bureau of Mine at the plants, irrespective of ownership, process or in transit.. Consumers' stocks.---Approximately 5 stocks of 103,214 tons of domestic and December 31, 1945, a 19-percent increa tory (revised figure) reported at the end Uovernment 'stocks.--Industry-owned supply of Government-owned lead store out the. United States for allocation to c ing to reports submitted to the Civilia (successor November 3 to the War Pro stocks of refined lead, mostly of corro sources, was 68,700 short tons on Dece 00,454 tons of refined lead on January : '\ . 154 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 45 Consumers' stocks of refined soft lead at the end of 1944 and 1945, by grades, in short tons Domestic and foreign Corrod* Jog Chomleal Common Other Total Foreign (all grades) he* 31,1946 ......................................................... 28.028 32,396 12,605 21.620 42.863 47,736 3,052 1,664 86.908 103,214 9,730 0,092 i Revised figures. DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION A survey of 570 plants in 1945 representing an estimated 90 percent of the consumers of refined lead indicated a total consumption of 637,499 short tons of refined lead, a decrease of 12 percent from 1944. Some secondary as well as primary refined lead is included in this figure. Antimonial lead, unrefined scrap load, and lead in alloys are excluded. Of the total consumed, 25 percent was used for making red lead and litharge, 14 percent for cable covering, 12 percent for tetraethyl fluid, 9 percent for storage batteries, 5 percent for white lead, 5 percent for 9heet lead, 5 percent for ammunition, and the remaining 25 percent for a variety of products and uses shown in the accompanying table. A distribution of the total consumed by related uses indicates 49 percent consumed for metallic products, 30 percent for pigments, 13 percent in chemical products, and 8 percent in miscellaneous uses, such as annealing, galvanizing, lead plating, weights, and ballast. Reports to the CPA indicate a consumption of 1,051,602 tons of primary, antimonial, and secondary lead in 1945 compared with 1,118,643 tons in 1944. Consumption of refined lead in Ihe United States, 1941-45, by uses, in short tons 1941 1942 1943 1944 1946 32,060 10,160 0) 141,101 32.380 9, 243 3,726 61.616 32.946 35,480 35.630 73,982 2.069 2, 976 83.230 143. 496 48.327 8,861 (') 0) (M) 64.60C Total..................................................................................... 812. 647 48,025 8,400 5,294 128. 636 9,047 3,106 9,966 9.369 21,411 31,700 13,371 62,604 2,336 943 66,476 100,663 60,162 0,208 6.229 484 33,740 607,111 64,023 * 31,479 10.180 15,941 6,748 7,846 117, 802 110,417 8,618 9,411 3,072 4,426 11,426 12,482 6, 616 11,190 18, 724 24,387 27.738 31,646 16,472 22, 300 68,239 68. 769 816 2,190 812 1,269 36, 809 64,333 124, 715 167, 080 65, 320 83,067 8,172 10,703 6,987 6,719 810 1,073 941 494 9,269 22,964 64,040 33, 046 675,465 722, 820 20,315 14,104 7,009 86,168 13.374 6, 322 7,428 2,185 24,061 30,624 27,475 60,179 2,178 1,401 35,611 157,171 75,890 8.567 5, 525 988 1.130 9,539 32,205 637,499 > Inoluded under '`Other." The following table shows the calculated apparent shipments of refined primary lead to domestic consumers. The apparent ship- LEAD ments of 670,122 tons in 1945 are probabl the actual receipts of 653,805 tons reporte incomplete coverage of the survey. Apparent shipments of refined primary pig lead to short tons 1941 Supply: Stocks at primary refineries on Jan, 1.. Govcrnracnt-ownod stocks on Jan. 1 >. Production........................................................ Imports.............................................................. ____ ____ .. .. Total available............................ . Withdrawn: Stocks at primary rofincrlos on Dec. 31.................. Government-owned stocks on Dec, 31 .................... Exports............................................................... Total withdrawn............. ........................ Apparent shipments to domestic consumer* ..... o 670,967 274.189 845,166 (') 17, 934 14,859 32,293 812,863 1 Official figures not available. * Estimate based upon American Bureau of Metal Statistics da * According to reports submitted to the TlQ.Lcad.Zfnc Division <Includes 3,874 tons of foreign refined lead reexported in 1942, 1 and 377 tons In 1946, according to records of the U. S. Departmen PRICES The two major markets for lead in th Yorkand St. Louis: much of the lead pro at prices normally based upon quotations suspension of trading on the London Met 1939 the London market has had no dire quotations, and the differential between prices has remained at 0.15 cent a pound, the freight charges between the two points. The ceiling price for common lead--6.35 and 6.50 cents. New York--remained un The average price received by the primary refined lead (excluding antimonial lead) so pound, f. o. b. plant. The 1945 price of which appears in the separate State chapte average price received for all grades of re the increment--in terms of cents per pou domestic mine output of recoverable lead-- for overquota production and special mi Office of Metals Reserve (successor July 1,1 Company). The general policy of the Quota Com Premium Price Plan for overquota mine p (copper and zinc were also included) prevail original plan in force since February 1, 194 July 31, 1945. Congress voted the Hayde into Public Law 88 on June 14, 1945, extend 1946. A compilation of important data s under the Premium Price Plan since Febr quota levels and the payments made, is giv Salient statistics on lead with regard, to the operation o f the Premium Price Plan, 1942-43 166 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 LEAD The official London maximum price of paid, for Empire and foreign load, fixed b Supply in December 1939 was advanced t Quotations of the London Metal Exchan outbreak of the war in September 1939, were Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead London, 1943-4G, tn cents pe 1043 at. New Lon St. Louis York don 1 Loui January................................................*.......... February............................................ -.......... March................................-.......................-- April....... ........................................... -............ May................................................................... June.................................................................... July.................................................................... August................................................... ......... Boptern ber......................................... -........... October............................................................. Novem ber............................-.................. .. 6.36 6.35 0.36 6.36 6.36 6.36 6.35 6.30 6.36 6.36 0.36 Average........ .................... 6.35 6.60 6.60 6.60 Q. 60 6.60 6.60 6.60 6.60 6.60 6.60 Q. 60 6. 60 6.60 4.40 4.49 4.49 4. 49 4.49 4. 49 4. 49 4.49 4.49 4.49 4.49 4.49 4. 49 0.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 St?Av"Ski p?i'o`r'forelfn lead, converted to cents per pound wit maximum price raised on Juno ll( 1046. FOREIGN TRADE Imports.--During 1945 imports of lead d sine 1940 and were 39 percent below the r previous years, the greater part of the lead of pigs and bars,.over 70 percent of whic virtually all the remainder from Peru, Receipts of lead in ore and matte, which co total imports, were 25 percent under 194 decrease in imports from Australia and N than offset a substantial increase from Per of lead in ore and matte were principal^ land, Peru, Canada, and Argentina, which cent of these reoeipts. Imports of lead Mexico, dropped to 8 tons. Four countr the total lead in all forms imported in Peru 16, Australia 11, and Canada 10, com 3 percent, respectively, for a total of 88 p > Figures on Imports and exports compiled by M. B. Price, of U. 8, Department of Commerce, 168 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, base bullion, pigs, bars, and reclaimed, 1941-46, by countries, in short tons 1 Country 1041 1042 1043 1944 1045 Ore and matto: Argentina................................................................................ Chile...................................................................................... United Kingdom................................................................. 675 13,374 22,034 7.314 6.725 1,384 6.770 17,669 6,665 176 030 3,879 4, 682 20.007 1.382 7,487 3.106 2,358 23,051 11,168 302 82,116 70,362 Base bullion: Australia............................................................. Mexico................................................................ Peru...................................................................... Other countries.................................................. . 836 42,000 23,726 66 68 10 . 86 883 24,704 43,865 Pigs and bars: Peru.......................................................................... Other countries................................................ .. . 43,631 89,836 09,960 40,773 83.352 00,210 102,044 21,891 Reclaimed, scrap, etc.: Australia.................................................................................. Canada.................................................................. . Panama, Republic of......................................................... Peru........................................................................ 274,189 366,407 1,300 62 1,202 46 96 67 55 7 206 381, 2 lT 2,757 402,471 10, 438 JO, 743 7,012 0,828 2,031 13,473 3,420 172 70,023 3,840 639 94 4 4,683 8, 004 16 214,865 20,158 244,033 348 128 1 477 319,116 3,459 27, 130 1.003 0.000 4,247 3,093 32,273 11,205 471 03, 670 ii 47 68 660 8 167,704 64,486 222,768 2. 738 488 89 3,315 310,701 2,338 4,716 17,0)3 1,680 8,687 2,330 007 17,046 14,624 204 70,006 8 8 13,747 19.380 100,179 34,163 1 227,469 1,470 l, 374 2.844 300,326 1 Data Include lead Imported for Immediate consumption plus material coloring tlic oountry under bond. Lead 1 imported for consumption in the United States, 1941-45, by classes Yoar Lead In ores, fluo dust, and mattes, n. a. p. t. Lead In base bullion Short tons Value Short tons Value Pigs and bars Short tons Value Sheets, Pipe, and shot Short tons Value Not other wise speci fied (value) Total value 1941................... 1942................. 1943................... 1044................... 1045................... 82.346 66,343,677 87,377 6,716,251 83,163 5. 500.218 100.846 0, 756, 209 71,040 5, 758,605 17,670 $1,743,350 48, 680 4,285,425 4.511 557.545 73 7,045 20 2, 242 325,900 $23,403,260 387,663 32,328,330 244,033 20, 003,382 223,370 22, 703.430 227,311 25,280,038 47 $15,812 20 7,009 25 20,208 40 30. 572 14 2.049 $10,389 $30,682,741 4,090 42,478,098 5,219 27,132, 730 647 29,895,676 32,515 31,311,979 > In addition to quantities shown (values Included In total values), "reclaimed, scrop, otc.," Imported as ollowa--1041: 1,331 tons, $57 353; 10<2: 1,305 tons, $137,393; 1043: 400 tons, $50,158: 1044 : 3,316 tons. $208,712: 1045: 2.844 tons, $236,840. Figures for 1W2-45 Include foreign lead recelvod by the Government and held Instock piles. LEAD Miscellaneous products, containing lead, impor States, 1941-4 Year . Babbitt metal, metal, and o tions contain Oross weight (short tons) Lead conte (sho tons 702 2 971 2 236 26 143 Exports.--Total exports of pig lead in the 1944 total due almost entirely to th to the U. S. S. R. Export restriction Control Act of 1940 remained in force Lead exported from the Unite Year Pigs aud bars Short tons Valuo Foreign lead ex ported In manufac tures with benoflt of Uraw-baclc (short tons) Y 1943....................... 14,359 $1,159,148 1,940 285,354 2,003 ' 244,433 21,053 26,258 15,401 1944.. 1946.. i Data not available. Pig lead exported from the United Stales, 194 Destination 104 Countries; Chile ............................................................................... 2, 8. Portugal.................................................................................... U. 8. S. R................... ............................................................ Other countries...................................................................... Continents: 14 2, 11 * In addition, 3.874 ton* of foreign lead were reexported to and 877 tons in 1W5. 717872--47--;--l 2 170 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 WORLD PRODUCTION The unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in May and August 1945, respectively, permitted relaxation of censorship restric tions on production statistics by governments of most of the leadproducing countries in the world. Somo information regarding the lead industry in European countries formerly under Axis control has becoma available during the year, and somo progress toward presen tation of comprehensive world load-production statistics during the war years has been made. Nevertheless a statistical hiatus in the record for certain of the important lead-producing centers continues to prevent the final compilation of production data beyond 1940. World production of lead, 1938--46, in metric ions 1 [Complied by B. B. Waldbauer] Country 1038 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1946 Argentina........................................ 10,200 13,978 Australia.......................................... 220,165 200,600 Belgium............................................ 94,170 98, 230 80,166 78,622 Canada............................................. 181,783 172.880 China............................................. 7 2,000 () Ccechoslovakla.............................. *6,000 <') Franco............................................... 42,183 42,381 Germany *...................................... 171,700 } 185,700 Austria................................. .. 9, 280 Greece................................................ fl. 060 4, 025 Hungary.......................................... * 160 () Indochina........................................ 10 6 Italy................................................... 43, 287 38,818 Japan................................................. 16, 283 14.223 Korea (Chosen)............................ 6,086 <) Mexico..................... ........................ 273, 529 213,676 Northern Rhodesia..................... 277 163 Norway............................................ 323 321 Peru................................................... 28, 478 24,310 Poland.............................................. 10,073 (*) Rumania.......................................... 6,656 5,100 3,214 4,283 Spain.................................................. 31,809 26,991 Tunisia............................................. Union of South Africa............ 8. nU. 8. ........................................ United Kingdom......................... United States (refined)7............ Yugoslavia...................................... 23,790 19 08,460 10.000 330,063 8, 646 22, 930 11 74,800 16, 886 404, 257 10,062 12,864 192,180 31,630 80.709 190,662 (*) < ) 25, 677 18,021 216,002 8,880 74,456 206,862 (>> (>> 23,22(1 20,700 210,250 16, 210 17,130 220,722 41,316 (*) 12,462 23. 800 183,628 7,900 203,091 4 1,179 (>) 13,724 19.100 167,027 7,090 129,347 4 046 ( > 4,672 21,169 100,646 8,470 147,451 <') <> 4,832 175,300 172,800 148,900 169,200 1 150,000 c) c) <*) ( ) 36,009 <W ) ( ) 30,903 < ) c) <) 28,771 <) <h) W 22,056 26,716 26, 832 32,031 c) c) 6,184 6,606 101.980 161,167 102,989 212,462 293 (*) 378 < ) 1,118 . 1,265 <s (*) 31,131 32,871 37,916 43,171 * 23,000 * 26,000 () () < ) <*) 600 <i) (c>) 46,901 46,860 41,149 36,760 26,620 (`5 *76,000 230 2,816 15.679 <>) () 10(m0c,000 <*> < ) 125, 700 13,813 8,097 6,483 4,234 408,075 494, 126 497,908 425, 003 32,940 <*) < ) c) <*) ('1 <> < ) <w ) c) *800 34,020 < > 11,340 c) 178,270 4 205,316 1,047 <>) 38,900 M 40,001 (*) ((*J)) 30,978 *7.000 ('} (>) 27,133 7,973 (*) c(*)) 4, 033 10,433 ((>>) m (*) 421,538 402,304 c) (>) ( )1,700,000 1,765,000 1, 715,000 c) (*) (*> <>) i Dy countries whero smelted but not necessarily refined. Data derived In part from Statistical Year* Book of the League of Nations and from the American Bureau of Metal Statistics (annual issue). 1 Approximate production. * Data not yot available; estimate includod In total for 1639 and 1640. 4 Unoccupied China. ` 1 Exclusive of secondary material (Mctallgcsellschaft, Frankfort on the Main). Beginning In October 1939, Includes Upper Silesia. 1 Includes small tonnage of lead contained In exported ores and concentrates. Separate figures not avail* able. . * Figures cover lead refined from domestic and foreign ores; refined lead produced from foreign base bullion not included. REVIEW BY COUNTRIES Argentina.--The Aguilar mine of the Compaflia Minera Aguilar, S. A., subsidiary of the St. Joseph Lead Co., continued to be the leading producer in 1945, although ore production declined due to shortage of mine timber, fuel oil, and inability of the railroad to pro vide enough cars for shipping the concentrates from the mine. The LEAD lead concentrate production at the Aguila metric tons compared with 23,237 tons in Australia.--Labor shortages, reportedl year since the beginning of the war, conti tion of lead at Australian mines and sm Isa Mines, Ltd., Queensland, a critical ma operation of the copper section of the adequate manpower seriously curtailed the mines. , For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1945, at the Broken Hill South, Ltd., was 309,6 341,920 tons output the previous year. was reported in the production of lead co The Lalco George Mining Corp., Ltd., a Wales, produced 164,549 tons of ore for th 1945, compared with 239,900 tons for the the ore for both years being taken from th total estimated ore reserves remaining a were 1,416,603 tons assaying 1.1 dwt. go per ton, 7.3 percent lead, 12.8 percent z Bolivia.--Construction of a. new lead s for the purpose of stimulating Bolivia's providing exportable refined lead was u the year by Banco Minero de Bolivia. T have a monthly capacity of 300 to 400 ton tion tentatively selected for the smelter is a and San Juan, del Oro Rivers in the P southern Bolivia. Brazil.--Construction of a lead smelte of refined lead daily) at the Panolas or 20 kilometers from. Ribeira, in SSo Paulo, Paulo was completed in 1945. It is repo installed a complete plant for undergroun The customs smelter at Apiai, Sao Paulo, plant, built in 1941 by the State of Sao P capacity of 10,000 metric tons of furnace o of lead deposits in the valley of the Ribeir during the year by the States of Sao Paulo Burma.--The famous Bawdwin lead-zin before the war produced 75,000 tons of le from the Japanese in February 1945. Eng owners of the property, reported the lowe and the upper levels in critical need of deterioration. The! concentrating mill a residential area were burned by the Ja appurtenant installations, although sufferi were reported in fair condition. Resump operations is contingent upon reconstruct erty destroyed during Japanese occupation electric plant, which was destroyed by th in April 1942, permission of the Shan States or Burmese labor, which is at present proh and reconstruction of the destroyed porti 172 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1915 between Mandalay and Lashio to permit rail transportation of equip ment, products, and personnel. The remaining roserves at the prop erty are estimated at approximately 3,500,000 tons of ore averaging 15.7 ounces of silver per ton, 20.4 percent lead, 12.6 percont zinc, and 0.9 percent copper. Canada.--Lead production increased in Canada in 1945 despite a continued shortage of mine and smelter labor, which showed little improvement until late in the year. At Trail, British Columbia, the Sullivan mine of the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co., which operates the only Canadian lead smelter and electrolytic lead refinery, continued to be the principal source of Canadian lead production. Refined lead produced at the Trail smelter increased to 163,142 tons from 143,873 tons in 1944. Ore reserves at the end of the year showed a net increase of about 1 million tons. Nearly 1,400 tons of lead concentrates averaging 80.96 percent lead were recovered during the year from 47,777 tons of ore milled at the Base Metals Mining Corp., Ltd., property in British Columbia. The New Calumet Mines, Ltd., at Calumet Island, Quobec, reported ore reserves on November 1, 1945, at 1,011,200 tons, assaying 2.9 porcent lead, 9.1 percent zinc, 5.76 ounces of silver, and 0.038 ounce of gold per ton. France.--The mine output of lead in France more than doubled in 1945 duo largely to the removal of German control of the industry early in the year. Production of lead (content of lead in ores and concen trates) from 1938 through 1945, in metric tons, was as follows: Year 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1643 1944 1946 Production..................................................... 4.220 5,410 2,440 3,870 5, 770 5, 471 3, 528 7,627 Mines that operated during the year were the La Plagne near Macot, Department of Savoie; Peyrebrune, near Realmont, Department of Tarn; La Loubatiere near Fontiers-Cabardes, Department of Aude: Labarre and Corbieres near Ceilhes, Department of Herault; ana Pierrefitte, Department of Hautes-Pyr6n6es. Germany.--The chief sources of lead and zinc ores in Germany are Upper Silesia, the Harz Mountains, and along the Rhine River in the Provinces of Rheinland, Westphalia, and Baden. As zinc is pre dominant in these ores, Germany during the war relied heavily upon imported load concentrates from Yugoslavia. Newfoundland, Mexico, China, Australia, and Peru were important German prewar sources of lead. The mine production of recoverable lead from German properties from 1938 tlirough 1943, in metric tons, was as follows: Year 1938 Production................................................................ 86,026 1639 91,088 1940 91,868 1941 98,693 1942 99,778 1943 104, 690 Italy.--Of the three lead smelters in Italy, only one--the Pertusola plant at La Spezia--was damaged sufficiently during the war to pre vent immediate resumption of operations. Mexico.--Mexican mines operated during most of the year without LEAD any appreciable difficulties between labo taxes and poor railroad facilities and se deterrents to operation. Late in the demands for a 40-percent wage increase general strike of mine and smelter labor Newfoundland--The mine production concentrates produced, amounted to 22 pared with 29,661 tons in 1944. The b tinued to be exported to the United Sta Peru.--The mine production of lead in under that in the record year 1944. O were refined in bars at the Cerro de Pa smelter and 11,934 tons (lead content) w Spain --Lead production in Spain de shortages and dr.ought. Jaen Province producer of lead in 1945, accounting for The average grade of concentrates m 19 with 71.9 porcent in 1944. Exports of metric tons in 1944 to 1,163 tons in 194 U S S R --Virtually no official p available on the Russian lead industr Certain data, however, presented in th of the new Five Year Plan indicate declining in recent years. United Kingdom.--Consumption of p United Kingdom totaled 223,591 long 205 384 tons in 1944. Over-all cons recovered from scrap, was 294,104 ton which 26 percent was used in cable cov DiD6- 17 percent in batteries; 17 perc excluding battery oxide; and 15 perce Yugoslavia.--The properties of the recovered intact from the Germans m mine during German occupation is rep the ore reserves and damaged much Production on a limited scale was re output was shipped to Russia. ZINC1 By H. B.Ric h a r d Mo t h a n d Es t h e r Mil l e r SUMMARY OUTLINE General summary......................................................... SaUenUtAttetJcs...............;....................................... Government regulations............................................ Reciprocal trade agreements................................... Page 174 J7 175 170 DomostJo production--Continued. Secondary tlno .......................................... Byproductsul/urJo add......................................... Zinc pigments and salts......................................... Page 194 ]g4 186 Mine production....................................................... Smelter production.................................................. Zlno-reduction plants......................................... Horizontal-retort plants............ Vertical-retort plants...................................... Electrolytlo plants........................................... Smelting capacity............................................ Waels kilns.......................................................... Active stno-reductlon plants....................... Production of primary and redistilled secondary slab tino.............................................. Distilled and electrolytlo tine............................. Production 0i primary slab tine by States.. 177 Producers' stocks.................................................... 179 Consumers' stooks................................. 179 Domestlo consumption.................................... 180 Now supply................................................. 180 Consumption..,.......................................... iso Rollod zioc................................................................ iso Prices.................................................................................. 180 Salient statistics on premium prloes___ jgi Foreign trade........................................................ Imports..................................................................... 181 Exports............................................................... 182 World production............................................. 183 Review by countries............................................. 186 186 187 187 187 188 190 191 193 193 194 193 190 GENERAL SUMMARY Despite operational problems contingent upon reconversion from a wartime to peacetime basis and a persistent shortage of mine and smelter labor, the zinc industry continued to fulfill both civilian and military needs in 1945. Production and imports decreased, but the over-all new supply was sufficient to balance a high lovel of con sumption with ample excess to add to an already high record lovel of stocks. Domestic mine output was 15 percent less than in 1944, and total smelter production of primary slab zinc from domestic and foreign ores was 12 percent lower, although at a higher level than in prewar years. Year-end inventories at domestic smelters and consumers' Elants were 10 and 14 percent, respectively, more than at the spinning. Total imports of zinc in ores and concentrates and in the form of slab zinc declined 2 percent from 1944 and 20 percent from the record established in 1943. Ores and concentrates from Mexico and Canada constituted the greater part of the imports in 1945. The established ceiling price of 8.25 cents a pound for Prime Western zinc at St. Louis remained unchanged throughout 1945. 1 Thll report deals primarily with tho smelting branch of the Industry. Full details of line mining are given In the various State reports or this volume. As some sine ore Is used directly In the manufacture of slno pigments, see chapter on Load and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts. 174 ZINC Salient statistics of the tine industry in the Unite ' 1,941-46 1925-29 (average) 194 Production of primary slab sloe: By sources: From domestic ores........................................shortton5s8..0,648 From foroign ores......................................... do------ 12, 734 652.5 109,4 602,382 By mothods: Electrolytic.............. -..........^.percent of total.. 21 Distilled................................. :.................... do.... 79 Production of redistilled secondary slab zinc : shorttons4.3. ,766 Stocks on hand atprimary smelters Dec. 31 . shorttons4.5. , 675 Primary zinc available lor consumption . . shortton6s4.8., 472 Price: '` Prime Western at St. Louis: Average for year.................ioonts per pound.. 6.76 Highest quotation.,................................... do.... 8.90 Lowest quotation.........................................do-- 6.40 Yearly average at London........................... do.... 6.46 Mine production of rocivcrablo zlnc.short tons.. 724, 720 Tri-Btate district Uoplln)___ percent of total.. 40 Western States............... .................. ........ ..--do------ -30 Other...............................................l .............. .-.do.--. 21 World smelter production of zinc___short tons.. 1, 436,000 822,0 59,5 24, 702, 7 6 7 4 749. (? 1 Revised flguro. *D GOVERNMENT REGUL During 1945 all Federal Government c inated. War Production Board (succeed Administration,, November 3) Conserva established restrictions end prohibitions o products, was revoked on June 14. WP was (revoked on March 36, when miscella zinc sulfide, were made subject to WPB M-340. WPB General Preference Or deliveries of zinc dust, was canceled on M deliveries of slab zinc, and M-ll-a, oait and restrictions, were canceled on August 2 zinc were removed on September 5, and O September 30. Subsidy payments under the Premium production were continued throughout 19 Premium Price Plan and an accompany and payments from 1942 through 1945 are Prices. Some progress was made during the lat viding legislation to authorize the establis ment stock pile of strategic minerals and when the Senate passed the ThomaB-Ma 20. Bill S. 752 authorizes the President t Stock-Piling Board, determine what m establish quantities and dates for stock pi ivides that purchases for stock piling sha excess of 'current industrial demand and 176 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 current open market price. Disposition of stock-piled material, unless obsolete for war purposes, cannot be made without 6 months' public notice and Congressional approval. During 1945 a small quantity of slab zinc was purchased for the Government stock pile of strategic metals. RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENTS On June 19, 1945, the Senato passed a bill (H. R. 2652) extending the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act for 3 years and permitting as much as a 50-percent reduction in the rates of duty prevailing on Fio u a b 1.--Treads In the tlno Industry Id the TJnlted'Stetes, 1900-1046. Imports for consumption of slab and sheet tino are not shown. Before 1930 thoy seldom oxccodod 600 tons annually, but In recent years they have Increased, amounting to 40,659 tons In 1941. 30,402 tons In 1942, 50,165 tons In 1943, 03,041 tons In 1944, and 96,712 tons In 1946. January 1, 1945. The bill further provided that any temporary reduction under wartime agreements shall remain temporary, however, and any cut in the duty shall bo with respect to the rates established by the 1930 Tariff Act. Under the "most-favored-nation" policy. zin c any reduction embodied in a reciprocal agre to virtually all countries. The tariff on zinc-bearing ores remaine (zinc content), Canada, and % cent, Mexic or slabs, and dust, 1% cents per pound, C during 1945. A provision of the Mexic January 30, 1943, provides that the tariff o pigs or slabs, and dust would revert to th Canadian Trade Agreement of 1939 (1% cen respectively) 30 days after the war emerge officially terminated. Figure 1 shows trends in the zinc indu since 1900. DOMESTIC PRODUC Zinc-production statistics may be prep smelter basis. The mine-production data zinc content in ores and concentrates and average losses in smelting are the most ac from year to year. The slab-zinc productio presents a more precise figure of actual zi differs from the mine figure owing to ove shipments and smelter receipts of ores variations, however, tend to balance with error over a period of years. MINE PRODUCTION The mine production of recoverable zinc as zinc pigments and salts directly from decreased 15 percent in 1945 to the lowest le The continued drop in output from the w essentially due to manpower shortages, rep 1945 of any year during the war period. largely in five areas--the Tri-State area southwestern Missouri, and northeaster Virginia; Sussex County, N. J.; St. Lawren Western States (principally Idaho, New M Utah, Nevada, and Montana, in descend in 1945). Oklahoma, the leading zinc-producing S 1931 and 1932 when New Jersey ranked place in 1945, yielding the lead to Idaho Jersey. , The Western States contributed 48 perc output of zinc (46 percent in 1944) despit production. Idaho continued to bo the la Western States, and, for the first time, ran indhe United States.' More than 93 percen in 1945 came from the Coeur d'Alene regi tailings concentrated yielded 88 percent of ico continued to rank second among the W porcent decline in output. Approximately 178 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 5 duced in New Mexico in 1945 came from the Central district, Grant County; zinc-lead oro yielded 62 percent and: zinc oro 38 percent of the total zinc. Arizona took third place over Colorado by a substan tial margin as zinc production increased 38 percent over the record output of 1944. About 45 percent of the total zinc came from mines at Bisbee, Cocliiso County; zinc-lead oro accounted for 85 percent of the total production. Colorado zinc output decreased 10 percent in 1945. Over 44 percont of tho Colorado total output came from the Red Cliff district; zinc, zinc-lead, and zinc-lead-copper ores yielded 93 percent of the total zinc produced. Utah output, tho lowest since 1935, declined 14 percent in 1945, as all principal zinc-producing dis tricts reported decreased production; about 79 percent of the total zinc was recovered from zinc-lead ores concentrated. Production of zinc in Nevada in 1945 was the greatest in the history of the State. About 77 percent of tho total zinc produced was mined in the Pioche district, Lincoln County; nearly 60 porcent of the zinc recovorod was from zinc-lead ore and 22 percent from lead ore. The output of zinc in Montana declined 52 porcent in 1945 due principally to a marked decrease in zinc output from the zinc slag-fuming plant at East Helena; about 62 percent of the total zinc was derived from zinc-lead ore and 32 percent from zinc ore and slag. Zinc production in the Central States, smallest since 1934, decreased 27 percent from the 1944 output. The Tri-State (Joplin) region maintained its position as the principal zinc-producing district, with 23 percent (26 percent in 1944) of the total United States output. Mine production of recoverable zinc in the United Stales, 1925-29 (average) and 1941-46, by Stales, in short tons StAtO 1026-29 (averago) 1941 1942 1943 1044 1945 Western States: Arizona....................... ...................................... California......................................................... Colorado............................................................ Idaho................................................................ Montana........................................................... Nevada.............................................................. New Mcxloo.................................................... 2,628 3,999 32.863 20,128 72,510 6, 570 23,351 Utah.................................................................... Waahingtga..................................................... 44,385 675 215,023 Central States! Arkansas........................................................... 71 IliinoB............................................................... 1,174 Kansas......... J................................................... 114,323 Kentucky.................................. ..................... 044 Missouri............................... .......................... 10, 708 Oklahoma........................................................ 220, 909 Wisconsin........................................................ 23.066 332, 914 Eastern Elates: New Jersey...................................................... New York........................................................ Tennessee......................................................... Virginia............................................................. 03,830 7,091 14,031 11,193 120, 763 724,720 16,493 440 15,722 79,084 60, 710 15, 129 37,862 42,049 14,320 281,800 200 9,198 71,403 427 21,932 106,002 0.238 270,000 93, 781 38,446 36,170 23,913 191,310 749,126 18, 522 613 32,316 87, 250 64,716 10,19/ 40,461 115 45, 643 14,398 310, 035 181 9, 389 66,874 407 30, 304 140.610 9,426 258,181 94.040 45,807 43,971 16,991 199,809 708,026 19, 077 1,856 44,004 80, 707 37,000 13.047 59, 624 40 46,890 12,203 322, 256 96 5,851 66,944 931 30,413 114,085 14, 387 222. 707 92, S64 46,000 41,700 18,603 199,233 744,190 29,077 8,455 30.955 91,372 30, 127 20, 009 60,727 60 38,994 11,904 327, 3GQ 19 7,262 63, 703 341 30,026 91, 440 16, 649 214.949 80,288 33. 541 40,831 19,667 176,397 718,042 40,226 9,923 36,773 83,463 17.408 21,467 40, 296 1 33,630 11,698 293, 864 303 8,310 48,394 182 22,175 69, 300 16, 661 164. 225 81,392 24,978 33,824 16,076 166,266 014,368 ZINC Despite a decline of 11 percent in zinc sharp drop in the output from New York uted 25 percent of the total domestic out Detailed information on the production United States may be found in the cha with the mine production of gold, silve the various States. Mine production of recoverable zinc in the United 1,000 toils or more during any year, District State Tri-Stole (Joplin region). Now Jersey............................ Coeur d'Aleno region........... Central...................................... . Eastern Tennessee............... . 8t. Lawrence County...... Upper Mississippi valley.. Warron (Bisbeo)-......................... Pioche........................................ . Austinville............................... 1... Red Clifl......................................... West Mountain (Bingham).. Summit Valley (Butte)........... . Metallne......................................... . Park City region____......... California (Leadvlllo)............... Smelter (Tooele County)____ Big Bug........................................... Old Hat (Oracle).......................... Kentucky-Southern Illinois... Pionoer (Rico)........................... Pima........................................... Hunter Valley..................... Magdalena.............................. . Tintic. Warm 8pr|ngs............................... Chelan Lake............................... .. Pioneer (Superior)....................... Smelter (Lewis and Clark County). Ton Mile.......................................... Camno Seoo................................... Hedaleston...................................... Rush Vatloy.................................... Flat Oreok........................................ Harshaw........................................... Upper San Miguol....................... North port..................................... Cochise.................................... .. Yankee Hill.................................... Eureka.............................................. Sheridan.......... ............. .. Montana.......................... ................ Wallapai........................................... Patagonia............................... . south Mountain........................... Packer Creek......... ....................... Eagle......... ....................................... . Livingston....................................... Kansas, southwestern Mis souri, Oklahoma. Now Jersey..................................... Idaho.................................................. New Mexico................................... Tennessee......... ............................... Now York........................................ Iowa, northern Illinois, Wis consin. Arizona.............................................. Novada....................................... .. Virginia!.________ ________ _ Colorado.................................... .. Utah.................................................... Montana........................................... Washington..................................... Utah................................................... Colorado...................................... . Utah.................................. ................. Aricona.................................. ........... .....do.......... ........... ................ ....; Kentucky, southern Illinois^. Colorado........................................... Arizona.............................. ............. California.......................................... New Mexico................................. Utah.................................................... Idaho.................................................. Washington.................................. .. Arizona....................................... .. Montana............................. .. Colorado......... California___ Montana........ Utah................. California.... Arizona........... Colorado......... Washington.. Arizona........... California.... Nevada........... Montana........ do. Arizona... .....do.... Idaho_____ Montana.. ____ do____ Virginia... 11 Includes very small quantity produced elsewhere in State. 1 Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish. SMELTER PRODUC ZINC-REDUCTION P There was uo change during 1945 in th zinc-reduction plants. For the last 4 ye mercial plants in operation, of which 1 1I 180 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 ZINC retorts exclusively, 1 with both horizontal and vertical retorts, 3 with vortical retorts exclusively (one electrothcrmic), and 5 with electrolytic methods. The St. Joseph Lead Co. continued experimental operation of its slag-fuming plant at Herculaneum, Mo., in 1945 for the recovery of slab zinc os a direct product of the operation which treats lead blasts furnace slag containing 12 to 16 percent zinc. Kansas: Cherryvale--National Zinc Co., Inc. Oklahoma: Hcnryotta--Eagle-Picher Mining & Sm Pennsylvania: Donora--American Steel & Wire Co. Langeloth--Amorican Zinc & Chemica Palmerton--New Jersey Zinc Co. It <! > Horizontal-retort giants.--Tho total number of retorts reported at horizontal-retort primary plants in 1945 was 74,120, an increase of 3 percent over the 71,912 retorts at these plants on December 31, 1944. Active zinc-reduction plants.--A lis operating in the United States in 1945 fi Of the total retorts reported, 64,932 (74 percent) were in use at the close of 1945, an increase of 6 percent over the 52,000 (72 percont) in operation at the end of 1944. Tho incroase can bo attributed to a HORIZONTAL-RETORT Arkansas: Fort Smith---Athletic Mining & Smelt Van Buren--Arkansas Smelting Co. slight increase in the supply of available labor during tho latter part Illinois: of the year. Vertical-retort plants.--Four vertical-retort continuous distilling Fairmont City--American Zinc Co. of Danville--The Hegeler Zinc Co. La Salle--Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc r; j plants operated during 1945. The St. Joseph Lead Co. operated its 9 electrothermic units at Josephtown, Pa., at near capacity through Oklahoma: Blackwell--Blackwell Zinc Co. out the year. Of the 66 vertical rotorts at the remaining 3 plants, 61 were m operation on December 31, 1945. Henryetta--Eagle-Picher Mining <fc Sm Bartlesville--National Zinc Co., Inc. Pennsylvania: Electrolytic plants,--Five electrolytic plants were in operation dur Langeloth--American Zinc & Chemica ing 1945, as in 1944. There wore 3,210 cells at the plants on Decem ber 31, 1945, of which 3,184 (99 percent) were in operation compared with 2,994 (93 percont) at the end of 1944. No new installations were reported under construction or planned. Donora--American Steel & Wire Co. Palmerton--The New Jersey Zinc Co. Texas: Amarillo--American Smelting & Refin Dumas--Amorican Zino Co. of Illinois. Smelting capacity.--Irrespective of additions or subtractions of smelter recovery units, statistics on the domestic smelting capacity West Virginia: Moundsville--United Zino Smelting C vary from year to year due to changes in metallurgical practices among the various plants. According to reports to the Bureau of Mines, the zinc-reduction plants in the United States on Decomber 31, 1945, had a stated annual capacity to produce 1,054,000 tons of slab zinc under normal operating conditions, allowing for necessary shut-downs for repairs. This figure, which is 2 percent over the reported capacity at the end of 1944, indicates that tho 1945 output : VERTICAL-RETORT P Illinois: Depue--The New Jersey Zino Co. Pennsylvania: Palmerton--The New Jersey Zino Co. Josephtown--St. Joseph Lead Co. West Virginia: Meadowbrook--E. I. du Pont de Nem was 77 percont of the capacity as compared with 89 percont in 1944. Horizontal- and vertical-retort plants operated at 77 percent of a stated 672,000-ton capacity (86 percent of a 670,000-ton capacity in 1944), electrolytic plants at 80 percent of a 338,000-ton capacity (94 percent in 1944), and secondary smelters at 64 percent of a 44,000-ton capacity (57 percent of a 43,000-ton capacity in 1944). No additional smelting capacity was planned at the end of 1945, and only a small increase of four graphite retorts was under con struction at one smelter. ILICTEOLTTIC PL Idaho: Kellogg--Sullivan Mining Co. Illinois: East St. Louis--American Zinc Co. of Montana: Anaconda--Anaconda Copper Mining Great Falls--Anaconda Copper Mining Texas: Corpus Christi--American Smelting & Waelz kilns.--Waelz plants have been installed in recent years at several midwestern and eastern smoltcrs to facilitate recovery of PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY AND REDIST additional motals from the ore and to rcduco ovor-all smelting losses. The following companies operated Waelz kilns in 1945: The output of primary slab zinc in dropped 12 percent below the 1944 pr ArkaFort Smith--The Residue Co. Illinois: Fairmont City--American Zinc Co. of Illinois. Danville--The Iicgclor Zinc Co. H La Salle--Matthiessen & Hcgcler Zinc Co. ore continued at a high level and the source gained slightly in 1945. Produc since 1938, declmed 19 percent to co evidence since 1941. i-- I IMS . i Operation! impended July 10, IMA. 182 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 zin c !!I ii: ' Production of redistilled slab zinc from zinc scrap remained virtually the same in 1945. Of tlio 49,242 short tons of redistilled secondary slab zinc produced, 21,205 tons (43 percent) were derived from primary Special, 6 percent (6 percent) Intermedia Selected. smelters, and 28,037 tons (57 percent) were produced at secondary Distilled and electrolytic zinc, 'primary and secon plants. Data on the output of remelted secondary slab zinc are not i941~4$r in short included with those for redistilled metal. In 1945 the production of slab zinc recovered by romelting purchased scrap amounted to 8,090 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO MET tons (7,741 tons in 1944). Zinc rolling mills and other consumers of slab zinc recover large quantities of zinc from their own plant scrap; but such metal is not measured statistically, for it normally does not Year Electro lytic pri-. mary Dis enter the market as scrap. Primary and redistilled secondary slab zinc produced in the United States, 1941--46, in short tons Ycnr Primary Domestic Foreign * Total Redistilled secondary Total (ex cludes zinc recovered by rcmelt- ing) 1941 .............................................................. .......... 1942 .......................................................... . .......... 1943 ......................................................................... 1044 .............................................................................. 1946 ................................................................. 062, 500 020,057 604,260 674,463 407.084 100.421 > 201,016 >346,069 294,840 207,477 822,020 801,872 042,3(10 860.302 7C4.6C1 50.803 M. 105 48.215 40,037 40,242 881,523 046, 007 060,624 918,330 813,803 Most of the foreign oros smelted In tbo Unltod States In 1011 orlglnnted In Moxleo, Csnadn, Newfound land, and Peru; In 1912, In Mexico, Canada. Argentina, Newfoundland, Australia, and Peru; In 19411, In Canada, Mexico, and Australia; In 1944, In Mexico, Canada, Australia, Newfoundland, nnd Argentina; In 1945, In Moxleo, Canada, Australia, Peru, Newfoundland, Argentina, and Bolfva. Includes a small tonnage of foreign slab line further refined Into high-grade metal in the United States. DISTILLED AND ELECTROLYTIC ZINC Of the 1945 output of primary zinc, 06 percent was distilled and 35 percent was produced electrolytically compared with 63 and 37 percent, respectively, in 1944. A continued decline in the demand for brass products for ammuni tion due to sharp reductions in military requirements was largely the cause for a decrease in the output of the higher grades of slab zinc. The available capacity for redistilling Selected and Prime Western zinc into High-Grade zinc was not fully utilized during the year. The output of electrolytic zinc plants, important producers of High-Grade zinc, dropped 15 percent as compared with a 10-percent decline in production of distilled primary zinc. Brass Special was the only grade of slab zinc of which production increased in 1945, the total output being 39 percent above the 1944 figure. In contrast, Special High Grade decreased 12 percent, Regular (Ordinary) High Grade 24 percent, Intermediate 12 percent, Selected 29 percent, and Primo Western 8 percent. The original first-stage smelter production of the two lower grades of zinc was somewhat higher than is indicated in the following table, but to avoid duplication the quantity of each grade consumed in redistilling was omitted because the resultant Special and Regular High Grade slab zinc thus produced is reported. Of the total 1945 production (com-* parable 1944 figures in parentheses), 32 percent (31 percent) was Prime Western, 27 percent (27 percent) Special High Grade, 24 per cent (27 percent) Regular High Grade, 9 percent (6 percent) Brass 1941................................................................................. 1042................................................................................ 1043 .................... ....... 10(4............................................................................ 1945........................................... ..................... 224,313 252, 087 320,902 317,388 200,024 5 ( 0 5 4 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING Ycnr CIrndo A RjXiclal Regular nigh Grade High Grade (09.99% Zn) (Ordinary) Grade 11 (Interme diate) G lir Sp 1W1............................ 1012................ .. 1043....................... .. 1944........................... 1946............................ 203,030 231,422 293,108 261,210 220,241 177,4M 260,601 303, 743 261, 696 101,039 74,707 77, 627 02,700 55,928 49,100 * For total production of secondary tine ace chapter on Seco PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY SLA Pennsylvania was the leading produc regaining the rank held every year but which displaced Pennsylvania in 1943 a place and was followed by Illinois. Of th data may be released, Oklahoma, Idaho next three positions, in order of decreas showed a decline in output from 1944 usual, produced electrolytic zinc only, I electrolytic and distilled metal, and all operations to distillation alone. Expe jjinc directly from the treatment of lead procoss continued for the third year at - Some indication of the movement of f within the United States is revealed wh duction of primary slab zinc from this s 297,477 tons of primary slab zino of fore smelters in Pennsylvania accounted for cent,' Oklahoma 20 percent, Illinois 17 (Virginia, and Arkansas combined 14 p inein Illinois and one in West Virginia, o ' ores and concentrates. Of the tot ign ores and concentrates, 38 percent Abode and 62 percent by distillation. 184 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 Primary slab zinc produced in the United Stalest by States where smelted, 1041-46, in short tons Year Arkan sas Idaho Illinois Montana Okla homa Pennsyl Other vania States * Total Short tons Valuo m\................ 1042................ 1943................. 1044................. 1046................ 44.046 41,640 36.701 31.350 29.301 30. 285 30.910 41.120 30, 602 33,110 121,021 176.465 221.080 166.302 124, 904 170, 400 103.480 237, 585 224,301 170,251 105.886 102.422 72.043 * 107,304 106,115 222,480 23J,302 218,068 1 200,315 200,709 111.992 107, 682 110,110 107, 958 91.081 822.020 801,872 042,300 * 800.302 704.601 $123,303,000 166,180,000 102.070.000 * 140, 620.000 131,504, 402 1 Texas and West Virginia; also Missouri in 1043 and 10H. * Rovlsod flguro. SECONDARY ZINC In addition to the redistilled secondary slab zinc (unalloyed) already reported herein, some remelted Blab zinc is produced, and a large quantity of secondary zinc is recovered each year in the form of alloys, zinc dust, zinc pigments, and zinc salts. Additional informa tion on secondary zinc is given in this volume in the chapter on Secondary Metals--Nonferrous. BYPRODUCT SULFURIC ACID Sulfuric acid made from the sulfur dioxide gases produced in roasting zinc blende (sphalerite) is an important byproduct of zinc smelting. To'utilize a larger proportion of their acid-producing capac ity, some plants also consume large quantities of sulfur. The produc tion of sulfuric acid at zinc-blende roasting plants decreased 6 percent in 1945. Sulfuric acid (600 B. basis) made al zinc-blende roasting plants in the United Stales 1941-/,6 Made rom zinc blende) Mario from sulfur Total * Year Short tons Value * Short tons Valuo * Short tons Valu c 1 Total Average per ton 1941.................................... 1942.................................... 1013................................... 1944.................................... 1915............................. .. 072, 177 095.242 i 879, 206 * 839,461 780,682 $5.700, 783 6, 570,037 8; 087,148 > 8, 344,143 7,944.478 148,257 147,513 155,210 * 258.927 303, 327 $1, 258,702 1,393,908 * 1,633,475 1 2, 673,734 3,003, 003 820. 434 842.755 5 1,034,476 J 1, 008,378 I, 089, 900 7.904. 035 J 10, 220,023 M0, 917,877 11,008,081 $8.40 9.45 ' * 9.8S 0. 94 10.10 1 Includes acid from forolgn blende. 1 At average of sales of 60 acid. 1 Revised figures. ZINC DUST Zinc-dust production declined 2 percent from the peak output in 1944. Zinc powder and blue powder are not included in the total produced; tho zinc dust statistically reportod is restricted to commer cial grades that comply with severe specifications as to percentage of unoxidized metal, evenness of grading, and fineness of the particles. The zinc content of the dust produced in 1945 ranged from 94.20 to ZINC 99.73 percent and averaged 97.46 percen totaled 25,151 tons, of which 350 tons or countries. This figure is possibly somewh ment purchases (of which a part was event not given separately, and a portion of th reported as domestic shipments. Shipmen lower than production, and as the quan turers' plants was small (1 percent of showed a moderate increaso from 1,285 to beginning to 1,750 tons at tho close of the The average price of zinc dust shipped 1945 was 10.1 cents a pound, as in 1944. manufacture zinc dust are reviewed in thi Secondary Metals--Nonferrous. Most of scrap, principally galvanizers' dross, but s ore, slab zinc, and as a byproduct of zinc re Zinc dust1 produced in the United Year Short tons Value Total Average per pound Yea 1943............................ 24. 429 22,805 25.990 $4,641,680 4,789,060 5,249,980 $0,095 . 105 .101 1944........... 1945........... i All produced by distillation. ZINC PIGMENTS AND The principal zinc pigments are zinc ox principal salts are the chloride and sulfate. factured from various zinc-bearing mate scrap, and residues. Details of the produc salts are given in this volume in the cha ments ana Zinc Salts. . STOCKS PRODUCERS' STOC Inventories of slab zinc at producers' p in 1945 and by December 31 were 10 perce end record total. Of the 256,216 tons on 169,679 tons were Special High Grade an the remainder (86,537 tons) of lower grad tons and 74,207 tons, respectively, at th entire gain can be accounted for by t Special and High-Grade Zinc. According to the American Zinc Institu lowed a general downward trend until the without interruption during tho remaining Stocks of zinc ore (60-percent concentra (as reported by the Tri-State Zinc and Le 717872--47--------- 18 186 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 tion) were 4,664 tons at the beginning of 1945. High point of the year was reached on January 27, with a totjil of 4,684 tons. For the remainder of 1945, stocks showed a slight trend downward to a low of 2,690 tons on July 7, followed by a general increase to 4,378 tons on December 22 and closing on December 29 at 3,677 tons. The noticeable lack of sharp variations in stocks of zinc concentrates reflects the financial assistance to smelters treating Tri-State con centrates, which assistance was in the form of special premium payments from the Offlco of Metals Reserve and permitted the smelters to accept and treat profitably virtually all concentrates offered. Slocks of line on hand at zinc-reduction plants in the United States at end of year, 1941-4$) short tons 1011 1042 1043 1014 1046 At primary reduction plants................................................. At secondary distilling plants............................................... 24,212 800 25,102 82,408 1,042 84, 440 1C8.777 1,820 170,606 233,044 052 233, C06 254, 705 1, 451 256,216 According to an American Zinc Institute survey, total stocks of domestic and foreign zinc ore and concentrates at primary zincreduction plants on December 31, 1945, totaled 911,624 tons averag ing 55 percent zinc. This compares with 734,506 tons containing 54 percent zinc at the end of 1944. CONSUMERS' STOCKS Stocks of slab zinc at consumers' plants increased moderately in 1945, the total on December 31 being 14 percent over the quantity on hand at the beginning of the year. Inventories increased abruptly from the low point at the first of the year to a high of about 103,350 tons on April 30, followed by a general downward trend during the remainder of the year. A 24-perccnt drop in slab-zinc inventories at brass mills, ingot makers, and foundries reflects the sharp reduction in military requirements for zinc in the manufacture of brass following termination of the war. At the average monthly rato of consumption in 1945, consumers' stocks on hand at the end of 1945 were slightly more than 1 month's requirements. Exclusive of an indeterminate quantity in bonded warehouses, the approximate total slab zinc in stock (including company- and Government-owned stocks at producers' plants) on December 31, 1945, was 351,000 tons compared with 318,000 tons at the end of 1944. Consumers' stocks of slab zinc at plants at the beginning and end of 194$, by industries, in short tons Galva- DIO ulzors casters 1 Brass mills * Zinc rolling mills Oxido plants Others Total Dec. 31, 1944...................................... *27.120 Dec. 31, 1045...................................... 33.015 5, 204 25,052 11,000 16,951 4,072 6,317 786 1,539 * * 64,772 612 1,848 * 73. 543 > Includes producers of zlnoboso dlo castings, zinc-alloy dies, and zinc-alloy rods. 1 Inoludoa brass mills, brass Ingot makcis, and brass products. ' Revised figures. * Stooks on December 31,1044 and 1045, cxcludo 482 tons and 423 tons, respectively, of romcll speller. ZINC DOMESTIC CONS NEW SUPPL The following table shows tho 5-yea available for consumption in the Un quantity, in effect, is equivalent to prim available each year for shipmont to the year. In addition to primary slab zinc, 48,44 slab zinc were mado available to consum an increase in stocks at secondary smelt spelter were produced from purchased s Primary slab zinc available for consumption in tons 1041 Supply: Withdrawn: , Stock otsinoltors Doo. 31............................ 10, 212 822,020 34, 654 875,786 i 89,309 24,212 113,621 762,205 i Adjusted to excludo Imported slab zinc further refined In Revlsod figures. CONSUMPTI According to reports from 090 plan 98 percent of the consuming industry in of slab zinc (including 5,111 tons of p put in process in 1945, a 4-percont'dccl 1944. Receipts at consumers' plants d The apparent discrepancy between t 883,160 tons of primary and secondar shipped to domestic consumers in 1945 coverage of the survey, variations in th from producer to consumer at the begi and unaccounted-for slab zinc stored in With the end of hostilities the two m returned to' their prewar relationshi position as the principal use of slab zi this purpose in 1945 gained 7 percen zinc for brass products, through cut cartridge brass, declined 32 percent d of zinc used for zinc-base alloys was 55 whereas zinc for French-process oxide 188 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 Consumption of slab zinc in ihe United States, 19J+1--45, by industries, in short tons Industry and product 1941 1942 1943 1044 1046 Galvanizing:1 Wire cloth........................................................... 129,028 09,749 41,408 11,307 (*) 90,302 70,100 47,085 35, 210 7,320 () 81, 704 72, 233 61,023 37,391 < ) 14,640 78, 006 360,864 247,491 253,201 Brass products: 195,714 ' 32.324 292,820 27, 120 ( { I f { ( 287,902 60,538 24.450 10,851 20,384 2,888 228.038 319,946 419,079 Zinc-base alloy: } 151,875 / \ <> 161,876 68,918 21,227 () 80,145 60,115 10,007 143 76,325 71,795 10,128 66,045 7,977 48, 529 11,490 Other usos: 751 1,707 1,431 (') 4, 790 552 1,007 1.251 (>) 3, 095 () 1,807 2, 178 1,074 3, 088 8,745 G, GG6 8,147 827,436 728,109 810,777 119,381 60.472 44,350 ft... 87,076 316, 991 246,402 70,970 27, 725 10, 703 17, 174 2,953 381,927 70,201 8, 245 75 84, 621 76, 624 20,198 <> 2, 174 2,051 2,047 3,193 9, 466 1 888,620 135, 383 G3,103 40,083 () 10,014 82,638 337,181 140, 375 67, 299 21,607 12.042 9,803 1, 301 259, 377 121,960 8, 286 684 130,830 97, 589 18,113 () 1, 700 2,005 1,409 3,801 9, 216 1 852,311 i Basod on a canvass of 000 plants In 1041 and 1042 and n sornowhat largor covorago In 1043, 1044, ami 1046 mostly from small consumers. 1 Includes tine used In electrogalvaulzlng, but excludes sherardlzlng. * Separate figures not available but included In "Other." * Includes miscellaneous articles not given elsewhere. * Included under "Other uses" In 1941 and 1042. * Included under "Zinc-base alloy" In 1943. 1944, and 1946. 7 Includes sine used In making zinc dust, bronze powder, alloys, ebomleals, castings, and miscellaneous uses not elsewhere mentioned. 'Inoludcs 6,982 tons of romojt zinc in 1944 and 6,111 tons In 1946. Zinc for rolled products continued to gain in 1945; the quantity used for this purpose was 28 percent greater than in 1944. In addi. tion to slab zinc, the rolling mills remelt and reroll the metallic scrap produced from their fabricating operations. Tho scrap so treated in 1945 amounted to 31,968 tons--a 48-percent increase from the com parable total processed in 1944. Purchased zinc scrap in the form of zinc clippings, old zinc scrap, and engravers' plates totaling 3,652 tons were melted and rolled in 1945 (1,786 tons in 1944). Production of rolled zinc from slab zinc and purchased scrap was 98,384 tons, an increase of 29 percent ovor tho total for 1944. The total value of rolled products was 30 percent more than in 1944. Inventories of rolled zinc were 1,885 tons on December 31, 1945, compared with 1,700 tons (revised figure) on the same date in 1944. In addition to ZINC the actual shipments of 60,153 tons of ro mills processed 70,014 tons of rolled zin remelted and rerollcd) in manufacturing 4 and finished products. Rolled zinc produced and quantity available for 1944-45 10-14 Short tons Val Total Production: ', 8heet sine not over 0.1 inch thick. Boilor plato and sheets pver 0-1 Foil*, rod, and wlro................................ 10,902 $3,154,000 5, 998 58, 230 1,359 1, 3C5.000 13,997,000 504,000 70, 489 19,020,000 15~ 3,403 I 72, 749 *500 878, 700 i Allowances mado for change in producers' stocks of rolled The following; table shows the six c slab zinc and purchased remelt spelte industries in 1946. Of the 852,311 tons consumed, 38 percent was Prime West Grade, and 22 percent Regular High G and 24 percent, respectively, in 1944. for galvanizing and in tho manufacture ucts Prime Western was the princip process of galvanizing, the higher grades galvanizing. Rigid specifications in b the use of high-purity metal, 72 percent try being of the two highest grades.  a.ts cro - - 3. Cc-4 pa> coo o*-*5--JjS--cop<- 2g 0<n3- C s; g- - ^ ^ S S' RPtr.McSd t?oge`0q 'h. t;^lp P2.^e. oRo^ B'. P WdQ -l-So-: a Si |g-o ^ <* p o 5* s Ph SwcnswCO- 5---.'^--- ~* | -a Pg-g b oo a-^ C.^S . ^iore * -5- g0 '-u-5s're^.w.|P"^p^-o^ag Ilfe2,"|.| ^5e ?S "o g-l^P-g E 5`5:s|g`Sgsr-srlS&" P S S. .*0.5 p.<. , S ^ c,Vg c-S^ * | o tpr'-^sa-gP33 . JD i, Ep-cfof'0>-u-Wo lOf+P13-2. ex E O c-tS 1 SC -,. ^3 xp'-P3'c-i--icr'isrcnSP P-crS. c* p 3 2SPP.mPa Os reC-Bj5"2 b-^o<OpWt^> 0 Cc tp e Z? 0< P 01 *C-ET"* o S O S P ^ ~ p.,Ow,PEEiriere-.' *B- ^ -*, c E7 reec* gC oT. B^w|a?J, re p rea So C re 3 re p g'g- O ^S-'g o 2 <1 e re 3 . 5c. _-.Q D Qc re s t^OO o-.<^^.oo N O'a" 5= c" ?s T3&. oo33g .O o p 2 2 p \ *o 33 5-<g- p-lit r* 3s 3 2 it j *5- 3s *3g nc'dP'j'g t>o3-Ce+ ggtst-j js..i5-8*"* ^3 O O <<cr ^CD Sff33P3 Sl''lct?f'Pi-'S. C5D -SOS'-cr.3t - IFc o ^P E-S'- I ^" p EL I c d p-g ESg 5 .2 p * o o S3 -S 5 g- .g ^3 o S' re P g.<3 ,P c,p. D^ c-K 05 l|Sg|1 . P w"-r-e----2-rgP---e--Cr--<rg-e1-esj./0S'ppg1 mo31--r5i?&wxef .S22Po'.5PpH2-<.a52g-Co1'^:^Di. -- p 2.^ 3. < ^ 0_-0 _s *Sc ls|fi o O T. <r B ^ 00 p 3 cCro O w I sf^Rl^c^owRc* Pco:2^.-3B-3^ N^ sS? S cL &c oP PItoHotr1ecttt-c.oE--' 1 ? p ' w H O tfl w 326,878 1 1 8, 190 O a lv a n liln g ................. B ra ss p ro d u c ts ............ Z inc-baso a llo y ........... R o lle d t in e .................... | Z in c o x ld o ...................... 1 O th e r uses..................... 1 T o t a l....................| PO9o CO o C 3 "53 M IN E R A L S Y E A R B O O K , 1 9 4 5 -a u to SW SJCSOSODfgtJS<o ts Jo Sw mO oo N 5-4J--8CSD OSCSD 2CD j 58, 270 j -- O S S g 5 toVS -lOWr-NO. tDo5 jt-o_JD O to *4 SS-j o So p occo5ao-- sWoo oaf g o - o h? Sr " tz 3 P* s00 ^ P3 CQ_ o a |i to CO o' P CO Sn' . a 0. 5,111 to to ,=>.* Oo OoOorS'volAS --CO ooo S~'j 4a aCO cas woo M 4 O -4 OS SOi=WSOBO35l- M-- o"1 5O a Pa S *6 o p ' unifc regard to operation of Premium Price Plan, 1942-45 1 Salieni tialitlict on line 1942 * 1943 1944 1945 U.S.exTri-Statej elusive of! district Tri-Statel Total production of recoverable t^c K---short tons.. Ceiling production at 8.25 cents a pouad......... Ceiling production, proportion of total...-..-Percent. Overceiling production under Prernium Priee Plan: ' "A" auota only (11.00 cents a pound)..short tons.. "B" quota (l3.75utsapound)........................ do.... "C" Quota (16.50 oents a pound)....................... do.... Total premium production.............................. Metals Reserve mine contracts............................. Total overceiling production............................... do... 120,681 573 63 121,3171 121,317. 78,274 623 78,897 U. S. total Tri-State U. S. ex* clusiveof district Tri-State U. 3. total Tri-State U.S. ex clusive of district Tri-State 696, 248 496,034 71.24 196,298 2.496 797 199,591; 6231 200,214 200, 103 11.930 5.96 92,650 58,243 34. 803 185,6961 2, 4771 188,173 540,565 326, 251 60.35 740,668 338,181 45.66 200,341 20,911 10.44 146,639 40,045 22,778 209, 462 4,852 214,3141 239,289 98,288 57,581 395,158( 7,329] 402,4871 65,714 65,779 42,080 173,573 5,857 179,430 515,465 251,105 48.71 171, 56,015 31,421 258,7641 5.5961 264,360 U. S. total Tri-State U. S. ex clusive of district Tri-State U.S. total 715.806 272.016 38.00 140.181 5.672 4.05 474,177 204,633 43.16 814,358 210.3Q5 34.23 237,042 121, 794 73,501 41,388 . 52,135 35,192 432,337 11,453 128,715 5,794 443,790 131,509 191.328 39,444 36,009 266,781 2763 269,544 404,053 11.0161 S 3 5- Overceiling production, proportion * Production under Premium Price Plan. . "A" quota only------ .................................. pe Sa "' <4B" quota (also received A ).. ---- n- - **CM quota (also received A and li ).ao... ___ do... Metals Reserve mine contracts.- Total overoeiling production........ ___ do... Payments under Premium Price Plan.4 "A" "B" pprreemmiiuumm.....................................d...VodJll:aor.s. *C" premium........................................................00 Total premium production......... . ___ do... Metals Reserve payments to smelters '-- ____do... Metals Reserve mine contracts4................... ........ do... Total overoeiling payments.. .do. Average prices per pound of sine: * Average premium production........................... Metals Reserve mine contracts......................... Jj---' Total overcettuig production.........-....................gTotal production--.................................................G- 55.78 .26 .03 56.07 15.76 .40 .15 16.31 .13 28.19 .36 .12 28.67 .09 46.30 29.11 17.39 92.80 1.24 27. 13 7.41 4.21 38.75 .90 32.31) 13.271 7.771 53.351 .991 32.80 3163 21.01 86.64 2.92 50.20 t.OQl 33.12 17.01' 10.2 60. 40 1.60 29. 53 37.19 25.10 91.82 4.13 40.35 S. 32 7.59 56.26 37.88 14.91 11.59 65.7 56.07 16.44 28.76 94.04 39.651 89. 56 51. 29 6, 672,409 4, 305, 059 34,936 146.141 3,446 40.394 6.710,7911 4,491,594 '36,501 ,6.710.791 4,528,095 11.016 9.801 11.119 11.179 11.120 8.722 10.977,468 181, on 43,840 10,213.269 5,117, 544 1,91C45,183 11,520,444 3,455,281 1, 252,814 21,733,713 8,672,825 3,166,997 - CD 11,202,385 17,244,996 16,228,539 33, 473, 535 36,5011 225.0051 280,3531 505,358 11.238,886 17, 470,001 16.508.892' 33,978,893 11.056 11.179 11.057 9.057 12.893 12.791 12.892 12 615 12.124 1L 139 12102 9.777 12.485 11.698 12.471 10.544 9, 546.487 ,14,283,080],23,829.567' 5,932,208 4,809,086 10,741, 294 2.314. 401 1t ,7T2n8o,2T771I 4r 042,672 17,793.096 20,820,437 ,38,613,533 402,580 402 580 578,737 313, 792 892 529 18,774,413] 21,134.229]39,908,642 13.376 13.190 13.482 12936 12 273 11.054 12 247 10.300 12 716 12 146 12746 11.038 7,079,337 14,672969 21,752 306 4,802,986 4,149,882 8,952 868 1,935,543 1, 980.489 3,916,032 13,817,866 20.803,340 34,621,206 875, 247 875, 247 550. 979 157.745 708,724 IS, 244,092; 20,961,085 36, 205,177 13.616 13.005 13.917 13.687 12150 11.105 12 138 10.460 12 627 12391 12730 11.197 February UW4? .data t^ to retauwy-Dewm^r in^ive^ ^ ^ i OProomdpuBcetidonfroomf TraPrSetpaotert loinf ethefroOmPOAf.fi<Doeft_aMsutbalies_cKttMoerrevviseimge.uoy,JjooppUunu`, mo;,; all other from Bureau These data a pra.i nary of Metals Raserve. All payments shown are sub|ect to oorrection exactly equal Ana) annual totals for the Umd SratMMcept fw l^^^^e m-mfrcoatract paymanta fro Offlt o(Me . `Data on premium paymentMymen^toroel^an^Mera^ smelters end custom mills, etc. ^AUa^P^r^ B ^UQd rr tiD0- CD I--4 192 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 0ff)cial- Lon.don maximum price of 25 15s. per lone ton dutv tic metalf<ineiPrZlnC d<div?rcd fc consumers, and 26 lOs.Sfor domes^ tic metal, including secondary, fixed by the British Ministry of Sun Pi DecTember 1939> was advanced to 31 5s. and 32 oj resDec- JllneAL' 1945; Quotatins of the London Metal Exchange SES*; ;h9jrbr"" 11,0>.- "IS Price of zinc and zinc concentrates, 1941--46 Average prico common zinc at-- NewYoJk!^.0:;;;;;.................... w p^-1- London 1................................... "...................................................... -- Excess New York over London .................................................. Jj-- Joplin 60-pcrcent zinc concentrates: ........................................ uo-- Price per short ton................. %S2Sr*....... Price indexes (1826-20 average- "11"0TM0):7........................................ ...-- Zinc (New York)................. Load (New York* Copper (New York)..IIII Nonierrous metals * . All commodities*.......... 1041 1042 7. 48 7.87 4.63 3. 24 49.80 4.15 3.33 111 78' 80 86 89 8. 26 8.60 4.63 4.03 66.28 4.01 3.61 122 87 80 87 101 8.25 8. 00 4.63 4.03 55.28 4.61 3.64 122 87 80 87 105 8.26 8.65 4.03 4.02 65.28 4.61 3.64 122 87 80 87 106 < Baaed U{nTMrlffideSs'if U.T DepLltmmt of La boTMUd Wlth the pound sterlln8 t U02M. 8.26 8. 65 5.18 3.47 65.28 4.61 3.64 122 87 80 87 108 Average monthly quoted prices of common zinc (prompt delivery or svot) St Louis and London, and of 60-percent zinc concentrates at Joplin?1944-46 ? 1944 1945 Month 00-pcrccnt zinc con centrates In the Jop lin region (dollars per ton) * January____ February........... March_____ April................... May........... June........... July............. .............................. August................. September___ _ October.......... November December...................... ... .. 65.28 Metallic zinc (conts por p ound) St. Louis London1 GO-pcrcont zinc con centrates In the Jop lin region (dollars por ton)* 8. 8. 25 8.25 8. 25 4.63 4.03 4. 63 4.03 4.M 4. 63 4.03 4.63 4. 03 4.63 4.63 4.63 4.63 $66. 28 66.28 65.28 65. 28 66.28 65.28 55.28 66.28 65.28 65,28 66.28 55.28 65.28 Motalllc zinc (cents per pound) St. Louis London * 8.26 8. 25 8. 25 8.26 8. 25 8. 25 8.25 8.26 8.25 8. 25 8. 25 8.25 8. 26 4.03 4.63 4.63 6.34 6.62 6.62 6. 62 6.62 6.18 ductlon. not Includo Government premium of $29 70 a ton on zinc concentrates payoblo for overquota r mBilmumgprlcoCrnUiod0ori?un^iCiI:'i94s.rtCl110 ccnls ,Mr Plmd w|U tho pound sterling at $4.0214. Official zin c Average price received by producers for zinc, 19 Grade A:* Grades C and D:1 > Does not Include overquota premium payments made b 1 American Metal Market quotes average prices of High G (f. o. b. Now York)--1041, 8.48 conts; 1042, 9.25 cents (do cents (delivered); 1045, 9.26 cents (delivered). Brass b ij c 1942, 8.50 cents; 1943, 8.50 ceDts; 1944, 8.50 cents; 1946, 8.60 c FOREIGN TR IMPOSTS Total imports of zinc in ores and co from 1944 and 29 percent from the re the 381,719 short tons of zinc importe 1945, 46 percent came from Mexico, percent from Bolivia, 9 percent from foundland and Labrador, and 4 perce stantial gain iii imports of ore from B activity in zinc mining there. .Impor less than in 1944, were the only ones to the Eastern Hemisphere. Imports of over 1944 owing to a 157-percent gain a 222-percent increase in slab zinc fro offset a decline in Mexican imports. Zinc imported into the United States in ore, countries, in sho Country Ore (zinc content): Bolivia.................................................................................................... Chile*..................................................................................................... Blocks, pigs, or slabs: i Data luclude ore Imported for immediate consumption * Substantially all zinc shown as received from Chile origi ports. Less than 1 ton. ' * Figures on imports and exports compiled by M. D. Pri U. 8. l^epartmenl of Commerce. 194 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 Zinc imported, for consumption in the United Stales, Year Ores (zinc con ton t) Blocks, pigs, or slabs Sheets Old dross nnd skinimings < Xdnc dust .Short tons Vnluo Short tons Vnluo Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value vnluo1 11004434... 1045........... 164.520 283,167 610.640 416.004 330,397 $4. 596,480 10.723.083 20, 475, 688 18,678.067 14, 902,057 tonj"g^ 40, 288 $3,661, WO 30,352 2. 024, 438 60,165 5,825,874 63,026 6,132, 877 00.710 12,105.873 271 r.u (J) 15 0> $51,4G4 10,0H6 66 2. 640 2 456 3, 357 5.146 6, C03 7, 331 $31,695 140 $21,405 $8,306, 083 168, 020 702 43,404 13,860,900 226,754 100 17, 686 26, 645, 957 300. J.Sfi 477,893 ***302 "39,'789 25, 114, 682 27, 546,014 I"* .* ton,, $.50,9,371^TM 01 -- 1'nporllHl ns ,jltojM VS; ,0,* tlC: mw HM4: V4,m- * 1X133 llmTl 1 ton. 1 EXPORTS ,,,15:* of exports of zinc ores (and concentrates) and manufac- SfvnnWM tfrC<intfZlnC f f,orel.gn and domestic origin (excluding Pn 1 d Products alloys, and pigments) amounted to $2 950 222 ormH r,,nrPr,duVlth, $4'857'365 in 1944, Sheets, strips, or other \ CCf ? ub8' Platcs, or blocks as the principal export group Sel smce^^P abTAP I r P f. k8 declined 64 percent to the fewest nJthlA inn9-^ In, addition to the items shown in the accompanyK;*6,8.' c onsiderable zme is exported each year in brass, pigments chemicals and galvanized iron and steel. Export data on zhm 2 mente and chemicals are given in this volume in the chapter on Leagd ufacture nf^!eintS anid ^ Saflff ' Much of the zinc used in the man ufacture of such products is of foreign origin, and when they are ppoorrtteedd aa ddrraaww--bbaacckk ooff 9999 ppeerrcceenntt ooff tthhee iimmpnnorrtt rdlnuft.yv is mreffunnndrei^d .u.pon the basis of zinc contained in the finished product. Data coveK draw-back in 1945 are not yet available. Draw-back refunds wore made on 7,274 tons in 1943 and on 29,738 tons in 1944. Slab and sheet tine exported from ______________________ the United short tons States, 1942-4$, by destinations, in Destination Slabs, plates, ami blocks Sheets, strips, or other forms, n. 0, s. 1942 Country: Argentina........................ Australia............." - -1" I " " I ' 11* Belgium and Luxembourg *' Brazil............. ......... Canada........ .............................. Chile............... I..'*"........................ China................... ............................... Cuba...............!................................... France........... India and Dependencies............. Mexico....................... *" " Portugal.............. ................................ Sweden................................................. Switzerland........................................ Turkoy................. ..................... U.S. S. R........... .............................. Union of 8oulli Africa................ Unitod Kingdom....... ............. Other countries................. Continent: North America................. South America..., ....................... Kurojjo............. .......................... Asia................... .......................... Africa............. ....................................... ____Oceania........... ..................................... 1 Less than 1 ton. 67 171 5,918 429 1.580 7 8.819160 I13. 430 103, 080 234 133,938 0,073 820 UO, 625 10,480 34 0) *1,628 13,347 107 2,170 (') 5.818 161 23.477 1. 320 48.540 9G2 97, 439 13.500 1, 652 72,017 7, 091 12, 260 1,000 4.132 17 473 14,660 64 21,576 .4.621 1 112 15.822201 P) 1942 1943 210 . 558 61 48 441 .........73' ........ 79* J424 1,071 2 WJO 587 470 141 2, 204 11 32 5 60 "Tl3 17 1,026 207 1 190 470 1,336 3 10V' ............... 310 144 52 270 078 361 7, 782 4,767 3.107 300 1.301 0. 08? 31 1,490 804 1.212 | 486 1 603 ( 2, 380 317 74 13 322 52 1944 1946 |_ " - ~ -- ------- 146 145* 2, 704 18 5 42 5274 < ) 321 2, 956 7 2 67 4 278 413 277 94 110 243 GO 8 010 4. 020 3, 005 438 97 10 379 1 186 1, 205 6.235 3,509 1.018 043 304 093 8 ZINC Zinc ore and manufactures of zinc, exported from th Year Zinc ore, con centrates, and dross (zinc content) Short tons Value Slabs, plates, or blocks Sh or otho Short tons Value Sho tons 1941.......................... 1944.......................... 1946.......................... ...........$18 1 8 306 38 07 89,309 $12,712,121 133,938 22,828,929 P7,439 17,107,720 21,676 3,717, M3 7,782 1, 126,910 6,2 4,7 3,1 4,0 0, i Less than 1 ton. WORLD PRODUCTIO The unconditional surrender of Germany Aueust 1945 respectively, permitted relaxat in the world. Some information regarding th pean countries formerly under Axis control h mg the year, and some progress has been m ofS comprehensive world zinc-production s veam Nevertheless, a statistical gap in the tant zinc-producing centers continues to pre production data beyond 1940. World smelter production of zinc, 1938-46, by countries Country 1038 1939 1940 Australia............... Belgium................. Canada........ --- Czechoslovakia.. Franco................... Qormany 1........... Indochina..'........ Italy........................ Japan.................... Mexico-------u-- Northern Rhodesia........ Norway................................ Boland................... ............: Spain....'....................... Union ol Soviet Socialist Republics........................ . Unitod Kingdom 1....... i. Unitod States...................... Yugoslavia............................ 70,941 210, 400 156,008 8,876 M, 713 104, 370 4,470 33,367 M, 203 35,881 26.300 10,379 46,623 108,071 7,072 72,363 180,020 159.338 w 01,010 231,000 6,430 35,398 51,256 36.369 20,500 12,899 45, 917 117,936 13.396 77,176 76, 480 168. 486 (') 37,843 317.000 5,352 39,338 69,703 33.388 6.049 13,402 17,229 ' 120,000 12,322 *80,000 56,190 404,912 3, 956 * 85,000 52,885 460,154 4,182 7 86,000 60,026 612, 596 4.989 1,566,000 1,650,000 1,746,000 78,945 47,220 193,784 () 25,918 317,000 0,237 38,800 01,092 38,678 3,718 13,762 6,464 () 19,143 (') 68,677 746,720 (') () __ Hated above, Argentina and Swede i In addition to the oountrles :Krr^Ui&8ln October 1038 ledums Sadetenle Upper Silesia, and beginning in \942 includes Lower Syria. 'Data not available. * Estimate. . . .. * Some secondary motal Includou 196 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 REVIEW BV COUNTRIES Argentina.--1The Aguilar mine of the Compania Minera Aguilar S. A.., subsidiary of the St. Joseph Lead Co., coiitinued to be the leading producer m 1945, although ore production declined owing to shortage of mine timber, fuel oil, and inability of tho railroad to provide enough cars for shipping tho concentrates from the mine. The zinc-concen trate production at the Aguilar mine in 1945 was 25,862 motric tons compared with 38,512 tons in 1944. ' Australia. Labor shortages, reportedly tho most critical of any year since the beginning of the war, continued to restrict the produc- tin of zinc at Australian mines and smelters in 1945. At Mount Isa Mines, Ltd., Queensland, a critical manpower shortage permitted operating tho copper section of tho mine only. The need for adequate manpower seriously curtailed development programs at the mines The production of crude ore at tho Broken Hill South, Ltd for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1945, was 309,605 long tons, compared with 341,920 tons the previous year. A corresponding decrease was reported in the production of zinc concentrates. Although exploration and development were curtailed to release labor for production the ore reserves increased slightly to 1,930,000 long tons averaging 11 1 per cent zinc and 13.8 percent lead. The Lake George Mining Corp., Ltd., at Captain's Flat, New South Wales, produced 164,549 tons of ore for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1945, compared with 239,900 tons for the previous year, the bulk of the ore for both years being taken from the Keating's ore body The total estimated ore reserves remaining at the property on June 30 were 1,416,603 tons assaying 1.1 dwt. gold and 1.4 ounces of silver pem^n , . 7,3 Percnt lead, 12.8 percent zinc, and 0.7 percent copper t J plant. of fche Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia, Ltd., at Kisdon, Tasmania, which treats zinc concentrates from Broken Hill, New South Wales, as well as from the company-owned Tasmanian mines, produced 83,773 long tons of slab zinc during 1945 Belgium.--'Tho Belgian smelting industry made very little headway during 1945 toward resuming operations, largely owing to lack of raw materials, shortago of fuol, and delays in rehabilitating the plants lhe three zinc smelters of the Soci6t6 Anonyme de la Vielle Montagno began operations on a very limited scalo during tho middle of the year; concentrates smelted came from Sweden and the Belgian Congo. The Societe Anonyme Metallurgique de Prayon smelter began pro ducing slab zinc at approximately 6-percont plant capacity in October lhe Societe Anonyme de llothem smelter remained idle during the year for lack of fuel; production of slab zinc was resumed in January Bolivia. During 1945, 23,116 short tons of zinc (metal content of ore and concentrate) were exported, virtually all of which was pro duced at the Huanchaca mine of tho Cia. Huanchaca do Bolivia. Burma. The famous Bawdwin lead-zinc mine and smelter--which before the war produced 40,000 to 50,000 long tons of zinc in concen trates a year--was recaptured from the Japanese in February 1945. Engineers of theBurma Corp., prewar operator of the property, reported the lower levels of tho mine lloodcd and tho upper levels in critical need of repairs to prevent further deterioration. The concentrating ZINC mill and a large section of the residenti Japanese. The smelter and appurten suffering from disuse and neglect, were Resumption of mining and milling ope reconstruction of portions of the propert occupation, replacement of the hydroelect by the British before evacuation in April States to import Indian, Chinese, or Burm prohibited or largely restricted, and rec portions of the Burma Railway betwee permit rail transportation of equipme personnel. The remaining reserves at th approximately 3,500,000 tons of ore ave per ton, 20.4 percent lead, 12.6 percent Canada.--Zinc production increased in continued shortage of mine and smelte improvement until late in the year. At Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. c source of Canadian zinc production. Sl trolytic plant at Trail increased to 134, tons in 1944. Ore reserves at the end crease of about lK million tons. About 9 averaging 58.89 percent zinc were reco 47 777 tons of ore milled at the Base M in British Columbia. The Zincton Min of ore June 1, 1945, upon expiration of i Metals Reserve. Underground develo summer months, and milling was resum the year 73,322 tons of ore were mille (metal content of concentrates). The Hudson Bay Mining & Smelti Manitoba, produced 1,822,979 short ton output since 1940. About 140,870 tons 45.55 percent zinc were produced at t Slab-zinc production at the company's tons compared with 56,552 tons in 1944 foot level, as of December 31, 1945, w tons averaging 0.089 ounce of gold and 4 24 percent zinc, and 2.99 percent copp the Sherritt Gordon Mines, Ltd., milled of which 363,350 tons were from the We the East mine. Zinc-ore reserves (Eas the end of the year to be 33,500 tons av pared with 113,000 tons containing 9.04 previous year. Ore reserves in the Wes 1,908,500 tons averaging 2.24 percent z The Normetal Mining Corp., Ltd., 204,067 tons of ore during the year ave .7 percent zinc, which yielded 19,297 s '(52.90 percent zinc) in addition to copp at year end were 1,399,000 tons averag percent copper. Ore reserves at the W 198 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 reduced from 2,986,555 tons in 1944 to 2,517,538 tons at the end of 1945. The New Calumet Mines, Ltd., at Calumet Island, Quebec, reported oro reserves on November 1, 1945, at 1,011,200 tons assaying 9.1 percent zinc, 2.9 percent lead, and 5.76 ounces of silver and 0.038 ounce of gold per ton. France.--The mine output of zinc in Franco increased .170 percent in 1945 largely owing to removal of Gorman control of the industry early in the year. Production of zinc (content of zinc in ores and concentrates) from 1938 through 1945, in metric tons, was as follows: Year 1638 1630 1640 1641 1042 1643 1944 Production.................................................... 65 500 1,420 3,055 3,215 2,048 2, 387 Zinc-producing mines which operated during the year include the Pierrefitte and Sentein mines in the Pyrenees. Germany.--The chief sources of zinc ores in Germany are Upper Silesia, tho Harz Mountains, and along the Rhine River in the Prov inces of Rheinland, Westphalia, and Baden. The mine production of recoverable zinc from German properties from 1938 through 1943, in metric tons, was as follows: Yoar 1638 1636 1640 1041 1642 1943 Production................................................................ J58. 330 158, 627 210,018 220, 409 224,001 238, 655 Italy.--Of the four zinc smelters in Italy, only one--the Porto Marghera electrolytic plant--was so damaged during the war as to prevent immediate resumption of operations. ' Mexico.--There were relatively few difficulties between labor and management at Mexican mines during tho year until the increased selling price for Mexican silver in the United States was announced in September. Shortly thereafter labor unions presented demands for a 40-percent wage increaso; to enforce these demands, a general strike of mine and smelter labor was called on December 31. Heavy taxes and poor railroad facilities and service continued to restrict Mexican zinc production. Newfoundland.--Tho mine production of zinc, in terms of zinc content of concentrates produced, totaled 49,350 short tons in 1945 compared with 59,472 tons in 1944. The bulk of the concentrates continued to be exported to the United States. Peru.--The mine production of zinc in Peru decreased approxi mately 22 percent in 1945 largely because purchase contracts by the United States Government agencies were canceled and there was consequent uncertainty regarding markots. Poland.--Tho Polish zinc industry is controlled and operated by the Zjednoczenie Przowyslu Cynkowego (Union of tho Zinc Industry), which in turn is controlled by tho Central Management of the Smelting Industry. Investments of the individual companies were nationalized early in 1946 and rearranged into 14 operating units, each consisting of a mino or smeltor or both. Each unit has a local manager, who ZINC supervises routine operations, and policies. Preliminary data covering in 1945 indicato a production of 36 covered from 71,G07 tons of concentr Spain'.--The production of zinc c to be 52,402 metric tons (60,178 tons tons (18,054 tons in 1944). Expor totaled 800 tons. Tho Astunana zin accounted for all tho zinc produced i Province of Cordoba, closed at the en 0n\jnUed Kingdom.--Consumption totaled 250,383 long tons in 1945, of zinc and 77,060 tons secondary ( parable figures for 1944 were 308,916 tons were primary and 124,675 ton consumed in 1945, 43 percent was u in galvanizing, 14 percent in zinc o percent for die castings, and 7 perce US(7 S S R.--Virtually no offici available on the Russian zinc indust however, presented in tho announ Fivo Year Plan indicato that zinc o ^Yugoslavia.--'Tho properties of recovered intact from tho Germans mino during German occupation wa substantially reduce ore resorves an equipment. Production on a limite and the output was shipped to Rus LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZINC SALTS By He l e n a M. Me t e r a n d Al e t h e a W. Mit c h e l l SUMMARY OUTLINE General summary.................................... Bailout statistics..................................... Government controls.......................... Future prospects for consumptlou. Production................................................... Lead pigments...................................... . Zinc pigments and salts...................... Consumption by industries.................. White lead................................................ Basic lead sulfate.................................... Red lead..................................................... Orange mineral........................................ Litharge................................................. Page 200 202 203 203 204 205 206 207 207 207 208 206 208 Page Consumption by industries--Continued Zinc oxide................................................................... 209 Leaded tine oxide....................................... '.I ' 210 Lithopope............. ............... .................. ' 211 ZincsuIDdo..................................... y/.V.'/.V.l 212 Zinc chloride............................................ 212 Zinc sulfate...................................... 212 Producersand plants....................... 'I."................ 213 Raw materials used In manufacture of lead and tine pigments and zlncsalts................................ 216 Prices.............................................................................. 210 Foreign trado........................................................................ 217 GENERAL SUMMARY Although hostilities with Germany and Japan ended in 1945, other factors were such that the pigments industry could not do much toward filling the large pent-up civilian demand for products covered by this report. War requirements for pigments continued large for more than half of the year, and civilian needs were not adequately supplied, but shipments of lead and zinc pigments as a group trendod down ward. The down-trend thus is not explained by tho lack of domand for the products but rathor by continued shortages, in varying degree, of materials that were inadequate in earlier war years. For most of the year supplies of lead and zinc pigments, and! titanium pigments as well, were insufficient to meet war and civilian needs. The out standing shortages in 1945 were of lead, particularly for tho manufacturo of white lead, and of linseed oil, although supplies of other drying oils likewise were inadequate for requirements. Had adequate quantities of the necessary crude materials, that is, lead and zinc metal, drying oils, and containers, and of labor, been available, the pigments industry would liavo produced much higher tonnages than it did. The stepped-up tempo of tho war early in the year led to more stringent controls on pigments and linseed oil at the time; leaded zinc oxide, for examplo, was subjected to distribution control in February for tho first time in the war. White lead bore the brunt of curtailment in tho use of load in 1945 as load becamo one of tho most critical materials in tho United States from on immediate supply point of view. The seeming favoritism toward other lead chemicals is explained by tho fact that substitutes for white lead as a paint P*TMient could fill tho needs for white lead more satisfactorily than could any substitutes for load in uses such as storage batterios, 200 ' LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN After VJ-day larger allotments of pig lea lead industry; and, in addition, restriction load woro romovod. Those actions proved because tho load supply did not improve, tho outlook for obtaining sufficient meta neods was gloomy. As a consequonco, pigment industry were reduced again in All zinc restrictions were removed afte Pigment makors, howovor, continuod to obtain zinc slabs. ., Previous reports of this series have poin plies of zinc metal in relation to requireme were those of lead early in the war the re the war progressed. This reversal was a the end of the year lead was one of the f position continued to be controlled by th ministration (War Production Board unt raw material needs for making lead pigme by metal, whereas those for zinc pigmen for leaded zinc oxide and lead-free zinc ox This difference has favored zinc pigments cause supplies of ore were more abundan m One of the chief outlets for pigments, o ture of paints. Sales of paint, varnish, a on which are compiled by the United S merce, established a new high record in 1 year, rising 4 percent above the previous sales for 680 establishments that contribut of the total value of the industry as repor factures for 1939 was $644,429,374 in 1945 in 1944. .. Production and sales of titanium pigme for markets supplied by lead and zinc p record high levels in 1945, continuing the output was inadequate for requirements tions prevented production expansion to duction capacity is to be expanded in 194 not at liberty to publish figures covering Some of the features of the lead and z industries in 1945;are outlined below. It many of the trends indicated were due to supply and demand for the finished pro restrictions on the use of lead in pigments ments of litharge in 1945 were slightly a 1944 and those for zinc sulfate exceede commodity in 1941 by 9 percent. Con manufacture of storage batteries in 1945 third successive year, but the manufac storage-battery makers themselves declin red lead for battery purposes likewise w although comparing favorably with othe record sales of paints, varnish and lacqu 717372--17---1-1 202 MINERALS YEARBOOK., 194 5 quantities of most of the pigments covered by this report went into the manufacture of paints. Shipments of zinc oxido wcro an exception in registering a gain of 12 percent. Tho use of zinc oxide for chemical warfaro purposes assumed importance in 1943, reached a peak of 27,686 tons in 1944 but in 1945 with the completion of the program amounted to only 7 percent of tho record tonnage. Tho agricultural use of litharge declined 30 percent from the record high level estab lished in 1944 but was at a relatively high rate as compared with other earlier years. Consumption of zinc oxide in the manufacture of floor coverings and toxtilcs in 1945 appears to have been at a higher rate than ever before, although the statistical record covers the period 1929-45 only. The manufacture of ceramics has taken reduced quan tities of load and zinc pigments in recent years and took loss in 1945 than the somewhat increased quantities in 1944. Zinc oxide consump tion in ceramics, however, gained 39 percent ovor 1944 in contrast to the performance of other pigments covered by this report. Chrome pigments took 38 percent more litharge in 1945 than in 1944 and thus probably established the second-highest annual record for this class. Chrome pigments woro governed by tho restrictions for chrome rather than by those for lead. Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigments industry of the United States, 1940-46 1910 1911 ' 1942 1943 1044 1945 Production (sales) i of princi pal nlemcnts: white leAd (dry and in oil)..................short tons.. Litharge...................do___ Rod lead...................... do___ Zinc oxide..................do___ Leaded r.lnc oxido..do___ Lithopone................... do___ 80. 502 80.841 42, 200 113.213 45. 302 151.802 113.000 122. 280 63,838 148,833 08,020 170, 042 83, 030 91,513 48.309 09, 077 48. 128 137,320 70, 107 113,09! 53,378 143,402 43. 828 135. 723 85, 720 138, 203 53,072 140,075 04, 305 142, 905 51,170 138, 798 47, 381 J 27,955 02, 598 130. 101 Value of products: All lead pigments............... $32,028,000 $40. 672, 000 $39,393,000 $41,897,000 $40,601,000 $39,045.000 All tine pigments................. 28.747,000 39,210,000 30,786,000 36.260,000 39, 288,000 36, 044,000 Total...................................... 01,375,000 86.782,000 70,178,000 78,157,000 85.889.000 75,089.000 Value por ton received by prodticcrs: $137 141 67 $100 $103 $103 $160 134 160 152 140 148 101 171 171 104 168 138 . 137 130 138 118 129 132 132 132 71 79 79 78 78 Foreign trade: l^cad pigments: Value ol exports........... Value of Imports.......... Zinc pigments: . Value of exports........... Value of imports.......... $594,000 $1. 228, 000 14.000 12,000 1.585.000 40.000 3, 525,000 22,000 $957,000 4.000 2, 741,000 8.000 $1. 439, 000 3,000 2, 737, 000 o, 000 $1,387,000 6,000 2,017, 000 1,500 $1,421,000 8,000 2, 270. 000 l1) Export balance......... 2, 110,000 4,710, 000 3, 680,000 4. 108,000 3, 390, 500 3, 602, 000 ' Roportcd ns shipments In 1945. * Less than $600. Tho Eagle-Piclier Co. acquired an interest in the MacArthur, Irwin, Ltd., Montreal, Canada, in 1945, and immediate plans were made for expanding white-lead activities and for extending opera tions to the production of lithnrgo and red load. Tho National LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN Lead Co., through its subsidiary, Canada was reported to have completed plans in a plant for the manufacture of lead o Titanium Pigments, Ltd., Montreal, tlio interested in production in Canada of ti Government controls.--On January 15, covered by this report (except litharge facture which remained under War Prod were placed under a new chemicals ord the chemicals order were described in th 1944. Amendments to the order provide allowances to pigment manufacturers a end-use limitations on lead in the produc lishing an over-all quota for making th were restricted to a maximum quota of 5 quantity of lead put into process for the during the first 6 months of 1944. Thu production of chemicals was permitted. was revoked and the chemicals were in order, M-38. At that time the over-all for chemicals was reduced from 55 to 48 Zinc metal and oxide controls were des series for 1944. For the first time leaded distribution control in February 1945 in a Lithopone, titanated lithoponc, titanium were transferred in April from Order M-353 in the provisions for authorized deliverie restrictions were removed following VJ-d Future prospects jor consumption.--As previous reports of this scries, the potenti m the near future is great due to pent-up mobiles, and many other products tha Recent discussions on certain aspects o below. A high level of construction was ing reasonable costs and close cooperatio the industry the beginning of a potent expected in 1946. A forecast of 7.5 billio tion-and 5 billion of repair and maintena for the two classes of 9.2 in 1945. New to be almost 60 percent above 1945 an volume registered .since 1929, except for requirements were said to exceed the tota built, so that the housing shortage in the to continue. The new construction rate billion dollars. Concannon 2 said that the comparatively free of reconversion prob awaits only two things--first, increased s materials and, second, a resurgence in de said that the supply of linseed oil loomed Shaw. Wra. II., Prospects for Construction: Domestic Com 9 and 29. , ' Concauoou, O. O., Industrial Tronds in 1046 Discussod: Do 1940. p. 0. 204 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 the coming months and that the supply of pigments was becoming more abundant, except for titanium dioxide and white lead. Tho futures of lead, zinc, and titanium pigments wero discussed at the 1945 Convention-at-Homo of tho National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, Inc., and were published thereafter.3 Wormser's prediction that The white-lead industry expects to be back to a full prewar basis before the year end closes and both white lead in oil and dry white lead should again be come plentiful was not possible of accomplishment because supplies of lead in rela tion to demand therefor became less rather than more abundant. Actually reduced quantities of lead were permitted white lead manu facturers for the first quarter of 1946. Pickens said that Since the productive capacity of the titanium industry is not capable of meeting the demand for its products, the general outlook ahead is one of tight supply with the biggest single problem of the industry revolving around how soon addi tional productive facilities can be constructed and put into operation. Gent felt that the capacity of the zinc pigments industry was ade quate to take care of the anticipated large demand. Bureau of Standards Simplified Practice Recommendation R144-43, Paints, Varnishes, and Related Products (colors and containers) was revised and became effective November 1, 1945, as R144-45. This revision provided for an increased number of colors and for some additional container sizes. PRODUCTION Figures on sales have been used in this series for many years as a better guide than production to activity in the pigments industry. If lead or zinc pigments are made from ores, statistics are gathered now by the Bureau of Mines on the lead and zinc questionnaires. These forms call for shipments rather than sales; and, for the sake of uniformity, the pigments schedule has been revised to call also for shipments. Available data make it appear that there was little difference between shipments and sales in 1945. An attempt is made to avoid all duplication in reporting pigment tonnages. One main method is elimination of products used in blending into another pig ment from figures for the original class. Basic lead sulfate and zinc oxide that are blended to make leaded zinc oxide, for example, are shown under the last-named class only. Pigments consumed by the producing companies to make products beyond those covered by this report--that is, paint, storage batteries, and other articles--are con sidered as shipments. The value of lead and zinc pigments in 1945 totaled $75,689,000, a decline of 12 percent from 1944. Lead pigments represented 52 per cent of the total and zinc pigments 48 percent, compared with 55 and 45 percent, respectively, in 1939. * Wormser, Felix, Whet's Ahead In Raw Materials--Lead Pigments: Paint Industry Mag., vol. 60, No. 11. Novombcr 1046, d . 372. Gent. E. V., What's Ahead In Raw Materials--Zinc Pigments: Paint Industry Mag., vol. 60, No. 12. December 1045, p. 410. Pickens, Dennis K., What's Ahead In Raw Materials--Titanium Pigmcuts: Paint Industry Mag., vol. 61, No. 1, January 1046, p, 11. ' LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND LEAD PIGMENTS Production and shipments of lead pigmen by restrictions of the lead chemicals order and total shipments declined 15 percent; t cent above 1939. In both relationships l than zinc pigments. The high sales recor in recent years and the relatively high level o a further decline in total lead pigments sale and caused the increase as compared with 1 made a poor showing, which in 1945 parti stances beyond the control of the industry of lead pigments fell 16 percent in 1945 a rose 10 percent as compared with 1939. I pigments gained less in 1945 as compared ments. There were some variations in p values between 1944 and 1945, probab delivery points, inasmuch as average qu changed from 1944 levels. Lead pigments sold1 by domestic manufacturers i ., Pigment 1044 Short Value (at pla clusive of cont Total A Basic lead sulfate or sublimpd lead: White lead: Dry.............................................................. In oil *......................................................... 6,253 1,080 53,972 284 138. 203 S7A5, 666 147,265 8,840.366 70.1M 20, 207, 218 40, 466 30,260 7. 670, 239 9,000,291 , i Reported as shipped lo 1046. . * Weight of white (cad only but valuo of paste. Lead 'pigments sold 1 by domestic manufacturers in short tons Veer White load Basic lea or sublim Dry In oil White 64,689 36,866 39,625 40.406 27,382 68,311 47, 774 36,642 30,200 23,788 8,739 7,229 4,762 6.263 2,236 i Reported as shipped in 1046. 206 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 ZINC PIGMENTS AND SAITS in f,ic ftnd scrap wore in scarcer supply than lead tfnno ear y dy3 of,th. war--a condition resulting in greator limita tions on supplies of zinc pigments that are made from metal--the lSeida D?ementar0VTlfm , "l 19t45tV and zin P^ments fared hotter than and leaded zinc Throughout the war American Process oxide, because they are made from oros, wzziiennrcco oomxxoiiddreee TabpuaJnodHannt than-1m11o08s,1t- of the othor "Pproducts ccoovveerereddb^yy^thhiiss* report bmf mSas Z`L^d^,,lSlyfPPm8^ntS9 WW.c?r,e at a hiB^h though not recorad Lleveeil vea-s excenLSl loL i COmpared ^vorably with othor yeais except 1941, 1943, 1944, and several years in the late twenties ^ pcrcent less than in 1944 and the same percentage below 1939. Zinc pigments as a group dropped 6 percent in tonnage below 1944 but wore still 9 percent over 19P39 In value zinc pigments wero 7 percent less than in 1944 and 27 per cent higher than m 1939. The average per ton values of zinc niv ments in 1945 were almost identical with those in 1944 as was1 fo dmnge froml944fe^ir e'V f faUur f aVrage <>uot`,d prices to Shipments of zinc chioricle totaled 56,230 tons (50 B.) and were than^tho 1944 \944 7n ' Zmc 8UiIfate sales were 22 Percent higher than the 1944 rato and 9 porcent above the previous peak in 1941. Zinc ptffmenls and salts sold > by domestic manufacturers in the United States, 1944-46 Pigment or salt Zinc oxldo............... Leaded tino oxide >. Lithopone............. Zinc chloride, 50 B Zinc aulfato............... . > Reported as shipped In 1045. 1944 1046 Short tons HO, 676 *64,305 142,905 67,645 17,150 Value (at plant, excluslvo of container) Total Average Short tons SI0,689,487 8,498,679 11,208,891 3,089,837 1,431,487 $139 132 78 64 83 127,956 * 62,698 136,161 66,230 20,854 Value (at plant, ex clusive of container) Total Average $17,708,795 8,290,073 10,645,316 2,828,474 1,732,058 $138 132 78 60 Zmc pigments and salts sold > by domestic manufacturers in the United Stales 1941-46 m short tons ' '' Year Zinc oxldo Leaded tine oxide Lithopone Zinc chlo ride (50 B.) Zinc sulfate 3941 ................ 1942.......................... 1943................ 1944...................... 1945............................ ............................ .............................. ........................................ ........................................ 68,920 48,128 * 43,828 * 64,395 * 02,698 176,642 137,320 135,723 142,905 136,161 0) 52, 374 63,707 57,546 66, 230 19, 201 14, 331 16,649 17,160 20,864 1 Reported asshipped In 1946 1 Pats not available. ' i Includes a small quantity containing loss than 6 percent lead. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS CONSUMPTION BY I WHITE LEA White lead was called upon by the pro Board's chemicals ordor, M-384, to be the use of lead in 1945. In CQnsequence declined 41 percent and were the sma white lead in oil fell 39 percent and were before the beginning of the present centu white lead was in contrast to the peak lacquers in 1945, in the manufacture of the total white lead is used regularly lead shipments undoubtedly would hav sharply in 1945. The use of white lead even lower rate than the sharply reduc more precise break-down of the Oth would increase the quantity shown und Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) sales, Industry 1941 100, 665 3, 704 8,631 113,000 i Reported as shipments la 1946. BASIC LEAD SU Basic load sulfate was included with the provisions of Order M-384, and thu this pigment were cut sharply in 1945. cent from 1944 and wore the smallest on were published in 1902. Basic sulfat paints. A substantial quantity of this p intormodiato product in the manufactur also usod chiefly in paints. The basic le ing is included in this report in the qu oxide and not in the figures for basic s basic lead sulfate were sold for use in m pared with 7,800 tons in 1944. Production of basic lead sulfate totale with 4,605 tons in 1944. Distribution of basic lead sulfate sales,1 194 Industry 1941 Rubber......................................................................... 9,286 200 8 877 10, 370 > Reported as shipments In 1946. 208 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 5 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A RED LEAD Rod-lead sales have romained high during tho war owing to the applicability of this pigment as a construction* paint and to its use in the manufacture of batteries. Shipments in 1945 were reduced by the restrictions of tho chemicals order, M-384, rather than by a slow ing in demand for red lead. Total shipmont3 of this pigment were 12 percent below the peak rato in 1944 and the smallost since 1940 but compared favorably, nonetheless, with years before 1941. The ton nage of red lead usod in storage batteries, although 12 percent below the peak rato in 1944, was close to the high average for 1940--43 Paints took 9 percent less red lead in 1945 than in 1944 and 26 percent less than tho high record rate in 1943, but tho quantity had probably not been exceeded prior to 1941. Tho use of red lead in ceramics fell 29 percent below 1944, whon the rato was relatively low as compared with 1939-41. Production of red lead amounted to 48,185 tons in 1945 compared with 53,398 tons in 1944. Distribution of rod lead salesJ 1941--45, by industries, in short tons Industry Storage batteries........................ Paints................................. .. ... Ceramics................................ Other............................................. 1041 27, 405 20.130 63,838 1042 48,3C0 1043 022 3,800 63,378 1944 30, 211 18,074 878 4,800 63,972 1045 26,726 16, 438 626 3, 602 47,381 in 1945 than in 1944, and oil refining to ments for all other purposes declined in 1 In addition to the litharge used to make b manufacturers themselves produce a blac they use as a substitute for litharge. Th 56 000 tons--was 8 percent below the re 1941. In 1945, 53,000 tons of pig lead w the suboxide, compared with 58,000 tons are not included in the Bureau of Mines t the quantity of litharge used to make ins in 1945, the total for that year had been 1943, and 1944. Consumption of lithar 7 percent in 1945 but exceeded prewar le Distribution of litharge sales,' 1941-45, Industry 8torage batteries..............-...................................... Insccticidos................. ............................................. Chrome pigments.................................................... OU roflnlng................................................................. Rubber................................ -...................................... Linoleum..................................................................... Other.................................................. -.............. .......... 1041 40,847 10,403 18, 286 13,927 0,749 3,106 3,968 647 6,280 122,280 19 4 1 0 i Reported as shipments in 1945. ZINC OXIDE 1 Reported as shipments In 1945. ORANGE MINERAL Although shipments of zinc oxide fell peacetime uses made gains over 1944. T The small-tonnage orango mineral dropped 54 tons in 1945, which insofar as zinc oxide is concerned, was was accounted for in shipments to the principal use, color pigments, ments for this purpose were only 7 pe rhe manufacture of ink took 63 tons in 1945 compared with 56 tons m 1944. Total 1945 shipments were 14 percent 1941 but were relatively high, nonethe with war years other than 1941, 1943, Distribution of orange mineral sales,' W4I-4C, by industries, in short tons industrial activity in the lato twenties. stood out as a user of zinc oxide, taking Industry 1041 1042 1943 1044 1045 .As pointed out in the chapter of this ser of synthetic rubber requires a smaller p Color pigments................. . Ink manufacture................... Otbor........................ ............ I 20 08 122 7 03 28 8 205 40 66 22 23 161 03 16 natural rubber. A return to the prod natural rubber can be expected to cal ii 1 u 1 Reported as shipments In 1045. 240 128 LITHARGE 70 284 230 zinc oxide. Use of zinc oxide in paints fact that adequate supplies were not ava be accepted in part for uses such as p textiles made the best showing in 1945 Shipments of litharge in 1945 cxcoedod by a slight margin tho and probably establishing a new peak previous peak rate for 1944, largely because consumption in storage batteries contmued at record heights for the third successive year. available for the period 1929-45 only. was adversely affected by the war, mad Allowances for the use of litharge in storage batteries, control of which was retained under the lead ordor, M-38, were more generous than for in 1945, but the quantity used in that y in a number of earlier years. Of the to most lead chemicals, and this uso took 58 percent of the total litharge and textiles in the accompanying table shipped in 1945. Chromo pigmonts, which were restricted bocauso of their chrome rather than lead content, took 38 percent more litharge 210 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 T^EocP3 aj^ textiles and 2,034 tons for floor coverings compared with 7,585 and 1,978 tons, respectively, for 1944. .Production of load-free oxide amounted to 139,374 tons compared With 152,366 tons in 1944. Of the total for 1945, 77 percent was made by the American process from ores and primary residues, 15 percent by the French process from metal and scrap, and 8 percent by other processes, compared with identical percentages in 1944. Distribution of zinc oxide sales,1 1941--45, by industries, in short tons Industry Rubber....................... Faints........................... . Floor c o v c c Iu e s and textiles. Ceramics... Chomlcal warforn___ Other .......................... . . i Reported as shipments In 1045. 1941 90.429 30. 304 ft, 901 8. r>0ft 12, 513 148, R33 1912 62,717 25, 122 6, 224 2.034 13,080 99, C77 1013 67, 898 20,852 ft. 033 3, 203 21.801 14,015 143. 402 1044 59,518 24,009 0, fift.3 .3, 00.3 27, 08ft 15, 25G 140,075 53RSS5SS 8 tf ? rfe*E: 1 1046 127,065 LEADED ZINC OXIDE Shipments of leaded zinc oxido continued at a high level in 1945 despite the decline of 3 porcont from 1944. Except For 1944 and the peak year 1941 shipments in 1945 had never been exceeded. As has been pointed out previously the fact that this pigment is made almost exclusively from ore has favored its production and use during the war period. Leaded zinc oxido has boiicfitod from business diverted from other pigments and even so greater sales of leaded zinc oxide doubtless could have been made had larger quantities been available. Although loaded zinc oxide was previously without restrictions it was subjected to de ivory controls under an amplification of the zinc order M-ll-a of the War Production Board in February 1945. All zinc restrictions were removed aftor VJ-day. Loaded zinc oxide continued to be used almost entirely in the manufacture of paints in 1945. The figuros for leaded zinc oxide include basic lead sulfate used in blending, as is indicated under Basic Lead Sulfato. Loaded zinc oxido production totaled 62,519 tons in 1945 compared with 64,432 tons in 1944. The totals can be broken down as follows ^TM rPai'10" 'v'th 1944 hi parentheses): Over 5-35 percent lead, 48,678 (62,022) tons; over 35-50 porcent, 10,091 (8,364) tons; and most of the remainder in both years, 5 percent or less. Distribution of leaded zinc oxide sales,' 1941-45, by industries, in short tons ' Industry Paints................... Rubber.............. Otber. . .. * Reported as shipments Id 1945. 1941 68.920 1942 48,128 1943 49' *42 1, 483 43.828 1944 62, 223 2, 053 64. 396 1946 68, 852 200 3.640 02,698 LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS '. LITHOPO The lithopono statistics in this rep ordinary lithopone sold as such plus th of the high-strength product. This me conceal the operations of one company output of the high-strength product an years. In 1945 two companies, oper high-strength lithopone. The second-l none of the high-strength product in 19 pone declined 5 percent in 1945. Sales up three-quarters of the total, influenc paint industry in 1945 rose slightly aga those for floor coverings and textiles g rubber manufacturers likewise increase fraction of the total. Separation o shipped for floor coverings and textile plete data, indicates that 10,671 tons pared with 9,578 in 1944) and 5,150 (compared with 5,168 tons in 1944) responsible for, the rise in the total fo fabrics and textiles were virtually unc in the manufacture of paper has been less than half in 1945 when 3,086 tons contrasted with 6,488 tons in 1944. largest for 1936-45 for which separa that for 1945 was the smallest since use in the manufacture of printing in 1945. A tonnage sold for mk is not but figures for identical companies sho the manufacture of ink from 1,216 ton Exports are included mainly under O ' classifies part of its exports according Plant capacity for the production total 153,000 tons in 1945 or virtually for 1944 Production of lithopone totaled 133,960 tons in 1944. Distribution of lithopone sales,' 1941-46 ' Industry 1941 Faints, etc............................. .................................... Floor coverings and textiles............................... Rubber........................... ............................................. i! > 132,601 21,114 3, 647 19,200 176,642 i Reported as shipments In 1946. , .. , Includes a quantity, not separable, used for printing In 212 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 Consumption of ordinary lithopone in the production of titanated lithopone reached a peak in 1937 when 19,400 tons were used. Since 1937 there has boon an almost continuous dcclino, culminating in the consumption of only 7,800 tons for this purpose in 1945. Titanated lithopone. usually contains about 15 percent Ti02. The lithopone figures in the following table are included in the-totals for ordinary lithopone in the preceding table. Titanated lithopone produced in the United States and ordinary lithopone used in ilt manufacture, 1941-46, in short tons Year Titanated lithopone produced V Ordinary lithopone used Year Titanated lithopono produced Ordinary lithopone used 1941.......................................... 1943.......................................... 1943.......................................... 10.800 11.700 9.800 14,100 9,900 8,400 1944........................................ 194ft .. .. . 9,800 9,200 ZINC SULFIDE In 1945, as in several earlier years, only one company produced zinc sulfide, and the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty, therefore, to publish figures for this pigment. ZINC CHLORIDE Shipments of zinc chloride, in terms of 50 B. solution, totaled 56,230 tons in 1945 compared with 57,545 tons in 1944. These figures include the zinc chloride equivalent of zinc ammonium chloride and of chromated zinc chloride produced. Complete figures covering distribution of zinc chloride shipments by usos are not available. ZINC SULFATE Zinc sulfate shipments in 1945 were larger than over before, exceed ing those for 1944 by 22 porcent and those for the previous peak year, 1941, by 9 percent. Tho manufacture of ravon, the outstanding use, accounted for nearly one-third of the total shipments and took 13 percent more than the previous peak tonnage for 1944. The agricul tural use of zinc sulfate almost equaled that for rayon in 1945 by rising 34 percent over 1944 and likewise established a new peak rate. The use classed as Chemicals rose also in 1945, but a better break down of this classification undoubtedly would increase quantities shown under other classes. Of the other uses, no significant move ment is noted other than the drop to less than half in the quantity for Paints, etc. This use had been making steady gains until 1944, when noteworthy declines began. In 1945, for the first time, shipments of zinc sulfate are available on a dry basis. The details are shown in tho following table, which also covers the gross weight of the product. ii LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN : sales,' 1941-46, b Distribution of zinc sulfate . _ ______________ --'------------------ -- r 104l 1942 , Industry Gross weight Qross wolght ----- Rayon-...................................... ............................... Agriculture............................ ........................ Chemicals........... -.......................... .................. Flotation reagent.. - v/mVe-lAV" ......... Paints aDd varnish .................. Textile dyeing end printing-..--.................... ElcotVogafvaniring....................... I'lIIIII-- 6,170 3,038 6, MS 312 1,422 130 1,203 602 1,869 Other......................................................... 19,401 3,149 4,123 2,696 866 1,917 219 1,163 14, 331 i Reported as ehlpmente In 1948. pr o duc er s an d p Wnpd or use The following companies shipp JKfXtk* own product,onm 1945. Mi-* ....................................-............a..TM..* Ww- P Fuller & Co.............. -^............n.. International Smelting & Refining Co . (electrolytic process). John T Lewis & Bros. Co. ------........ --The JohnR. MacGregor Lead Co. - -....... National Lead Co....................................... Do. (2 plants)----------------------------Do ..................................... ......... Do----................................... Do........................................ The Sherwin-Williams Co-----Basic lead sulfate, or sublimed lead. The Eagle-Picher Co................... " tKdoranf^ ttminral, and litharge: ^ &ic^yanamid Co------............... E T duPont de Nemours & Co---,--. The'Eagie-Picher Do" --........................-........... Do........I..-...................... ................. W. P. Fuller & Co..................................... Hammond Lead Products, Inc................ Morris P. Kirk & Son, ........................." John T. Lewis & Bros. Co-------......... 'rill Tnhn R MacGregor Lead Co. -- -. Metals Refining Division of the Glidden National Lead Co.........................." `'.... Do .............. -.......................... Do --............................................. Do --.......... -......................... Do....... ........... .................-............... Do----___ -....... ............................ The Sherwin-Williams Co------ ------------ MINERALS YEARBOOK, 194 5 Zinc oxide end leaded zinc oxide*. American Zinc Co. of Illinois American Zinc Oxido Co___......................................... The Eagle-Picher Co........ ........ ... ........................ Do........................... .......................... ,----- Gulton Manufacturing CorpIIIIIIIIIHIIIII.......... International-Smelting and iiefinimr On Mohsanto Chemical Co................. . .................... ^'^le DoW JrS0~' ^ln0 Go. of Pennsylvania........ Hillsboro, HI. Columbus, Ohio. Hillsboro, 111. Galena, Kans. Metuchen, N. J. East Chicago, Ind. St. Louis, Mo. Freemansburg, Pa. The Ozark Smelting & Sherwin-Williams Co. Mining Division"'of The' Palmerton, Pa. Coffeyville, Kans. Rohm & Haas Co_____________ . St. Joseph Lead Co. of Pennsylvania Superior Zinc Com Lithopone: ".............. " ......................... .................. Bristol, Pa. Josephtown, Pa. Bristol, Pa. The Chemical & Pigment Co Do............ " ................................. Do.................. ......................................................... E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Coll ~.................... The Eagle-Picher Co___ " Mineral Point Zinc Division oYThe'New je`rso`y Zinc' Oakland, Calif. Collinsville, 111. Baltimore, Md. Newport, Del. Argo, III. Depue, III. Now Jersey Zinc Co. of Pennsylvania lhe Ozark SmeUing & Mining Division of The She'r'-' win-Williams Co. Palmerton, Pa. Coffeyville, Kans. Zinc sulfide: * Zino salts^eW Jer8ey Zinc Co* of Pennsylvania............ . Palmerton, Pa. American Cyanamid Co. American Smelting & Refining" Co.'II....................... . Do_______ Do................ ................................................ Do...... ................................................... ................. Brooklyne Chemical Work's, Inc'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".*.................. The Chemical & Pigment Co____IIIIII Chemicals Incorporated_________I.'I E. I. du Pont de Nemours <t Co ' Do............... .......... ..................... Do......... ............ .......... ....... .............. Do...............:::::::::::::::::::::----------------- Jordan Company___ " Morris P. Kirk &"Son," Inc...... .................. Charles Lennig & Co._> ........ ............ Mallinckrodt Chemical Works................................... Marathon Battery Co.......... ............... .................. Merrimac Division of Monsanto'Cherni'caYcd Niro Incorporated_________ Royce Chemical Co............II............................ The Ruby Chemical Co..........................................'"" The Ozark Smelting & Mining Div'isio'n of The ShcY-" win-Wilhams Co. Bound Brook, N. J. Selby, Calif. Alton, 111. Omaha, Nobr. Perth Amboy, N. J. Baltimore, Md. Oakland, Calif. Chicago, III. Newport, Del. East Chicago, Ind. Cleveland, Ohio. Weirton, W. Va. Chicago, 111. Los Angeles, Calif. Bridesburg, Pa. St. Louis, Mo. Wausau, Wis. Everett, Mass. Riverdale, N. J. Carlton Hill, N. J. Columbus, Ohio. Coffeyville, Kans. Southern Agricultural Chemical Coro Sullivan Mining Co....................... ............ United States Steel Corp. (American Steel & Wire C/O.) East Point, Ga. Kellogg, Idaho. Donora, Pa. Virginia Smelting Co............. The Youngstown Sheet & Tube CoIIIIIIIII I........ West Norfolk, Va. East Chicago, Ind. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZI RAW MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTURE PIGMENTS AND ZINC SAL Figures covering the raw materials used in "saltewero not available when the report of th prepared.0 Data for 1944 are given below, an concentrates8.percent from slab zinc, and 14 ary materials; about 13 percent of the ore use Metal content o] lead and zinc produced by dorne 1943 Lead In pigments 1 Ore gad concentrates: Domestic.,................................ Foreign......................... Metal..................... -----................... Secondary materials*................. 14,360 1,168 202,783 218, 307 iIncludes also load recovered In leadedtlneoxjdo. Zinc ashes, slctmmlnfcs, drosses, and old metal. The following tables give the source of the basic lead sulfate. The lead content of lead has c lead sulfate, which in turn was made fro nk lead h!X take. Zinc oxide is the only pig ieao m wio cu. employed in oxide6 leaded^inc oxkie, li?hop'oISffilulfid lead sulfate A substantial proportion of the ing percentages in 216 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 19446rCent 411 1942, and 19 anc* 22 Percent respectively, in 1943 and Lead content of lead and zinc pigments produced by domes, by sources, in short tons ic manufacturers, 1948-44, 1943 1944 Pigment i Load In plgnients producod fre m-- Ore Do For mestic eign Second Pig lead ary ma terial Total lead In Pig ments Lead In pigments produced from-- Ore Do Formestic elgn Second Pig lead ary ma terial Total lead In Pig ments White lead............. Red lead...................... Litharge...................... Orongo mineral.... Basic lead sulfate... Leaded zinc oxide.. 40,056 48,499 103,003 4,*io5* 10,191 *i,*ios' 3 1,007 225 14,366 1,108 202,783 ............... 40,056 48,409 103,903 3 6,172 11,684 "*2,'709* 14,975 218,307 17,084 01,143 46,411 130, 353 254 "2,*003' 710 354 :::::::: 01,143 48,411 130,363 254 3,419 17,302 2,003 247,225 ............. 206,972 1 Zinc content of zinc pigments and salts produced by domestic manufacturers 1948-44 by sources, in short tons *TM 1043 1944 Pigment or salt Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Domes'! For* tic elgn Slab zinc Secondary rnoterisl i Total zinc in Pig ments and salts Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Domestic elgn Slab Second zinc ary ma terial > Total zinc In Pig* monts aod salts Zlno oxldo.................. Leaded zlno oxide.. Lltbopona........... Zinc sulfide............... Zlno chloride........... Zlno sulfate.............., 70,069 15,666 11,507 ( ) 1,734 10,314 2,551 2,355 (*) 414 7,104 44Q 12,196 <> 11,705 2,837 99,209 18,606 26,148 0) 11,770 6,017 85,076 26,893 9,427 <>) *1,007 10,186 6,141 2,929 ( ) 16,198 098* 11,376 020 13,979 12,500*1 2,410 121,835 32,654 20,336 (') 12, 673 6,051 tacludezlnc8rwSv?rcd'from byproductsluXcs^csidUM^t^n^la^fll.d^'1813-^011^"0'18bccause thB7 > Bureau of Mlnea not at liberty to publish ' etc- Dot c,a3alflcd as purchased scrap material. PRICES The total and average values reported by producers for lead and lgmentt anw zmc sa ts are iven in tlie tables in the first part ^ report. For most of the products covered thero was little av^ag0 Price3 received, as was to bo oxpected in view of the fact that there were no changes in average quoted prices as tb? tabJe *bat f1,ows- Producers' values are reported on n f. o. b. pl lant basis, 8s0o tt.hhaatt tthhee ssmmaa11ll vvaarriiaattiioonnss iinn tthheesspes vvaaliunenso cr.anTn, delivwv"nor ; -iangeS m the Proportions at the several points of ss sc4.were unch"Dg<id LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZIN Ranne of Quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigment Range of ^oMion^on^ the East), 1942-46, in cents p 1942 1043 Basle lead sulfate, or sublimed lead, less than carlots, barrels................................... - -- White lead, or basic lead carbonate, dry, carlots. Litharge, commercial, powdered, barrola............ Bed lead, dry, 95 percent or less, less tban car* lots, barrels................. -................ Orange mineral, American, small lots, barrels. Zinc oxide: . ... American process, lead-free, bags, carlots... American process, 5 to 35 percent load, bar* rels, carlots....................... .................. y -.............. French proocss, red soal, bags, carlots......... French process, green seal, bags, carlots.... ' French process, white soal, barrels, carlots.. Llthopono, ordinary, small lots, bags--------- Zlno sulfide, less than carlots, bags, barrow... Zlno chloride, works; Solution, tanks....................... .......... ......................... Fused, drums--. -- -................................ Zinc suW&to, crystals, barrels............................... 7.00- 7.76 7.60- 8.25 7.35- 9.00 8.75-10.00 11.25-12. 60 7.26 7.00- 7.38 8. 60 9.00 9.76 4. 60 8. 60- 8. 76 2.60 6.00- 6. 60 3.06- 4.60 7. 60- 7 8 8.00- 9 9.60-1 12.00-1 7.26- 8.60- 6.003.85- . Quotation wasreduoed toP-.P^Uo^o^TpU^ Drus Reporter, which added "worka, freight allowed, to tbo descriptio FOREIGN TRADE4 The total value of foreign trade in lead and z relatively high during the war as compared w ports cover small quantities only, and the expo Value of foreign trade of the United Stales in lead and 19^--45 1944 Imports Expo igmeots: bite lead...................... Red load.......................... Litharge.......................... Orange mineral............ Other lead pigments. $4 '"405' 'a 658 6,902 36 4 3 1,3 Zlnopigments: . i Zinc oxide.. Litbopone. ,;i Zlno sulfide. 1,261 '"*281 1,642 9 1,1 2,0 Lead and tine salts; l ,-Lead arsenate............. ---............................... ' Other lead compounds................................ 01 `Zlno chloride..................................................... Zlnosullate..............-............ ........................... Other tine salts and compounds........... . ; Grand total. 28,078 (>) 28.678 36,183 6 0) Tc|t fQurea0n^1m'por'ta and export, compiled by M. B. Price, of the B U. 8. Department of Commerce. 717872--47-------- 15 218 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 $3,000,000 annually since 1941. Lithopone and zinc oxide exports both exceed any lead class. The total value of lead pigments exported rose 2 percent in 1945, and that of zinc pigments exported gained 13 percent. The value of exports of lead and zinc salts has been in creasing and rose 49 percent in 1945. All of the foregoing foreign trade items are small compared with the totals for domestic trade Lead pigments and salts.--Imports of lead pigments and compounds continued to be insignificant in 1945. Tho principal items in the export classification are white lead, lithaige, red lead, and lead arsenate; the last product l an ked second in importance in 1945. AH of the principal items except red lead gained in 1945, and without exception all were considerably larger in 1945 than in 1939. Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1941-46 Year ' Short tons Basic car* bonato white lead Red lead Litharge Total value Lead com* pounds 1941................................................................................ 2 3 17 $15,367 1042................................................................................ 2 2 11 5,841 1043................................................................................ 41 3,349 1944................................................................................ (*) 1 5, 962 8 ( ) 7,635 i Includes also suboxldo of lead, n. a. p. f., as follows-- 1041: $11,604 (65,208 pounds): 1942; $3,221 (13,228 pounds): 1943: $2,283 (0,614 pounds): 1044: $5,558 (19,842 pounds): 1945: $5,997 (19,842 pounds). * Less than 1 ton. Lead pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1941-45 Year Short tons WhJto lead lied lend Litharge Orange Sublimed Lead mineral lead arscoato Total value 1941........................................ 1942........................................ 1943........................................ 1944........................................ 1045........................................ 2.001 2. 249 4, 692 3,052 4,079 2.9or, 1.391 1,635 2. 117 1,922 2.892 j, 009 1,010 2, 30) 2,612 o 7 7 13 3 o OS 71 82 53 4, 707 20G 1,627 2. 133 3,170 $2,100,335 1,030,472 1,814, 012 1,888,120 2,150,234 > Not complied on an annual basis before 1942. Zinc pigments and salts.--As in earlier years, zinc sulfate was the principal product in the import group, but only 421 tons of this salt entered the United States in 1945. Lithopone and zinc oxide rank first and second among the export products covered by the above heading. Exports of lithopone in 1945 were relatively unchanged from the reduced shipments for 1944, whereas those of zinc oxide rose 29 percent in 1945 and were the largest since 1941. The quan tities for the two products mentioned amounted to nearly 9 and 6 percent, respectively, of total domestic shipments. On a tonnage basis, the principal zinc salts exported are zinc chloride and zinc sulfate; the former doubled in 1945, whereas the latter declined 39 percent. Zinc salts were shown separately on an annual basis in 1942 lor the first time. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS Zinc pigments and'salts imported for consumpt Sho Year Zinc oxide Dry In oil Lith 1941. 1942 1943 1944 1945 122 13 10 8 < Less than 1 ton. Zinc pigments and salts > exported from i Zinc salts not separately tocordfdon an annual ^^'P^ Includes also--1942 SS"4Sf sulfide, $29,623 (78,387 pounds); c|ncch^rlde, $6L3M(76Li)i other tine salts and compounds, $22,087 (139,940 P nn chloride, $47,133 (711,963); sine sulfate,^`d73 476 PouSd Ip. 802 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 Canada.--According to the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, produc tion of platinum metals from the nickel-copper ores of the Sudbury district, plus a very small quantity from placers in British Columbia, Was 162,000 ounces of platinum and 155,600 ounces of other platinum- group metals in 1945, compared with 157,523 ounces of platinum and 42,929 ounces of other platinum-group metals in 1944. Production of platinum motals in 1945 was the second largest of record but 37 percent less than in the record year 1942. The figures on production represent the metals refined from Canadian concentrates at Acton, England, plus the platinum-metals contont of concentrates sold, rather than the metals contained in the concentrates actually recovered. The contribution made by Canada in supplying platinum metals during the 7 years 1939-45 is noteworthy. During this period the nickel-copper ores of the Sudbury district were the source of 1,206,032 ounces of platinum and 871,462 ounces of other platinum-group metals; these quantities were 38 and 15 percent, respectively, greater than supplied during the previous 19 years 1920-38--871,394 and 757,535 ounces, respectively. Sales of platinum metals by the International Nickel Co. of Canada, Ltd., were 381,741 ounces in 1945--a new peak--compared with 303,394 and 376,604 ounces, respectively, in 1944 and 1943. Colombia.--The South American Gold & Platinum Co. produced 20,346 ounces of crude platinum metals in 1945 (22,615 in 1944) and 52,464 ounces of crude gold (56,097 in 1944). Production of crude platinum bv other operators was 14,411 ounces in 1945. , Union of South Africa.--The Union of South Africa is the third' largest producer of platinum metals in the world and ranks first in production of osmiridium. Output of osmiridium, which is recovered from Rand gold ores, was first recorded in 1921 (510 ounces); it increased to 5,764 ounces in 1924 and thereafter has ranged from 5,000 to 7,000 ounces annually. ' In 1926, the initial production (10,545 ounces) of platinum metali was made from the platinum ores in the Transvaal, and by 1930 output had reached 55,342 ounces. As a result of a phenomenal drop in platinum price, the general industrial depression, and the relatively high costs of reducing these complex ores, operations wer suspended from April 1932 to July 1933; consequently, productio declined to 9,246 and 2,386 ounces, respectively, in 1932 and 1933` Meanwhile, the various companies had ceased operations until tip only survivor was the llustonburg Platinum Mines, Ltd. T*1 company resumed production in August 1933, and output average about 34,000 ounces annually during the 3 years 1934-36. Ther after, because of the approaching exhaustion of the oxidized ore, t\ company plant was enlarged and altered to treat sulfide ore. As consequence of this change and tho increased demand resulting fro World War II, output of platinum metals expanded markodly. T total production of platinum metals in the Waterberg, Lydcnbu Potgietersrust, and Rustenburg districts during the 20 years 1926-4 was about 889,700 ounces, of which' about 497,000 ounces (56 percen were produced during the 7 years 1939-45. Since 1931 the en`` output has come from the Rustenburg district. TITANIUM F.By Al l a n Ma t t h e w s a n d R. L Oenera) statement___ Domestic production. Foreign trade___ Stocks................... SUMMARY OUTLIN Pago 803 8'>3 805 807 Consumption Prices.............. Technology.. World produ , GENERAL STATEMEN iWA0U!pu-` of titanium concentrate jD8 ln ^45, placing the United States as t ftfh ?mestf yielded 11 percen ilf )mprtS' la,rgely fr,om India. had to 20 nLlpnoonsumption and for building up uHlo 1 Mpr? ^ titanium-pigmentu^de consumption declined one-third as SiMed ld We^d"g-rods for.ship and tank Ahedem^d0611^?101686 .ID,dome8tic out The remainder was impo m Australia, Brazil has become only a ne '* the National Lead Cot.h, ?itsUsnuitbesdidSiataryte, iS^STSrl00-'InC" ** Vn? thlhnrodh ,c.0lnPan,les Participated in |ing the production and sale of titanium .Sherman Antitrust Act. It was cxpec drd titanhfm the defendats to grant royalt !in^ rt dndf lf necssary> to m assetsto independent competing.comp ! : DOMESTIC PRODUCTION f,rI|n?nite 'n i945 rose 11 Perc Jputput of rutile increased 4 percent, both fe concentrate shipments in. 1945 range ^and rutile concentrate shipments from 93 Journal, Court Deere. Suatalu. Titanium 804 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1946 Production and mine shipments of titanium concentrates from domestic ores in the . United States, 1941-45 IJmonJto Rutile Year Produc tion (short tons) Shipments Gross weight (short tons) TIOj c o d tent (short tons) Value Produc tion (short tons) Shipments Gross weight (short tons) TiOi content (short tons) Value 1941.............................. J942.............................. 1943.............................. 1944.............................. 1946.............................. 23.207 77.208 203, 661 278.610 308.616 21.620 93,397 211, 716 280,791 308,618 9,030 41,328 94,283 128,095 141,862 2190,622 1,806,823 3, 738, 970 7.37J.279 7,369,170 3,130 2,648 3, 987 6,922 7,179 3,431 2, 649 3. 941 6,770 6,837 3, 102 2,466 3,639 6,312 6,414 $403, 782 410,956 610,879 1,088.112 869,020 Arkansas.--Titanium ore was not mined in Arkansas in 1945 The property of the Magnet Cove Rutile Co., Malvern, Hot Spring County, which ceased production in July 1944, was examined by the Bureau of Minos, and soveral chum-drill holes were put down. .Florida.--Rutile, ilmenite, and zircon were produced near Jackson ville. by Humphreys Gold Corp., operating under lease from Rutile Mining Co. and its parent company, Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co. Riz Mineral Co. mined rutile, ilmenite, and zircon from sands near Vero Beach and concentrated the product at its plant near Mel bourne. New York.--Production of ilmenite by the National Lead Co. at Tahawus, Essex County, increased 11 percent in 1945 compared with 1944. The geology of the deposit was described by Stephenson.1 Some operational details from two other recent reports are quoted belqw. The. National Lead Co. at Tahawus, N. Y.. operated throughout the vear mining approximately 2,000,000 long tons; of this about 1,300,000 was crushed to produce more than 1,000,000 long tons of mill feed. Ilmenite production amounted to about 220,000 long tons and magnetite production to about 400 000. A portion of the magnetite (108,069 long tons) was sintered for shipment to blast furnaces. Additional shovels and trucks were purchased to facilitate stripping operations in the open-cut mine. A pilot plant was installed in the mill to confirm laboratory flotation tests for the recovery of fine ilmenite heretofore lost in the plant tailing. As during 1944, the principal problem was one of manpower. It was necessary to resort to Barbados Islanders whose contract., howover, terminated at the end of the war. An agreement was then.made with immigration authori ties which permitted the hiring of Canadians. Without these measures it would have been impossible to keep in operation.* , Output in 1944 reached approximately 220,000 short tons. Plant enlargements completed during 1944 increased annual capacity to around 270,000 tons for 1945 flotation tests indicate that improved recovery and grade of ilmenite concen trates can be obtained by flotation methods as compared to table concentration and Wetherill magnetic cleaning of the tailing from the Crockett magnetic sepa rators.. An acid circuit enhances the selective action of the collector for the ilmen te- . '. . The success of the United States titaniferous magnetite mining now that the war has ended with Indian ilmenite returning to the competitive picture may depend greatly on ability to dispose of the magnetite concentrate produced in the amount of two tons for each ton of ilmenite concentrate. The magnetite concentrate is low in sulfur and practically free from phosphorus but carries nearly 10 percent T1O1 in New York ores. Tests indicate that blending with about four c-Tltsnlferous Maenotlto Dopoaita 0/ the Lake Sanford Area, New York- Am H,n- Technl-, vol 9, No. 1, January IMS, Tocb, rub. 1789, 25 pn Elnney, J. R., Eastern Magnetite; Min. and Met., vol. 27, No. 470, February J946, p. 86, * TITANIUM parts of nontitaniferous ores dilutes the titanium to effects result to smooth blast-furnace operation. dacks and elsowhere will be needed for some time to the pigment plants of Lhe United Slates a source of s ment it is likely that titanium ore from American a cost to compete with Indian ore.4 North Carolina.--The Yadkin Valley Ilm the Glidden Co., at Finley, Caldwell Coun tons of ilmenite (averaging 53 percent Ti0 14,908 tons in 1944. On January 22, 1946 servation and Development approved b with E. I. duPont de Nemours Co.. Inc., w pany to prospect for ilmenite in all sounds coastal area as far south as Cape Fear Rive Oregon.--Magnetometer surveys, made along the Oregon coast were published in magnetism, ana mineral content of the sand were made to work these deposits during chromite was shipped in 1943 (see Mine 629-630). However, due to the low grade o were considered unsuccessful; there was no . nium concentrates of commercial grade. Virginia.--American Rutile Corp., subsid Corp., produced rutile and ilmenite near R Ilmenite was produced at Piney River, Nel Chemical Division of American Cyanamid mine and mill property from Virginia Che The extent of the Piney River ore body 1944 by completing 44 drill holes to an aver June the Calco Chemical Division purcha N J plant of the Sherwin-Williams Co., f dioxide. FOREIGN TRADE Imports.--Principally as a result of incre concentrates, imports of ilmenite in 1945 w 1944 and equaled 73 percent of the 1939 entries were the' first since 1936. Imports o from Australia, were1 at the same' level in 1 rutile entries continued to decline. Tita Australia only in the form of mixed zirc trates, which are separated iDto their co International Titanium Corp. (subsidiary Corp. and Ventures, Ltd.), Carteret, N. J * Herres, Otto. Titanium--a Growing Industry: Min. and Met. Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. 147, No. 3, March 1946, Stephonson, E. L., Magnotomotor 8urveya of Black Sands of t ^^TweDhofefrw^H', Beach and Rivor Sands of the Coastal Reg Referenco to Black Sands: Am. Jour. Sci., voj. 224, No. 3, Febru PPi DAtfdson, D. M., Diamond-Drill Sludge Sampling and Appra Piney River, Virginia: Am. Inst. Min. ana Met. Eng. Min. Teo ^>I**Figures on^imports and exports (unless otherwise Indicated) co Minos, from records of tho U. S. Department of Commoroe. 1 1 806 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1945 burgh, Pa.; and Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Small quantities of forrotitanium have been imported occa sionally, but none since 1939. Titanium concentrates 1 imported for consumption in the United Slates, 1941--45, by countries, in snort tons Country of origin 1041 1942 1943 1944 1045 ILMXNJTE RUTILE 304 3,709 5,725 160.070 000 100. 840 3.843 170.080 $029.940 000 2.448 3, 114 3.177 0, 291 $300.170 236 1.2S7 4.640 1.105 7, 227 3.180 10, 407 $00,490 1.311 4,900 140 6, 423 4. 102 10,626 $623,917 390 06.437 8, 9C0 74,7H7 3.300 78. 093 $380,101 2.802 4.020 1.006 818 0,635 4,703 14,338 $823, 024 79 5. 611 32, 680 4,648 02,000 1,763 10,608 0,981 179, 093 9, 896 104. KK4 4, 004 108, 948 $690, 034 20H, 830 1,230 210,000 $1,217,317 1,890 1,069 134 3,699 0,320 10,019 $272,283 3, 070 234 3,304 7, 298 10,002 $98,170 ' Classified as "ore" by tlio U. 8. Department of Commerce. * All imports of titanium from Australia in 1941-46 wero in mixed ziroon-rutile-lbnenUc concentrates. Totals of mixed concentrates are derived by addition of the U. 8. Department of Commerce figures for im ports of ilmenite, rutile, and "zirconium ore" from Australia. These totals arc apportioned by tho Bureau of Mines (on the basis of surveys of importers) into tho three component minerals. The excess quantities of ilmenite and rutile over the quantities reported by the U. S. Department of Commerce in those speciflo categories are entered os "In 'zirconium oro.' " 1 Includes 309 tons not recovered from mixed concentrates. * Includes quantities reported by tho U. 8. Department of Commerce a? originating in French Equatorial Africa, from which no rutile production has been recorded. Exports.--Titanium products valued at 2.6 million dollars wero exported in 1945. Of the concentrates (probably mostly rutile) 74 percent went to Canada, 11 percent to Union of South Africa, and 8 percent to Belgium. Of the pigments, 83 percent went to Canada and 14 percent to Latin America (mainly Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, and Argentina). Most of the other compounds and ferro-alloys likewise reached the Canadian market. Exports of titanium products from the United States, 1941-45, by classes Year Concentrates Short tons Value Ferro-alloys 1 Short tons Value Dioxide and pig ments Short tons Value Totrachlorldo and other compounds Short tons Value 1941.............................. *432 * $70,013 1942.............................. 018 117,880 1043.............................. 676 103,947 1944.............................. . 291 51,828 1945 ............................ 609 121,961 * ISO 422 700 793 744 * $36.087 00,938 117,402 127,145 122,887 >1ncludes metal and nonferrous alloys, 1941-44. Data cover last 0 months only. ' Data cover last 4 mouths only. 7.821 8,870 9,706 10,925 12| 824 $1,009,071 1,707,433 1,830,344 1,851,467 2,3)5, 662 * 17 1 $5. 702 24 13,660 728 442,691 375 216,096 76 40,718 TITANIU STOCKS . Ilmenite and rutile stocks inci eased during 1945. ; Stocks of titanium concentrates in the United S tons, 1944 Stocks Ilmenito Hutiio ' Gross weight Esti mated TlOi content Gross weight E m T co ! gass 1 Mine................................ Distributors *............ .. Consumers.................... 1,672 , 722 4, 642 2,310 161.672 72,814 Total stocks... 167,686 76,852 7,004 * Includes ilmnnlto and rutile contont of mixed zirconiu CONSUMPTION ,_ Consumption of ilmenite advanced with 1944 and would have shown grea of pigment-manufacturing facilities sumption for pigments was 98 perc remainder going into alloys and cem consumption declined one-third, was coatings (80 percent) and alloys and Consumption of ilmenite and rutile in the U short ton Product '1944 1946 > "Pigments" Include all manufactured titanium dioxide wan 3,000 ton* In 1044 and 2,268 tons In 1946. * Consists of Uincnilo usou as o stool flux and rutile used i 810 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1046 World production of titanium concentrates (ilmenite and rutile), 1938-46, by coun tries, in metric tons (Compiled by Jl. 11. Waldhnucrl Country 1038 1030 1040 1041 1942 1043 1044 1046 1LUXNJTX Australia: New South Woles.................................. 330 Brazil (exports)........................................... 166 Canada............................................................ 188 90 Federated Malay States (exports)... 6, 462 India, British......................................... .. 256,268 Norway........................................................... 49,181 Senegal *.......................................................... 8,436 Unitod States............................................... RUTILE Australia: New South Wales.................................. <<) 457 South Australia....................................... Brazil (exports)........................................... Camcroun, French (oxports)................. Norway........................................................... South-West Africa..................................... United States............................................... 8 377 118 124 0) 683 10 3,361 11.098 o) 56,027 602 4,268 13,247 1,638 12 4,114 465 2, 606 267,370 (0 809 7,082 18,760 3, 621 268 4,471 11,477 0) 131,111 61,086 708 1,000 71 21,136 716 2 480 160 166 0) 1,641 2 499 603 166 2,620 3,549 267 <) . 2,369 1,309 172 (0 2,839 3,661 037 6. 100 a 691 (0 49,977 60,713 4,840 70,042 3, BIS ),D02 62,002 (0 38,041 0) 121 730 178 184,067 3, 600 3, 007 3, 260 30,820 0 (') (0 0) 0) 648 252,749 4.496 ], 007 (>> 4,615 2,163 77 () 2,402 4,828 1,656 ( ) 4, 567 2,760 no 3,017 4,597 4,246 0) 1,664 2, 002 (0 (0 0, 279 Si 6,000 12,071 9 (*) (l) <> 301 (0 (') 279, 880 (0 (l> 0 160 (') 0) 0) 0,613 * Data not available. * Includes 26 tons of garnct-llmcnlte. 1 Approximately 20 percent of Umcnilo concentrates Is zircon. 4 Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. 1 In addition, 98 tons of zlrcon-rutilo-llmcnlto concentrates were produced in 1038. < Less than 1 ton. are hoped to result in an output of 3,500 tons of ilmenite and increased quantities of rutile in 1946.17 Canada.--Canadian Titanium Pigments, Ltd., of Montreal is re ported to be planning construction of a plant at Cap de la Madeleine, Quebec, estimated to cost $7,000,000.18 India.--The two leading ilmenite producers interrupted their opera tions in 1945; TravancoreMinerals Co., Ltd., ceased operations about the middle of the year, and Hopkins & Williams (Travancore), Ltd., shut down its plant temporarily after expiration of its mining lease September 6.18 United Kingdom.--British Titan Products Co., Ltd., pigment manufacturer at Billingham-on-Tees, England, has tripled its nominal capital to 1,125,000.20 Indian ilmenite, 52-54 percent Ti02, was quoted by Metal Bulletin at about 30s. per long ton, f. a. s., during 1945. Official, prices for rutile, f. o. b. consumers' works, remained fixed throughout the year at 45-50 a long ton for Australian con centrates, 42-5G for Indian concentrates, and 54-60 for Cameroun concentrates. Ferrotitanium cost 100 a long ton for the 2- to 3-percent-carbon grade (20 to 25 percent Ti) and Is. 3J(d. per pound for the carbon-froo grade. 17 Chemical Ago (London), vol. 54, No. 1301, February 23, 1046, p. 220. " Canadian Cnomistry and Processing Industries, vol. 30, No. 1, January 1010, p, 00, * Bureau of Mines, Mlnoral Trade Notes: Vol. 22, No. l, February 20, 1046 p. 21. Abrahamson, G., Titan Raises Capital: Chcm. and Eng. News, vol. 24, No..6, March .10, 1040, p. 607. MINOR META By C. E. Niq h SUMMARY OUT Introduction............................................... -.................. Barium and strontium................................................ liorylllunj.......................................................................... Boron................................................................................... Calcium.............................................................................. Coluinblum andtantalum.......................................... Pago 811 813 813 817 818 819 Gallium Indium Seleniu Thalliu Uraniu Zircon INTRODUCTI Literally and figuratively bringing wo detonation of so-called atomic bombs o shima and on August 8 over Nagasaki, Japan sought peace terms and on Sept conditional surrender that brought Wo dramatically was revealed the first grea of an extraordinary aggregation of the w :and of an army of technicians and skille planned, constructed, and operated the explosive elements. At a cost of over 2 produced a minute quantity--probably Eounds--of materials, the explosive po eyond conception,. The materials, not isotope of uranium, U236, and the hithert in particular the relatively stable isotope or derived from ordinary uranium whi than one and a half centuries ago, had quantity produced or value, only a mino front rank if not supreme among the me The atomic bomb, a practical appl science, proved to be the most revolut developed, and the means and methods o neering triumph.3 In the space availabl the more important scientific developmen of radio-activity at the turn of this cen velopment of modern concepts of the fantastic possibilities of destruction tha of Einstein.'s equation of the equivalenc results of what early in 1939 was corre fission directed attention to the military enon in view of the increasing certai impended. At the instance of a group of milita 1 Figures on Imports and exports (unless otherwise Indicate Mines, from records of the U. 8. Department of Commerce. 4 The first tost bomb was exploded July 10, 1946, on tho pr * Much of the discussion In tnis chapter Is based on what Is g approved document by f. D. Smyth entitled "A Oenoral using Atomic Energy for Military Purposes Under tho Auspice This document first appeared In a limited mimeographed W xnontators after 9 p. m. August 11. 1945, and for the morning subsequently In printed coitions by Princeton University an approved popular account by William L. Laurence appoarod by that newspaper in a 40-pago pamphlot entitlod "The Sto donsatlonsof tho Smyth roport appeared In all leading technica a few months after the original rolease dato. Release of add study by a special War Department Declassification Commit