Document aBjyE4No2qwGJwOn8E0x0MbVy

.OLOCV [tW. 2S, iw. I - "'* *ed no sigTrinrant or NOTICE: THIS MATERIAL MAY BE PRO TECTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW (PIS4-553) OF THE U.S. CODE. :u_ - e: exposed dogs and : lonnsiicies. The results "unction did not indicate A HEALTH SURVEY OF PIPE COVERING OPERATIONS IN CONSTRUCTING NAVAL VESSELS* Waiisr E. Fleischer,1 Fsuspemck J. Voxs, Jin* Rostsi L. Gade* and Pam? Uwxsza4 the concentration of. x ,lood cl exposed rabbiu [ AN INDUSTRIAL health inspection of as important U. S. Navy Contract Yard i ut. tat exposed rats, mice and iadiated that dustiness from miscellaneous pipe covering operations was considerable and that $ jJ stance in the urine which red color when the urine a few of the employees had what appeased to be asbestesis. This is a well-known industrial disease ivingv caused by only one thing--prolonged breathing of felt and pipe covering in naval work are its low thermal conductivity, light weight, strength, and refractoriness. When the felt and pipe covering were fint developed, we were scul building vessels under the Washington Treaty of Limitations in Tonnage, aad every pound saved meant that much more armor, guns or ammunition for a given nr SCSUrXTS t asbestos dust. The *ikuei manifestations are displacement, to say nothing of more economic shortness of breath and an unusual chest picture 3 ur. Charles SeegmiUer for by X*ray. In industry the disease is often dis rision distillation of samples abling, but it is much less frequent than silicosis, d r determining the indices with which it very properly is dined. : -elyn Peake and Mrs. It was sot felt that experience in a single pud sted with the experiments. was enough to justify any general statements on ar~'rd out studies of pigment working conditions in other yards, and certainly 1 rcls, as indicated above. was no rause for alarm, but the results warranted operation for the weight involved in insulation. Amosite pipe covering weighs about 14 pouecs per cubic foot, with a temperature limit of 730*F. as esmpared to magnesia, with a weight of 16 pounds per cubic foot, and a temperature limit of 500* F. High temperature amosite pipe coverisg weighs about 18 pounds per cubic foot as compared to 26 pounds per eubic foot for other high temper cheek-ups elsewhere. Accordingly, arrangements ature insulations. Because of the lower con were made to examine by chest X-ray the pipe ductivity aad the higher temperature limit of v modification of Peris'* coverers in two Government Navy Yards, A and the arassite type, leas of it need be used in a com cr~sidcrin a tissues. Area. B, and in two Navy Contract Yards, C and D. bination covering than other types of insulations. I** *\ Laminations were made of the working conditions 0 uw. L. L.: Supenatur- including dust counts of the air breathed with 1 cs in dilute isopropanol microscopic and chemical analysis of the dust ou vl acute fatty degeneration itself. Ilerahcimer technique. Arch. Vh 3e Tnination of volatile halo* We would point out that this procedure is customary in making such surveys of occupational arocs* in blood. TxiS J., 2S: diseases--medial examination of the workers The development of amosite felt started is 2954 when a need existed to secure a thermal insulation lighter in weight aad thermally more efficient than the materials (blocks and cement or asbestos blankets) which were then being used on destroyer turbines. The Navy approved the type developed by a manufacturer in September, and a study of the nature and concentration of 1934. Originally amosite was used only lor ki -- tk obvdologicai the contaminants in the air .breathed. turbine insulation, but it proved so satisfactory iorethylene. T* Par Covcasrc Matzxux. .. IUclxax, D. C arm Crs4 An important ingredient of pipe covering that its field of application enlarged to isciude insulation of valves, fittings, fiangss, etc From the initial destroyer, it has been used on almost < ""* hxkuI wiII.S. N.vy wm* is smoritt sc" ride c, :a. ud trichlotetbylene.. This mineral is a magnesium iron silicate of variable composition. The name is the generic all the destroyers built sinee tbit time and on all other combat vessels bud: since before the War. N c P. A. Praacr, T. U one for an asbestos type of fibrous mineral mined Pipe covering was a later development in. late 11 Arm Poarxamtn, V. T. ia South Africa. 1955 and early 1956. Due to the manufacturing of l.^dicRloroc_th_a__e_e_(_e_thy__le_n_e! The chief reasons for the wide use of amosite problems involved, it took a longer time to evolve ".2. Its acute toacty and the! . . , .,, ^ _ .. .... into a satisfactory shape, aad its first use on aavai -*w tJ* oPsh.a-rmb*acojLl. i4L. fttbEBxehceodvebdy pfeorrmpisvsbiofnieoitiiothae US.eSpt.eNm*oveyr. 2T1b. eo19p4in3.- vessels was in 2937. Since that time its use has ` > IW. (tons sad assertions coetaiaed herda are the privatecues t*nt, H. Fn Ijl, Axa Caw^'TO.1 of titwriter*. and arenot to be construed as official oe ;rsn^- toseity of orboa tetri- re^*cueg the views of tbe Navy Department or the it 5sam and field studies^ U?NR. Asst. Chief Health Consultant L 736* * Lieut H(S)CSXR. Health Coaioltaru. V,*. The halo;esxted hydro* *Leun H(S) USNR, Health Consultant. te-'-sty and potential dancer? . * Chief Health Consultant, U. S. Maritime Coasi*- W, J37- l**- spread markedly and it was used on the great majority of naval combat vessels built curing World War H. Water-repellent amosite felt was developed during the early pan oi 1942, as a replacement for hair felt in the insulation of cold water lines to prevent sweating. Hair felt had the disad- yv r. t 10 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY \*ol. 22, .t ; 1 vantage of being combustible and as it was organic, is marked into measured sections and cut with For protect:/ when it became wet it moulded or rotted and a rotary electric hand saw. The cut sections are hr insulation c could harbor vermin. At this tune fires on rolled up and either used immediately or stacked with cement e board certain naval vessels convinced the Navy in the storeroom. asbestos fibers, of the desirability of eliminating any combustible Usually one to three workers are employed at of water is add* material from on board ship. .Eventually water* this operation. During the handling, unwrapping thoroughly agi: repellent amosite was made in strips of 20 foot and unrolling of the asbestos, considerable dust small amounts < lengths and of suitable width to enclose the arises, but appears to settle readily. A very fine a pail with a tre drcumferenee of the pipe and enclosed in an water spray should be used for wetting down the when the ashes extremely light-weight muslin to facilitate hand material aa a high velocity spray stirs up dust. ssiring trough - ling and reduce the dust, which the water-re Once it is wetted the handling and cutting of the mixing. Ordinx pellent agent accentuated material causes little visible dust. All of the eparate room a L Dxscutroh or Otburohs arm Woxsnc Estvolonuent (our yards surveyed wet down the The dustiness oi material described above. of exhaust vent * Ooe NavyYard has an elaborate exhaust system or both, aithoug Asbestesir results from breathing asbestos for the layout table. The entire top of this table Petrographic fibers of relatively long .length, such as IS to 75 is covered with small perforations through whim diate that the migons. It is not caused by breathing chopped the air is exhausted. This table is sufficiently stay be as high a up asbestos fibers of ooe or two mioons (1). large that no more than two-thirds of the top a 5. ifaiding Therefore we are concerned with the presence is ever covered with material and room air is thereby Molding is the air of asbestos fibers which can be sees as such exhausted through the other third. \Vh3e no lion to fit odd sc: under low power of the ordinary microscope. velocity or expaety measurements were made form is made to The clinical picture of asbestosis an easily on this system, data presented later in the report insulated. Block be complicated by the presence of diatomaeeous indicate that this control measure had a marked sections glued *.t earth, a form of amorphous silica, which os effect in reducing the dust count. with asbestos car ause sSicosis and is probably a more serious 2. Rond sew cutting with asbestos : health risk than asbestosis. A standard band saw such, as is found is wood Insulation ecs he Another dust which may be present is magnesia, working shops is used to cut insulation blocks and to be Lnstailed f MgO, which is in very common use as a hat beards Into desired shapes. This operatioe usually cone In' insulator and Is harmless. produces large amounts of air-borne dust, most openriea. Very Therefore our analyses were done to indiate. of which settles slowly. Normally there is only operation and so how much fibrous type of asbestos dun was one worker on this operation at any one time. protection is rec: present in the air breathed, how much silica was Inasmuch as this is a very dusty operation, 6. Grinding present (especially as diatomaeeous earth), and how much of the harmless ingredients like iron oxide and carbonates Pipe covering may be divided into seven different operations as follows: 1. laying out end cutting 2. Send tS9 tuning 3. Seeing end preparation of boetr end jackets 4. Cement mixing 5. Melding 6. Grinding 7. fnttatletion en beard dip1 1. Laying out and tuning Rolls of the insulating felt are unwrapped and the band saw should he enclosed in a room hr Several shipyat itself and should be equipped with adequate load prefabricated sec exhaust ventilation both above and below the uo this material saw table. Because of the mechanical difficulties cement, all of in looting this exhaust properly, some of the dustiness. Nors dust will escape into the air and the operator should emen! intervals ; therefore wear an approved dust respirator. exposed, but the 3. Seeing and preparation a/ beets ettd jade: fiT.erol room ei* In this operation jacket eovers for valves aae leipirator worn b pipe joints are fabricated. The work consists * t. /rjtcilerion cutting asbestos doth with shears, padding tb< There are a a-, jackets with insulating material, and sewing will covering oa wist or asbestos cord. These operations giv* wrapped and pot rise to only slight amounts of visible dust, anc and Joints ana :: exhaust ventilation and respirator/ protection or asbestos crd. unrolled on a large layout table or on the floor are neither required nor used. There is usual!.' *th prefabrtex: of the shop. This material, with the exception a large number of workers doing this operatio: *me hand sew: of the type known as water repellent amosite, is tn one large room. mixed cement :s then well wetted with a fine water spray. It 4. Cement mixing a smoother finis. CCOIiOGT [tel. 21, M. I U*. JWd] PIPE COVERING OPERATION'S 11 "*d sections and cut with For protection and to give a neat appearance j. The cut'seetions ate | the insulation on board ship is usually covered er used immediately or stacked ] with cement containing a high percentage of asbestos fibers. In mixing, the proper amount i_re workers are employed at I of water is added to the dry asbestos cement and taring the handling, unwrapping j thoroughly agitated with a hoe. Occasionally i asbestos, considerable dust j a settle readily. A very fine } jj be used for wetting down the j & vdocsty spray stirs up dust, j r : handling and cutting of the ! It_e visible dust. All of the j small amounts of asbestos cement are mixed in a pail with a trowel. Considerable dust is raised when the asbestos ament is dumped into the mixing trough and during the early stages of mixing. Ordinarily this process b done in a separate room and only one operator b exposed. eyed wet down the insulating ' The dustiness of this operation warrants the use d bove. : of exhaust ventilation er respiratory prot.-tiaa 1 a as elaborate exhaust system er both, although neither b generally used. ble. The entire top of this able j Petrographic analyses of asbestos cement m- enall perforations through which j diate that the amount of diatomaceous earth i. This table b sufficiently j oav be as high as 87 per cent by count. o;. than two*thirds of the top b ( 5. Moving h material and room air b thereby Molding b the process of building up the insula* ig' the other third. While no tton to fit odd shapes of bofterwork and piping. A a y measurements were made fora b made to the exact shape ol the part to be data presented later in the report insulated. Block insulation b laid on, adjoining b control measure had a marked sections glued together, exposed surfaces sealed :g se dust eouatl u. tg and saw such as b found in wood* to cut insulation blocks and with asbestos cement and the whole mold coveted with asbestos doth. When dry, the molded insulation an be lifted off the fora and b ready to be installed eo board ship. This opeation b . shapes. Thb operation usually done in the shop next to the sewing amounts of air-borne dust, most operation. Very little dust b produced from this s slowly. Normally there b only operation and no special ventilation or respiratory it operation at any one time, protection b required. i is is a very dusty operation, 6. Grinding s_h__o_uld be enclosed in a room by Several shipyards redatm their soap pieces of id * t equipped with adequate loolj prefabriated sections of insulation by grinding At n both above and below thej op this material and,using it In the asbestos rouse at the mechasial difficulties cement, all of which contributes considerable is exhaust properly, some of the dustiness. Normally this job b done at infre* e i o the air and the operator should quent mtervab and only one or two men are r approved dust respirator exposed, but the operation should be isolated, ad preparation of boots and jocJteit general room exhaust supplied and an approved ra.-'-'n jacket covers for valves and) respirator worn by the operator. aricated. The work eonsbts off 7. Installation of pips covering on board skip to. doth with shears, padding tbcj There are a number of operations involved in nsulatisg material, and sewing with! pipe covering on board ship. Insulation fdt b oi cord. These operations fivq wrapped and pounded tightly around large pipes sl: t amounts of visible dust, ancj ud joints and fastened firmly in place with wire Nation and respiratory protection 0P asbestos cord. Pipes and boilers are covered e--'red nor used. There is usually, with prefabrimted sections, which necessitates af workers doing this operation some hand sewing to fit the sections. Beady row<o. mixed cement b applied to fill in spaees and give miring a smoother finish. Some insulation b wrapped with glass doth or asbestos doth (or greater strength. The only operations that produce muds dust are the wrapping and pounding of amosite and the sewing of sections. Nearly all of the compartments on board ship arc involved In thb work, although most of it is concentrated in the machinery spaces. Usually the greater number of pipe coverers work on board ship and relatively few men in the shop. Tne <pag of workers ranges from one or two men doing a small job in a living space to as many as twenty or thirty men working on ten or more jobs in the engine room. Temporary exhaust ventilation b seldom used on board ship lor pipe covering and very few of the workers wear respir. atort Bemuse of the varied nature of pipe covering operations in ship compartments, general exhaust ventilation b to be preferred. If the compartment b large, sueh as the main engine room, five air changes per hour are needed. In small com* pertinents, such as living spaces, ten to fifteen air changes per hour are required. IL Coioosmos or Mattxials Uszd According to Navy Specification the rovings of asbestos insulating felt (amosite) shall contain not less than 95 per cent asbestos fiber of the following composition: EEm (SlOO peretatmininum............................... 47.5 Xreaoxide(FeiOt}perccntmasmuB.................... 45.0 Magnesium oride (MgO) percent minimum.......... 6.0 Typical analysis of the two types of asbestos fibers in general use ate tabulated below: Ciiy Am*tits SEeafSO,).......................... 59.05%................50.24% Magnesia (MgO)................. 40.07%.............. 5.96% Alumina (AJtOi).................. 5.67%............................ Feme oade (Fe-Oi).............\ , ............. 7.S0% Ferrous oxide (FeO)............/ ............. 52.00% Sodium oxide (N*iO)....................................... 2.12% 'Combinedwater(NtO)....... 14.48%.............. 5.C0% Therefore amosite alone will not comply with Navy Specifications because of the low magnesia content and must be mixed with chrysotile asbestos to equal or exceed the 6.0 per cent mini mum value for magnesia. On the other hand, chrysotile cannot be used alone because of its silica content which b below the minimum 47.5 per cent specified by the Navy. The r.vo types t 12 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYCIENS AND TOXICOLOGY ' (/. 2S, w. / Jea. J94S] ef asbestos fibers must be mixed together in the proper proportions to satisfy the values set for Twagwxi* and *3ict The asouats of these materials used to (orb this mixture therefore would be 6-43 per cent ehrysotHe asbestos and 94*57 per cent amosite asbestos. These two fibers differ mainly in their physical eharacteristio. ChrysotSe is capable of being readily separated into very fine fibers with a soft silky feel, whereas amosite is harsher and requires more manipulation to fiberize it. One authority has stated that the chrysotHe has the finest in* dividual fibers, and amosite the coarsest. Be- i aad sewing were done with a small amount of mixing were cose at space (or storage. Cross draft ventilation wat fttpirators were cer provided by open windows on both sides of the procedures. At the room. fabrication of boot: Work on board ship was not supplied wig carried out. A smL exhaust ventilation. was done oa board it No asbestos workers were found wearing res. Material was rut * pirnorn room and the open CT. S. Xatj Yard S. respirator. Tne dus: There were 50 mea working in the shop aao TOO 'through a slot under men oa board ship. The shop was divided into a part of the dust gi four main rooms: Layout, Sewing, Cement, and There was no exh Storage and Bead saw combined. With thr other than for the TABLE 2 Sctouxy or Marsauis Usxs at La Yaxs m Moms pipe covering opera::: nails and rafters of frequent intervals - AVTTA14 UTTTiU 1 eotmusTiUc MMUCTTUI* deaner. Most pipe applied in the even Amosite Amosite (water-rep*Uent) Prefabricated sections (melded aad block) 58.200 sq. ft. -- 50.000 sq.ft. 25,000 sq. ft 500 sq. ft. 1,200 sq.ft 59,900 Bnear ft 113.000 linear ft 40,000 sq. ft '-- 1,750 sq.ft 18.500 Oscar ft 6,325 sq. ft 5.500 sq.ft 15.700 linear ft Contract Yard D. There were 8 ee: working on board sn were done ia two sh and jackets for pipe fabricated and surp Asbestos doth 76,500 sq.ft. 106,600 sq.ft 54,700 sq.ft 40.000 sq. ft smaller shop the ot and cutting of amt Metaffic tsrise Asbestos yarn -- 1501b. -- -- and fire felt. The:: in either shop nor fc on board ship. All f Asbestos paper Asbestos board -- 2,700 linear ft. 5,500 sq.ft 6.000 sq.ft 4,000 sq. ft 150 sq.ft 5,500 sq.ft -- in a compartment on who wore an appre man who cut the t Asbestos cemeat 54.4001b. 15,0001b. 57,5001b. 58,500 lb. was no band saw cu IV. Akaiysss or suse of this difference we may suspect a decided deaease in the number of respirable fibers (below 200 mieons in length and 5 microns la diameter) wheneveramosite is used in preference to ehrysotile asbestos UL ?JJT Covnixc Yacbjres as Imsivzbpax. SSTYASDS U.S. .Very Yard A. There were S4 mea working ia the shop aad 457 aea oa board ship. The shop was divided into two rooms, one of which was primarily for storage and occasional grinding aad band saw cutting operations. The only mechanical exhaust ventilation ia the shop was provided for the grind ing, mixing and band saw cutting operations and was inadequate. In the other room layout, cutting exception of the Cement Room, the doors berwesr these were normally left open. The work ia the Sewing Room consisted most) of fabricating and sewing valve boots and jacket1 AH the cement used on board ship was mixed i the Cemeat Room. There was ao exhaust ve tilation for either the Sewing or Cemeat Roos The baad saw was equipped with a flexible exbaetube above the table and an exhaust around ti blade below the saw table. The layout tib` was equipped with exhaust ventilation as deseibr above. There was ao exhaust ventilation suppl* oa beard ship for pipe covering and ao workr were found wearing respirators. Centred Yard C. - There were 51 mea working la the shop and U oa board -ship. Layout, cutting and eemc C There are no esta' or safe dustiness ; Drctsscn et aL (2) i the asbestos textile Wftidcs of total du fr that industry*, that the asbestos te ~'Z industries diner in textile plants nweifie jobs with ivf some years, w: rotate between shot (*'# ship compart *a `lt exposure. In contrast to f"vercr*s materials ?C.Y MA PIPE COVERING OPERATIONS 13 a small amount of> mixing were done at one end of the shop. Dust s drait ventilation vu respirators were occasionally worn during these rs oo both sties of the: \ p was sot supplied with! ; /ere found wearing res*! procedures. At the other end of the shop the fabrication of boots, jackets and molds were carried out. A small amount of such fabrication was done on board ship. Material was cut with a band saw in a separate room and the operator wore an approved dust respirator. The dust from this saw was exhausted cm* in the shop and TOO) through a slot under the table which aught only tae shep was divided mtoi a part of the dust given off above the table. out, Sewing, Cement, and! There was no exhaust ventilation in the shop, a combined. With &e -other than for the band saw, and none for the pipe covering operations on board ship. AQ doors, walls and rafters of the shop were deaned at : t IW( flWTUWTAUt frequent Intervals with as industrial vacuum deaner. Most pipe covering on board ship was applied in the evening during the second shift. {'*- 6,325 sq. ft. C*nira& Yard D. There were 8 men is the shop and 160 men 3,300 sq. ft- working on board ship. Pipe covering operations were dorm In two shops. In the main one, boots t3 -ft. and jackets for pipe valves and connections were 15.700 Caear ft. fabriexted and surplus material stored. *Ia the l-fu 40,000 sq. ft. smaller shop the operations consisted of layout and cutting of amosite, water repellent amoslte and fire felt. There was ao exhaust ventilation - -- In cither shop nor for the pipe covering operation on board ship. All the asbestos cement was mixed t. - 5,500 sq. ft. in a compartment on board ship. The only worker who wore an approved dust respirator was the ri . -- man who cut the two types of amosite. There was no band saw cutting of asbestos in this yard. X | 38,SCO Qa IV. Asuirsss or Srmxs 'Dost asm Dust Corots at Room, the doors between ft pen. ri. ,, Room consisted mostly in* valve boots sad jackets m sard ship was mixed ii r. re was ao exhaust ves - bewing or Cement Room There are no established figures for permissible or safe dustiness in pipe covering operations. Dreessea et aL (2) in their study of asbestosis la the asbestos textile industry suggested S rnSUon particles of total dust by impmger as a threshold lor that industry. 3J^kgilfaUfiiU&J22L23J Ipped with a fiexlole exhaus jgyndustries^igerwjceivuwnej^us^jgjjiiBi at aa exhaust arousd th * fate. The layout tab! spegficjobt^vtU^aSyMnstaot dust exposures aust ventilation as desefbe iOSm55^5aS5ngr3S??>^no^^5vere^may c-v last ventilation suppUe rotatebettreejwhop^anrSuijSJ^gSLSSSS* w aveting and ao worke: lagg^shia_comp.artmeats with a wide variation -patera. j^jjj^xgosuje^. iTt3e_worke^_the_ning. m* eiftg in the shop and 12 ** ' cutting and eatat: covererismatenxlsdiffejjjj^sijJiJl^ilSiW^* bestos motentjjanginrfram 85 v* ^Q^t^jbesjj^eemen^jgsfitiinlxTCS^mou^ pf rfiatamaceous earth there :s a resultant siiicpiis fcaaagj^jjnejgtec^boye. In^gnejal^w^gj^Jia^lus^aiifiSa^SlSS^ rnilliflmigides per cubic foot by Koniaetcr inrilnrr s^riJust-ControL _ ~ Our figures in Table 2 were determined by the Konimeter and not with the impinge? instrument. We used the Xonimeter bemuse it is light, easily portable and takes records which on be kept indefinitely. As is indicated in Table 3. the dustiest operations are band saw cutting, cement muring, and installation on board ship. V. Mzsical Ferawcs The mddence of asbestosis among pipe eoverers as determined by chest X-ray is given in Table 4. The relation between yean of exposure and per eent asbestosis is included in Table 5. Due to frequent turnover of shipyard workers and the length of time required to X-ray a large number of workers, the number X-rayed may not equal the number of pipe eoverers. At Contract Yard CX-rays were eamined of men who had lest the yard while at Navy Yard B a few pipe eoverers were not X-rayed. At Navy Yard A the 48 X-rayed out of 551 were all older men working m the shop. Some of these pipe eoverers had had pre-shipyard experience in the asbestos industry, but the tables are based solely on shipyard exposure. At Contract Yard C, for example, the Asbestos Shop estimated that about one-third of their pipe eoverers had worked with asbestos before coming to the yard. The one ase of advanced asbestosis at Contract Yard C bad worked in the asbestos industry for 23 years before earning to work in the yard. At Contract Yard D the two ases of moderate asbestosis had worked 22 years and 30 yean at pipe covering in their yard. All of the X-ray films used in the above data were fin: read by roentgenologists of the Medial Department of the yard and then by one of the authors (W E. F.). Dr. W. C Dreessea, V. S. F. H. Sn was kind enough to examine the three positive plates and he agreed on the diagnosis. Since only three workers out of the 1074 X-rayed had asbestosis, and each of the three bad been a pipe eoverer for more than 20 years, it would TABLE J Axxvtitx or Stmxs Dost ax& Ax* Sauk!** ]*. 1 (RUTNS ns XWT Ull TWAX IS I ea* ar mmrr *g ^ntmms*e mmscf1c I! ^s *sa IV u * J 1 5? j- %s 5- 11 ff i S * :i!45 Km 8 i H atr <*m AffrCF)* T*ul 4wt ju(MtIUel Am. n iUttmiHT tu(M(titt{ Am* mow unnti (nmi Lavout aod cutting Kavy Yard A..................... Navy Yard B............... Costract Yard C................ Contract Yard D......... . 95 98 95 95 16 6 12 6 20 8 22 tr 50 5 10 tr 26 6 8 tr 24 26 10 2 3.5- 8.7 6.1 0.21-0.5010.55 5.7- 6.0 40 28 22 t 2.6- 6.5 4.210.02-0.54;0.23 0.6- 7.9 26 14 15 4 17.1- 25.2 20.511.13-4.30,2.18 6.6-19.5 29 21 10 5 6.5- 16.5 10.9j0.09-l.16 0.63 1.4- 8.7 Co* Layout *nd cutting... Iiafid w cutticg....... $o*ing sad fAbr.ciuet Cement aiu|............ Grinding................... Gcocral roes............ Cutting with band saw Navy Yard A.................. Kavy Yard B 98 Contract Yard C................ 98 2 tl.O- 19.2 15.12). 10-4.140.1210.7- 0.9 9 7 8 tr 48 161 12 2 52.4- 46.6139.5 2.8- 3.2 3.0 6.5- 8.7 9 63 2 tr 10 4 12 3 18.2-1004- 73+ .9-12.8 6.19 4.3-12.S Shop avenge......... SUp avenge.......... .Y*e MPPC? - 31otd>og operations 98 Ceatnet Yard S................ 95 8 66 3 tr 7 6 10 4 9 7 tr 48 10 12 Incbcxs or .Use. Setrisg ft prep, of boots ft jackets Kavy Yard A................. . Kavy Yard 3 (Seviag as- bates cloth) 98 (Stufing with aaodte)... 98 Contract Yard C................ 95 Ceatnet Yard ................ 98 Storeroom Ceatnet Yard 9................ 95 12 tr 9 tr 8 8 11 tr 26 6 11 3 6 6 8 tr 25 8 7 tr .. 2 3.5- 6.1 4.6 .01- .06 0.03 0.3 -1.0 to.42 21 16 3 3.5- 6.0 6.8 0.0- 9.4 5.1 0. -6.4 38 20 15 2 2.2- 2.2 0. 0.3 22 12 14 2 10.6- 12.3 11.4 .45- .79 .621b.7 -7.4 58 28 24 5 3.9- 10.9 6.0 0. - .05 .03 10. -0.5 26 32 12 jNavy Yard A...... Navy Yard B.......... Cuitnei Yard C... I Ceatnet Yard D., Totals. Cement mixing Kavy Yard A...................... Kavy Yard B............. Contract Yard C............. .. Ceatnet Yard (oa beard 16 5.4- 30+ 31+ O. -0.52 0.2 0. - 0.7 2 67. -100+ 84+ 1.6 -1.7 1.7 1.4- 2.5 2 33.8- 48.7 41.3 1.6 -4.7 3.1 4.7-10.0 keuno.vjer 3rrv Inol 5 19.6- 40.0 32 0. - .02 .01 0. - .00 Crinding soap materials Kavy Yard A................ 88 Central room Kavy Yard A..................... Contract Yard C................. Contract Yard ................ Aboard ship Kavy Yard A............. Kavy Yard B.................. Contract Yard C................. Contract Yard D................ 8 20 16 l 10 53 12 IS 9.4-100+ 50+|0. -1.6 .47 0. -2.4 f*pc Navy Yard A < Afiee (Petr (9 0.2- 24.6 10.0*0i -1.4 0.08 .02-0.3 2 1.6- 3.3 2.4t0. - .01 .01 0. -0.4 4 0.0- 21.6114.2:0.54-1.7 .8 (3.8 -7J 5 i 3.9- 10.9 4.0:0. 1 - .os .021i 0. -0.3 i 10 165. -250. 142 *0. -0.17,0.02*0. -0.0 15 {84.4-192.0 128 t.36-3.21{2.3 1.1 -3.7 15 25.3- 89.0149.2:0.23-2.3811.10.0.5 -6,1 15 | 8.0- 22.ljll.ojO. -0.21j0.03iQ. -t.C (Err* K*w Yard B 'Auer (Pere- CvAinct Yard C < Jr f; C* t Yard D <. .Vote MPPCF - MSltoa particles of dust per cubic foot of air. 24  ~^*rar- 1 l man *wirm (IU|fl lUlftl !{AvrJ n ! J.l}o.-0..50p.J55.7- 6.0 4.2.01-0.3410.23l0.6- 7.9 3.5ii.S3-l.J0i2.1sj6.6*l9.3 J.9!0.09-1.16I0.6311.4- 8.7 JM.W4) \ PIPE COVERING OPERATIONS TABLE 3 Coai230n or Octmass or Vajuocs OrniATTOtfs or Eas Sst^tau 1$ nuno mottos* mw tu csotmct tu; e COOTI4CT TL* Tooldett AltUMM MU ToisI 4w Aiknw eau rui uti AiMitM Ul T.UI dMtj ju/w it*K? utter xrre? Ur**t cutting..................... Head taw euttisg.................... Arming mi fabrication............... Crmrnt misfit............................ Grading................ *.................... (Wsrral room............................... 6.1 15.1 4.8 32.0 30.0 10.0 0.33 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.47 0.08 4.2 0.23 39.3 3.0 4.8 0.1 84.0 1.7 <-- 2.4 0.01 20.5 2.18 73.0 6.19 11.4 0.62 41.3 3.1 -- 14.2 Q.8 10.9 0.63 -- 6.0 0.03 32.0 0.01 -- 6.o o.o: S.Jo.3 .10-0.14 0.11*0.*- 0.9 ?.5j2.8- 3.2 3.0 '.6.5- 8.7 .9-12.8 6,l9U.>t2.i Shop aver*t........................... 30.0 Ship average............................ 142.0 0.2S 0.02 26.9 128.0 1.0 2.8 * .Vme MPPCT -- Million partide* of dust per cubic fooc of air. . 32.0 49.2 2.6 1.1 7.6 0.23 11.0 0.03 TABLE 4 ljfl3DCas or Ansrrom Akonc P?r Cevxasss 4.6 .01- .06>0.03i0.3 -1.0 N-M's.lk -6.4 *- *-* 10.3 0. -- .79 .6215.7 -7.4 - .05 .o5/o. i i87Ta man o(OrXnfUUr** XIAT mut or cmb or iUWAU Miai. Mot. Ad> Ml mu nacri Navy Yard A........ . 551 48 0 0 0 Navy YardB.......... 750 662 0 0 0 C&atms Yard C.... 174 196 0 0 1 Contract Yard D... 168 168 0 2 0 Teals.................. 1683 1074 0 * * -0.3210.2 o. - o.7 i il.6 -1.7 Jl.6 -4.7 L 1.4- 2.3 U.7-10.0 .02i .0110. - .001 TABLE 3 Rzumoxsaxp Bxnrzxx Lccer* or Exroscxs ano XxessMce or AsasRCsa ma ttaat fir rare omoc WtflM w J-wjX 504-0. -i.6 .47io. -2.6 Exposed.......... 26 j 13 J8 |5 Navy Yard A Affected.......... 0 j 0 1 0 10 Percentage.... re: OTc'i 0Te| V?c -00; -1.4 `O.OS- .02-0-5! 5.4 C. - .01, .01-0. -4.4* i4.;o.i^I.7 I .5 y.8 -7.9j -0C. - .cj! .02:0. ^.3l Navy Yard B SSOiCC.......... 221 (425 |67 =2 Affected.......... 0 j 0 0 j 0 Peratatapt.... 0%; OTel 0To| or* :4- o. -o.nio.oio. * l*56-5.2112.8 il.l iO.JT.-.jg'l.100.5 ;:-oo. -o.::.ojo. (Exposed.... 0 iiei 145 JIT -Mtnec Yard C {Affected....{ o ; o i o !: (Percentage.. o%\ o%\ or*: <r. (Zxcosed... 22 :m 1: > 9 rwj: Yard S lAStctea.... 0 ; 0 j0 *2 (Percentage.* 0%l CTc- 0re:27Tr appear that asbestos pipe covering of naval vessels a rtiativtiy safe occupation. However, it must be remembered that these men rotates among toe various operations of pipe covering and were not continually exposed to bigs concentrations of asbestos dust as found is band saw cutting and cement miring. The suggestions made relative to exhaust vtatuatioa and respiratory proteeioa are therefore of value is maintaining this low incidence of ashestosis. Dbctsstok The extreme:5* low incidence of asbestssis found* 0.29 per eat. or 5 cases out of 1074 pipe Governs, stands is marked contras: to th: high dust eonesatation found in several of th; pipe covering operations. As shows in Table 5. the total dust concentration lor band saw cutting Tanged {torn 13.1 to *5.0 million particles per eubic feet, for cement raising from 31.0 to 34.0. and for installation on board ship, from 11.0 to 142.0. Toe solution o: mis apparent cumeatr.ey sits in a characteristic peculiar to the pipe covering trade, that is lack of a necessity for speciaiiiauen. In general, pipe ecverere are rapasie of coin; all c.' lb; operation: described above, ar.c the --vsrber may be changed from one operation to acother cr to diuereat jobs in th; same :yp< z: operation without loss o: emciensy ana aesardinr to a? demands o: ship construction. I: i: mere::;: apparent that a pipe covereris environment may change every few cays or few weeks at the mest wish a constant nuet-atier. ir. the cut: concentra tion which be branches. Tasrcfort. tat hruree given it Tabic 2 ior shop oversee me thin average cans; give o esmposue picture o: tn: itoectc: 16 - w- 'ir.- '.^JOtrUWi t)F INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY [not. 2S, no. l 1 wvcr a period of Among these worker* would lave been copridcnhly ~^ay^aimB.rItt,`ids afuilryth.deur Kapcpnaaretfslit athtaetatcoho-abpteadinfiesujodbx i grmreatnerrm. ^mif,JiMI <gpog^P?beJyg>e?fcfeg ECPCSVASSlTO ~abip obmputaseaTitsd taHibe ^toptofetber ryifwn........ -with'the time`spent on-each job would bave'to aoimiiPGBBKgdft* Tbeomp3ediepamefy lor each worker. In this VZ. CONCLTSIOta -rffeerrooawopmoee*"edttnhh,teemasiboaaesnsbsbateeossfsottoo.rpssaipttneeexro.ttcpifloleeevr'ea-ritaininoddgnuuddssittofiifyyenreowwthhmee^raareecrkttwueiuadmstlyet . L .'The`rehxrictc iadustc* on board of -a<baMor.pipe acvging naval vessels is soch that widelyand where s-weeker-will usually tema&at *oacfcuioss drawn -from other asbestos industries " ---------- *---- aapcciac job for someyears. A forthO' factor in gainraining a low modesee ofasbestos!* is that in band aw cutting, grinding, and cement miring only one or two men are in* voived and the*work is usually dose at infrequent esaucchhaasatteexxttiillees*,, coannsneottbbeeaapppplliieedd.. * 2. Theoperations of bandaaw catting,grinding, cement msong, and on board ship should be equipped with exhaust ventilation to keep the total dus* concentration low. X The aedeaee of asbestosis among pipe intervals such a seven! times a week. Finally, pipe covtrcr* also apply glass wool, tori: wool, magnesia, and other types of sou* asbestos insulation, all of which deceases the coveras in the shipyards studied was low, 0.29 pc cent or 3 cases out of 1074. .In view of the nature of shipyard pipe covering work, this low modesee amount of exposure to asbestos dust. It seems likely to us that if the pipe cgveren studied had worked steadily at any of the above operations where the amount of asbestos dust in the air was consistently high, the inddenet of asbestosis is aotsurprisag. 4. Since each of the $ esses of asbestosis had worked at asbestos pipe covering in shipyards for more than 20years, it may be osduded that sues pipe covering is sot a dangerous occupation. REFERENCES ri(~l)- Lake*. A. J.: SQieods and asbestosis. Oxford Uaivwsty Press, New York, New York, 1938. (2) Dsssszx, W. C t sL: A study of asbestons in the asbestos textile industry. BnB. No. (3) Fact, J. C: Ships and aircraft of the United States Flsea 2nd War Edition, 2944. Pub Hiked by Ships and Aircraft, 12&5 Ereadway, New York, New Yesk. 241. YuNie Health Service, U. & Treasury Deaaroeot. 1938. Striian of Industrial and Ad* WELDING'aperat aastruction-an: often prbdiireV plates upon cooling.--X ^trevaleat on decks or surfaces are affected, measures include shrink!: spoliation of bat, ordisr dame, to a distorted seeds uf accompanied by a wat Shrinking is often necr menu or manned spaces t the ssperatios may cos matures are is use. An recently provided an 9< brinker developing sym; v> oitrogea poisoning whit 10 days later from report; Tare? other workers aL exposure experienced a ecu symptoms, but were ap following day. The purpose of this lave the exposures which ari small, usveatilated esapa , Otw The torch ordinarily t the ooaventional ozyac In most instances the te annular ring atuchmes which supplies a coolin'. * water around the ir ati>in of the torch, cone *tcv! plate an be restore: A* with eiyacetyient we of the torch tip is det *f metal encountered. ' ducted on thin steel the ti nn**r commonly used b o;ae:ty of the shrinking Kcrivj for ubKeati ' leUvitriai Hygiene s / vv i-l.-. pU" t