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'U085I752 y /< t- THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE and TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 27 JANUARY, 1945--DECEMBER, 1945 PUBLISHED BY THE WILLIAMS & WILKINS COMPANY Baltimore, Md. ST085 I 753 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2.7 JANUARY, 1945. NUMBER 1 The Aim Alcohols and their Ketones: their Metabolic Fates and Comparative Toxictties. Baward W. Haggard, Dudley P. Miller and Leon A. Greenberg............................................................... Toxicology op 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride) . II. Iniloence op Dietary Fac tors on the Toxicity op Dichloroethane. L. A. Heppel, Paul A. Neal, P.S. Daft, Kenneth M. Endicoti, Martha L. On and Virginia T. Porterfield........................................................................... Use op the Exposed Worxer as an Air Sampling Unit por Contaminants. Leslie Silverman and Philip Drinker......................................................................................................................................... Dermatitis in the FIsh Industry. Louis Schwarts and Irving R. Tabershew........................................ The Control op Excessive Heat and Humidity in Industry: Putting Theory into Practice. John B. Skinner andW.M. Pierce............................................................................................................... Book Reviews..................................................................................................................................... 1 15 22 27 31 36 FEBRUARY, 1945. NUMBER 2 The Toxic Properties op Silica. I. Bronchoconstrictor Eppect op Colloidal Silica in Iso lated Perpused Guinea Pig Lungs. Giles F. FiUey,JohnG. Hawley and GeorgeW. Wright___ Occupational Illnesses in Cotton Industries. II. Chronic Respiratory Problems. Wayne L. Ritter and Morris A. Nussbaum............................................................................................................ Use op Methylene Blue in Testing por Bilirubin in the Urine. Clyde P. Myers........................... Protection op Workers Against Noise. Hattowell Davis....................................................................... Book Reviews............................................................................................................................................. 37 47 52 56 58 MARCH, 1945. NUMBER 3 The Upper Limits op Environmental Heat and Humidity Tolerated by Acclimatized Men Working in Hot Environments. Ludwig W. Eickna, William P. Ashe, William B. Bean and Walter B. Shelley............................................................................................................................................ The Occurrence op Heinz Bodies in Trinitrotoluene Workers. Bernard L. Horecker................ A Lead Fume Sampling Apparatus. OrsonD.Bayrer andWanenA. Hough......................................... Note Upon the Toxicity op Ethylene Chlorhydrin by Skin Absorption. Henry F. Smyth, Jr. and Charles P. Carpenter................................................................. Book Reviews..................................................................................................................... 59 85 89 9394 APRIL, 1945. NUMBER 4 The Physiological Response op Animals to Certain Chlorinated Mononttroparappins. Willard Machle, Eugene W. Scott, Joseph F. Treon, Francis F. Heyroth and Karl V. KitimiUer____ 95-- Intervertebral Disc Injury; Analysis prom an Industrial Standpoint. Henry C. Marble and William A. Bishop......................................................................................................................................... 103 I. noComposition op Industrial Dusts. Foundry Dusts. Charles R. Williams.................................. Collection op Fluoride Fumes in Alb. Charles R. Williams and Leslie Silverman.............................. 115 Benzol Poisoning--Delayed: A Case Report. Adelaide Ross Smith................................................. 118 Book Reviews............................................................................................................................................. 120 MAY, 1945. NUMBER 5 Carbon Disulpide and Hydrogen Sulfide : Clinical Study op Chronic Low-grade Exposures. Henry H. Rubin and Alex J.Ariefi.............................................................................................................. 123 Acute and Subacute Toxicity op di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate with Notes upon its Metabo lism. C. Boyd Shajftr, Charles P. Carpenter and Henry F. Smyth, Jr.................................................. 130 ui ST085I754 iv JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY A Rapid and Simple Method for Measuring Small Amounts op Cyanide Gas in Air. W. A. RobbieandP.J. Leinfelder............................................................................................................................. 136 A Study op Perchlorethylene Degreasers. R. C. Crowley, C.B. Ford and A. C. Stem................... 140 Book Reviews....................................................................................................................................... 145 JUNE, 1945. NUMBER 6 Clinical Physiological Observations on Welders with Pulmonary Siderosis and Foundry Men with Nodular Uncomplicated Silicosis. Norbert Enter, Ernst Simonson and A. M. Evans.............................................................................................................................................. 147 Balances op Fluorine Ingested prom Various Sources in Food and Water by Five Young Men. Excretion op Fluorine Through the Skin. F. J. McClure, H. H. Mitchell, T. S. Hamilton and C. A . Kinser............................................................................................................................. 159 Polarooraphic Determination op Toxic Metal Fumes in Ant. Leo Levine.................................. 171 A Rapid Wet-ashing Procedure por Urinalyses . Grant S.Winn......................................................... 178 Book Reviews....................................................................................................................................... 181 SEPTEMBER, 1945. NUMBER 7 The Microdetermination op Stibine. Stewart H. Webster and Lawrence T. Fairhall...................... 183 Fluorescent Mineral Dusts as Tracers por the Localization op Particles in Tissue. Her man Yagoda and D. D. Donahue...................................................................................................... 193 The Potency op Silica Particles op Different Size. B. D. Tebbens, R. Z. Sckult and Philip Drinker................................................................................................. 199 The Concentration op Arsenic in Tobacco Smoke Determined by a Rapid Titrimetric Method. MoyerD.ThomasandT.R.Collier............................................................................... 201 A Fatal Case op Poisoning by Oxides op Nitrogen. A. T. Rossano, Jr.......................................... 207 Book Reviews....................................................................................................................................... 209 OCTOBER, 1945. NUMBER 8 Irritating Vapors Produced by Burning Cellulosic Materials. William H. Easton................ 211 Evaluation op Urinary Lead Determinations. I. The Significance op the Specific Gravity. Leo Levine and John P. Fahy........................................................................................................... 217 Sampling and Determination op Methanol in Air . Gordon W. Rogers.......................................... 224 The Preparation op Microscopic Spheres prom Quartz. Alfredo Salatar and Leslie Silverman... 231 Control op Occupational Tuberculosis in Hospitals. Leopold Brahdy....................................... 234 Book Reviews.......................................................................................................................................238 NOVEMBER, 1945. NUMBER 9 David Linn Edsall. 1869-1945. Cecil K. Drinker........................................................................... 239 --Studies op the Effects op Ammonium Picrate on Man and Certain Experimental Animals. F. William Sunderman, Fred D. Weidman and Oscar V. Batson...................................................... 241 Observations on the Fujiwara Reaction as a Test por Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. F. J. Webb, K.K. Kay andW.E.Nichol................................................................................................. 249 Animal Studies on the Toxicity op Inhaled Antimony Trioxide. C.U. Dernehl, C.A. Nau and E.E.Sweels...................................................................................................................................................... 256 Observations on the Effects op Gamma-Valerolactone upon Experimental Animals. Wm. B. Deichmann, R.Hirose and S.Witherup....................................................................................... 263 Calcium Cyanide Solutions as Constant Sources op Hydrogen Cyanide Gas por Animal Experiments. W. A. Robbie and P. J. Leinfelder......................................................................... 269 ST085I755 CONTENTS V DECEMBER, 1945. NUMBER 10 SniCTOUS Exposures m the Fire Brick Industry. I. Engineering Study. William W. Stalker......................................................................................................................................................... 275 -Snicious Exposures in the Fire Brick Industry. II. Roentgenologic Study. Wayne L. Rit ter and Paul G. Bovard...................................................................................................................................... 283 Control op the Lead Poisoning Hazard in Can Manufacturing. I. The Bodykaxino Ma chine (Shpe-seaiier). Merril Eisenbud andJ. W. McEwan................................................................ 284 Electric Arc Weeding Ventilation and its Relation to Oxygen Deficiency. F. J. Viles, Jr. andLeslie Siherman........................................................................................ Filter Paper Spot Sampling of Air-borne Solids. Bernard D.Tebbens Index to Volume 27............................................................................................... 289 292 295 ST085I 756 USE OF THE EXPOSED WORKER AS AN AIR SAMPLING UNIT FOR CONTAMINANTS* Leslie Silverman and Philip Drinker Department of Industrial Hygiene, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts RECENT article by Harrold, Meek, A Collins, and Markell (1) has proposed for air sampling procedures a device formed. At work rates within the range of body accommodation, it is possible for man to reach a steady state condition in which the energy require described as a "packed tube collector" whichmisents of the body can be supplied at a uniform worn by the exposed worker for the collection of rate. Under such a condition the minute volume air-borne lead dust and fume. Results are given can reach a steady value. The duration of time in terms of dust or fume which would otherwise this steady value can be maintained depends upon have been breathed by the wearers in a given time. the magnitude of the work performed and the The authors established the filtering efficiency of training of the individual. If the effort is too the apparatus, but do not discuss the physio severe, a steady minute volume cannot be main logical factors involved in the use of this type of tained. Our work has shown that men can apparatus. The purpose of the present note is maintain for short periods (S to 15 minutes) steady to discuss in detail the fundamental physiological factors which should be considered in air sampling by breathing devices. minute volumes of 80 to 100 liters doing bicycle ergometer work. Rates as high as 50 liters per minute have been maintained over one hour The use of the worker as a suction source for periods. In this respect Schneider (3) states "A air sampling units is not new. Such a device is sustained ventilation of the lungs of from 100 to described fully by Higgins et al (2) but they measured the air volumes breathed during the sample collection. In the use of any device in which the exposed 110 liters a minute is unusual. It is a rare occasion when one is called upon to maintain the maximum lung ventilation of 150 liters for as much as a minute or two." human subject acts as the suction source several factors should be considered: The volume of air breathed per minute by humans varies greatly and is affected by (a) practice or training, (b) resistance to respiration, (c) exercise, and (d) psychic factors. Variations due to practice and training are known and can be estimated within reasonable limits. These are variations due to normal physiological reactions. In contrast, psychic factors influence air volumes considerably and are wholly inestimable until the amount of work performed reduces their influence. It is well recognized among physiologists that training or adaptation to a given task reduces the minute volume considerably. Schneider and Ring (4) showed a reduction of 15 to 23 per cent in minute volume in 4 to 6 weeks of training.with bicycle ergometer work loads of 4000 to 8000 foot pounds per minute (553.5 to 1107 Kg.M per minute). The minute volume varies considerably in most persons. The data given in Table 1 were ob tained in this laboratory on male subjects sitting quietly. A full-face type of mask with minimal dead space and provided with inlet and outlet Volume of Air Brealhcd by Humans The volume of air breathed per minute or minute volume of human subjects, regardless of sex, varies as much as 200 to 300 per cent. Schneider (3) gives values for sedentary conditions ranging from 3 to 10 liters per minute. The minute volume under working conditions depends upon the amount, rate, and type of work per valves was employed. The inspiratory resistance, including a 100 liter gasometer used for measuring air volumes, was 15 mm. of water at 85 l.p.m. The expiratory resistance was also 15 mm. of water at 85 l.p.m. The subjects were normal males, ages ranging from 21 to 37 years. Table 1 shows that there is 25 per cent variation in air flow from minute to minute and also 100 per cent variation in air volume among men in * Received for publication June 2, 1944. this group of subjects. 22 Jan. 1945] ST085I 757 USE OF WORKER AS AIR SAMPLING UNIT 23 The Effect of Practice Daily variations under sedentary and working conditions are shown in Table 2. These values were obtained after the subjects had reached steady state conditions. The Krogh bicycle ergometer work rate at 60 r.p.m. was 4500 foot pounds per minute (622 Kg.M per minute). The subjects were normal males, ages 28 to 36. Air volumes were measured after five minutes of riding. The subjects rode the ergometer five days per week for five minutes each day during the first five weeks of the five month period TABLE 1 Minute Volumes for Male Subjects undee Sedentary Conditions Inspiratory and Expiratory Resistance 15 mm. of water at 85 l.p.m. MINUTE VOLUMES time minutes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 G L.' J. L. w. L. S. ;. b. Date 3/9/44 Date 3/10/ 44 Date 2/28/ 44 Date 2/20/ 44 Date 2/15/ 44 Date 2/22/ 44 Dste 3/6/44 liters tilers liters liters liters liters tilers 7.8 9.4 10.7 7.9 11.8 li.i 10.7 8.0 9.4 9.6 7.3 11.8 11.8 10.7 7.5 8.2 9.6 7.1 9.6 10.1 9.4 8.9 9.1 10.0 7.5 10.4 11.1 10.0 7.1 8.0 14.1 7.6 8.6 12.3 10.7 7.5 8.6 8.0 7.4 12.0 9.5 9.7 7.1 8.0 7.3 9.3 9.5 8.0 10.4 9.7 6.9 requirements to perform a given amount of work. There is also a large daily and subject difference in the sedentary minute volumes similar to Table 1. It is also important to note that it is not prac tical to assess working conditions as requiring the same ventilation rate without making actual measurements. Operations which require un trained muscular efforts will always incur higher ventilation rates and oxygen consumption until the body can adapt itself to the new requirements. TABLE 2 Daily Variations in Minute Volumes under Sedentary and Working Conditions for 3 Subjects (Working rate 4500 foot-pounds per minute at 60 r.p.m. on Krogh ergometer) DATE SUBJECT L. S. SUBJECT 0. L. SUBJECT E.C. L. Seden* Work Seden- Work Seden- Work Ury ing Ury ing Ury ing June 24.............. June 26............ June 29.............. July 7................. July 9................. July 11 ............ July 18............... July 24............... July 25............... Sept. 1.............. Sept. 4................ Sept. 5................ Oct. 5........................... Nov. 9................ Nov. 10.............. 8.2 7.6 9.1 9.9 8.1 9.0 7.1 10.8 65.8 6.9 48.4 6.7 52.3 7.6 57.0 6.7 52.2 7.0 51.7 47.9 7.0 51.2 7.7 48.0 79.4 6.1 42.7 69.0 6.7 49.5 6.4 49.0 6.3 46.6 5.8 43.2 6.7 45.5 38.1 36.9 42.9 40.2 38.8 35.8 Mean....... 7.7 8.8 9.5 7.4 10.5 10.7 10.2 The Effect of Resistance covered in Table 2 and minute volumes were measured at approximately weekly intervals. At the end of the five weeks the daily rides were discontinued. A one month period followed in which no work was performed. After this period, occasional measurements were made. Table 2 indicates that the highest minute volumes for a given work output on a bicycle ergometer occur during the first exposure to the work. Adaptation to the work or task therefore produces a significant lowering in air volumes breathed per minute. There is also a considerable variation shown in Table 2 between the subjects in the individual air The effect of inspiratory or expiratory resistance is to reduce the minute volume of air breathed. Killick (5) has shown that the insertion of re sistance to inspiration reduces the minute volume 5 to 30 per cent. When the resistance is removed the minute volume increases to a value greater than its previous non-resistance conditions. This latter increase, which is probably over-compensa tory, also appears to be about 5 to 30 per cent of the original value before resistance was inserted. This effect of resistance has also been noted by other observers (6) and has been confirmed by our work. ST 085 1 758 Fig. 1. Record of inspiratory air flow on normal male subject under sedentary and working conditions. Time intervals are $ second. Vertical displacements in cm. are directly proportional to air flow. Approximate cali bration: 1 mm. = 1 liter per minute. I = Inspiration. E -- Expiration. The small portion below the hori zontal line is due to "overshoot" caused by lag in valve closure. 24 jan. 1945} ST085 I 759 USE OF WORKER AS AIR SAMPLING UNIT 25 Changes Air Flow During the Respiratory Cyde The rite of air flow during the respiratory cyde for both inspiration and expiration varies from zero to maximum and then returns to zero. The shape of the inspiratory curve is shown in Figure 1 for a male subject sitting in a chair (rest) and working on a bicycle ergometer. The curves were obtained by a new instrument which is instan taneous in response and does not introduce any appreciable resistance to air flow (7). The vertical increment in the curves of Figure 1 are directly proportional to air flow in liters per minute. The horizontal movement is time, each marker repre senting i second, thus the area bounded by the curve and the base line represents the air volume per breath (tidal volume). The curves read from right to left. It can be noted that under sedentary conditions, inspiration is approximately 30 to 40 per cent of the respiratory cyde. The rest of the cyde consists of expiration and occasionally a brief pause before the next inspiration. Pauses be tween inspiration and expiration are rare under sedentary conditions and never seen on work records^ Under working conditions, the inspira tory and expiratory cycles become more nearly equal in length. At maximum effort, inspiration may even exceed 50 per cent of the total respira tory cyde. The effect of inspiratory resistance is threefold: it tends to prolong the inspiratory cyde, it smooths or damps out the variations in the contour produced by jerky muscular move ments, and it decreases the curve amplitude or maximum air flow. It is evident from these curves that the average inspiratory flow varies from two, or less, to three times the minute volume. The maximum flow by measurement is from three to five times the minute volume. This range of ratios of maximum flow was found by Bretschger (8). It was also shown that the ratio depends upon the shape of the inspiratory curve; three distinct types of curve were found in several subjects. The sampling instrument to be worn by the worker should therefore have a constant efficiency or an effidency of 100 per cent at the highest air flows during the respiratory cycle. Harrold et al. (1) do not show the effidency of their device when tested under steady flow conditions corresponding to the same type of sampling as their other com parative data with impinger and predpitator. Such data at rates corresponding to human peak flows for the work encountered are fundamental in proving the efficacy and constancy of their device. A filter type instrument which is effident at the highest flows attained under the working conditions will be satisfactory throughout the flow range1,2whereas an impingement type instru ment which depends upon mainlining a fixed velodty will be unsatisfactory. In the laboratory the efficacy of the device can be established using a respiration pump which simulates ventilation of men under the exposure conditions. If results are to be based on the amount inhaled per day or working period, it is necessary only that the sampling device have a known effidency. Natu rally high effidency such as the U. S. Bureau of Mines (10) requires for certain fume and dust respirators, using filters or filter papers, is desirable. Summary The factors to be considered in using the exposed worker for air sampling are 1) constancy of air sampler performance under a wide range of minute volumes, and 2) low resistance of the collecting device. Assumptions that minute vol umes are constant for any individual from day to day and that they are constant among different persons performing identical tasks are unwar ranted and can cause very large errors. It is necessary to measure the volume of air at the same time as sampling in order to express con centrations on an accurate volumetric basis. 1 The commercial approved dust or fume respirator is highly effident and can serve as a very simple collec tion apparatus. Pierce (9) has actually analyzed filters from respirators worn by men exposed to lead dust and fume and compared the quantities obtained with impinger samples taken at the same location. His results, however, sue limited to a few comparisons. BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) Harkold, G. C., Meek, S. F., Collins, G. R. and Marksll, T. F.: Toxidty of lead chromate. This J., 26: 47, 1944. (2) Hiocms, E., Lanza, A. J., Laney, F. B. and Rice, G. S.: Siliceous dust in relation to pul monary disease among miners in the Joplin District, Missouri. U. S. Bureau of Mines Bulle tin No. 132, 1917. (3) Schneider, E. C.: Physiology of muscular ac tivity. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1941. (4) Schneider, E. C. and Ring, C. C.: The in fluence of a moderate amount of physical train- ST085H60 26 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY [wrf. 27, no. 1 ing on the respiratory exchange and breathing during physical exercise. Amer. J. Physiol., 91:103,1929. (5) nxrcK, Esther: Resistance to inspiration--its effect on respiration in man. J. Physiol., 24:162,1935. (6) Moose, R. L. and Binges, C. A. L.: Response } to respiratory resistance; comparison of effects produced by partial obstruction in inspiratory and expiratory phases of respiration. J. Exper. Med., 4St 1065, 1927. (7) Lee, R. C. and Silverman, L.: An apparatus for measuring air flow during inspiration. Rev Sd. lusts., 14:174,1943. (8) BretschoeR, H. J.: Die Geachwindigkeitskurve der menslichen Atemluft (Pneumotachogram). Pfltlger's Arch. f. d. ges. physiol., 210: 134, 1925. (9) Pierce, W. M.: Preventing heavy metal poison ing in industrial operations. Chem. and Metallurg. Eng., 49:141 (1942). (10) U. S. Bureau cat Mines: Procedure for testing filter-type dust, fume and mist respirators for permissibility. Schedule 21, Approved August 20, 1934, Washington, D. C. ST085 116 I VOLUME 17. INDEX TO TEXT AND BOOK REVIEWS (Asterisk denotes book review) Abrasive wheels, safe installation and use oi Carpenter, Charlea P. see Shaffer, C. Boyd (International Labor Office, 1944).................... 36 see Smyth, Henry F., Jr. 'Accident, occupational, prevention of (Judson Celluloaic materials, imtaring vapors produced and Brown)........................................................ 121 by burning (Easton)........................................ 211 Air-borne solids, filter paper spot sampling (Teb- 'Clark, Kathleen C., Hart, P. D'Arcy, Kerley, bens)................................................................... 292 Peter and Thompson, Brian C.: Maas mini Air conditioning engineering and refrigeration ature radiography of civilians for the detection (Raber and Hutchinson)................................. 182 of pulmonary tuberculosis (Medical Research Air sampling unit for contaminants, use of ex Council, London, 1945).................................. 181 posed worker as (Silverman and Drinker)___ 22 Collier, T. R. see Thomas, Moyer D. Alcohols, amyl, and their ketones; metabolic fates 'Compensation, workmens', laws, injury and and comparative toxicides (Haggard, Miller death under (Horovitz)..................................... 58 and Greenberg)................................................. 1 Cotton, industries, occupational illnesses, n. 'Allergy, essentials of (Criep)............................... 181 Chronic respiratory problems (Ritter and American Public Health Assn., report of Com Nussbaum)....................................................... 47 mittee on Ventilation and Atmospheric Pol 'Criep, Leo H.: Essentials of allergy................... 181 lution: Methods for determining lead in air Crowley, . C., Ford, C. B. and Stern, A. C,: and in biological materials............................... 120 A study of perchlorethylene degreasers.......... 140 Ammonium plcrate, studies of effects on man Cyanide, calcium, solutions, as constant sources and experimental animals (Sunderman, Weid- of hydrogen cyanide pas for animal experi man and Batson).............................................. 241 ments (Robbie and Lemfelder)....................... 269 Antimony trioxide, inhaled, animal studies on gas in air, rapid and simple method for measur the toxidty of (Demehl, Nau and Sweets)... 256 ing small amounts (Robbie and Lemfelder).. 136 Arc welding see Welding Arieff, Alex J. see Rubin, Henry H. Daft, F. S. see Heppel, L. A. Arsenic in tobacco smoke, determined by a rapid Davis, Halloweli: Protection of workers against titrimetric method, concentration of (Thomas noise.................................................................. 56 and Collier)........................................................ 201 Degreasers, perchlorethylene, study of (Crowley, Ashe, William F. see Blchna, Ludwig W. Ford and Stem)............................................... 140 'Automatic Telephone & Electric Co., Ltd.: Deichmann, Wm. B., Hlrose, R. andWltherup, Healthy industry: a report on a year's work S.: Observations on the effects of gamma- ing of an industrial health service established valerolactone upon experimental animals.... 263 during the war (Tarsh).................................... 121 Dermatitis in the fish industry (Schwartz and Tabershaw)......................................................... 27 Batson, Oscar V. see Sunderman, F. William. Demehl, C. U., Nau, C. A. and Sweets, H. H.: Bayrer, Orson D. and Hough, Warren A.: A Animal studies on the toxidty of inhaled lead fume sampling apparatus....................... 89 antimony trioxide............................................. 256 Bean, William B. see Blchna, Ludwig W. 1,2-Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride), toxi Benzol poisoning, delayed; case report (Smith).. 118 cology. n. Influence of dietary factors on Bilirubin in urine, use of methylene blue in testing the toxidty of dichloroethane (Heppel, Neal, for (Myers)........................................................ 52 Daft, Endicott, Orr andPorterfiekf)................. 15 Bishop, William A. see Marble, Henry C. Disc, intervertebral, injury; analysis from an in Bodymaking machine (side-seamer), control of dustrial standpoint (Marble andBishop)____ 103 lead poisoning hazard in can manufacturing, Disease, occupational, cotton industries. II. L (Eisenbud and McEwan).............................. 284 Chronic respiratory problems (Ritter and Bovard, Paul G. see Ritter, Wayne L. Nussbaum)........................................................ 47 Boyd, Mark F.: Preventive medicine................... 238 Donahue, D. D. see Yagoda, Herman Brandy, Leopold: Control of occupational tu Drinker, Cecil K.: David Linn Edsall--1869- berculosis in hospitals........................................ 234 1945 .................................................................... 239 Brick Industry, fire; silidous exposures, I. Drinker, Philip see Silverman, Leslie Engineering study (Stalker)........................... 275 see Tebbens, B. D. fire; silicious exposures, II. Roentgenologic Dublin, Thomas D.: Proceedings of the Long study (Ritter and Bovard)............................... 283 Island College of Medicine--3rd postgraduate *Brown, James M. see Judson, Harry H. course in industrial medicine, Oct. 16-Nov. 3, 1944................................................................... 181 Calcium cyanide solutions, as constant sources Dusts, fluorescent mineral, used as tracers for of hydrogen cyanide gas for animal experi localization of partides in tissue (Yagoda ments (Robbie and Lemfelder)....................... 269 and Donahue)................................................... 193 Can manufacturing, control of lead poisoning industrial, composition of. I. Foundry dusts hazard, I. Boaymaking machine (side- (Williams)......................................................... 110 seamer). (Eisenbud and McEwan).............. 284 silica particles of different size, potency of Cantarow, Abraham and Trumper, Max: (Tebbens, Schulz and Drinker)....................... 199 Lead poisoning.................................................. 120 Carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide, chronic Easton, William H.: Irritating vapors produced low-grade exposures, clinical study (Rubin by burning cellulosic materials....................... 211 and Arieff).......................................................... 123 Edsall, David Linn, 1869-1945 (Drinker).......... 239 295 ST085 I 762 296 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY Eichna, Ludwig W., Ashe, William F., Bean, William B. and Shelley, Walter B.: The upper limits of environmental heat and hu midity tolerated by acclimatized men working in hot environments....................................... 59 Eisenbud, Merrll and McBwan, J. W.: Control of the lead poisoning hazard in can manu facturing. L The bodymaking machine (skle-seamer).................................................... 284 Electric welding see Welding Bndlcott, Kenneth W. see Heppel, L. A. Environment, upper limits of heat and humidity tolerated by acclimatised men working in hot environments (Eichna, Ashe, Bean and Shelley)............................................................ 59 Enzer, Norbert, Simonson, Ernst and Evans, A. M.: Clinical physiological observations on welders with pulmonary sideroeis and foundry men with nodular uncomplicated slHroais.............................................................. 147 Bthylene chlorohydrin, toxicity by skin absorp tion (Smyth and Carpenter).......................... 93 Evans, A. M. see Sneer, Norbert Exposed worker as air sampling unit for con taminants, use of (Silverman andDrinker).. 22 Fahy, John P. see Levine, Leo Falrnall, LawTenee T. set Webster, Stewart H. Fllley, Giles F., Hawley, John G. and Wright, George W.:The toxieproperties of silica. I. Broncno-constrictor effect of colloidal silica in isolated perfused guinea pig lungs.............. 37 Fire brick industry, silidous exposures, I. En gineering study (Stalker)................................ 275 industry, sDidous exposures, If. Roentgeno logic study Glitter and Bovard)..................... 283 Fish industry, dermatitis (Schwartz and Taber- shaw)................................................................ 27 Fiahbeln, Morris, editor: Medical uses of soap. A symposium.................................................. 94 FUgg, Paluel J.: The art of resuscitation......... 120 Fluorescent mineral dusts, tracers for localiza tion of particles in tissue (Yagoda and Dona hue).................................................................. 193 Fluoride fumes in air, collection of (Williams and Silverman)........................................................ 115 Fluorine ingested in food and water by 5 young men; excretion through the skin (McClure, Mitchell, Hamilton and Kinser)..................... 159 Ford, C. B. see Crowley, R. C. Foundry dusts. Composition of industrial dusts, I. (Wiliams).................................................... 110 Foundrymen with nodular uncomplicated silicosis and welders with pulmonary siderosis; clinical physiological observations (Enzer, Simonson and Evans)...................................................... 147 Fujiwara reaction as a test for chlorinated hydro carbons, observations (Webb, Kay and Nichol)............................................................. 249 Fumes, fluoride, in air, collection of (Williams and Silverman)........................................................ 115 toxic metal, polarographic determination, in air (Levine)...................................................... 171 'Glasser, Otto, Qulmby, Edith H., Taylor, Laurlston S. andWeatherwax, J. L.: Physi cal foundations of radiology............................ 58 *Great Britain, Medical Research Council: Mass miniature radiography of civilians for the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis, 1945 (Clark, Hart, Kerley andThompson)............. 181 Greenberg, Leon A. see Haggard, Howard W. Haggard, Howard W., Miller, Dudley P. and Greenberg, Leon A.: The amyl alcohols and their ketones: their metabolic fates and com- parative toxidties. Hamilton, T. S. see McClure, F. J. Hart, P. D'Arcv see Clark, Kathleen Hawley, John G. see Fllley, Gllea F. Health service, industrial, report a year's working otf an industrial 1health si ervice es_t_s_blished during the war (Tarsh).....................f, jjjl HeatItoaalIeanrudaatheAaduI mLbayid, aiAtcyc,tl*iemnavatiirtzoendmm- e- enntawl,- -o-urp.1d--pineg_r iJln_imIhitost *1 `W environments (Eichna, Ashe, Bean and Sheland humidity in industry, control of (Skinner 59, and Pierce)...................................................... 31; Heinz bodies in trinitrotoluene workers, occur rence of (Horecker)......................................... gj Heppel, L. A., Neal, Paul A., Daft, F. S., Endl- cott, Kenneth M., Orr, Martha L. and Porterfield, Virginia T.: Toxicology of 12- dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride), n. In fluence of dietaiy factors on the toxidty of dichloroethane.............................................. 15 Heyroth, Francis F. see Machle, Willard HUleboe, Herman E. and Morgan, Russell H.: Mass radiography of the chest.........................209 Hlrose, R. see Deichmann, Wm. B. Horecker, Bernard L.: The occurrence of Heinz bodies in trinitrotoluene workers..................... g5 Horovltz, Samuel B.: Injury and death under workmen's compensation laws (Horovitz on workmen's compensation)............................... 5g Hough, Warren A. see Bayrer, Orson D. Humidity and heat, environmental, upper limits -A;3 tolerated by acclimatized men working in hot environments (Eichna, Ashe, Bean and Shel ley) ..................................................................... 59 and heat in industry, control of (Skinner and Pierce)............................................................... 31 Hutchinson, Francis W. see Rsber, Bene dict F. Hydrocarbons, chlorinated, observations on the Fujiwara reaction asa test for (Webb, Kay ' and Nichol)........................................................249 Hydrogen cyanide gas for animal experiments, calcium cyanide solutions as constant sources (Robbie and Leinfelder)....................................269 sulfide and carbon disulfide, chronic low-grade exposures, clinical study (Rubin and Arieff).. 123 International Labor Office: The safe installa tion and use of abrasive wheels (Studies and Reports, Series F, Second Section (Safety) No. 9, 1944).................................................... 36 Intervertebral disc injury, analysis from an industrial standpoint (Marble and Bishop).. 103 Judson, Harry H. and Brown, James M.: Occupational accident prevention................... 121 Kay, K. IL'see Webb, F. J. Kerley, Peter see Clark, Kathleen C. Kinser, C. A. see McClure, F. J. Kltimiller, Karl V. see Machle, Willard Lead determination, in air and in biological ma terials, methods (Amer. Pub. Health Assn., committee report)........................................... 120 determinations, urinary,evaluation of. I. -1 Significance of specific gravity (Levine and Fahy).................................................................... 217; ST085 1*763 INDEX TO TEXT AND BOOK REVIEWS 297 fume sampling apparatus (Bayrer and Hough).............................................................. 89 oisoning (Cantarow and Trumper).................. 120 _oisoning hazard, can manufacturing, I. BodyIrmaking machine (side-seamer). (Eisenbud andMcEwan).................................................... 284 ielder, P. J. see Robbie, W. A. ___ie, Leo: Polarographic determination of toxic 6 metal fumes in air............................................ 171 f*nd Fahy, John P.: Evaluation of urinary y [ lead determinations. I. The significance of t. the specific gravity.*......................................... 217 er damage, use of methylene blue in testing for bilirubin m urine (Myers)............................... 52 _ong Island College of Medicine: Proceedings; _Z 3rd postgraduate course in industrial medidne, Oct 16-Nov. 3,1944 (Dublin)................ 181 pongs, fluorescent mineral dusts as tracers for t,; localization of particles in tissue (Yagoda and ?> Donahue).......................................................... 193 fcClure, F. J., Mitchell, H. H., Hamilton, T. S. and Klnser, C. A.: Balances of fluorine ingested from various sources in food and ' water by five young men. Excretion of flu orine through the skin..................................... 159 fcBwan, J< W. see Eisenbud, Merril icdonald, M. Gray: Handbook of nursing in industry............................................................. 36 (llachle, Willard, Scott, Eugene W., Treon, Joseph F., Heyroth, Francis F., and Kltzmlller, Karl V.: The physiological re sponse of animals to certain chlorinated mononitroparaffins............................................ 95 rble, Henry C. and Bishop, William A.: In tervertebral disc injury; analysis from an in dustrial standpoint.......................................... 103 Eedlcal Research Council see Great Britain, Medical Research Council KWedlcine, industrial, 3rd postgraduate course of * the Long Island College of Medicine, Pro ceedings, Oct. 16-Nov. 3,1944 (Dublin)........ 181 |Metal fumes in air, toxic, polarographic deter mination (Levine)............................................. 171 Iethanol in air, sampling and determination of (Rogers)........_.................................................... 224 lethylene blue in testing for bilirubin in urine, use of (Myers).................................................. 52 fMUler, Dudley P. see Haggard, Howard W. "aeral dusts, fluorescent, as tracers for the localization of particles in tissue (Yagoda and Donahue).................................................... 193 yMttchell, H. H.see McClure, F. J. ^Mononitroparaffins, chlorinated, physiological response of animals (Machle, Scott, Treon, Heyroth and Kitzmiller)................................. 95 l*Morgan, Russell H. see Hllleboe, Herman E. rMyers, Clyde P.: Use of methylene blue in testing for bilirubin in the urine................................. 52 [jffau, C. A. see Dernehl, C. U. "eal, Paul A. see Heppel, L. A. Tlchol, W. E. see Webb, F. J. Jltrogen oxides, poisoning, fatal case (Rossano). 207 Jol8e, protection of workers against(Davis) -- 56 Cursing in industry, handbook (Macdonald, , M. Gray)............................................................ 36 Nussbaum, Morris A. see Ritter, Wayne L. Occupational disease see Disease, occupational Martha L. see Heppel, L. A. ^ygen deficiency, and its relation to electric arc welding ventilation (Viles and Silverman).. 289 Painter, Charles F., editor: The 1943 year book of industrial and orthopedic surgery.... 122 The 1944 year book of industrial and orthope dic surgery.......................................................... 145 Perchloretnylene degreasers, study of (Crowley, Ford and Stem)................................................. 140 Phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl), acute and subacute toxicity, with notes upon its metabolism (Shaffer, Carpenter and Smyth)...................... 130 Pierce, W. M. see Skinner, John B. Porterfield, Virginia T. see Heppel, L. A. Preventive medicine (Boyd)............................. 238 Psychology, industrial (Tiffin).............................. 122 industrial, handbook of (Smith)........................ 94 Quartz, preparation of microscopic spheres from (Salazar and Silverman)................................... 231 Qulmby, Edith H. see Glasser, Otto Raber, Benedict F. and Hutchinson, Francis W: Refrigeration and air conditioning engi neering................................................................ 182 Radiography see also Radiology and X-rays Radiography, mass miniature, of civilians, for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis (Clark, Hart, Ke.ley and Thompson).......................... 181 mass, of chest (Hilleboe and Morgan)......... 209 Radiology see also Radiography and X-rays Radiology, physical foundations of (Glasser, Quimby, Taylor and Weatherwax)................ 58 Refrigeration and air conditioning engineering (Raber and Hutchinson)................................. 182 Resuscitation, art of (Flagg)............................. 120 Ritter, Wayne L. and Bovard, Paul G.: Sili- cious exposures in the fire brick industry. II. Roentgenologic study................................. 283 and Nussbaum, Morris A.: Occupational illnesses in cotton industries. II. Chronic respiratory problems.................................. 47 Robbie, W. A. and Lelnfelder, P. J.: Calcium cyanide solutions as constant sources of hy drogen cyanide gas for animal experiments.. 269 and Lelnfelder, P. J.: A rapid and simple method for measuring small amounts of cya nide gas in air..................................................... 136 Rogers, Gordon W.: Sampling and determination of methanol in air............................................. 224 Rossano, A. T., Jr.: A fatal case of poisoning by oxides of nitrogen............................................. 207 Rubin, Henry H. and Arleff, Alex J.: Carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide: clinical study of chronic low-grade exposures........................ 123 Salazar, Alfredo and Silverman, Leslie: The preparation of microscopic spheres from quartz................................................................. 231 Sampling, filter paper spot sampling of air-borne solids (Tebbens)................................................. 292 Schulz, R. Z. see Tebbens, B. D. Schwartz, Louis and Tabershaw, Irving R.: Dermatitis in the fish industry........................ 27 Scott, Eugene W. see Machle, Willard Shaffer, C. Boyd, Carpenter, Charles P. and Smyth, Henry F., Jr.: Acute and subacute toxidty of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate with notes upon its metabolism............................... 130 Shelley, Walter B. see Elchna, Ludwig W. Slderosis, pulmonary, of welders, and nodular uncomplicated silicosis of foundrymen: clini cal physiological observations (Enzer, Simon son and Evans)................................................. 147 ST085 I 764 298 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY Silica, exposures in the fire brick industry, I. Trinitrotoluene workers, occurrence of TTnr Engineering study (Stalker).......................... 275 bodies in (Horecker)...;................................ exposure* in the fire brick industry, II. Roent Trumper, Max su Cantarow, Abraham genologic study (Ritter and Bovard)............. 283 Tuberculosis, mass radiography of chest (H31e- J particles of different size, potency of (Tebbens, boe and Morgan)............................................20 Schulz and Drinker)...................................... 199 occupational, control in hospitals GBrahdy)... ' 23 toxic properties. L Bronchoconstrictor effect pulmonary, mass miniature radiography of -4 of colloidal silica in isolated perfused guinea civilians for detection of (Clark, Hart, Keriey ^ pig lungs (Filley, Hawley and Wright)......... 37 and Thompson)............................................... jg Silicosis, nodular uncomplicated, of foundrymen. and pulmonary siderosis of welders; clinical Urinalyses, rapid wet-ashing procedure (Winn).. physiological observations (Enzer, Simonson Urine, evaluation of lead ^determinations. I. and Evans)...................................................... 147 Significance of specific gravity (Levine and Silverman, Leslie and Drinker, Philip: Use of Fahy)................................................................. 2|J the exposed worker as an air sampling unit use of methylene blue in testing for bilirubin in : for contaminants........................................ 22 (Myers)........................................................... 5^ see Salazar, Alfredo see VUea, F. J., Jr. Valerolactone, gamma-, observations on the A see Williams, Charles R. effects upon experimental animals (Deich- ' Simonson, Ernst see Enzer, Norbert mann, Hirose and Witherup).......................... 263 Skinner, John B. and Pierce, W. M.: The con Vapors, irritating, produced by burning cellulose trol of excessive heat ^nd humidity in indus materials (Easton)......................................... 211 try: putting theory into practice.................... 31 Ventilation, electric arc welding, and its relation Smith, Adelaide Roes: Benzol poisoning--de to oxygen deficiency (Viles and Silverman).. 289 layed: a case report.......................................... 118 Vlles, F. J., Jr. and Silverman, Leslie: Electric *Smlfh, May: Handbook of industrial psychol- arc welding ventilation and its relation to j.................................................................. 94 oxygen deficiency........................................... 289 . l, Henry F., Jr. and Carpenter, Charles P.: Note upon the toxicity of ethylene chlorhydrin by skin absorption................................ 93 see Shaffer, C. Boyd Soap, medical uses of. A symposium (Fishbein, editor)............................................................... 94 Stalker, William W.: Silicious exposures in the fire brick industry. L Engineering study... 275 Stern, A. C. see Crowley, R. C. Stlblne, microdetermination of (Webster and Fairhall).......................................................... 183 Sunderman, F. William, Weldman, Fred D. , and Batson, Oscar V.: Studies of the effects of ammonium picrate on man and certain experimental animals..................................... 241 Surgery, industrial and orthopedic, year book of 1943 (Painter, editor)..................................... 122 industrial and orthopedic, year book of 1944 (Painter, editor)................................................. 145 Sweets, H. H. su Demehl, C. U. Weatherwax, J. L. su Glaaser, Otto ..is'1 Webb, F. J., Key, K. K. and Nlchol, W. B.: Observations on the Fujiwara reaction as a AZ test for chlorinated hydrocarbons...................249 Webster, Stewart H. and Fairhall, Lawrence T.: The microdetermination of stibine......... li Weldman, Fred D. su Sunderman, F. William Welders with pulmonary siderosis and f< men with nodular uncomplicated silii clinical physiological observations (Enzer) Simonson and Evans)..................................... 147_ Welding, electric arc ventilation and its relation to oxygen deficiency (Viles and Silverman).. 289 Wheels, abrasive, safe installation and use of (International LaborOffice, 1944).................. 36j Williams, Charles R.: Composition of industrial dusts. L Foundry dusts............................. 110 and Silverman, Leslie: Collection of fluoride fumes in air...................................................... 115 Winn, Grant S.: A rapid wet-ashing procedure Tabershaw, Irving R. su Schwartz, Louis Torah, J.: Healthy industry: a report on a year's working of an industrial health service estab lishedduring the war..................................... 121 Tavlor, Laurlston S. su Glaaser, Otto for urinalyses.................................................. 178'jj Witherup, S. su Deichmann, Wm. B. Workmen's compensation su Compensation, workmen's Wright, George W. su FUley, Giles F. Tebbens, Bernard D.: Filter paper spot sampling of air-borne solids.......................................... 292 Schulz, R. Z. and Drinker, Philip: The po tency of silica particles of differentsize.......... 199 Thomas, Moyer D. and Collier, T. R.: The concentration of arsenic in tobacco smoke X-rays su also Radiography and Radiology '-3 X-rays, mass miniature radiography of civilians for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis (Clark, Hart, Keriey and Thompson)........... 181 mass radiography of the chest (Herman and Hilleboe)...................................................... 209 determined by a rapid titrimetric method.... 201 Thompson, Brian C. su Clark, Kathleen C. Yagoda, Herman and Donahue, D. D.: Flu Tiffin, Joseph: Industrial psychology............... 122 orescent mineral dusts as tracers for the lo- y. TOT su Trinitrotoluene calization of particles in tissue...................... 193. <j Tobacco smoke, concentration of arsenic, deter Year book of industrial and orthopedic surgery, mination by rapid titrimetric method (Thomas 1943 (Painter, editor)..................................... 12 and Collier).................................................. 201 of industrial and orthopedic surgery, 1944 'll Treon, Joseph F. su Machle, Willard (Painter, editor)...............................................