Document aBY0n2RYxm6ygjJMnaR31n19b

L14239 62 "" yV* LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC. 291 MADISON AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y. 10017 January 23, 1964 SUBJECTi REPRINT CM l e ad in g l a s s To the Meobere of the Lead Industries Aesociatian, Inc.: The enclosed reprint, entitled "Ieportance of Lead in Class" has Just been received free The Class Industry nagarine, where It recently appeared. This comprehensive report and bibliography was emptied under an International Lead 2inc Research Organiration grant at the State University of New York, College of Ceranlcs, at Alfred. Wo will distribute this reprint to students of glass technology at all universities offering such a course, and in addition It will be offered to selected technical reference libraries and to persona involved in the investigation and nanufacture of lead-bearing glasses. You oay obtain up to 10 copies of this report, free of charge, and additional copies oay be had at our cost of 35# per copy. Very truly youre. JTSieo'h Jercoe F. Salth 0 >A wttft L+d 't*-- Cri1 i;Wtfi o LIA23962 >o*r N 1951.01 LIA23963 Importance of Lead in Glass iw <>o 1k r. !^it Mr, nu /wri iwr of tior /vm/urf ttrvrlopmrui. rm/1tr mifi-fix/i, for MinntnUtt \hnuif arul \lanufnrturinf ('o., n*ninl>jr,{ tAii tuhlitifrtphv untlt-r u / rtt,,u Ai/* **/ fAr ItilrttuiJiohnl f.r^ut /.itu K'-wnp* A Or^AC'ifton fj aiMMin/ion n iiA fAc f,Hir/ /ni/iufrici .fiwMinfuin M/u/r f fAo >'//* / **{ Note <. //<*#* / Orntnira at tlfnsl. (iMilicnol rr|t-rHm u-/r r**/f# 4 n-tl /m Wf. /<</ Vr. Ji-ftn Hlm hrrr n/ii/cr n t tmUnuatun\ of (A#* / . *hif. f urthrr k -k /i /i m/ riTuOn of IAr rrpttrt wrrr tfur to 1/i* /V/rM** (httrlf* //. frvnr, f.'Airm/i < / /A/* /Jfyrrm<-nr of 7 rr A*l*/</t> */ .////'/, ihmtr*ii thr M**rk mml n/l/of t Aw f*Onf fril, Purl One L/l l* *\mj hl Irfu awyj 44 | Bjjuf r<n*fhu-n( in (U** >m< r (Ik - triy J*-*innir< **1 f lawmaking. .\Mr-ufb |h* rttl ( finjlli Jtltlr. if jn. I'j-I, Qinrv *la- dating JarL I.. tlx -mh irnlun II I.. u'Ujl'v fotamr.| rnj j'T ' y'unti- lx*. and tla* ii.'tn M'-oj-.ta- niij around ilt^ irrw rc>I lit j << I *j | ni.J^ K. R Oli't1 lu* rwfftlN fihli*brd ja ri. rJIrnt uniniiiy of . < r.|..fri Tt rtf l l^ad oftrn ionlj.i:---f kln.'li fr-'ult^d in rnf tint* wlt^-u nxlt inf rfft>!i!)--ii. ./r /. .I'l inf, an.| lirn tt>r jtg.x. wr|r i.xoli/rL (l i u :t i.mlhildr that earl* yli^ fltjl.'ifl. tiifr derived ff-oa tlx art of gta/iiif KianiK* War*. in wh*h h-ad rx mdfly gv.) Thu*, an.lv *e* of fljrr* (and <*n pot* ia T41*u* >linv that Rom m rafl'rorn krxw ..f tlii* iix of lr*.| n^^lr'*-*. Par* In* Irr* r^rnim^nt* <m ihr ii|p>pr<,lil a<i<| nntinu>>u* iiw ( LmsA in <li/r, T^ir tinijc fluting f lr-,,l oti.ir jllt.ta' tlir fnih.iiblh.a of jb/r* nbirb uuturr t a |r|ali*'-|y !< i.mi-rfa(n/r ju't a* it nw in r< "ili'>ni fj'itital- hirhini j ii.) pro.lu<r oft f!i*rk can lr 'lupr.! ai low jiiifr*. HuWrvrr, tbr gy ( |f|<l oti.ir in M arhi-r clarity and l.'.Iliaru-r < tirtuill) unVaoMti until U>73 klim Ki>mvi.ii( immird Kn^li'h crystal. Iwfigr lht dafr, ihr ultimate in Hw fla-wjfr ma the Wiwtian "rri*t.jl" t>f>H|iH-r>I horn 4 .-ij lm<- *i|.ra ( -iln-n. t.ny1ik in<l Im)i lead erv-tj! indu4fic* whoh tlr up rapidly ltrr Rjrnun>l|' d I ** nir||, rtf fil'I'Uif of Ow fldin^ \m-i1411 and Italian igpirmjo Ti**- -r, frl J'fr*! .jyi' kU all orf 1 i j ---. frjibinf lluoij m 1. than fiftr U4r. Sifwr tbr n-htmil h rntufy. Ir.f oliJt hi% Ixrr urd r..`itii.<|) 4. a f.'ft'liiupot 1nf thr ftf-l * t\ Uil j Ij m. \ V4fir1X of Or* 4J.pl 1. j 1|o O (nr Irj.l fl4"T% rntf r <f|w-os<ir*| ilunn; tlir |j-t r nt Ul V . I.rad o\. lr i- M.-h. Jr^^JMr in o|4Hal. hl-l rfrrtfi'al. j.I rj.1<jli<*n aK'ofl.in^ *ta. *fl>r |^ ial j.|*.jwttir of whob makr ihrni g^fgl lf w matt fr: I. U i.Jr rarifrr at a low trmprraturr. Ilicb in.Jrt of trfrartiofl V H'fli f'iofi I. It*-. itncr to if^kiiiiArati'H . i. I^iw -Icrtriial r<.n*li>rli*,it ti. 5..nny alr.irplion ( Xrn an.I yimmi ty*. Tl*r cirat rtuxini (M.wrr of J'-a.f <\iIr makr* it inxaluablr ia fu*iMr < otti(M.'iii(in* f'H ton<lifif otlirr fnal^- riaK a it <1 foimulatin; lolurfJ rnamrt* afil f!a/r. Tlx irfrirtur* pf.tndr |4* biional l>a< IfiounJ on ihr bi*'ory of tlx UW ,| |r| I'- * * * t'* Ja f|ji j q 4 ita<r. (!nni|Ni*ilioii Tlx j! <\|M|rtor f ilr-mooibat IraJ i- r..iuj. ii.f.U- iih all *.*< jla* ( rnufii: %*trr. \rrni>< mrtallK- o\i.}<-4 kliuK j, o,4 foim fli.xi by tlxn.-r|r, *}.o |Mir- Ira.I of iJ< ja unojur in tlia; i \'Ty lai*r projflio ! it mj> |x r.-mUtird with miftof J.t)>j*.|||.g|. of I vynral ^la (..rminf |a ||r,.| Mahlr flj'vr* Hhu*. tlirft* r<Olf S11. 1. f o*t *A> j-rf prut by vrijhl of l< j l uvi-tr with iVa aad l-UH ovi.fr tn * |x riM.lrJ tn cta**r*. 1 r^.f oki-fr jlo rnhinr* with oxide* of .I'li-r hf 4t r Irfti. n!*, nhirh h nut lb1ii`rhr' foint flj'Wt. t *rld un- ii'UjI jlj** of l*W wfl. l.-o \.*.. jiol >1^0, a.< 'ab| to fof. 'la*-. a1tboii>b it *y*- |rjr* tligt ilx 4'l<fit>n uf inall ijuan of ll>. 4 Iurh fmj'-.'il'on* fj'ilitalr* --tmc mlbout tx>talli/a` lion. A* ha* Um i|rnmli*M4tn| byf Sun.* Irg.f alo rn.*y |x rom- Innrd with otlo-r to furn yla"r of uniwul roiiif.'i)i..n and |'f"j.-iti< Tlirx fart* iuw tbit Irgd iltloMijb n<^ l>y lbrm*rlvr tli** f.nm<-r*. atr partirutaily adapt- jhlr In flan ,..iu|.iliun. Urnff, 'lu.ly of tlx a|*lr j.iojxftr% which Irad foniril..'. in flan l rnnkf im- j.riant t* tlx *-rimli>i ron<rmrd with .j ^ w iai. . ** i* <t*ri-vin.. / *> ri - i *v".. .v -.ii r.ti.A M <*mv 0 1 'JFmsy^g&tLSW* IUW!UMM> LIA23964 ------A- - Ilf application wf gla** to tenir niietie* of t|in 14I u><^ iA<( lt'a ( ii'-v' gia*e l*e |>4 ficulatly difficult applicaibm*. Oie fatly xpentihe in*e(igati*>n* by s<holt in^ lt* tu Mvikrii i Jena liflMfTn IfWI iixl I'KKJ iu<ni lead gla**e*. Thf rctultt nl ihi* Mink ai available ia lb*cladt`* book <>n (IUm1* where the of I Ilf if CoirrlllfiJ illi ll.eif An even amrr r\imi*p *tudy f the Irlitiia ln-tOff* ikf f Ofoj**ilio *( gla** and it* pioj.-t lie* wa* cauicd ut in tk rally IW by I'nWV11. N riir* III |r<l tla*-e* MPTP fcK-trd. rack rtin with a .iiffrfpnt ratio vf alkali to ilic. The lead niije content of the gl4*c* in each wrie* n iarirp*p<f in a regular fiifihia. fa two of the *etie ixli m i Iip *nl> alkali; in l* other*. j4a*h wa* u*ed al<wvr while in the remaining l*n an wjuim.iln ulir mixture nf w*.la and jml4li wa* -t*ed Stud* of -imilar g|j%**- containing litivr and other divalent u\idc* jM-irart! d a rofnpafi***ft of tlif*p wi'h Vad olide. (i, U \|..m* urauuiui live uik of I'eddle and man* i^Sef in* r-ligai.ru|N*n lead eoOtjinjng gfa**e-. while M H V.df}> pf.v.de* a * 'iiirnipnt "UHf of data -u tl>e |Jiv *Kat aad chetntrat |.f.qirr!ie* of lead l*-- v The praetoil limit* f the O.OIJHei lion held * for lead-eonlainin 1.-- afp deteimioed lv vafiou* |pr-|iefiie* -.( tbevr (li-w*. Ip th-- dii r*lM*H of high .ilica. the limit *et by difficult* in melting: tm high alkali ee.aten* lead* to ulaoe* *Wh are m un*taMe < brmiealf* that i(h *t ate attacked bi atmo|herie tnoUtuie; very high lead \ile content mat fiu'f diffwtiltv from < ri'tilliiitii'O. In the IW* tifK>U` author* p4ihliled generalized formula* |Hirpoltinr to de*ciile the Ceful held* of lead gltv* "lTire 'orrnula* Mere the *ubjret of ftiiirh e*fttftrt i. howrvrf, aod lae not proven very uefut in the formula tion of eommeti ial gla*e. V non li l letter bal fr in-t-Mitd ing high bad gla**e* piov:J<-J by pha*e rule "ik on limylf lernary o<lrmi rnliinui| 1erd utiJf and .il IV Mink of *nd Bunting tm 11 ip k .0 I'WISiO, iyif" i <*4 illuminating. while w*-fk |y kialat*. Mukhin. and Mcinmh m tbc 1*1.0 SiO, y'lrtn1* i* equally u*eful. |*ha-e rule diagram* abior give no inhumation on lKp pin forming |otra- lialitrr* of a > Moa. Iml nliottiihiiit on rr)*<alU/ation itVily a*4l duiiftf thr rt jo-riitv-olal Ug.li of mk Ii a ***trm pro ob* a rich wmier ( gla** making inb mat ion. Lnywidn* tempera ture* air **. alde to the {Um lerh- n.U>g.-4. *int r ilvei indicate :V thrimat range* which BuU be 1voided in ibr fitntiril miJiululvif of glav fU-*idr thr practical technological limit* 00 thr core }.*~ item Irad g1a**c*. legal rrUrictbm* al* eti. Sifter Vad elide i relatively eipendw, minnfj- turer* tend to u*e a* little a* f.r.-ib|c ia their balrhe*1*. However. inee tie* brilliance. ity and value of ira] rrylal depend o it* lead eon- tent, the goiernnwat* in mint roufttrie* hair imposed minimum requirement* f..r tlie lead elide ronlpwt of ware laU!Ir.f "efv :at." "P** "ft-vhemian lead crt*l"' *% required lu at leat 2$ per cent pf lead nti-lc**. Tlie Crrniia pr--lmt. j>^io>i::e-I to l--ar the Jj|--| "b-ad cM.tal" a gold -e.l. contain* n<* V** than IB per rent lead elide*1, while the French deignate ofllc gla** ith t lrai rt per > ent lead ..vide a* `.tour11 It Vul-i le noted that rather mall nuarttlt--* of |eal oi|e jf- o-nt to omr lie* to impart dr*itable j*cop- ertir* lr gla fomjvoitio#., Appfu- maleli hie per rent lead otide la a bald |r>r`ili< ilr fotmula u(fuirttt to facilitate the nvhiftg of ll*p batch and to improve the eleetriral uffaer rrili-taner of the gla* gteatli4 ** Much further information on lead gla** piunpo^ition* *iU be found in thr later *eeti*n* of thi* report ronferned miiK the nunufai lute, pioj*ejtie*. and preibe apj`lieati..n* of lead gla*ra. Struelurr* Modeln i|e|* va the -jrurlure of *! irgift Mlth 4 pajief try W. (I. /a*lutUTB;j in tthiih tulr* deduivd fiiun (he ktioun *tiurtute of rr>*tab line *tl*rate* Mere applied |o *w >(die< a( the di&tArtUm of X-raf by gla** made b* H. F- Tnnt and hi* aMM-iateT* Mipfurted thl* theory by hoMing that the etaential unit la the *tructurr of *ilirate gla*ev I* g ref* ular ietraUe(foo rompred ( lux tgro atom* Mirrouadiai g central mIu -o o atom. Wane'* X-ray revolt* al* `bowed that beyond (hi* fixit fteiglilT dttaiKe tlie ordering nf atom* in gta* ra(idly become* entirely ran.fom and (haf any region* of reg ular rrv*tallirie pattern eti*tieg in git** are rttrrmrly mill. C. J. Bair5* applied ihe X-ray ilifttKiin* technique to lead gla*e and ahoned-lhaf Zaeb* aii*en* idea* rtplain the arrangement of root! it or ni atom* obvened in them il'A. Bair e'included that the troeluie *d l*l0 SiO; gla** no*i*t* nf as interbwking network nf atom* in which lead atom* are alwar* separated by jliei.neti gen tefrahedra and sever dn ur adjarr.it In each other or jotsed U* each other br a common otygen. \e. or ding to tLr Za< har4*cn Vatren picture, gla** :* built up of Oxjgra ion* and to kind* of metal hm. One kind of mnal 100 fr.g. Si*** link* tlie o\\grn* together te form 4 random netM.-fV of trtnhrdra. The other kind of metal K-n (eg. Na*t fill* the h*ile* in thi* netM.^k and m*i1ife* it* pc*tertie*. Xlany metallic coo*i?uent* of gla**. Im.never, aftft1 be clarified uniquely in either of thew group* but act at time* a* netnork' burner* and at <*l}>er time* a* netnork m*vlifier, | rul Ion* play till* dual role in gla*. At low ronerntrattofi* lead a<1 a* a network modifier. Imt at high conrentfati<*n* It mu-t form part of the network. In a gli* with the cotnpo*iti>A nf lead a vn *. IO....WI, -| U*. M,U_* C- I I T'MU l*o o4 to `014. I ( fO i.w *."1 w. r. \i . l-.ll .-v 11 ^ 1! Pm** 4 ... No > t ft.., t.i,.. .1 1. CUi' VM ft . i<r-- c ia*m.o rt-.**!. I y^4 it Il*nl. lilt a^i. c 1. u.i*. oi u * R.if.t - r.a.i-f.<w tMc*w v< t-oui rvvo. i>" < * r-*z iw, cast. m. r>M. a-u <* 1- a nw. j***. v--f~ "tui m c,.o.i cu-*- c>*.o.4 m <t*u. ran 1 a m ' -.la " .>. 1* IT U7t tj 1*.1 cv i* Ok u tt W..a.** l.f.M.w (-a lot 0|Ml CUa," n*n* rt * tv* *.Mi*.a*<i. j. t**i 1. *.*t. ..oJ - ~tW* 1i_w v i^.x m ,4 t.w* I- r*. ft**. .u. aiMI, ut.Wa t.'*o - ii 11 101. \tii.'*. r:*. 1kot>ow>" / a-*. .1). (.U**** f1 I **t tt. ijrr 'r? fnrt' " s'..' iBirw." uywaft! y -.-wx m<y. *i *,. LIA23965 -wwa >* (tm-iln atr. PtovO*. the SrO Mri' AifI electronic tul*e. lead gla* tubing Uel|w (u ixidire chance organic lm- bedta inu.( fe joined by I^i4 Imi, i* al*o preferred (i making neon jHifitir* in the |a|rh*,-,,-M, Many author* have d*cu*ed |M gn |.r*AUe it U *of( and readily The |diy iral form of litharge U ilnli() .>( b-ad loot ( form jv*n of llw shaped. (atfiUnuo*i* lank* otr |*oilt ( matter f i m- - in the gL--m^ker. lirlwofk fru<1urr of flk, M<wXf tod fu*h*n ra*t refiaeturie* fr *ali*(vci-iry \jfi--u* tep may Uc taken lu avoid (liir^ leeided that I'i J rill>f( form* pl*duejii*n ( lead gta. difhriiljv (ton. du-ting and **ate due double pan linkage* f-aSi-OPleO* Optical gla**, wbkb fnuH lie of the t* II* f:nly Jit'drd form. Dindei* may f*t-Si< | or enter* ibe |!i< atrxicluf* highest rpiality. require* stirring l be added In Co tier! litharge into a l A Ml jltrdf ! froup { Pb04 I. TVv nUiia satisfactory homogeneity. Tbi* glandular matrt.tl which can l>e rnA(tu'H<ft* roairailxi flair** interpre may le d**ne in p-n j*ot* wi;h a re- handled bv mixing and filling ejuip* tation wf hi* X-ay rr*ullv Stanwonb** fraeturv r*J, Platinum rrueible* and ruenl witb<Nit object eoxblc dut**. The ur;eiid that lead d* at g network i-unlinuon* urllinf unit* lined with influence n{ mi*tut on the tn'xirvg ( former fry forming essentially rlrt platinum are jraaM'h*d with fik i-nt |>tj-h-lead-itica gla wra* -tu-lied by l-md* with neighboring oxygen* while piatiacra tirrer*. Crcal ejrr tod*t b* Turner and cu-worker*41-4*. According retaining a low mordinatioo camber. taken wltctx lead glam i* mehed in to thi* v*atk. >lmut I per Cent ! the UVyl?* explain* the |wh%iof of lead platinum l* arnid todtKtim f the oprimum amount of water to be added in gla** by hi* screening tlw-ory. The trad oxide ill tbe gla**, aince metallic to cuck batchev (vdari&ahle t*k** bix behave* *oo lead pn*duced in tbi* way alloy* >1111 Vftother way 'f avoiding dotting of i*le a* a highly charged tetravalmt (datinum and ruin* it. F.lectric beating lead oxide from g!j* balche* ] ! Hn labile iHe other dde Kow tbe chara>ir of a *olde mill Thi* theory i* ad**alle to add tbi* danger1*-11 ** lUr.lt.w convert it to lead rilicate Irv a pee* litniaary fu*i<n with *itica. Cold- fKw* qaefnl * M|.liinin| the aurfare litharge, or lead nmutiib, i* tbe -chmidl'* ije-rrile* a tncllirJ fur do f*r..fwjtf-* of lead gta**ea. primal* material u-ed for introli>cting ing thi* in an open hearth furnace. JiriM and Krridl^ a* well a* Fajan* leed into g1a balrlw fVr cM*til The leaJ -di. jle obtained lit thi* pro- and Kfrii!lM bare a!--* di*cyed the and <*|*t;ejl g1a*e* where freedom fr*'m cc-i- I- il-clf a gla-* and nity )>e u-ed a-v metric Iv-haM-r of lead ion* 1 r**bc i* c**eti*l. brgh purity *( tl*e b* adduce bid *\ide to gla-- batehe* flj.< ahd ha*e (irked lhi with the litharge and other taw material- t* iu a mp|etcl* n-*n<lu'ting fie*-.flow ej-tH-al proprrlie* of lead >1*e*. neec-varr. flerau-e iron i* a common ing f-int. Ii ha* the further advantage Pajwf* b Fb-rin-ka*a**. and and paitwulaiU und'iiable impurity, d reducing the melting time of tle Jef.V/l1' treat tbe -tnictute of lead it i e**ential lo u-e litharge whieh i gla-* and diminishing cord*4*-1*l!. cla--*-- OtbaW c#*rw 1-jJe* from pha*e free from iron and other coloring Tlie-e dutI- material* !-*. have rule and xolafibration data tbit lead ;: tlicate tend* to segregate fr-m *tlie- n%ulr*. Fi'flunatelr. thi requirement ha* l-*-n met hr the Ira*l indu*try- the A'hanijge <d facilitating jcoper lugn-m- in mixing and lun-fl-cg gla** rich region* in glassr* of tb- lunary lead olid* with le* Uan SOpj.m of bat. h. Tfible may 1-e entiiely ao.ided in*n mar l< pitrliiwn:inuu* lank*. It i* preferred f.f "otf band- blowing in Jitetir w a i e |etn.>e ef it* tong work- in* range, but al*o lend* iw|f to all *! - <d j'it..mjti<- falui- ai>-Hi Much lead glass i* ma<W into tubing lir Manner and Velio machine* and u*ol gt a**e*. \ pr.*ee-* f*u making p*lte litharge h induing a pr*tr of molten lead i* de*cr.l"-d by S R. S hob smcr lea-1 gla-o*- are -ul-jeef 1u re|i*li. it * ftrn le-'iablr lit uppty c\lra x*gen in tlie baieh. One way i* 1** u-e fed ia l. Ph,U|. whieh i* tddaiao| In r*ating litharge. 1*10, in a Wfx-nt .f aif. It gi*e. up it- ettfa -imiljf g * j -- Mijtciial. bv pfo|-er -i(*efTi-i-n t* enure ld'|'lJtc hygi enic pi.i aution* wealing du-f ma*k, ihr>-<igh lvithmg. and |*et...Iic medical r.ven cpiartg -and. br example, mu-t 1-e handled with cate to avoid -ilno-i-. and therefore -imilar pre caution- m-i-t 1-- taken in mixing a gla-* ImIc Ii*1. for eating lead* in meande*ornl Imp* oxygen early in the melting pnne- and In bad gla-* bati he* ciiHct hai a vinta*^s r-i*4 it <i*-.p. ax I ,v iu |U V* W *inu>. iu "U *--- ,s r / * r.i..,, / .a. a itiiti rr x, a. i * a --X-4-. u~j ->- i.-.w r-4 .-,- i .a . i-a-o.iw e^-i^M--*- i#- i*iti u l. /.4--4 i a l./J t r.e--..'- c>... 1-, 1 ii-.-ti u n Ho4k.w. -w.*,iu, t.a * a.a ta.~ 1114Wv a- 11 i i*m. wc; / .**. C'-4 r^x*-- n m*.-v i. *t*. < - tv a.,...- . , r-.* K'j 1 *r t < 1xt,XM* ,a u.r*.a a a-M a (t*.- i, / x-<. .u-4 r^**J 11 *x it i\.tit>4 -r*4,,i4^ lo r ...ii'*.4| (i.n i/ 1..4*----* j l**t *K4A4 I-, B..X4, i*.!..,- i., ,, - 11- iii t c i*m r*--r <1 11-.-1 iwi k r vi irft* %. Hoi., w .u 1 r f*--* - it, rtM a XX--44l-4 4'* IV-- U*h>4| X,.l I., 4 -I (Hk44 C4--4.. 4 -4rl COVmX | o4 n.u> M.< M... .1 Ii-t 1 ...i.r T.e- " I 5~. 1./4-1 ;* .wi. n* .- w r*.x< **-i % 1 * t..w4 - 1 u. I.!..-., -t v--.4-- > <k Wl*>af a k44-X>. |- f~4 4.k I ..4 St..| I.W>4 " I ( Cl#< ivx.a >* **: >. nvt a r x 1. -1^,4 <1,11- ,r *.i..4 1.4 ci.-. r> r*i v'lan <1.-- .1!<:. c,--.. r k*a 11* it*., : t*ni. ftr 4L.W M. !* . ?** w -,___ t.^< V.-J k,a. 44 w^.,4 ti-- " C.-4- 1.4 u. (iwai. U 1 Vim-I r.-- -- J U...I..<.< . 1-.4 4.140'- 1 * I-.I .-' * 1 -^r *, iv. M XX TV- 4-0..I k4<-4- |L> '-IvkJ... -t lot fL V.I...44 I..H *.J IVr *, - l * --4 f 4 4 - 1.4-- * .< f. . M *t**t :v y c s-- ta-. ..a x-i..,-, .. 1,.4 r,.,.--.., * -t --a-- t-,-44..1 w..#.#! a_... ;a ,r. i*;,-. M iim ' 'Wtvgr ti* WMWLW( W'< * .- > LIA23966 t*rAeb< 1*1 action III tin* wHtll.j }j|u< r* HmJ <|iimuilM-* tl*r ivliu'iw a* lion of live Isiftli 4n*t*-(ul, mi the j*ts. 'C# I.null'll, llmllin, and Tui Ucl4< puUli.lwj a Jf< r i j *1 iou ul the cthcli ( . ulht iii vat) mg |'i"|*orli>n u*> potah- lr*dxi<k-*ilK-a gla>cx. Kc *'* jKunlcd <njt itifLrutl) arising from the Uk of v( tubing < cullrt lo i lJ*i gla.*; tl* luting l|aji|*rd tan mate rial*. causing chemical inhouiug rncity in the f|j%* ind |*^**1 -j c rviJ*. It in iHii'iiniili i| that the culld be crushed lu *111411 piece* tu Hui4 tlii* diSrull). Although had uiljr of lead liikllr i* usually employed ia mating up balrhe* for leaj glass, other material* half limi at lime*. Thu*. llcvcrsdotfe**4 |i|u|Nnr<| the B*( of metallic had with an oxidizing agent anil llalk-lt*'4 patented i!*c u*c of ilntj(* batter) llilrfblT irjmJtfJ that U'f of had *(f a* a source ( had in jli'* bat lo- * M to le rrconcnH-til-J. 1 rad *rd`* s irrotnnun-bd lo tlitniiii'h melting liiw, \iiiu H"ii t i<! rub half l*e u pt*,j.-rd a, j ulolilulr f**r had ,\idc in gla-s bal* h<This. ol cuur-e, h a mattcf gla* anJ the **\!rnt ! which -o* ii substitutions an l<r- |..Uiati.| .i'|xit.U <-n the ue to whi*h th* glj* i* lo U` put. ftjfium lime wiili *i|i j and alumina**. !11,h i p* i*j,!,jir ju.| ami %arioq. **th-r replacement* for I'fdt have lrt n proj*s"d. In general. jrh replacements tnav l*e pra<tical to a limilrd extent. fu1 **roe *j<lifi<e of ihe tl<-irili|r pr oj*-r t ie* imparted to glass lv had *xide i involved. A uijjor problem in all glass melt* mg i rorro.i>n of f! < obtaining re* fra* tone*. A11 lt>>u p l lead gljsj is no more active in thi* ir-i^t than xufa- liliw gla*. fhr high */ had- ftHilaininc g|a anl tin- volatility of l^ad otilr from l*-ad g1a mat intro* tliiir |*rt caf piott m*. Thu. f*rptnn and Tuin-i*' n'tr.| that (ioion of (hr jn-iJ** of the riu*n a^U the pot mouth in rh^r|j(ili/rd dutmg cnrlting. I'ofm (r|ra<t**i\ in the l*<t.m of a lead *! j4 l* rapidly jwnefraird hy the ihn-<- glav Ilnur, it i ^dvi-aldr to u*e a |di`tir clay Ui<h hrr* to a drtjvr vilf'.u* body rirn though thi* inrrra*r* ihr jrr ohith mu*l hr taVm to a>i*id ogling during drying and fifing of lead gla |u|, Sucl. p*^* arc diu.Ird nnirr rrnly and mot* dualy than |h 4 of more porou* nitrrial and raw Imrf ituart and cord* In tin* gliMll,w, Firtbu rrroo* inmili bring |ot* t the mrllii.g trta|rralurr ( ihr glaaa, or al^vp. to mini* mirr rxMioinfl, The b*ngrr ttr tiiw uh |h *| ato un*lrf fire, tbr BX'Cr lr-*i*taut tlo-v |-ronv to fU attack. Volatiliraliun nf trad <*idr frvUl lead gla>* mrh introdoce other plobIrrtt* a rll i< lHo>r of frf(a<t<'Cy attack Juimg tlr melting njwfjlioo |nle*mn^rneir%' rau-ej by |k of lra*| from the kiirlaer gla" mav raie mnlinro. If thi* i |un|o| by ruftier| mixing, the oerijtl gla* comIhniliixi nuv l< changed *o to or* terially a<fet*t t"t< pfiy*i<-at proj^rtie*. \ftilerk*o<<, ho via* oOr of tire fu*t to rtudt the fkifkiratioa nf lead oxide from lead gla m*`ltv f<>un<i !lia! the rite of i.|jtilualioO drpen<l to a large ritrnl on the amount of afirring to hi< h tlte gla it Kjljnrtrd. At trnifwfaiure* Lrtoern 900* and 1100*0 the rate of evaporation from aa un.firrrd p.^ faJh off rapidly after the f<r*t 1 j nimutik. Tlii* it due In the formation of a thin layer of gla* low in had and, consequently, of low den sity which float* on the rurfact of the melt. 0*iw quently, the rate { hu of had from an unfirred melt depend* on tin rate of difludon of had to tlnr air fare rather than on the rale nf evapora tion. .\nder*on* rr'ul'i indiralrd that a ton of hne flint g*a a containing 60 |k *c t rut I'ltO lujy lusc a* (each < J.tlh. of lead uxiJf when tuclted fur 2 la> in a 39 in. |K*t. Thi* i* ufhcieut to thaiige the had coutrot of the gla t) alut jK-r cent and tu ditainith the (efiaitive index b) S uui'j io the third decimal pla<r. It U ub'iou* (turn iWse teuli that the lime and |rt* |etatufe tnu*t Lc carr(utl) controlled during tl*e melting of had gh*M- if eih *u varivli'-n* in the optical prop* citi-k uf the gla-* are to be avodcd. Ilill*e and Owl41 )<ointed out that alumma i an im|>ortant factor in the volaiiluaib*n of lead because of ita great influence m tbc viecositjr of gits*, flirayaiua*4 repotted that the evaj-.talion of had frv*tn borate gla>ae i* h,* than ftutn *i!katr of correa* |`fdmg had c**ntenl. rre*ton ami Turmt*1**. wc.e led by observation* of tfe alack of had vapor* w a gla*s |ta>t* i<< make a detailed study <f tin* cvajK.rati`ii of ha*l oxiJe front had glj-s in*fj*. Tlify afo ijrtriminnl the a< (tui *a|.r pressure of lea>} oxi<le *<r m-dtrn ha*l gla-s by a dynamic nn-tlnsf iii whi.lt a stream of inert ga wa saturated by parsing ner tl*e flaw. A would Ik * rxj-ected. the initial rate <>f volatiii/ation from the gla* melt* Uj u ^*^I >n the same way with trmjwra* tui** , tin* equilibrium vapor f-:e;*urc. The rate of had I'Vi.h Vdjfi!i/.*ti*>a at a c**n*ta*it leinj**rature of 1200*C in- itcj.ed a the jK-tcentjge of had ia tl*e glj-- m* ica-cl an*f the curve connect* iftg had volatilization with ^.las* com* |**iti'*n showed break* at p*unl cr- resending to the c.rnp**und ThSiO, and PhSiO,. Prr*t*n aiul Turner io- lerprcted thi* j. e*i*hnre for the ex- i-lrm-r of l!c-c compound* in tlo- glav*. *u|'j"'*iug that ca*h con>]x>un<| had rt own rhjracl<ti*tc 'vaj*orati.*n rate, rf, J. Callow" u*ed the result* of rv-l.-i and Turner to e-limalc the actmlics of Isitli |*U0 and SiOj io lire binary sylem. Alfh**ugh calcula tions using Kflhy* data** en )eat* f i r .* <w. *.... rv*.s*.,.*- r-.*. r**ae, *r u*ii. r* W --iw, U.K.a . I..Z *.n-> IH*a r-a, " I. >* CUm If.tmtl I <|*i:i. * * vi s. i ..ii-v . a . c..,. i -**. ss-i w r s. -t v . - i .ii*. _ .1, ..4 i.4<s u r^.a |yi o.^* *uis.^. / * 4./,.. r.z v M W. kes ')..( VU t.^4 l.,, s^. t<.a-^.^s- i s- < !... r-..4 i; <i*<*- --a . . *o * ti;:i. toe n r. r-s-*.i -. r,-. - *.u- i *.-,.1,. (.he, *+. C-s t 4 c s r* .*.> i.t Hu i I***. i^,. re vsa*r (U.f li. |f*|. '4 r M-i w*. -to 4 i**j a.c, .| vi.o.i.t, * cu-- * c.i**^. 0I Co m r.t * * s <f.1r ,s |*l vr. h in., x "i4 rw. 1.4 cw... " **. a.-z-.c*. n *IIM. t*. T-.* a-.i. C*-ws *4. 4* <TX a * .* .. *. *., is* I.* i i.t.M ft *- s-. a..j. n m. .i. j*; < *- ti * * <(*;;* iit *e i sr. ,f.. s.V.,..,.^ | ... n .lh.|. I.J l..i ~ IV. M.s tl.l-k" *4 . I|s|rl > * ............ 4 t, ICs t*t 1 >; f ^ l` .** !l 4>S4`. J *i i r.-o. x. r . t.*^* < -* r^.at-o n,o, <.U~, i*4 <* m it* (k <h i* *4 tV V.<*4 e.i* " 4.,, f wv uw. s.' r-o i * t .*4 u.o a--.* a.^i.i*. n usm. **; *> i v i-.v, ii i-*. ..i t i s. r..^* "Tv* c-w.*-u ro-.Ut s. ;k*i*l*a 4W.J, / A-e f.!,,, r..*s-i r o*;n. m. s4 O X..:.*--. rv. \..I,M 1..4 O.a* I**^S t.W VU-.u vi.o.- i j -. <,.**. ,, * u*ti. *44. sv a t ii.tu* ..4 a i. c.-a `v-uoi... s,.a.* u ui u^,.- /. I. 4 ".* V * 44 <|SM I-1 4 Mil*..** "\VUl.|** si 1 s*4 S.I.. *< 1*1 l*\J ftsll, l.Mff H.ln." I 4s 4 ** <*. II <|Sm. "K*s *. I t'***4-*, --I V I. *!*>* "\ s.,4, ,4 .1, V-!k .i vii*, .si Y.,~* 1....^ ,i H^V Vs.i-.ro * -I -. Ill.'.U-l 0..4* s.l,. t I.!*-i *, 4.-. ri.J i. i,; ji* * r. r>..,* sa * r ' (* *> v -i t.. <*..*. 1 *,4 V! U.*,.-.," I l,,k* J 4* l|*.Ot. ^s u. tA X ft C.H.*. -4 ^ s, l. I'- Ho, -- U... ,.. *! 1111. II,v t - --I - -*.* 11.. I 4.,o.l M-.I < .............. . I-.,. i- * ii. -- .i. ,-j u^(*.. i --,.s.s-. n,., ( a a... U4 ifwa.. LIA23967 if .I formation with lh li'e/mg (turn | tt -I e Iille Wolk mJulr |eoi1|*r dr- xialioti* fi..|it }-! heliaxmi t high i<lirrtllri|l|<'lli u( I'M) |B SiOj , Cal- < illation* hunt the xaj*o| pfr*ulr work h itli the pha*r iulr data h<w neatly 111''41 Ih Imu -t up I,* jx*f cent *.f S0* r<| |i\ in. reading iirjilnr de- xiation* in thr > of I'M* at higher din t < n<* ailivity of tilicj follow. an ~>~-liaj-d CUMC with large jfcilitr Jeiiati<*n fr*m tlulion t high Cx- iniUjlium of mIk i . < la I [<xt inlcipirt* lhrc curr l rxiJrftcr that h-ad >*' whc* added l ilka (Ijn tend (< llir oiygm Mri* aUut i Ik -b ik -Kc * and l from reghm* rnnUining cutnparati*rl> undifTr initialed ilka. Thi* IrtidetH y i not wuffk-kitt l eau*r Kpaiatka into l*o glairy plu>o -i* it i in lH< . ;( M|t iiiuiiiin; > trQtiun, jnd lijrium mm> Ut ll i mJ itM re nuilni th-u llir i|riilitn U the alkali-ilki J*lriii*. A* more 1'hO i added, jhr formation of orlHodkjte r\rdtnail* h-ad* to strung nrg*. tiu- i|niili<tn fim ilca! In-lil'i-'r l*T the aitiiiiy .-f Sit).- Thr*c cahuljlion* air partioil.irly inlcmting Mr thr light flirt thr* .n thr *1iieturr of trad ilka gla*e.. Tl*r rrjcthmx la-cuiiing during thr nulling f |!a*h lead *iliea1r g!a*e* hair lrrn tud-''d hf Pre*ton and lirni:* in Kngland. h* Hr*LotoJuv rt al*` in flu-da. and hi Tinimin and (Ll-rn in lrrmjin5* with noiilar re- Mill' Moi-hirr i rli.Jir.l and otigrfl i* IiMiatrd fitH Ph/>4 MM* fcOO'C Potai<im carbonate rraei* with rilira 1.1 w11 l/tt* and Rtl'C whih I'M) rrj< t* with >i<>- and K:0 altr TOO'C. \l t(<txi (I f]w I'M* La* entirely di*- <>ked in llr fnrlt. and iU>vr 1000`C final <duli>>n of midual dlka !iVr place and i completed at I200*C. |>Hjil* u| thr (r4<1i<i|t in thi* eompleg J'lrm tar) with the (ate of heating m l with gtain *irr of .'hr hatch. Thr readme |rin Vad othfr and `ilica, which (oii'titutr* 1 aimplrr uh- llrni of thr |Mlahl^4d gl4 mrlling traction, ha* l>rrn tudird hy an orn largrr group of jntrktjgituf^'-H-i1-!*- it r T 4 rr-ult of thr w..tl it i* grnrralljr agrml that llitrr conjxiund* jrr foimnf in llii* *y*lrm, |rad mrt* ailiratr. |*Ii'*jOa. tnrlimg at 7M AOC.; had tlh->ilnalr. I'h_j>i04l mrlling at *iV 30C; and or hark rilkatr. I'h^iO*. mrlting at 725' 1*C. I^ad oidr. I'M), mrlting at UJVj' 2'(1, i* H*r primary pha*< f*r miiturr* rxm* taking Ira* than ti.7 wright |<r cmt of SiOj. and adit a rrytlaltiar* from iniiturra *<ntjining more then 29.S prr cmt of SiO^ 1'ir-tioi and Turnrr** rludied thr ralr of gla formation in thr rraiiow U-twrrn trd Irad tllijtl,! and <|uartr *and tSiO.I. a* writ a* 1 lw inrrlunion of tlw reaction. TIk i found thr ft*t *1rp in thi* rraiti<>n to ir drro(u(4oi- ti`n of thr l*hjOt wjlh rrlraor of *iygrn. Irjiing I'M). Tliii -trp wa rnnjdr|r-d at alriit .VXI'('_ Ahir thi* trni|*rt jiuir |*M) wj* tran*(rrrd in llir id|w>r jdu*r to thr tiilfarr of thr lira grain*. Hrrr it rra. trd to form a Irad lirh gla** with h gradually |>rnr- tiaicd and h***diod dtr grain*. X-ray diffr J I ii*H *ludl> * that thr final product of thr reaction did n*< rontain frrr *ilic* and that there wa rm m<1h I <*olution of lead oiidr in quaHr lafticr in thr otir*e nf thr rra* Tlir rate of thr rrartion inerra-rtf a- thr |rtiij i alurr in< irr-rtj a* hoi*n in Tahir { for a mixluir ronlail.mg 80 (*rr rent of Mad ntidr. All f thr*r *1 udi'** are u*rfill in proiiding *rirntifn hackgiound for thr pradicat melting of high Irad gla*c-. Surfaer tm*ion i* a prt*rrly of gla t*4U I -- t |Um to o. so Ui *m tooo \ 100 tioo 1)00 1)7)' (`O t*4 CW*/ a*li which ha* a girat mflurnee on it* hr* in melting. JiUruMirnnkl** ha* jwontrd ut it* imjKMtancr in the ninhaiii*m hy which (rfractorira tit roriodrd and cud* foimrd oT di* |*ef *nf iii g!a**. U Iwn i^(( Iradvofitainiog gla**r* air u*rd a* ha *r for roan.el* and glar~*. urfa<r lrn*io i again mu*t impotlant in drlrtmining *|*rrading and writing lwliaiiur*1. I grtirlal. Irad gti*e tank h-w in ufface lm*i<>n, with lalur* in 1M range from 2I to 2W l>iw* 1 m. at 1.UK)'tl \<voiding to the woik of Shari*i and othrT*. g1a**r* cHilaim:g laigr amount* of Irad u\n|e hair lcm|*ri4tutr 1 K'fltcictit-. .t .iiitacr Irn* o\l<|r. in t|K lull an alm<>*jihef> tiiflurioe the *urfar *f lead gla-* nirlf Nodi of the lead inljfe.|rjd *l|l|j|<- -*.teni !* Xlrtkei and U i.ndf at*< liek** mealed that tlir*r gla**r* (*. <*. it ry low *nfarr trn*ion*. Partridge** traced ihr rru-r of a prrripitatr in lorlt* of a AO {-rr rrnt lead 1 11 *1*1 gla** lu the prr*<ncr of -tilfur dioxide in thr furnace ga*r*. Ueicr*<Iorfrr'4 al*o found that u!fur dioxide, whi. h i* alwai* pre-c-nt in |-fo<lti<rr ga*. will rauw* thr f'ffopita* lo-n .f lead *nlfatr if thr ennerrtration otxgen in the atmo*pherr orrr thr gla** i* *ufli. ient to rau*r ihr oxidalioa of y*0. to yiOj. Thu*, although H ii e**.~ntial to melt lead gla**r in an oxidizing atmn*|*hefe. thr otygrfl con- irnt *liouhl n<*t l*r m<rr than nnr prr cent iluring finding of thr gla*v x v-. a " <n - i-.x k r*ii.*k.*4 c*>r.. inn. * 1 r....-- ..at r. 5 !.*- -i..r.--*.,i a iw r.--* j i.u** r^*>i.i iU ra-. e* 1 t. N**| *4 x r ** R*irr* ^.1*4. ..a iu o.a** *4 t**4 rx* a.*, a 1 1 -** a .<<** t> t" /. .*M u... /..*j .mu i x ii: r tt. ix* ii< .4 xik.i. <i- a.o a u.h..< j iw .>o .*.<m^ !* <*.o..** A XU.I. 1 .4 O..J* 1 1.*^* IU :i <l*4ll Til M. Ct.l III "tv* I*--* a. Ik* Xl-hi*. 111. * *a |nillil(|i f * ^ ** *r* A . r.4*U u.1 o.*a-.l** -l*M A Ik. Sla.l..* A t lA <*j> i.. t im .* in.r t. i.a.** t 4.i**iu a ?i.i . --w,,.*i i.uo c-i*." tv.r. 71 :t4i. 3u *a. 1 li x h-i.-oi... x *rr*. T. I. k**i.tk<*4, I r. <>*U-kl iU 4. x -ki.k. r*4 'k-- <i r.~*.* i. ix* 11^0*14 a r-o... ^ 1 ..J I*. * l.. I.Uh 1 .*- I -.O i? o*u. ML / i.-.* lu^M ri /i o**ai :c ** ' 1 I*..,. ..... m A lb* < .0 <,l--. *4 .l,-**. 7. 4*. C ii*;**. :i. | l iii. ,u .......................... a-4 .-a vii~ t*4 Oo-i* ink *.|^ f |.._( I 1.. ll*>. >*i I*.**. M nil. n i.,.ix ,a n.. * > ix* x.**.*-. a ix , Rmh i.m . Ik. *.. . ivn | r.J *.I,..i,,** II.. M-*eJ cw*. 1:4 ||.|*| I I,.., tut I.*- 4* -I'll' |WC *xx x *k.* .* v \.k*..fc~. i,-ii..-- a x. nai *a>, - < tr. . 11*1.1. JX! 7. $*. Ct-- rU*4. T (1*111. IX. *Xa. ..4 t.-rn, I.^J VI. ,,.,- Xr-l-W J H*l*l. til Ih m 1-4 t **-- .* (I <|*l;i, .ft X * It.**--. .a I I x.v.k... - Ik* M-l-.-'o * A I--O-J r**li..rt. A U.ru" t.H l'*4 .V,. I * * f 11 ,|**. t**:; I... r*i r*.. e niai ru I. I. <,iw<. t t ..**. .u l X w.**.*f -t .*.!.- Itn *.n, " / a*. * a-- **.*a--4. ii iiii> : m tt. I*> -- \l.f** t.l ol K !'.** * M-J1..1.* A <k* -M, . *4 .!*. kt li* Ih iw x.^-i X*t. ,*4 t. 1 j ll*,;. (I r-- H n. tr. v,.ta. * r. v.<-4 v. r i. v*. *J I * r.*k M-*.-r* **A A I---- A l.U--. ~ .<-* I** 11 t|*-4l. tun L- *krt., *U X r s*-.l. 4***fl* !*** A *-, fyi*. .1 /. im <*,. *^. H U*fl Ifll* * *r.M** ,*j x. > a,-- k 1 *.*.^* * r--1--..** . ik *..0--. nWAh *.4 |-m*.S" I. .**4.4. tt l|*UK. *1 M ( \|.k** ( H X*,.l.|.^k*k *'*,, fk.. .1 ti*t*i', *4 t *4 *.!.< I.U-*. ,X (.,* v.'l... 1 ...... r..',.***i t- <1 <1*1*. vx. i..~ a*,. < 1 H r,.o.4r* 14. i.Lh " f,n*i C,< 1 Liu, thO.4 U. r fl*.I., I-.4 I..II ,.4 ,L- I-I^I*., .. .4 l,i c.**^ i<x *ik4* n*. 1--1. r*, . ,i*'ii. *: i`.i* ?e*4 (inn. f. LIA23968 Madgci*1 found that i<i-<< jH'i *ln,n of aUmt l |*-r rent .f { J oxide m g(a**- mating ir'fai ftilu in in in- ( in lr*i*tanre In <Ufo*|on. Al**, lit'- fold*. which ir-u|l J:*m lulmn of tich K4 I <.,n'.*iiHlig (rlurlKiiM, have lower -uiface 1< n*i<>n than the main lewly uf |Ij and air more ri1) hom ogenized than mt,| from ordinal) rrfroctorie*. Ivj.J gla**e nr generally rharaetef. i/ed hr l"W annealing trni|ef atufe*. Thu*. (.rhUmlf and Thom**** in com paring PbO wiili <3-i(>. Hj O. and other Ji*aleM nxiile* *ub*itutcd for adtea in 1 In containing IS Jcr rent \*.() and W fwr rent ol SiO*. found it In ir live mo*t rrtn lix of the tried in 1-wering the temperature at which iinm diapj*eared quirllr vhni l 1m- gla-.*/-* were heated*'* at S* per mm. defining the anneal- in* point a* ill/- temperature at which f iJ-- hi- 1 loMO-lft ( 10*' |n^WH, (oitnd ulii/ tanging (tn Ml* Id iM (! f.r (tuning g!a**e*. while the annealing jwunt- of lime gla-e* were aM-ut .VPC3 higher. ind thn*e of U/f<**iy'*to }-iuI lOO'C higher. In iim (U' melting ojH-ratjna io*i< ! en-urr that tin* ra<nipo*ition and (f/ifwruV. ,.f the *ir Il i-j * eon- lant are important. Tin* i- particularly nrcr*arj * <l!i Ira.! g!a**e Le- iu m- of the |o-. .f irj.l 11\ |. {r |.| v < IJ111 i l at ioO during nodting. I *i |Kr iao*4 frrt|UrtilK II-|| ilrlr l aillilllMn for t!li /*rt iif quality nftii ! 1* the mej*urem-nt of d,u.il\. I VJ-rtimcnl* ly Manner* and I*ortib-mon-irated the rflrx Innir.. of refractive index measurement* a* a c..nind of the quali- My of Irjd g|j*. (i.f |g|i<nc manufar- lu/r. Ifuliful*1 ini.tniuroJ H mull t>( Uu |>n>j i1ir >u>ti a* drri'iiy 4II11 roflrMllltf juitlll fof (Huff (rliildr 1 oifol of (li* rini|-.`Hi..n, lii tlw inanufai luir of lr>{ j!a* |lir /Milfi. o( 4iti| raw malrnai for 1r j ! i* IIMJ^H 4ll(. M) r f) aft.! V.!'%'*- .{r-^nlir turfIk k I of |-|rfmining IraJ an.f lufium. nliilr ^4 drll, and N lirif'*4 Jiw u m ||r drtrrminalioQ of load in *ili< al-. T*U f<* iron and ullii-f inijKjMiif-* in li-ad raft nuirmK 4tr tn-i'roiM**. Tr.f. for 'null <|UD- titir* of lead rxliartnl ftom (!a>*. mamrU. and flaar* jir a!*o nrrijfd. Irx JudnJ hnr arr rofrrrnc*^ on wwf of Ilw numrrou* mrth>d hate itrtnt Pro|KTfir* S-omr ( thr |>ru(irtlK' of Irad tta--*- - h a toljiiliit. urfa<-/ Irtt- and n-eo-itv hh h an* of ini |-.nan<r in |!;r nijnu far I u nnjc lijvr jlirad\ Irrn di-CU-a<I. Ollier* arr id inip.>rtanrr (or thr pn*!- to l* in %*fti`h Irad f!a**r* arr y.rd and * ill In-** la- tfraled. Dora hi I it* (J)-nn. j ! duialolilt i. <.nr of I Ur m.-t r>*rit(u| <|uj!itir* .f ^1***. I^ad flj**r* it; yrnrfal g<xj (r-i>laocr !< |i wain j.ol . ir U- fr'i^ljnl to J> id inj aU.aI.nr ha* l*rn r|djin<-,i m tUr *f. ri.-n on i-tfor- furo. Urtl1"1 allnlnii'* iU<* taLi!it) of U-ad j;!a** *uifrc* toward attack b> alrr to the- a^metrli: nature of the. trad i*-n. Tlii* jmmil* it to direct H l>ndmf foree towaid thr mtrfior of j i-ii-cr of jfj*. w |ii|r to the *uf f jer it j>fr-rijl the a-j-nt of a n-ddr DMial jto*i. Tin* al**i rtj.ljin- ihr n**n oj.ir nalurr of Irad yla* and it* I-.*. *urfa><- niiiiluitiiil). A lU<t- Ulot1*** tiotii] tin* adiaiila^r ol lead f!a* in ta<uum due lv it* mall i|i>i|il i.in of bairr, and It. >irti|i*on found it *u|,to*f !'**'t IVddlr", Morey and Ifowrn1-*, lUiiiliUU) and Tut and (*-4Uw *.h I. WrUU.' and Tvinel111 hair all iitxr^tigaled ll>C ieilan<r of IraJ |Ij o <oni|N>*iii<.n* 1u atlark by ai|ii*-'0| xdiilion*. tn grueral, o|uUl- ily Micnavr* with alkali tiMilrut. l'ut* a-U lrad are nioe durable than oda lead gta**e containing tlr tatse urighl jM-nmlaae of alkali. Uit there t* a mailed maximum iu tin- d.naUilit) wlirat unit i rrjitared by fmtaah at the romj'*ili<n where the ra'ion of (X.la-ll to *oi|a ia (ten to oor. Moderate ann-unl* of lead oxide ate eUrrlir? ifi taloliring g!a a^J'ti-l attack !*t acid and allalitH* eohition*. but h-ad oiuJe i b- rftcicnt in |1ii ir-ject than lime and *ome other di'jhtit oxulc* In 'he drn*e fl.nt (la*'e*. w UmU contain ofl j- f < rnt or more of lead uXtde, *ta!.ilily toward acid* lo-romr* poof. Vj-'-luan and Krrii||,,: found that fdtj. /rtt.. Mi AK. and Tj AI., were all rfln lir in improMiig t!e dufalility of a fii |r -nt S.();, .U per irnl I'M gla** in acid. TitU *i> live mo*t rfl*-rlie *ingb- oxjde in IKa* re- but a nuxtun- f Zrt). and TiO. wa- !>::.r than any tingle addition Munl'ilih <*r *tain re*i*tjme xi evaluated by detrf liiUiuif the length of time nur-jfi in 1 j*rf rent HNtl^ t>. form a *m fa* e film onc quart I wave length thnl. \a-crl`' tudird the i hefiin al action of ifilutr -ulliitir acid on b ad g-la**e- and < om tudej that |1h - -uifaci film l eiii .1 turnj alter dufabilitv te-t* d lead gU**e i* amotplcou* -ilka. *c 1. *1. *4 LIA23969 Importance of Lead in Glass 11) C-rutfc K. l,rUrr Purl Th u Mi-rkanbiil IVsftfrtlf* If. found dial regular Ffw cr4w in thr bad mid* content from ]U lii ,li |w| rml rc*uu -d in a He* tr-4*r in Young** rmolulut according l*i llir rtjnation ki: . { imo o ^'Ui r.ri*ioi) j*i. \|r>urrm-iii* In S|innrf*,J. luil- h*d M". KruilhofI' '* and Thirlc*1* ilxi mdxatr tlut incrri-ing amount* f bad u\|i{< ilwrjiw liur rlatlic moduli *t (la**. ahhouch tinalion of other fon-tit nml* a!*o lil 3 marked rflol m ihiM- rnmpu*ilion>. \|n hanval -timjlli *4i flnxli .!**< la lft| Hith I hr iicfjc condition I g 1 a * lllil ll I* left -ilffw ull to i-|* lain aut reliable information on |1h - 'ef lo-fann *rrrnj(h and !>-m.rjl i onif-.--it i-n Tmdey and ci*. **-.*k**f '*" *tu-fird the (ffi I t-tt liinu il *tr-n(th <( *oaking tari"U* ,-lj.w* in Kitrr. Thi-i J-'iiri.J (hat lead did not .hot a* ;irjt an in ' fra-r III -lcii(lh a* 1 rr*ult of the a* >iiil tin- mi.|j linir and U-f<>- `ilt- jtr *j*- inien*. 1 hi* probably rct!t* tin* latter |i-i-limr of llie-o- I -"liitmn b) Hjtrr. Ilardtir*. i* a ji j* 11> (la*, and *1 li*-f iil'*taHrr mhoh i* m'j*Ufed in -*<ial ijiflnrnt vjw and h Iii.Ii tan*-* j'--l.llli( to th<- method of tilra-utr- Hunt. In prnrul, bad o*i.|c ap|>car* r*i ilimim*!i the hardm** of (la-*. t- .\m* Hoflli ' mca-uring I lie diamond hardti-** of Na^.O lsiO. gl***r to h Ii k Ii imira-mf mi..nut* f I * l f< r|r added found that initial i<(fili>>n ru*-if an in- rinv in hanfnc** ln<h |<a*ej lhr-n(h i maximum f"i thr (1a con taining J.* J*c n*til of H hcti bad otidc na* rftif*4frl nifh olhef cluabrtt ..\iifr. <[<!! in in |ier Cent amount* to thr 1:4 *odailica lJ*e. the lead (la** vi* thr *of|c%t i-f tin* (f*up. Vk hen hllilnr** i* j**e**ed by re- i-tamc to grinding. bad gU**r aga:* |m>ir tu lr ft. N compared different gla-*e h> grinding thr rfl'l* rod* --n a *trrl plate u*ing quart/ *an<( a* an tUi-iir. Silva and U-rv .mli- r<-nlnl-titrd rrj*lanrr t ahr* *itt. vciilr in<iri*in( -o.la. hmr. and j.aftH ularl* iraif ii\i<lr pn^lm .1 *dt. ra-.U al.ladrd (ll-- *- U tai*r.| -iimlai i ru 11 *. all l.i.iif ll hi* taldr i.f haf-inr*. fjlt.'f iTiMr 1 I rmV Ira.I nM.lr al-*r *ih Ii . and lint*. lAtlf II-- S#04 1.0, rbO t-O 10 0 I 0* >03 l*C**^ ^ K^o C*0 koO 17 4J 0^ TVrrmal f'roprrtln Thr hrat of |jla i of in- jrfrt in nhnlatinj I hr rfhrirnr-j of no-ltm; muipmrot IImJ brrau*r d li(ht nhi-h it thfov* on thr (ru<~tufr f pla.*. Shafp and Cinlhrr,;* ha>r f r |r HrI I hr iltriatllfr and a>.|(lird <oii*tant h Iih 'S ma) br t*r*l for raliulaimi; thr mean *|r<ihc Ivat of p|j.*r*. |.c4d. a* mi(ht Iv rt|>n|ri| ft old it* filter atotnir uriflil. hj a mall factor rrlatiir to bjhtrr rlrmrnt*. 1 ad (la**r* i Im* *huv unuual behaiior in (In* vay *jnifu hni iiriri Hilli t*'iM|*riaiiiir. ffartmio and lliaml1*1 hair upj lirrf n*ir Inrnl lata, vhoh irv<ti< al- that a iV) |vr i rut b-id |la** ha* a j>rrih< hrat ahh'xifh tttri a* |u j kiilfj !r ral- ruljlri] Htth llv (aili>r of Sharp and (imilirf. Tltrimal rorvioi linli. a fr>p- rrt\ of mj>onn<r in tlv trrhnkal a)i}ilvatH*n* f i* hH for lrad (U**. It nm b rabulatrd hr an addi- tnr fotnmla iloi-rj l>y Sharp and (irn hi Vi*crt ,r J,". Thrrmal r\j*ani*ti i onr f I Ik nx--i ini|">,tanl pri-p^MH^ nf yla** in trrhr.u l u*r *iru r it Jrtrimmr* thr tuin ni.liof in *ra]* IvtHrm (la** and *thrt matrinl* - - al--* I-rii-*-ii th (|j.*r* aruf it i. j nt*t ifnj-rl ant fa< tor in thr rr^i.tanrr ( (la** adi-b t. lira! *li--< V. Thrirna! rtpan im. i* -`trn pic.In tr.| f.-r kn>-Hn gla** rm[>"ili<.iii hr an aifdifnr hrcjola: |}k t*ri.rot4(r l-l Height of rj. h >\i thr (I*.* i* mulliptirf Li an approprule fai l>r *m h that tlv *nni of thr*< pi--ho i* i* ripiat (o tlv thrtmal eipan-i- n. >-\*ial li*! i*t la* t** * hat.-* lrr pt j*.** !" h hh h arc in ( nrral affrtnient bit ilirtrr jn ilrtaib. 1 a> h m-( of fj*|of Hiiik* lrl l-ff (la.r* in the r^Ajjr of ri-mjHi.iJi..ii* l*-f vlikh it va d* trh.j-rd. In jrn*nl. ba.| ha* a fa t.f * ( inlet mnlialr talur bii\( ttrillvr a* hi(h a* thr alkali nirtal tide. i.--r ai h*H a* `ifoa. fc"nin*-* ha* (iirn thi pi-l-bra |*afliriilar at- trillion. \ lai(r amount of Hork ha* 1-rrfl pul'll*he<f on the di-irlopmrnt of bad (la**<- Hith pjftM-ular lalur* of thrrmal i\pau*ii*u HM* ha* mejMifrd thr thermal r- 0 LIA23970 // i 0 Jt4n*t..ft* 411 e.|HT OJltbal |la**r*. till) Wort'*1 of *4ota bad ,\f|*<*a**" made (jiikuUt *t ud of iIh - if!- n thrrmal r\|*anion. TV work *f Karkanaxala*1* iUumi lialr* the fr|allon*ltiji |x( wren llirnnat rijun-iort and lru*tme in pit**. lie1 Htdi-d lltr r fieri of ration field *lrnipth and 4 atom (o.lai\ u|m ihrtinal r|ian<-toii. Thr bad ion I'll1 I* an rtahijde of a hipl.l) 'mLriea^b i.*n, while Sr*' i a tmhb pa* til*' of ratim of tl*r *ame charge an.) similar irr, In high wilba thr*e ifl do nn< differ apjureiably in their rf- Int* xi I Ik - tlinniil r\|4n*i<>ii (I and 300 (1. tfu**>rr. in )< h Ik -i w there 1% a iliflnrBi f. TV (i< iw (<( trad inrtca-e* aitlt >h-Ki*int; h 1'4 rontrnt. wh'b that for -Inmhum and barium trmtin. (.mutant. Optiral rruprfllra lead niiile t* on of tl*e |ii*t mi |--itjiil . c#n*tituei#t* in drtein.ii.ioj; ||k |.ro|N-ft|e, of 4>|.ti..*| p!a--e. It. r(- 1.4*t in irw/ra*iiip r(f J. I|. ill de \ and di*Jej.|on 1* nell known b, |.j.| . rj *lal eofnj.*,t..n*. thr.r o|.tK`4l Ir<*(** Mie* ate *jd to rmitr ihnie lo il- lian.r and *jarVle. hut }.< Uk elianpr* atr a*t a*ruratrh . . nifo||r.|. Tin- early *'*tk { Ur.fht 1 -n tlx j.fo j k jtk of >;^H'al pla*i a liarLciouu.l of .|nan!itili%r infi.nna'o^i in tlx* bell He *hord tl-at tV hanpr* in in-ie% au.l drf>ei*i--n |*r- flu. e.f lit in. r<'4mp the lead o\iJe in ^la* arr a**i*ialetj laiih motion of an j|eoi]vlK>Q band m thr ult t a id'-t to*aid thr M*ilde (.art of thr `'-clrum (line i* a .low i.<rrla(i,,n !rt.ra the .{ H*iH of 4 |Uo a fid it Ii-lm liir m.<\ arid the addition >i bad .nob to a gla** iri<r-a*e* it. !<11-il a- well a* ii* irlia.liir rn.bv Ih-il, |.f*j.ruir hale till* 1ipalrd L) nillirr.'U* aullim " 1 u Man) bjd*nnt4in mg ..iv|oito*n- air dt*rl.*ed in |>j|rni. *n o|>lo al (Ii .k .111 1 * **" iti iu lo in i' ** li! i*. Among (hr nwr u*. fid fonuula* for (Ik - . il< uliio*o id tin- den.itv and Ojlo jl j>f..|rftie. wf [lio of general < toelud- mg t-ad glj**e, nr lliof wmked out bv llu;(in. an J 71k effrri of tulfatr c the btiitie* and rrfia.tnc* m.lwr* of bad ulicilf llliori weir iCj iIk iI 1>) Mntrr aid Wtmdratx hrk*4. A n<u]>a<i*4nli* lmrj that g!a**e* biunr r<|utl lifiln uUr |K-r. rotate* ( Tdl. and |'|0 Iij .t kiniiUr JrnttK' anJ similar irfra<tie indiee*. \n-.iL-i *tudt thi* one ..a the r 11 of : tiding iarr ratlh *% t. \atini* ^'ar-'-*' that tlir t e i| |l * Weir |r** n--tt .ral.b in b ad pla* * thin in *o.fa huv i,..i o.-jihalr pla-x-* 1 hr bn-itie. and i> tf j< lio unit, r* ..( alt pla*e* ih.irjK* a* tfie ,-la*r ai.ioat n,- li... . *, ..-^e m bad jljof* -a* .tud-d b k.*S.-`'-\ I7r etl.nt of . le, fr--- 1*Oil - r d '* , I of, thr drn*itt of bad. and o-'or ?la**r* *a- *t.. lo d hi Mikr vteirrrman and l b-^er mp'-1. I ! eoh*t of had pla*-^. |. a I *-- of al im|-'i J an. lo t Ik ii u*e for >.|H al l>>ir|M..r. an-1 m i i\*!atvaf . \* lm,p a* |Ik . itj.Kl f the pta*- ha* b** ilian Vi je-r .f-nr |ej.| \i-k the pla* iH 1-e and nil! ha'e a 'fit lupli oj^h al ti a 1" u.bd Hurt of lot..imp o\i-|r. atr n**t jiir*- rut a. ini|.iitiiir. U ith litger jtr- erniagr* of b4.1 o\11Ir in th- ilmw fllflt jjlj.-r., 4 )rU.<M i-.di.f i|,-irlil|.. and tlir uterall tr4nfni`o.n fali^ of!'14. 7 In* i* noth raid*- a f*o m I Ik *-ir |-n'r pla*r n*< *! for *|.*4ii|.inp \ ra> anJ ginin* 1 a). t'Von-tvrr. C.la/r. Halinrr, and Kaljdotaii' *J (.Mind (hat |r*d ili- air* ha^c a Ik 11rr |ran*nii>*ton to ihr inflated than alkali .ilirale*. j.|r*'i(n aid} |rr#u*r >d .mallrr >,atrr omfrnl. Mrf< and Ntanfoid1'4 found drn*r trad pla**e |.-*ipiKd fix radiation hirld- inp mar ha<e lian*mi**Kn ranpinp from R.1 to K9 |Kf c-nt in Ilu- viildr. Mm ni`k atlJ inrr*lipalrd tl.c tian** mi**ioR of infrared ia\ in I Ik V3 t* I V **u(r thr.Mifh thin him* *( trad ilnatr pla*^ a* %cll a* the rrflrrto*n f i Iii-m- Hiiflmjtlo. IIw h * fr*ull *rtr Milrr}ifr1o| j. in.ln jtmp tla- j.irv- eix r of "( J\*ljl!itr* ia tIk |V|.pi tli.-ff1'4 a 1*4. thr in frared (< fti-.iioi .|-r. ira d Vad ilo ate S!i------ and hoiord a *mi>!aut> with the i. fbvtion .je-itra el ('i)*lalline bad 4 It. ate ,a tl^ Jtl,, |ep|..n. Hr . ..n hi. ej that the f .-ndilinh* of wt.br lit t lie tiiiro.i. .4.1*111 air *timlar t< tin..#- i n an u.t* i< f4 .talliiv- <onijo.im.J. n.e I'.fiai.d (1 4*f bad pla-r* ..Mitao'inp larpe (.foj ^xlino* of otlirf f.aii ni.tal nor in ir.l pa'.d Is lb 4t.-n and Moofe'-H *rvf by N:tiMrlhlv\ 77k *- .**r* lh-ed %jlef lsin<f. and bone >,) them tran>mi:t(d ljn.| ..*>*. A|>jiaimlb. jniofi* Itraiiei than nm*l !- u-rd to ul^tfin pla**r* |r an*iu111 ifip at lofipt r * jr| npi)i*. >|ait-*rth'. bad I'luii.b pla**e nrte o|.j<|i*r in the 11Ide Kith inf* -:. .j *rah*nu**iori. .-.*-c-. ... . > .i I*... i. . .< a-*- ; .i*.u. _i* rv-.k.w n...,. ..-k .u.. i*.ii i. -k /k . .... .1 r* l. 1-1 i n.,... h n ..i r- o i^.m i. ............... ----- i. i i..i.- a i-i-i . ` ii r. ii#-* ,. a. i im.-. . o... I*-, a tat. hi' -- l.,k. U_., - .,i Mwl,. J I f~ t- / .1*0-1 h . > i... ..a a *. i.-i l*>*.( ..a .k. i ... . u t oi - .* * *- ...........* " / - ** * .i-a- c: fc..*.. 'Koi. U.s.. fc.-fU \t - .. i.,i i.u--. i. MtK li . I*4. i.-; r. .*4 (( . (.Im* I ,l<| M>i. u w t> a t -..-a-... -- , I| i*r-.^4 .a < i.r^* i ( x Ui.iio i i~^^ a Mu.(k |..i ........ i II k .'* t,< I. tm I II.-* / l.-. ; _ I./... t. I,..- .- |*JI 4.4 St II-., , I % 4.1.0 . M o.k -- ..J a * ., tv. o--. li t.#a-*-i4,*-> ii... #.1 a *>(- i k i-1. ik. |-ki.. ,i i,...,. r.a,..,4 11-4 -.. I K, J.-c-ifkl H I . I ......... ,, -4 \ ,. i r l.o .... . | i.J It.. ' a-o / a.4o4 li I|*ll I I t >t . | M I / 4. f 4J I , . I . . J 4 '1*4. I I * m* 1 "^WBjBWSgj LIA23971 tfSAU In ill** ultin't*i. b-*.| gtise. lu'*- j****.f ti <n*un<HMt*lai J*; Ihrx are l. .j w Ih I f.u *|rwtmg \ fax* and jiimnj 4 jmdrtit *ox thru lti h i >ir !*<*( thr* d* ii<4 ah*lli i*f -lop t*rilr*o* < Ifnlnrli mle** M.nxe mIk c element (u*-h a* |M.inn <*f tadmiuinl wdh f large j|tui(p||i<Q r<xs* %n tl>4 f*f I* |.|< w|, In slopping high mn_t. radialM**. gla* i usually odore*!, a;.-*!* tt- u< h 4(1 extent that H i *!( !**f M ul lead gta** pridrctire irx<h'* u(frr ((( tlii- difficulty. Iloai'irr. Irid |li> differ* |if nilirt higher melting m that the r.4*f riu^J l \ rax% * ble* he-d l*y the ufflr laX* ihil ihr Ci*lt4 tkjt a state of rt|uit:hriim may be rear lir-if lrlir the nwf tireonies dark *<iim(Ii l mule the (Ij m mmi'lrlrljf u*a-te* f.* fUnal ' ** I r id |ti f**>mp>*sinrx% hnr |rn li^J for fatrf* nhoh BUI Ir into fiUir* useful f**r \ rii pfofec- inni'**. U hen (Ij.i t* unh-f a nirrljuiul >Kr>, if Ik -c h ih *. lnffliifmi. In im*> . i*r, i uniaxial c*npfesM*n <aUse* 'lx* fti* to |#hjif like i.egatixr -imaxial rrxMal. tlm lorelrmgrn, # lx* ' 't promotional tle trr%. | m| (.i>K |fi<| gla**rs the sign of )!* effect * lrirr>ci|. !* krl*:n >lu>llr.| 4 Xllfi Jr-ij /!j -* * and after checking hi ..uii/t r*~*uh b* an e xjef imnital melt, b. ob-d tlial j fla>* <nlaminf alfout TI prr fill Irul nXide xyl'l *h<' IW !( r r (r ilifrncr under stress uilii < liaflgr i<1 *114 natrletiflb of the held pa*itig :l>>4gh the el-*** and found that thr o |4k j J f^ftcienf tastes*** B9m*rKilh (r<Hi the trd tuuard the \h.M Imi that thi* al*4j i rc- xei-cd at high Irj.| -.Mllrn|,T< l*'. t.la containing trace* rl Irail i1u**f mp Hrn rtp*nl t uIlf4XH'i heHl I -Ih .iI xiaxclmeth C.Mnimi, A* |tic lra<t iminxi, (he nl (Jm- nib'tr%4 r h e lungr* ttutn hulhaot i'lup (< grr^n, rrarhing matimura in- !ncill nhri. ihr |rj<| < % I < Ir i i.idrnt i *i |rf n-ril. Il <41 jWf mil |'|<<t. ll*T ha |>raiiralU xni*}iri| M,,,V t.tlaril rl at11* rrputtr.l ihat tra.l c!aM- tnrllril unf<*r irJi*riig Mi'l.thdt* rittd almoB r*il<*f* h^t rx|wt4-.| |n u|travi<-1*i hgid. Othrf llu.ifr^ irg flrwuli, %iich j uranium, irr i|uriM linj iB Wa<l gla* brx iu x it ah~>rlr ?hr rtliiau*lrt Tlx tint* imluin| in gla bv *an* ini* nji>fin| rmiUitumti afr ftriju**tllf drjx-n<h-nl or ikr biu* romp*>*itia ( llx* gla**. TVis g. M B*I mpprr mrn- (**Hin.| |*/i<Iui r tubx *hm <U*- in |rj<l Cranium ft<* itiM'r^ g luighl trlh> n4<*f in high bail o*lpMilH*#*,r7. 0|v<|Ur hHr sh'r put hr olnaiianl Irfr iimulri it |*H**|4ulr% <u If4*l arr u*rlul (of tlx- xkilr *tnp* if tHrimomrtrt*. Owlrkal frafinki Pixlultlr tlx- m*t imr*ftant tr<W- nnat ur* <( hid (l|x Hrprn.l <UI tlxir fjxofablr rirrlftral lafoprcfir*. M.oi bo a *ur(arr rvo<lu<i- mix rWlrititv xkirk iftf|rr *ith mi rrjx ij hurai.iit? atvi ruin* ibr.f iBuIatirg alu^. Irad gla**<* arr |r- ul>/rrt l ibr <lidul ihil hmr. arw! a IraH-f ntaming U>f mliratr i* pirlhularlj Okanodx arul Tu/i,fJ bur .tuiliMj tlx* 4.|~(|-H.n .f uatrr ** a lra| U>roiU at** (Ijo in 4 faruum hi(h i* rlx| trlatr*! to tlxr urfarr rWririra! of- liKtixitx. It i* ilv jMioilih to make tbr *>ir- late f hti| f||M oHiiludiaf b* bit* ing i( in h>irgrn. Tbi* |r<rr^* i* lti`lir.1 |ir flhxlgctt1** (f gla** n*n- taming a)n<ut til prf c-v-tit <( hid >xi|r. Otlirr* baxr Mu.lirJ (br rrJur- iton tr<lH>n Lrinint tbr *ut(ac *4 lra<l g!a* and rnluong Hamr* by mo r/+cn(>tc gn4 rbvtrirg) Btrana'^* ,T*> it* Tbr xolunxr run<lu*tl*il> ( )rd g!a* i l'W. rohiparrd dh othrf g!i` * Mft|iditi< haxitig i ablr oo-tlwtrnt- ol tlirimil rx|an*ion. IW <.|<fimiun ir.olanrr xlur* It | dr*if- ah/** to (ix a tnixturr a/ tn* part* of potah to .ix pari ( oU, thr tan ralx* ohn-h xirld* n|dintum rlrrmknl duralMlitv I argr quantilir* o( g gtgaa ('uk tbr ? to-1 ralni of KzO and Na^O) fontaining aUuit 20 prt r*-nt Pb0-- gmrrally kn*.n a ti 12 la thr industry --U maaufarturrd f*f ux in thr rht* trie light and t*dw tuW m-lutrir. Ilrtr. it i* ux.| (or insulating |*inrhr* t *ra! thr |rd in xiirr*. |t thrrmfl rxpan***n wu*t be natrbrd t the le* rxprn*ir soda-lime glass ued Inf thr rr*t of thr Inilb. Tariradgr1** made a siudv of thr rdrrt* of *l*>iitHlin| flat) aa<l othrf ogidr* l*x |'l<0 in gla*^*s of thi* Ixpr. T* idbrr rhitriral pf,.pritK. tbirb arr tni|umrd in glass b* ihr prr*mrv ol Miloaantial .(uanidi** h-j-l oxnlr in gla* atr tltr dtrlrriric c*u'tant and ihr |>mrf factor. Rrrau*r gla**r ba*e rrlatiXrli high dtrlrrtfiC constant*, and Imuw- of thrir |.. softriting trm* ix-raturr. hh |n*ro)it* lirrmrtw- *ral- mg and thrir nwolrfate rorifw rat *( rxpan>on il*rf are used in thr form <1 thm nl.|-.ii (<x thr dxlrtirii* in rlrrffiral rondrliwix. kmusirad1*' ilfMiilrs luiiiUr c*nji**sitions This ux in ri>t4rtJsrfX, a* rj| a* i*thrf jppli. atiuat nhrre thr gla** i mbiprtnl to high (fnjunjrt alirrnat* mg hrljs, , fa>*rrd by a low power factor iDxr the peart fa<t<*r J* a :oraofr of thr rnrfgy IOs* in g dir|<x. Ifr sublet trj to such held*- I'fuOl tkta |mt of new, the ideal glass i* pure furd silh a sincr H contain* no mobile .ms whub may be *et in motiofi by alternating field* to absorb energy. 9 * t oi, Tut*.** a Uos* <v \-*x ni*fcoi tai-a-n (*.. I (Ml. N S-Wi... - IWk m LUk n-Wxa U --f--- /. Am 1 r>*m l (1*01. tu. i i x. x. i.u4. n. s *-a u. x |..-- | l.. l v*x 4 t >*4 4 *. .* I.liwo.* w x. ', -* ro. r nmi rwi*. c.o. **> at iai. m.**. U X ((Hit. t II... .(. Hm>|(>w Sr*sx( .4 i.Is mk * XaMoMf 1l >4 * UmU." / M. l~. : nr V*vj*. "i. '* 1^-- 4 II-VII XM * tso f ,4 tm I.I,.,* / < <.> S- 41 HOI. tun. 1.1 | H-'m. O I.Um >* s-o U-OS4W X. $ M X !,, * W, 114 riM fm IU n< (ISMI. in .11 I* n - I X . * t |X 4 l.ltM." a-i / MU.-J u .is*.'i . t if r *s4 ,w ii*ai. I*.* -- I w h ... u K. n. 1 h * <--... t llai 1 I I . ,.4 I . H ** V .4, XlK~l. *4 toMO.it >* UImt s ' <140 I > ' I. *m. , > a t T -*. l .j i :l.^4_..," M.'I.Ik .x Cm*. C P., * II -l.fc |4I r r-i.w, m..- .,.i..^- . . 4,i.mm" r r.o*, r to t i i sc r,i - r-M x- / .-4m e* *r n "1*0 *0*0 <v ,l 4 !.- /!./ * * l|S."|) ,^1 A. X mU C Ih i4 CIm fol X I to lloow m4 vnyio* mi I.Im / -- <~M InM 4 I l**SI, | a in. X. I. Xis-a IWwMi >4 VH*4 LImm," Oft. 4k . 4*. A* ilxsi*. .-* x: ft r 4.404. I ls.s.4, M t> >Mf lM-M4M. ml CIm 7*4lOU. IVu I.- 4 - S-- M. rw .-!?, <mwi| (r. 4Xr. It !. j i\ 4a mm. m. i\ M (X.m. u4 T 'oi. XA>*riM* ml %* tifo w Mm t4 <t>h^ *4IHU X hM* t t*t*. ->. 4j4*Mt II uwai. MB-M| 4.1 rx.** ***i. t*w. IX A Bl^rot. -VX.I C-4k I..h i .4 lot (.Uo>* ABM ntli*0 (Ow*) / *m ***** U M X. )(>. 4 I Us l HO"M A* Ar4t- tUldf 4 rX'*i" / tm f .-* s^> JU <m?. M ta XmI KiiUiO ml |S a.4*<M *4 L**4 M tw Uo to. 14 it** i la i.f. V I vl.|.44i. '0.4. ml >k- r.4- I l4 s.rf*<M> fHl.k* X -X.M -4 I*rni CW-4 ts* in-- m* 4 mU V, ( Ml | ll.( oOr*, to .* *. t 4) "IW M...I.M >4 4.1m I n.mf**. I.U U,< H* t>rl-A tl laa. | N M-^r. s~o* I.*'.--... - . M Mm I* I U I* *>koi4l>* >1 t Hi r>xi4* 1*4 PopMM." /. t~. C 1*4* r-im4 .*s *! I XU tat v h . x.--4.i iuu.1^ (.'-s.- u x e*. tJ*t.4a <!*. n. 1*01 to iumi i ip WlifWNK LIA23972 .*k^ o Ibinevef. (..f many u%e, fu*ej i* ii tii manufj <ture, and it* \riy |* i iK-ffk icn| of tliernul eipan- ion m:W' iiK* fabrication of ga- tight *! ftv difficult. A* nrtwork im arc added (< the *iltca nctn.uk, the conductivity and dielec tric I<m* gmcrally .ncre*e. However, the h fge d'HiMy charged lead Iona Jpp*ar to I*** relatively immobile in the gl*`* network mi that trad gla**e gen erally havr ]w Jiehvtrie |oe* %.ith Iav<.nl4e forking and waling projv rrtie*. THe%e matter* ha*e been *tud`d fxteodvely by Navia* and Gree,u-***- '** ,M, by Netel*. and by |olfem. Mlaeetlnneotfo Prupcrlifi TW dilution of gc* through glaaa i my important in the maauft/tare of high-vacuum apparatus. Of all gaev at ordinary temperature belium dif fuse* m>U rapidly through gla**e* CMrraMT fvd *ilica brcaUM- of it* o|^ truitarr. Tin* hard |mi(oilinir rank nr\t. A* the opening* in the net work of I bo g|i* jrr filled by the rate f diffusion of helium decrease*. ** that lead g1aa*ea are the raM impermral-le to helium. Smith and Taylo* ,*1 and Norton'** hate vludiro the general problem of the Jjffovina of ga*e through gla**. The great fluting pun of lead otide m<Vr it po*tille to compound very M*u gla**e* u*efol a aohkr* for joining j*ari made of harder gla*c*. <ilae* for iht purpose imut have a ttM'<**fly low enough to flow at a trmperature where the g!a*e* to be juinetl are tulhrirntly rigid to maintain their ahape. Their thermal expansion* ntul maih iW of the gta**r* to be joined brtween room temperature and the temperature at which the dder gta*a t*elf become* rigid. The Milder gla* miiU ilx> hare Hilh irtit chemical dur ability t withtand both weathering and any solution* to wbirh the joint may he oibjenol. THe*r requirement* may be n*et by gtave* omtjining a large proportion of lead otide with '(nailer percentage* of i!m a and boric \i<!e a* gla* burner*- and alumina to improve MabrlHy1**-***,M. An r. ample of fhi type of tolder gta< con tain* .1 per rent SiOj, 11 per Tnt Aljftj. 73 per <<nt 1*1*0. and 11 per rent B;0|. At time*, cadmium and cine otide* are al*o u*cd in *older gla**. Tlie u*e of lead oxide in gLur* f<*r reramk b*>die*, hi enamel* for metal* and gla**e% and in frit* for bonding powdered mica or abraivr i* imilar to il* u*e in voider gla**e*. The fact that very toft gla**e* with moderate thermal expansion* can be formulated I* invaluable in thee application*. Thia la particularly valuable where colored pigment* are to be incorporated in glare* and enamel*. The pretence of lead oxide make* it po**iUe to mature uch glair* at temperature* to bw that color* which would be de*trned ley higher firing temperature* may be applied without fading or di*cobralion. I*armalee* treatise i* an excellent MHirre *f ioformati<Hi on the*e rvunpoit*n* and many reference* occur in (talent file* and the ceramic literature*' t*3.1 U.IM.IH,|M CUo*.' ' iwu. ia. ia^. ra* IW IW * | ' / * <.! r.u.v .m ica<. t tmj tw~,n * r~ .4 i - tr,. M a.*-.w<. ^ r.*w H <)* * n ..-o. i.^, .u" e*.~e l- la V l.*r t^n m .!.** I.u-M - i ll< .*4 |C^> *11^1. I f, ,, M*h+1 *- * . |*vl. ,n rrC n* r t * ! tw v v. i,.i^ r>.^Mi u tirt-m tu^a *( tU-H.' I Im ;l .|*M., I** IM . I N^m. 'IMm IMmm thOMtfc I.W' / <. (.*>. %*. r* imn im a m cwu.-*. ii-r c .i*m - r. r. w * iera. t* m e u ~4 i a. e<i^. i.i m't. v ew. .' 1`. at* -0.1. .* IW. !* pM M . fr,. if. mil. im. i --4 * i. rwu a * u m w c um mm - r r* una 4 u**a *m ;l tvo. f*t r -,#?. Utrtvml-. I.Wn" In* a-M. (CO U |MU. -0L r*v n . aUT %4 a i -* ,<.a u cw` Im c-wm \m /V . IM 1*4 1 l)Lf4( 14 m*. e<4 Um I >m tth 1 lUi. m Nfiaf tt>* ~ Ikri. r*4 4*4 *U <Ur4. li. Wiil( tiw. O.M. (*. *M J <t*kJI If* m a i D-r^t 4i*,u i.'.u - r * r4 : im* rare. I. mri. I** P. l.*Mk "TV* Xti.U'iw -4 ........ . m 1 ^..k-4 Mh m'' im r,-+m |H 44 (* iraa. i k .w 'w u h i m -* 1 imn.ii)i i k m i ^ w m w i m,i M II *ftWg.............<lgW LIA23973 Importance of Lead in Glass Hy l>nlf K !to*l#*T Pmi III (roiK'liioion) Su|i|ilfmmUrjr IIilIEofcrai|liy U-* II >'> 1U II M **-> S'** --MW 4*0 V .+*.(>. V_l--( to t| I,.* . 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