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PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT i__ V_y j.w' k-i i_i _____ L---J fcJ v-/ J \ai I .j \ .-X j \v ___ *-J U itelatule Gbshacts 9 MEDICAL ENGINEERING 9 LEGAL - - - decisions and trends tfnctustiial Health hews itsutd Monthly Dr INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTh AVENUE PITTSBURGH, PA. \ FOUNDATION - t FACTS Foundation Facts is a monthly nows-lette*- '.rcjcd to indiistfial concerns holding mcnitKrr,.,; p in Industrial Hygiene Foundation. The Founmtion is 3 combined research and service h\s"..:' i - n to protect the health of workers in industry. p Published The Proceedings for the seventh Annual Meeting, one of the most valuable Plications the Foundation has issued, has just been received from the printer and pies -are now going into the mails. Included arc sections on such timely subjects as: - iloro Manpower Through the deduction of Absences - Putting Women Older Uon and Physically Handicapped to Work - Fatigue in V.'a: 'time Industry -- Hours of Work, Potation of Shifts Also included are practical discussions and reports on the Prevention of Dermatitis, Health Hazards in the Use of Grinding Wheels, Further Studies of Aluminum Powder in Combating Silicosis, Action of Magnesium on the Lungs, Keeping Score on Toxic Materials and Processes in the Plant and the Industrial Feeding Program. Grandmothers in V.'ar Plants Grandmothers are war workers in some of Western Pennsylvania's booming mills. Seven are employed in one plant. The company commenting on their work, says "they're really turning it out." In this connection, English works managers recent ly declared that women over 40 arc the best workers; that they are more reliable ,t.u .ore willing to loam. UAV.: Re-ostablishes Medical Institute MODERN INDUSTRY reports "the re-birth of the United Automobile Worker's Medical Research Institute in Detroit after a lapse of six years. lust getting underway, the UAW Institute aims a three-pronged attack on the health and safety problem by (1) Examining union members who think they're exposed to hazardous condi tions on the job; (2) Surveying plant conditions through questionnaires to shop stewart3 and committeemen; (3) Enlisting the aid of the Michigan State Board of Health and the U. S. Department of Labor in investigating and recommending corrections for hazardous plant conditions." Pointed Cements Says T. Spencer Shore, Vico President, General Tire & Tubbcr Co. --- "Can you imagine anyone staying in business today who doesn't continually study his markets? Can you imagine anyone staying in business today who doesn't change his production when 'bugs' are found? The same principles cpply to employee relations. t A n mbvr of member companies are mailin' contributions to the Foundation in addition to t scir regular membership dues for 1943. Says the president of one such com;any, an i iterantion:J.ly known firm, (name upon request): NOUOTfUAL uomg u v.ai-i- unGwu to us .'.ad wry mucr appreciated." Nl KOUNUATION ---------Keep War V.orkurc V.ollt--------- 4400 FiTTH AVCNUE f\ m r- -- . V Va * ! PiTTnnv;** 1945. vui. . ` 4 ^ Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and Hews Hews Items 12 6 Occupational Diseases* The report of the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene of the Connecticut State Depart ment of Health for December, 1942 shows the following occupational disease exper ience. There were 101 cases of which 96 were from dermatitis (oils, soaps, sul fur dioxide, synthetic resins, dyes and inks, organic dust and alkali). The remaining cases were pneumoconiosis (silicosis) 2, chromium poisoning 2, and infection 1. 127 Static Electricity Measurement. The Davis Emergency Equipment Company, 56 Hallsck St., Newark, N. J. has announc cd a "Resistometer" for testing employees, machines and flooring for resistance to ground. Safe, low voltages are used for testing humans. The complete unit is housed in a portable, vapor-proof case. The instrument records immediately the resistance to ground on a meter calibrated in two zones, safe and unsafe. Resistances from 0 to 20 million ohms may be measured. The device is battery operated. -- Chemical Equipment Preview. 128 Conductive Floors. A new ready mixed mastic material for heavy duty service capable of dissipating static electric charges from friction has been produced by the Rock-Tred Corpor ation, 605 W. Washington St., Chicago, 111, An official test showed resistance to the flow' of current as low as 7C0 chms. -- Chemical Equipment Preview. 129 pund-lide Films of First Aid Training. First aid training in industrial plants may be accelerated by the use of soundslide films. The basic material for a selection of 20 films is official. Com plete information may be obtained from the Tan Kandy Organization, 2900 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich. -- Chemical Equipment Preview. 150 V'cm.en Uorkers V'arncd to Cover Their Hair. The feminine hairdo one machinery rro a hud combination. Stray curls or wisps of hair may be caught in moving parts. Machine operators should cover their heads, but net with the popular beneana ad turban because their loose ends r.ny catch in the machine. A huirnot rdor.o is not cafe, tut may help if worn under a good cap. In an ordnance plant a woman operating a barrel-turning machine lean ed too close and hor hair was pulled around the barrel. A large clump of hair wa torn from her head. She spent days in the hospital recovering from the wound nd chock. r\ r\ i n p < rr-lal Hygiene Digest - 2 Legal Developments ; r. iury to Hands and Feet Allegedly from Coning in Contact with Acid Solution** ** * :7:l'-to Disability. Causal Connection. 7" 'x-vinvo ago tills action, presenting a claim for damages under P.evised Civil ' .:o Article 2315, was before this court on an appeal from a judgment sustain- i:..; exceptions of no cause and no right of action. This court reversed and set ,-uriclo that judgment, overruled the exceptions, and remanded the case for trial or. its merits. Plaintiff alleged that while in the employ of defendant for six years he worked in close proximity to the beaters that contained acids, liquids and other chemicals necessary in the production of paper; that such boaters were in a bad state cf repair and leaked, and he was compelled to walk end stand on the floor where the chemical mixture accumulated and to handle ob jects saturated with the solution. Kis hands and soles cf his foet became cal- 1 used, cracked open, and are core and tender. There was judgment rejecting the demands of plaintiff. It is undisputed that plaintiff is now experiencing com plete disability. Assuming that the beater substance constantly remained on the floor and in it the employee was compelled to stand end work, plaintiff has not proved with legal certainty that his contact with the solution caused his physical disability. Several chemists agreed that the stock in the beater was considered as a harmless neutral liquid. Then too the medical experts testify- . ing unanimously stated that the cause cf plaintiff's disorder is unknown to the nodical fraternity. The judgment is affirmed. Clark v. Southern Kraft Cor poration* La. Ct. of App,, 2d Cir. Decided December 14, 1942. (CCH). Cilicc-Tubcrculosis, Application of Widow. Method of Determining Time Within V.Jheh_Application Must be Filed. *his is an application of the widow of an employee for a death benefit under the workmen's compensation act, where death allegedly resulted from disease (silico- tuberculosis). The claim is barred by the statute. The last day the employee worked was June 27, 1934, he died on liarch 30, 1940, and no claim was filed un til February 26, 1941. Tbo law applicable to the events here involved is found in secs, 102.46 and 102.17 (4), Stats. 1933. The application for a claim must be filed within the time fixed after the date of injury or death, that the right of n dependent was limited in mount to v;hat the deceased might have recovered had he lived. By sec. 102.10 (2), Stats., "date of injury is ... in the case of discaco the last day of 7/ork for the last employer whose employment caused dis ability." If it occurred in this case, it could not bo later than June 27, 1934. rc, then, although the six year period had not expired at the time the enploy- . eiod, it had expired by the time the widow filed her claim. Since an appli cation filed by IVoissgcrbcr on February 26, 1941, would have been barred, the is true for the claim of the present plaintiff. The death of the employee not start a new period of limitations running in favor of his dependent, meat affirmed. V.oissgcrbcr v. Industrial Commission et al. Wis. Supreme ht, Decided January 12, 1943. (CCH). ~ ' 1 V: . Statute of Limitations as Aral!cable to Occupational Diseases. Fil- -- X*'' ***** 1 l. '1 frui a judgment of the superior court reversing an order denying a claim ** 'ability duo to an occupational disease. Plaintiff filed a claim with *.. apartment of labor and industries for compensation for disability sustained y atraotioTi :pf an occupational disease, known as eiiicasis. The claim was I:. '.uatvinl Hygiene Digest - 3 ir.:.do under the provisions of Rem. Rev. Jtct. (Cup.), Soc. 7670-1 (P.C. Dec. 3472-21), Laws of 1939, chapter 135, p. 3'IL. He certified that the cate of his first exposure was October, 1916, end the last was of January 1, 1940. From an order of tile supervisor of industrial insurance rejecting the claim because "no claim has been filed for or on behalf of said worisnan within one year after the day upon which the injury occurred, the claimant appealed to the joint board cf the department. That board sustained the order of the supervisor. Claimant's appeal to the superior court resulted in reversing this order upon the ground that the one-year statute of limitations provided by Rem. Rev. Stat., Coe. 76S6 (P.C, See. 3480) (d), applied only to traumatic injuries and not to occupational diseases. Inasmuch as the legislature failed or refused to definitely apply the one-year limit to claims filed for occupational diseases, it is concluded that there is no statute governing the time in which a claim for injuries caused by an occupational disease may be filed. The very nature of the disease indicate, that the lcgiiature never intended to refuse relief to those v/orkmen who did not know and could net know that they had a disabling disease until long after con tact -with the cause of the disease and after a year had expired since the last exposure. Judgment affirmed, Henson v. The Department of Labor and Industrie: Washington Supreme Ct. Decided November 12, 1942. {CQii)\ 124 Illness of Employee.__ Administering of medicine._ Action in Tort. Application of Coiipensation Act.__ Preclusion of Tert Action. Plaintiff, employed as a cashier by the defendant, became ill at work, asked for medicine 'which was given her by fellov; employees, and suffered spasms and convul sions as a result of which she fell from a table where employees had placed her in plaintiff's store, severely injuring her shoulder. Medical testimony- shows that she was given an overdose of strychnine which caused the spasms and consul- sions. The vital question is whether plaintiff's injuries arose out of and in the course of her employment. Plaintiff contends that the court erroneously adraitted the original complaint against her. The original complaint alleged that defendant*s-custom was to administer medicine to employees who became ill in the store; that plaintiff became ill and requested medicine; that she had done so on other occasions and been administered to; which was done at this time. This count was dismissed by the plaintiff who filed an amended complaint relying on an alleged custom of defendant to administer to the sickness of customers who re quested first aid or emergency attention. The trial court decided that plain tiff's injury arose out of an in the course of her employment as a matter of law, and, accordingly, her tort action was precluded by the act. Plaintiff took medicine so she could continue work, the medicine caused convulsions which re sulted in her injury, and the court holds the injury arose out of and in the course of her employment. Her tort action is precluded by the Workmen's Compen sation Act-and the court's action in directing the verdict for the defendant was proper. Since plaintiff's own testimony produced the facts, defendant was there by relieved of the burden. Affirmed. G-rocne v. Wed-green Co. 111. Appellate Ct., 1st Dist. Decided December 9, 1942. (CCH). 12 Allergy of Printer-Operator to Soap Furnished by Employer, cciacnt. Occuca- vional Disease. .^ppa--loc, an employee of the appellant Nov; lioxico Publishing Company, sued that Cwip'oiy and its surety for an injury alleged to have arisen out of, and in the course of , his employment as a printer- -uarator. In the course of appellee* c: .;;leyi.:on t hr. had to cleanse kij hands frequently, for which purpose the employ 'r farnir hed soap. Appellee was highly allergic t-- the Lan-0-Hic_n soap furr.ie ou .r.d :;o a result of his use thereof; large painful eruptions broke out on the back of k is lianas. He became completely aisoblad. The resulting injuries cen- aiituted un unlooked-for mishap which was neither expected nor designed and the j were r-cci aontully caused. Lanolin and corn moal used in the soap ore not I A l I .'justriaL Hygiene Direct - 4 usually and oruinsrily component parts ol' soap. Contrary to defendant's conten tion, the evidence substantially supports the filming, in the sense that the use of lava soap v.ns extensive though not universal; that it was used by the (.Teeter number of pointing establishments. Appellant states that the words "... and wore accidentally caused" is a conclusion, of law. It was necessary for appellee, in the course of his employment, to frequently wash his hands. The soap furnish ed v.tis one to'which lie v;as unknowingly allergic. The injury from the use of the soap coulu not have boon reasonably expected or foreseen. The findings bring the injury within the definition of "accident." Likewise the cause and place of the injury is definitely established end also the time of the injury. Appellant suggests that the injury was a disease "in the nature of an occupational disease.' The court is of the opinion that it v.-us not an occupational disease. The jaugment is affirmed. Webb v. Now Mexico Publishing Co. et al. New Mexico Su preme Court. Decided January 13, 1943. (CCIi), Industrial Health Hazards and Their Effects 136 Anthraco-Silicosis Among Bituminous Coal Miners. R.H. Flinn, H.E. Seifert and H.P, Brinton. Ind. Med,, 3d, 470-473 (October, 1942). In tiiis first extensive study of anthraco-silicosis among soft coal miners, one case of second stage, and fifteen cases of first stage of the disease were found among 507 men whose only dust exposure was in soft coal mines. These cases ful filled the x-ray, clinical, and occupational criteria for the diagnosis. There were no advanced cases such as were seen in 3.9fr of anthracite miners. No case occurred in men with less than 10 years employment. Cases showed excellent correlation with years of service -nd with average dust exposure in the various occupations. Dust exposure v;as measured in number of particles, and in silica content and those operations at the coal face were most hazardous. Ventila tion studies showed that although overall ventilation was satisfactory, half of the coal faces had poor ventilation and air movement in some places was practi cally zero. Adequate ventilation and use of water to wot down cars and roadbeds reduced dust concentration to the level at which 30 years exposure of 11 men has produced no cases. 137 Pneumoconiosis Among Mica and Pomatito Workers. A Supplementary Study. T. F. Vestal, J. A. Winstead and P.V. Joliet. Ind. Med., 47^, 11-14 (January, 1943). The paper i3 a brief report of a recent study of 1121 prospective workers in the mica industry in North Carolina. One group of 222 had hud no previous mining experience; a second group of 443 had worked ct mining or mineral grinding at least a month, but not with mica; and the third group of 436 included all men who hud mined or ground mica. The conditions under which the last /.roup had worked corresponded generally to those described in U.S. PublicHealth Bulletin No. 230 on the subject, although there is now a tendency towardbetter condition: Tuberculosis and chest pathology increased in the order given -- only inactive tuberculosis in the first or control group, uid 3.4 md 9.4j dust pathology, :va'f actively, in the ether two. Those percentages included 2.9 and 4.2f of jvumoeoaicsis. The mica workers included a number of men who had been engaged in mien mining, r.ci therefore probably wer* exposed to some extent to silica t. In order to obtain at leant tentative information on the effect of mica `dene, the investigator included a group of 79 men whose only experience with ic. h..u boon in grinding "clean" mica, i.c. containing no free silica. An n ns r.w-tvial Hygiene Digest - 0 incidence oi' 11.4/- dust p \t ho logy is revended in this group. Proa the x-ray standpoint, this pathology is similar to that oi' -other mica workers end is classed ad^pnoumoconiosis or silicatosis, rather than silicosis. Although the or.-..11 r.uabfcr of esses does not penult definite conclusions, the results arc in ' dicative of e specific action of mica ana the Question deserves further study. idd lulmonnry Disease in Miners. Editorial. Brit. Med. J., 43-44 (July 11, 1941:). Iris editorial discusses a recent Medical Research Council report (Chronic i'uimonary Disease in South V.c.les Coal-Miners. M.ii. Stationery Office, 194c) which shows by means of a thorough study that anthracosis docs bring about incapacity and predisposes to tuberculosis, contrary to wide belief. The report distinguishao two separate pulmonary conditions caused by cool dust: (1) consolidation, a condition showing discrete noduistion which is found in men still wording under ground as well as in cases certified as "silicosis for compensation"; (2) reticu lation, a non-nodular condition, hitherto little emphasized, which also definite ly tends to impair the function of the lung, often forming tho basis for the grosser indurations of anthracosilicosis, though compensation is not generally granted for it. The term "pneumoconiosis" is suggested for both these conditions to distinguish them from classical silicosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis in miners tends to merge with pneumoconiosis to constitute with it a fairly distinct dis ease. The report recommends that pneumoconiosis be included with silicosis for compensation end suggests periodic examination of the miners. Tils discussion of tho report also recommends that active tuberculosis be included for compensa tion, in viev; of its relation to dust-rcticulation. 139 . Atmospheric Conditions in Minos: A Study of the Physical Condition of Mine Air. 3rd Report of the General Research Committee of the Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners' Assoc. (August, 1942). The report is intended for the guidance of colliery managements. There is a short summary of literature on the physical factors of mine air as they affect body heat loss and subjective feelings of warmth, and various indices of thermal conditions are described and discussed. Later, there are given the results of surveys of thermal conditions in a number of South Wales mines; these were made by Prof. T.D. Jones, who is Director of Research to the Association. One of the objects of these surveys was to compare effective temperature and wet Kata cool ing power as indices of warmth over the range of conditions encountered. Obser vations were made at the coal face and in airways. It is said that effective temperature is a better index of warmth than is wet Kata cooling power, but then it is claimed that "as an indicator of ventilation efficiency the wet Kata cool ing power is superior to effective temperature as it demands some degree of air movement generally." In elucidation of this statement it is added: "Standards fixed by tho effective temperature index clone could be complied with by use of stagnant air up to the limit of temperature specified, whereas vlth the former index stagnant air would only comply at low; wet-bulb temperatures. Thus the effi ciency of the ventilation as measured by the ratio of air reaching the face to that passing through the fan could be almost nil in low temperature conditions M-.d yet comply with an effective temperature standard laid down for mines in gen eral. As a measure to show the improvement produced in a given sot of conditions K*f increase of ventilation, thu wet Kata cooling power is useful. Its use appear: bo r.orc fitted for the Qualitative side of mine ventilation rathur than for : yinntitativc estimation of atmospheric warmth." Later it is added ths*z i ram ; mining point of view tho employment of both indices is preferable to - use one singly. If one v.v.r.ts to measure onvirc nt ul vs rmth and ct tho o ..me 'o to assess the improvement in vontii .tion off cn oy , that vffieiency dep end- ; on the proportion of the air lianuiou by the f V-v indices arc necos.ery. The Research Oct:-.! ti.vo temperature is the desirable scale for use that roache s the fr CO, cl cmraT pour to agree t H' * of fec- n index of warmth, .r.u t'n C04055 atrial Hygiene Digest - o that view the reviewer ccnc\:rs. Hut wet r'.-.ta cooling power teems to he a strange inuex to select for the assessment of ventilation efficiency. Surely, the measurement of the volume of air passing tUong a given air circuit would be o far bet&r method. It would give a direct measure of efficiency, while any orange in.'the overall decree of warmth could be assessed on the cifectivc tem perature scale. After re-reading the report the reviewer is still at a loss to understand in v;hot respect wot Kata cooling power has any advantages over direct measurements of air volumes; on the contrary its use would seen certain to intro duce unnecessary complication and risk of misunderstanding. :i.icteenth Annual Report of the Safety in Mines Research Board, 1940. London: ii.M. Stationery Office. (1542). Studies related to the prevention of coal dust explosions included work on the reduction and collection of coal dust in nines; on the relative efficacies of different incombustible dusts for suppressing the inflammation of cool dust; on the effect of varying the disposition of dust on the ease of propagation of flame; on the dispersability of stone dusts, and the mechanism of dispersion of a dust deposit; on the prevention of caking of sodium chloride during exposure; on the visual estimation of the density of dust clouds; on rapid methods for estimating the incombustible content of jaine dusts, and on the chemical analysis of mine dusts. In connection with firedamp explosions, it was found that when rusty ironwork, painted with an aluminum paint, was quite lightly struck v.ith a metal tool, violent flashes occurred. For sparking to be possible the painted iron surface must be rusty, and after being painted it must at some time have been heated to at least 130C., but once a rusty specimen has been heated after painting it may spark on being struck whether it is hot or cold. The sparking can ignite various explosive mixtures, e.g. those of air with methane, ethyl ether, coal gas, pentane, benzene, carbon disulphide and methyl alcohol, individually. It appears that the small flashes are "thermit" reactions, work on mining explosives was unavoidably curtailed, but some work was carried on. Further studies have been made on the causes of falls of ground, and on certain haulage problems. Mechanization and Falls of Ground Accidents. A. V.'instanley. Trans. Inst. Min. oners., London. 101, 328 (July, 1942). The use of machinery for cutting, breaking-do*,1m, conveying and loading coal at the working faces of British collieries has been increasing for many years, and has continued to increase since the outbreak of war. In 1940, 64# of the total output was cut by machines and 61# was conveyed, whereas in 1930, only 31# was machine-cut and 17.4# conveyed. Figures for 1940 and the first half of 1941 showed that there had occurred an abnormal rise in the risk of accident through falls of ground at the coal-faco. The causes of these accidents are given, and the effects of various supports and systems of support discussed. Fundamen tal rules' for reducing the number of accidents due to falls are: 1. Adequate support must be given to the roof (and sides) as, and when, they arc being newly exposed. 2. No newly-exposed roof or sides are fit to be relied upon without support. 3. Minimum of time must be spent within range of falls from unsecured or insufficiently secured roof or sides in moving ground. 4. Strata movements must be reduced to a minimum by aticcucte suenort applied with the minimum of delay. .-LlLl'-.rrenal F~.ct.or in_ Accidents. Industrial Health Research Board Imorgency : ' '-'-'t 3. Loudon: a.".. Stationery Office. (1042). r:u.rt report of 19 pages sots out the results of previous work. The con- -uuuions are sv ted sinr-ly, with a minimum of technical detail. In the first P-.'t of th: report the effects exerted by a number of general factors on acci- vrv- ineiuence aro outlined. Lang hour's of work end fatigue cause more accident. 004056 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 7 v.z do also unsuitable thermal conditions and inadequate or unsuitable illumin ation* Inexperience is an important causative factor, and even when due allow ance is sts'de for experience or the lack of it, young people lvsve more accidents than older ones. Physical and mental fitness for work, and speed of production are other significant factors. The attitude of the management and of the work ers may have a strong influence: managements should not regard accidents as purely fortuitous and unavoidable events, and workers should avoid carelessness ,,,nd should refrain from indulging in dangerous practices. The second part of the report is devoted to individual accidcnt-proneness. Liability to accident is largely determined by the degree of risk to which a person is exposed. But in an industrial group in which the members arc doing the same work and are ex posed to equal risks, some persons sustain more accidents than others. Psycho logical investigations show that those with an unduly high accident rate can be partly differentiated on the basis of measurable individual reactions; and those individual differences are represented by the phrase "accident proneness." Acci dent prondnese is thus a narrower term than accident liability, for it refers only to the personal factors tending to a high accident rate. Accident prone ness is a relatively stable factor manifesting itself in all periods of exposure and in different kinds of accidents. Acsthetokinetic tests -- tests measur ing the capacity to respond accurately, within a controlled time interval, to various sensory stimuli -- can bo used to detect the accident-prone amongst groups of skilled workers. The tests have hitherto failed in unskilled occupa tions. The most effective way of weeding out the accident-prone is to make a first selection by means of psychological tests, and then, at the end of an initial period, to remove from a dangerous occupation those with an unduly high accident rate. 143 The Effects of Fiberglas on Animal and Human Skin. U.B* Sul2berger and R, L. Baer. Ind. Ued., 11, 432-464 (October,"1.342) All of the reactions observed were of a transitory and superficial nature. The only parts of the reactions which persisted for more than a few days were slight thickening and brownish pigmentation of the skin. The latter were sometimes apparent for several weeks. No reactions or symptoms outside the rubbed skin areas were observed at any time during the experiment. The minute pieces of material which were seen sticking into the skin after rubbings with Fiberglas in its wool-like fona appeared to be very superficially embedded. This observation was borne out by the fact that ordinary washing with water easily removed -a large part of the spicules remaining in the skin after rubbing. -No definite sensitization to any of the materials could be demonstrated. In a few subjects there were a few mild and evanescent reactions to several of the materials, but it appeared very questionable whether these reactions were based on specific sensitization. The biopsies of all specimens taken from various sites in animals end humans showed a superficial inflammatory process. Sites on human objects which had been rubbed with the Fiberglas continuous filament and staple fiber presented such mild clinical reactions that it appeared unnecessary to v.-ke biopsies from them. There-wore no significant differences in the types of uistclogic reaction produced by the other materials. No spicules or pieces of materials, and no foreign reactions, could bo demonstrated in any of the nistclogic sections. -- Authors' summary. xicity of Hitrcrlyccrin. queries & Minor Motes. J.A.M.A. 119, 1556 {August ij-k.), A v:.'.';Uon on the toxicity of nitroglycerin w-.e requested. Used industrially, it is very toxic. Standing near a man v.ith traces on his body or clothing is sufficient to bring on manifestations. Headache, nausea, vomiting and flushing arc the commoner features, ncute mania may be associated with the headache. isirini iiy.lne Digest - S Alcoholic drinks precipitate attacks and increase the severity, '.'lien used in inristry,^ nitroglycerin commonly enters the body though inhalation of vapors or through skin absorption. 3 to 5 drops taken internally may prove fatal. Chronic types of poisoning -are doubted, Mo organic changes are known to arise in the heart or central nervous system, Temporary blindness is common. Low blood pressure and polyuria are significant. In severe poisoning, oxygen should be aoministored with intravenous saline solution and saline cathartics. The only known cause for rejection of an applicant for nitroglycerin work is -alcohol ism. A. bibliography is added. 14 r, The Response of Laboratory Animals to Monomeric Styrene. II.C. Spencer, L. P. Irish, L.lii. Adorns and V.M. Howe. J. Ina. Hyg. & lox., 24, 295-3C1 (Lee. 1941). Vapor concentrations of monomeric styrene which are acutely dangerous tc guinea pigs and rats range from 10-12 mg/liter (approx. 2,400 p.p.m.) for an eight hour exposure to 46 mg/litor (10,000 p.p.m.) for an exposure of 30 to 60 minutes. Higher concentrations are impossible to attain at ordinary temperatures. Imediate deaths result from the primary action on the central nervous system, while many delayed deaths result from pneumonia which frequently develops following acute lung irritation. The extreme eyo and nose irritation produced in man by a concentration of 6 mg/liter (1,300 p.p.m.) affords a definite safeguard against voluntary exposure to acutely hazardous concentrations. Repeated seven tc eight hour exposures to monomeric styrene vapor at a concentration of 6.0 to 6.3 wg/litcr are tolerated without evidence of toxic reaction by rats, rabbits and monkeys. No changes in the blood picture are observed in animals receiving such exposures. Repeated exposures to 3.0 mg/litcr are well tolerated by guinea pigs. A concentration of approximately 2 mg/liter (400 p.p.m.) which gives a disagree able odor but does not produce appreciable eye or nose irritation in man, should present no serious industrial hazard ana is suggested tentatively as the permiss ible limit for repeated exposures. Monomeric styrene produces a reaction on the rabbit's skin v/hich is very similar to that produced by the common aromatic hydrocarbons. In industrial use the same precautions should be observed to avoid skin contact as are now followed in the handling of other aromatic hydro carbon solvents. Monomeric styrene, when administered orally or inhaled as a vapor causes a marked rise in "total benzoic acid" and neutral sulfur excretion in ruts and rabbits. Similar changes might be expected to occur in man. 146 Carbon Tetrachloride in Industrial Hygiene. VJ.K. Easton. Ind. Med., 12, 1-3 (January, 1945). The author briefly reviews the literature on the toxicity'of carbon tetrachloride with conclusions on dangerous concentrations. He first points out that carbon . tetrachloride is toxic in two different respects, as a simple narcotic and a source osecondary toxicity. In the earlier literature these effects were con fused. The author presents the figures of Flury for acute exposures, according to which -5,000 p.p.m. are dangerous within 30 minutes and 50,000 p.p.m. in 10 minutes. For prolonged exposure, S?iyth's studies indicate that 100 p.p.m. is cafe for continuous exposure azy by day and that 1,000 p.p.m. is safe for periods up to hvIf an hour when the day's average does net exceed 100 p.p.m. These figures are generally accepted as industrial safety standards. It appears im possible to arrive at v.ny very definite conclusions as to the frequency of car bon tetrachloride from records of compensation claims, because in the records of :.wst states industrial poisons are not differentiated, and because it is uifffault to a* from t ho symptoms whai: pc i son has been involved. wl- vir/.ic ydry cartons. /fv .L. Coleman. Conn . Ind., 20, 11-12, 30-1, (1942), t syi' chi ori be, uiob-Loro no ^ nsno, on rbon totr-..chloride, niahiorocthanc, totre- echo root A, ne, tri chiercth:/l.; no, totrv.c;J.orothylc.no, c) lL oro p ro no, c hi ori ns x e d a.-"' > j,.thole;:.00 r.d chlorine ted oiphonyIs .0.*0 cc ns'i.hered fro; the viewpoint of their wiw.ith hws.a-as. 004055 iene Digest - 9 relic disturbances iri V.orkers Exposed to linitrotoluene. L.C. McGee, A. "island^ C.A. Pi lime ana M.C. Marlett. --mcr. J. Digest, Tis., 9_, 629-232 (October, 194?) An increase in the siwns end symptoms of chemical intoxication ha a appeared following the introduction of a large number of inexperienced v.orkmen into manu facturing operations using dinitrotoluene. ' The chief symptoms of a group of 164 v.crkors so exposed wore an unpleasant metallic taste, weakness, headache, loss of appetite, and dizziness. Two-thirds of the men in the group selected for study had these complaints at one time or another during the past twelve months. One-half the group developed objective signs of intoxication. These signs were chiefly pallor, cyanosis and low-grade anemia. Jaundice vans seen but twice. No instances of permanent physical impairment were found. Careful, fro .uont examinations of workmen in dinitrotoluene appear to be essential in proper supervision of particular operations. -- Authors' summary* Experimental Investigations on the Influence of Vapors of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Tuberculosis Infection (Benzene and XyicneT". 2. fix and 0. Schedtler. beitr. klin. Tuberk., 95_, 401-41o~Tl 940) . Inhalation of benzene or toluene vapors over a long period had an unfavorable effect on experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs, as measured by the weight curves of the animals. No special effect on the tuberculous animals as compared with the controls could be detected. V.ethyl Bromide Poisoning. 2. Schifferli. Rev. mod. Suisse romande. 62 , 244-250 (1342") . Methyl bromide appears to act directly on the skin, central nervous system and vasomotor system. It enters the human body through the respiratory passages and skin. No remission period is observed; there is a continuity in the symptoms. Generally several hours elapse betv/een the time of exposure and the appearance of severe symptoms. Amokc and Fire Gases. Toxic Constituents. V-.'.H. Easton. lad. Med., 11, 466-468 {October, 1942). More fire casualties arc caused by smoke ana gases than by any other factor, and there are medico-legal, as well as purely medical problems involved. Thermal decomposition products of different common combustibles are listed and although most of the toxic effects are due to carbon monoxide there are usually sulfur, ammonia, or cyanide containing fumes also. There is some evidence to indicate that mixtures of gases are more toxic than the same concentration of each separ ately, and the presence of carbon dioxide stimulates respiration and increases absorption. More research on this subject is needed. :-.ocommended Primary Methods to Safeguard Af-qinst Poisoning by Cadmium, Hydrogen uLp-j.io and Arsenic. Illinois labor bull., 3_, (July 31, i'942). iy- this interesting investigation, powdered zinc ore is roasted, then mixed with heated and trapped as r. fine dust. The cadmium is leached out of the dust by treatment with sulfuric acid. Cadmium is thrown down from the acid solution - ' treatment with powdered zinc. A year before this investigation a man doing ' .-o precipitation foil ill with a serious arsenic poisoning, ana another man lee.; se rious poisoning. Then followed several suspicious cases. A ven- system was installed over the precipitation tanks. Since it was not -:i-. to , invent the tanks fra.; sometimes boiling over, ail mon in the plant ' trueted to leave ir.t .ediatcly if this happened, by taking samples of the i:` scon that the company ..nrineers had ucr.it adequately v.-ith the arsine but nother dangerous process was found: the operator drev: a sample 1 ti; t ail: after each addition of rinc and tested it for the presence of cc.d- 1 adding hydrogen sulfide. The air tests in other processes shov.vd rf. fAig C 0 10 5 ! r... n.minl Hygiene Bisect - 10 of cnciJ.um^per 10 cubic meters of air, None of the men examined shov:ed clinical evidence off arsine poisoning at the time of the investigation, but 17 of chc IS nor. examined shov/cd abnormally large amounts of arsenic in the hair and nails, which analysed up to 10, 12, 13 micrograms arsenic trioxide par gram of tissues, .-.bout two thirds of the men shewed significant deviations from the normal in the differential blood counts. i An Investigation into the Effects of Continued Exposure to the Vapor of Volatile l.lv.rits, E.&i. Xillick and A.2.F. Schilling. J. Ind. Kyg. it Tox., 24., 30 7-313 (recembcr, 1942). hic.-d examinations wore carried out on all the employees of a small paint fac tory where one case of solvent poisoning had been reported. The only marked deviation from the normal blood picture was a diminution in polymorphonuclear colls with a corresponding relative increase in lymphocytes; this seemed to be associated with exposure to the vapors of mixed organic solvents, of which the most important were toluene and xylene. Symptoms of slight narcosis were frecuent in the men exposed to these solvents. -- Authors* smeary. ;,,.t Safety in Laboratories and Factories for Inorganic Chemicals. HI. Phosphorus hydrides. P. Sarillet. Industrie Chir.mque. Ik3-6 (1940] . Acute poisoning from phosphorus hydrides can occur only from absorption through the respiratory tract. The effects are similar to those produced by white phos phorus. Anemia and nervous disorders occur from chronic poisoning, Gas canis ters for absorption of the phosphorus hydrides should contain silver permangan ate, potassium permanganate and activated carbon. Phosphine and phosphazine may decompose explosively, phospfc&zine is especially unstable in contact with organ ic material or in the presence of light. A two per cent concentration by volume of phosphazine will make hydrogen and other inflammable gases spontaneously in flammable. Hydrogen chloride, ammonia, ether, alcohol, oil of turpentine and hydrogen sulfide in small quantities suppress this latter phenomenon. Phosphor us trichloride may cause dyspnea, and in severe cases pulmonary edema. Eurns from phosphorus trichloride are serious and the compound should be removed from the skin vith sodium carbonate solution. Gas masks for the removal of the tri j chloride should contain soda lime and activated carbon. Phosphorus pentachloride resembles the trichloride but causes less serious effects. Tetraphosphorus tri- sulfide has low toxicity but may produce occasional cases of dermatitis. Its ignition temperature in air is 95-100. It fcims explosive mixtures with most oxidizing agents. It should be stored and transported with the sane respect accorded white phosphorus. 155 Safety inLaboratories and Factories for Inorganic Chemicals. XIII. Arsenic and i! Its Compounds. F. B&riilet. Industrie Ciiimicue. 201-4 (19407* Acute poisoning from arsenic compound normally occurs from ingestion, but can occur in some cases from inhalation ar skin penetration. Chronic poisoning is 1 observed most frequently from inhalation. Arsenic bearing dust is very danger \ ous, Skin protection is of great importance. The etiology of arsenic poisoning I in described at length. ilic Poisons. J.M. liclJor.ald. Safety Fn..., 85, 33-3 5 (Junu: ry, 1943) l'i'r-t installment of a roriea duals very briefly with lead mercury, . r. .acre poisoning,, with permissible lir.it;; :md most impel" ant prove .:.us lVr each. o.dmiun lor. GO 4 0>50 '.ustrinl Hygiene Digest - 11 V Acute angl_ Chronic Toxicity, Public Health Aspects* 0. woodard and H.0. Culver;/. Ind. Med*, 47, C6-C9 (January, ISAo). V.;:iio tilts paper does not refer specifically to industrial toxicology or to poisoning by the r.eans usually encountered in indiis try , it contains vnlurolc advice to all who study toxicity problems. In order to understand the problem of acute md chronic toxicity resulting from exposures to any chemical, .-.ail controlled toxicological investigations must be carried cut. It is essential in these experiments that the levels causing acute, subacute and chronic toxicity be accurately determined on several species of animals. Chronic studies must extend for the lifetime of the animal. Since the results of these experiments or. animals are to be determined in terms of man, and since the tests arc made upon normal animals under ideal conditions, all factors related to species var iation must be kept in mind v/hen evaluating toxicity data in formulating toler ances or regulations for the protection of public health. 3 Toxicity of Gallium. S.F. Meek, G.C. Karrold and C.P. McCord. Inc. Med., 47, 7-9 (January, 1943). In connection with a recent investigation of the toxicity of indium (Abstract lie.40, January, 194-3 Digest), the question of the toxicity of gallium arose be cause it is intermediate between indium and aluminum in the periodic system, although gallium is rarer and less used than indium. The results of experiments indicate that gallium and its salts produce notable toxic effects only when in rather high concentration. 9 Radiation Cancer. S.M. Silverstone. J. of the Mt. Sinai Hospital. 74 (July-August, 1942). "" Radiation cancer develops in three groups of persons: those who work with roent gen rays and radioactive elements, those on whom roentgen rays or radium is used during a long time for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes and industrial workers who cone in contact with radioactive elements. The exact amount or dose of rad iation necessary to produce radiation cancer, Silverstone points out, is not known, nor is it as Important as the fact that the radiation must be administer ed over a long continuous exposure or many intermittent exposures. Radiation in doses sufficient to destroy diseased tissue completely produces radionecrosis, and radicnecrotic tissue seldom undergoes malignant change; but cancer may occur in the viable tissue at the edge of the radionecrotic area. If the dose pro duces incomplete destruction or differential destructive effects on various tis sue components, a complex balance of necrosis and repair is set up which may eventually lead to malignant neoplastic formation. In such an injury, degener ative and regenerative processes arc operative at the same time. Both processes arc progressive and continue indefinitely even though the radioactive agent is withdrawn. This stage corresponds to the long latent unpredictable and variable period between their radiation and the appearance of a neoplasm. It may vary l'ron one to twenty-five years, during which time both reparative and degenera tive processes are active but neither repair nor necrosis is ever complete. ?in- I!y a stage is reached in which the reparative processes undergo increased ac tivity and a transition to neoplastic .activity, frequently multiple, occurs, n:c events are best observed in the skin; every stage of transition may be >und from simple hyperplasia of the epithelium to infiltrating squamous coll hr.orm but in a stroma characterized by extensive hyalinization and peer vns- -rity. The type of neoplasm depends not on the nature of the injurious -.gent ' tha typo of tissue affected. The origin of the neoplasm is limited to the -- h .'.ted tissue, but, once established, it behaves like any other malignant ''Vlasn of similar structure and anatomic site. ..t -ini Kytieue Digest - 12 1 r.-:ustrisl .ffiealth Hazards in Magnesium Foundries, Illinois Labor Bull ~~{'aeptGnfcer, 1942). lie article ic written ns a guide for safe operation of magnesium foundries. Tho hazards of sulphur dioxide and fluorides as well as the nuisance of magnesium oxide fumes .arc discussed. Four air samples were taken which indicate fluor ide and sulphur dioxide hazards in shakeout, core knockout, and pouring opera tions even v/hon there was good general ventilation and enclosed processes. It is guessed that in molding sand containing sulphuric acid rather than fluoride, even more complete control is needed. Good local exhaust is recommended for the control of sulphur dioxide and fluoride hazards. Telescoping hoods for mag nesium furnaces and local exhaust for heat treating furnaces are recommended and lateral exhaust for chromic acid tanks. In addition, the usual protective cloth ing for V'Orkers should be issued. A booth exhausting directly into an effi cient wet dust collector should be located behind each grinding wheel used for magnesium bearing metals to control explosive dusts. Operators of such grinding wheels should wear tightly woven fire resistant clothing. 161 Manganese. Industrial Data Shoot D-Chem-26 (Revision). National Safety Council. Nut. Safaty News, 47^ 56 (February, 1943). The principal hazard from manganese is that of chronic poisoning due to inhala tion of its dust or fumes. There are no records of acute poisoning. There is wide difference in individual susceptibility but symptoms usually appear in about the following order, beginning in about 3 months or more of severe exposure: languor and sleepiness, stolid masklike appearance of face; low monotonous voice , and tendency to be sparing with words; muscular twitches; cramps in the calves of the legs; increases in tendon reflexes; spastic gait; occasional unccntrcll- able laughter or crying. Early cases improve if the victim is removed from exposure, but advanced cases do not. Manganese, unlike lead, causes no life shortening degeneration but destroys some non-vital portion of the central ner vous system and leaves the victim a cripple but usually does not affect other parts of the body. Prevention of exposure includes sampling and analysis of the air, reduction of dust and fumes to 60 milligrams per 10 cubic meters of air (American Standards Association pamphlet 237.6, July 16, 1942), proper ventila tion, medical supervision and examination, a high standard of personal hygiene, and keeping food and beverages out of the workroom. 162 More Care V/ith Mercury* A. Stock. Z. physik Chen. 189, 63-9 (1941). Chemists and physicians are frequently exposed to concentrations of mercury capable of causing chronic mcrcurialism. It is claimed that a few gammas of mercury per cubic meter of air will produce serious symptoms, among which are injuries nontal ability and the memory. It is further claimed that individ uals hypersensitive to mercury may be poisoned by a few tenths of a gamma per cubic meter of air. 163 3clero-kcratitis Follcv.ln^ Phosphorus Injury of the Eye. T.K. Lyle and A. G. Cross, Brit. j. of Ophth., 2_6, 30*1-303 (July, 1342). Ihe case of phosphorus injury of the >~ye cited in this .article is* one of the first to be reported. In 1918 the face, eyes and body of the subject were ecveriy burned by the explosion cf a barrel ef phosphorus. In 1321 there was a s..vcro attack cf eye inflammation lasting --bout ton months, followcdby milder '.macks in 1326, 1351, 1338 . na 1361. 1.x se vldoly-spucod recurrences arc sim ilar to those of xnutura ,y.s keratitis, but the clinical features arc different, 'iho resulting corneal opacities arc, with one exception, deep in the substantia propria end, contrary to the usual sciore-kcrntitis, arc not in continuity with the sclera, nor is there .any corneal vascularization. In this case, moreover, there is no " marblin;;" of the conjunctiva or uveitis. 00406? Imustrinl liyriene Digest - 13 l-:4 ~ Tfoct ct` Sodium. Hoxame^.phcsph,ate_on the Delation of Lead. E.V.u Moore and umith. J, An. 'water IV'orks Assoc. , 34, l4lo-24 (1942). Tho effect of various concentrations of sodium hexemetaphosphate on the solution of lead has boon measured using a dithizonc method for the load analyses. The r.'.atarhoephcte retards the solubility of lead v.hcn the pil is lower than 7.0. '.'r.uer certain conditions whore the pH is 6.5 or over, the solubility of lead is increased. The authors conclude that metaphosphate does not increase the lead nn'-urd in drinking water except with softened v;aters where metaphosphate is sub stituted for recarbccization. 1:5 Occupational Exposure to Citric Acid. Queries oc. Minor Notes, J.A.M.A., 120, Ce5 (October 24, 1942). Men working in a chemical plant making citric acid complained of bad teeth. As this acid is relatively weak, it was not thought likely to cause decalcification of the encmel of the teeth, as do nitric and hydrochloric acids. Prolonged ex posure might cause decalcification. The citric acid dust would be more likely to produce a harmful effect through irritation of the soft tissues by physical rather than by chemical action. It was suggested that masks would prevent the harmful effects of the acid better than the use of alkaline mouth washes. 166 Health Hazards in the Fur Industry. H. lieimann. J. Ind. Hyg. & Tox., 24, 322-330 (December, 1942). Based on a medical study of 694 workers in the fur industry it is concluded that: 1) Traumatic affections of the skin appear characteristically among the occupa tional groups of fleshers, unhairers, hand-stretchers, and nailers. 2) The cases of dsmatosis appear among those v/orkers who handle the dyed furs and arc not related to cleanliness, hand-cleansers, or the complexion cf the worker. 3) All cases of aematosis gave a positive reaction to patch tests applied -with the appropriate dye in the proper concentration, emphasizing again the diagnostic value cf these tests. 4) When dyes of the paraphenylcnedi- amine series are used for test materials, cases of asthma among fur workers may chov; negative scratch tests, while the patch tests are positive. 5) There is no evidence that pulmonary tuberculosis is more frequent among fur workers than in the general population, 6) The relative frequency of acute and chron ic non-specific upper respiratory disease among fur workers, may be due to tho dust present in the environmental air.-- Author* s summary and conclusions. Industrial Dermatitis in Our War Industries. L. Schwartz. Ind. Med., 11, 457- 462 (October, 1942). Note to Members: The Proceedings of the seventh annual meeting of Industrial iiygicne Foundation carries an article by Dr. Schwartz on this subject. This article presents practical aspects of the prevention and treatment of the new ns well as the familiar dermatoses, the chief type of occupational disease in tho war industries. Cutting oils, depending on their composition, are likely to cause 1) comedones due to plugged pores; 2) folliculitis by the sane uochanism plus secondary infection from skin saphrophytes; 3) ether infections beer use of cracks and fissures caused by their drying action, or imbedded metal livers; 4) papillomas, warts and prickle cell carcinoma because of their kera- :->;enic and carcino;enic properties. Those ore rare. Their use may also result -n :) allergic eczema if hypersensitivity to the oils, added inhibitors or dis- 'T.- r.ts, develops. The.:.; disir-f cctnnts increase tho incidence of eczema with- ; :\.v nil!:,-, folliculitis. These forms of cutting oil dermatitis may bo Vi.- tod by 1) compulsory use of adequate washing facilities, adequate implies of clean waste to Vvipe splinters* ana clean towels laundered so that ail i. IV a are removed. Sulfonutod oil cleansers should be substituted for fat .m ; nd atron,. chemicals. 2) Innocuous vegetable or animal fat protective ntn p:\-veut defatting actions of mineral oils, Resin ointments are washed noons'; ..-trial Hygiene Digest - 14 or: by perspiration, ';nd crack at the creases. 3) Provision of clean clothes with cleoves.ncd aprons of impervious synthetic materials help to keep the work -.j.ochcs clesn. Protective clothing of synthetic resins is light and imper vious anu is of groat value also to those opposed to rust-preventive compounds, solvents, thinners, "uopes," tricklorcthylene, or to the fumes of tear gas, the r.ino and fluoride fumes caused by welding, the fumes of acid, chromium and cad mium that occur in electroplating. Protective clothing for 'workers manufactur ing mustard gas and Lewisite can be impregnated with neutralizing chemicals, lain seamless chamois gloves can be worn by tctryl v/orkers unless their v:ork is exceptionally fine. The concentration of irritant fumes and dusts, such as l.N.T. and tctryl can be reduced by suction vents. Protective ointments are relatively ineffective but should be used on face and on hands necessarily bared ir. order to do fine work. Their removal after hours removes also the overlaying irritant. Workers get a sense of protection and like them. Their characteris tic and a list of the most effective formulae is presented. The ointment devised for protection against poison ivy is quite effective against tetryl dust. Irri tant cleansers cause much dermatitis wrongly attributed to the occupational ex posure. Use of strong alkalies, abrasives and strong solvents are strongly condemned. Superfatted neutral soaps with added detergent and a soft scrubber are safest. When strong cleansers must be used, they in turn must be removed with soap end water and an emollient applied. Neutral sulfonated caster oil with acidod detergent is safe and is an effective cleanser for inflamed skins. Mild cases should be treated while remaining on the job, since they may become "hardened." Cases that cannot be cured while exposure continues can often return to the job without recurrence. Workers v/ho have recurrent attacks should be re moved to other types of work. 163 Dermatitis in War Industries. C.A. Wcslager. Safety Eng., 84, 56-38, 42 INovember, 1942). Although no statistics are as yet available, it is evident that industrial der matitis is increasing with the expansion of war industries. A number of instan ces arc reported in v/hich dermatitis followed exposure of the skin to oils and solvents. The chief method of control - removal of the worker from contact with the irritant - is often impractical. Correspondingly more reliance must be placed upon the use of protective creams and ointments. 169 Dermatitis in Tanneries. H.M. Davies and M.E. Robertson. Leather World. 34. 264-1, 332-3 T19427. The most common sources of acir.atitis in the tannery industry are liming and chrome tanning. There has been an increase of dematitis cases recently, pro bably duo to the influx of new workers and to the lack of selection of resistant v.-orkers. Vitamin B complex is important in dermatitis prevention in those with dietary deficiencies. The prevention program should stress worker selection, protective clothing, cleanliness end protective creams. iV'C Industrial Dcmuatitis. I. T. McLachlan. 3cap, Perfumery & Cosmetics. 15, 309- 510 (1942), The tendency to susceptibility increases rather than decreases in industrial der matitis with exposure to chioracetophenone, mustard gas, soda and nitro compounds. Susceptibility is increased in ill-health, hot weather or moist atmospheres. people are less susceptible li .ht people. Proper ventilation and per son:.1 hygiene arc neccss.-.ry for pr^v<_:i-i^n. Numerous protective applications :.rvn several formulas for curative lotions and salvos ore detailed. 1 Vl IrN.-.i: trial Dermatitis. II. Cje-.rnctor? Incidence and Treatment. E.H. Sedgwick, '-''.a, rerfuaery Cosmetics. 15,, 4l9-7';i* (it'd::] . principal skin hazards of factory workers arc listed, Cases of rubber dormutitis from gas m-'sks are duscribud. Cronr..:; should act a:i protective barriers 004OGe f l Industrial Hygiene Digest - 15 capable of fceutralizing the irritant. Hence the nature of the irritant substance mast be considered. If an oil is to be repelled the preparation must be oil-rep-.Ticnt. Several remedial preparations arc detailed. One per cent solution of aluminum acetate dries vesicles more rapidly and more conveniently than calamine lotion. i?l Some on Metol Dci* atitis. C.2. Drew. Radiography. 8^ 105 (September,1942). Though it is known that metol, used in certain photographic developers, gives a dermatitis to some people, many do not realize this. The author describes the dermatitis and points out that the metol crystals cause more damage than the solu tion. It is presumed that, with the possible exception of especially sensitive people, the rash is caused by a dimethyl impurity in the metol rather than by the notol itself. Once the dermatitis has occurred, the skin becomes still more sensitive and washing in dilute acid, plain water, and then soapy water is sug gested as a safe-guard. A formula is given for an alternative X-ray developer which contains p-ominophenol-hydrochloride in place of metol. 172 Ragweed Dermatitis Among Workers in the Flour and Grain Industries. J.7/. Iordan, I T.C. Comnboll and E.D. Osborne. Arch, of lermat. ct byph., 46, 721-724 (November, 1942). 1. Case histories of 9 patients employed in the flour and grain industries v:hc had a dcimatitis due to ragweed are presented. 2. Ragweed dematitis is a common industrial hazard among this group of workers. 3. The dermatitis observed in this group of workers is similar to that seen in farmers or others engaged in work in the open fields. 4. Patch tests made with alcoholic extract of the weed, pollen oil or a fresh leaf from the plant are highly diagnostic. -- Authors* summary. 173 Occupations! Tuberculosis. A. Licurzi. Rev. assoc, ned. argent. 40_, 855 (November, 1941). The problem of occupational tuberculosis involves the establishment of a causal or contributory relationship between occupation and certain forms of the disease, the concept of total disability with the obligation to submit to treatment, the provision of the means for treatment, the estimation of degree of residual dis ability, compensation for such disability and the rehabilitation of the individ ual within the limits of that disability. Tho clinico--anatomical picture with its diagnostic and prognostic implications is not enough to determine degree ox- residual disability. The use of the respiratory capacity advocated by Sturgis and co-workers may be adequate for pulmonary tuberculosis but does not cover extrapulaonary forms. Actually, the evaluation should include a consideration of the degree of psychic and socio-economic readjustment necessary, as well as measurement of specific functions. In some countries, provision is now made for rehabilitation along vlth sanatorium care. The emission of specific statements concerning tuberculosis in the existing law has led to arbitrary* conflicting and unjust decisions. Since compensation law is in the process of evolution, statutes should be drawn so that they may be extended to cover new situations. To say that the community and not the employer should be responsible for the care of the tuberculous, scouts fundamental social principles. To define the employ er* 3 responsibility as ending with restitution to status quo overlooks the con cept of stabilization rather than cure in tuberculosis. The French Army regula tion that all tuberculosis arising after more than three months cf service be iu^rod service-connected account only of newly-acquired tuberculosis. Actually, to set limits upon the time relation between trauma or entry into an oc r.u-acion t nd the development of clinical tuberculosis is difficult, if not im possible, because tuberculosis is rarely diu,-nosed in a truly early stage. Tuber culosis contracted or nrgrrvated because of working conditions is to be consider ed j.. :... capable. OOiOSP -.rial Hygiene Digest - 1G '.lotions by the Division cf Industrial Hyfier.e, National Institute of Health ~~' rfi 5orvicc Publications on. In-ustrirj. Hygiene lubjocts. 7" :* _ry 2, 194-0. Liv. of Incl. : iyg., Hat'! Institute of Health, U.2. Put. Health " .vice, Detkcsaa, ?d. is a complete list, to December 51, 1941, of publications-of the Division ,Industrial Hygiene, and the Unitcdet-tes Public He-:1th Service publications on-industrial hy iene subjects." These publications can be obtained'from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. p o-..y..ral Requirements of Plant Sanitation Facilities. Indiana State Board of Halth. December, 1S42. IS pp. The contents of the bulletin arc offered as suggestions recommendations, to be tempered, if necessary, by local conditions. It is not a code or set of regu lations. The bulletin is one of a series being prepared on important health problems. The scope of pamphlet can be seen by the following index: (1) V.'ater sup ly; (2) Drinking water; (3) Sewage disposal; (4) Toilets; (5) Lavatories and washing facilities; (6) Showers; (.?) Dressing rooms and lockers; (8) Personal protective equipment; (9) P.est rooms; (10) Eating rooms; (11) Restaurants, and (12) First ?4d and medical services. i71' Acute Coronary Thrombosis in Industry: II. Indirect Injuries from Toxic Gases and Other Physical Agents. H.D. Leinoff. Am. Heart J., 24, 187 (August, 1942). The reaction of the heart of 10 industrial workers, who applied for compensation benefits, to indirect injuries caused by exposure to toxic fumes, electricity, infections and foreign proteins is discussed by Leinoff. The patients believed that certain incidents in the course of their employment had caused acute heart disease. The most common diagnosis was acute coronary occlusion, although a better diagnostic term would have been acute toxic myocarditis or coronary circ ulatory insufficiency. The amount of damage was usually in direct proportion to the offending force. The physical status of an organ determines the response to such trauma. Every effort should be made to chock the patient's story sc that a fair clinical conclusion can be made. Oxygen want, as systemic infection and foreign protein, results in an excessive demand on the heart, which, if prolonged is followed by structural and functional changes. Electrical shock produces dysfunction without organic changes. In gas poisoning, blood tests should deter mine the qualitative and quantitative character of the toxin. The toxic action of gases depends on the concentration ana length of exposure. 177 Wartime Occupational Health Hazards, F. Prencorgast. Industry, 8_, 21-23 (Jui*uary,^i943) The four industries involving the principal hazards peculiar to wartime are shipbuilding, munitions manufacture, army raincoat making and similar rubber in dustries where solvents arc used, and radium dial painting. Shipbuilding involv es a large amount of welding, with the hazards of exposure to lead, fines from paint, mercury fumes from anti-fouling paint, metal funs fever in welding gal vanized iron, and toxic fumes from the coaxing of the 'welding rod. The munitions industry is practically free from hazards because it has profited from the ex periences of the last war and its workers are well safeguarded. The effects of '-ir., tetryl, nitroglycerin and other explosives are described. The hazards of the raincoat industry include exposure of the respiratory system end skin so v -."ious solvents. In the radium bi-J. industry, also, past experience has Led to safety precautions, anu now workers are examined by means of .'in instrument which determines whether almost infinitesimal uuntitios hnve been absorbed. i i I ! i '* j i *v.*i-rl Hygiene Dices* - 17 .O'* nrationeA Medicine and rIy--ione: Its Rolo in Britain in V.artimo. E.H.A. '.lilrc.-.vthorA Am. J. Pub. Health. 35^, l"-14~"(Janunry, 1943K author presents an extensive account oi` the work of the Factory Department of the Ministry of Labor and National Service of the British Government, under normal conditions and especially during the war. The hcaa of the Department is -vho Chief Inspector of Factories, aided by a number of other inspectors, but vheir uutios are not as much like that of a policeman as the v;ord implies. "Now adays to inspect is to look and inquire and -- to rid -- and this applies to both sides, employers and .corkers alike." A generally high standard of safety and industrial health has been obtained through cooperation; there are only 372 in spectors for 250,000 concerns registered under the Factories Act. The v.ord "factory" has a broad moaning; it includes warehouses, docks, shipbuilding and engineering construction such as tunnels, bridges, etc. The war has laid many additional duties on the department. The additional problems include effects of the blackout, effects of enemy action, infestation by lice and scabies, hours of employment, overwork and overstrain, increase in women workers, and the use- of radioactive substances in painting aircraft instruments, and first aid. Detail ed information of accomplishments in each of these fields is given. Similar supervision of mines is under the Chief Inspector of Mines under the Ministry of Fuel and Power, and that department has made similar progress in making Britain's mines safe and healthy. 179 Industrial Toxicology as Belated to the War Effort. J.C. Sice. Tri-State Med. J., 15, 2S27-2S30 (1942). The following topics are considered: industrial poisoning in plants which pro duce explosives, toxicology of the machine tool industry and related industries, industrial poisoning with solvents, and prophylaxis. ISO Industry, the War and Tuberculosis. C. Kuh. Ind. Med., 47_, 34-40 (Jan.1943). The author discusses the need of the assistance of industry in prevention of tuberculosis, especially referring to conditions in California. He urges preemployment examination, including chest x-rays, maintenance of cafeterias supply ing nutritious food, or in their absence, education in principles of nutrition of housewives and restaurant keepers. 131 who is Responsible for Occupational Diseases? V. Y.'rabetz. Occup. Hazards. 5, 1C-13, 34-36 (January, 1943). The author discusses the logic of occupational disease compensation, especially making the point that while the employee* s carelessness may contribute to an accident, he is not responsible for an occupational disease. Various objections to componaation lav/s have been met in the course of experience. A brief history of compensation in Y/isconsin with cost statistics, forms a part of the article. The Problem of Faulty Gtereopsis in Industry. A Preliminary Study of Certain 0; eg-.,dona in the Publishing Industry. L.D. F.cdway. N. Y. State J. of lied., 1445-1443 (August 1, 1942). r.inntion of results, obtained by any method, of those exhibiting some defi ciency cf stcrcopsis shows that those findings differ widely. On the basis of i reliability alone, this is to bo expected. Experimental work on binocular acuity fro:; the time of Helnholz, in L-CC, has shewn a wide latitude- of results. As r :*.rtod by Dukc-Fldcr, "Strutter. (169S-19C0) obtained 24 seconds, Bourdon (1902) -.v.iiuu, Crawley (1905) 2.3 to 20 . seconds; iioward (1920) found very variable v-. uos, 1,3 to 10. 0 and up to 13C.2 seconds, -Anderson and Weymouth (1323) 2 . ' 0 :.us, Freibosc and Jj-onsch (1923) obtained similar values, and Im.ngiands u 27) l.C to 5 seconds." Davidson 1[1935) found, as has been said, 5 seconds :4 seconds cl* arc. homo of these figures, cf course, refer to average n.-r- s; r>i,hv?rs to the lowest tlircehcld ebserveu. A groat deal of work obviously co.-: r\ J / /- : > -- / I:-/.ustrioi Hygiene Digest - IS remains todone with respect to methods and evaluation of the handicap plus hossri in industry of this group of deficients. There does seem to be sonic sort of consistency, however, by any method, in detecting those -.vho hove a com plete absence of the function of storcopsis. It seems to lie somewhere between 1 .nd 6 por cent of the population. If a census of industry should shov; r.b,0'*0,000 persons employed, for example, complete absence of steroopsis would be a characteristic of at least some 500,000 people. It would seen desirable, on the basis of the size of this rroup alone, to attempt further studies of the significance of the complete absence of stcreopsis in its relation to Job place ment in the highspeed world of the present end in anticipation of & hi {..her-speed world of the future. Already we classify the variations of the visual func tion for industrial purposes. Via rate people as (a) normally sighted, (b) par tially sighted, and (c) blind. Similarly, we could now classify the function of depth perception as (a) excellent, (b) average, and (c) mediocre. All screen ing methods can be accepted as sufficiently accurate to grade the excellent and the mediocre. As to the average, there will always bo doubt, for it is to be anticipated that further work on procedure and instrumentation will continue to produce more accurate and reliable information as to the size of the group and the vocational possibilities or handicaps of these persons. In the meantime, nothing stands in the way of attempts to correlate the findings of the increas ingly numerous serious workers in this field. -- Author's summary. Methods of Detection and Determination 133 A Comparison of the Methods of Analysis for Lead in Urine. W.R.V. Marriott. Am. J. Clin. Path., 12., 433-495 (September, 1942). The author has quite adequately evaluated nine different methods for determining lead, based on accuracy and applicability to the average clinical laboratory. The methods compared are: the diphecylcarbazide procedure of Lentonoff and Koinhold; the dithizone methods of Thonpsett and Andersen; Kcnch; Ross and Lucas; Korvvitt ana Cowgill; Wilkins ct al., and of Shiols; the lead chromate techniques of Fairhall; and the spectroscopic method of Cholak. According to the author the spectroscopic procedure v;as found to be the best for determining lead in urine (fastest and quite accurate). The dithizone methods of Lentonoff and Rein hold and of Eorwitt and Cowgill are as accurate as the spectroscopic but longer, and the procedures more elaborate. The methods of Fairhall and of Shicls are considerably less accurate especially at the lower levels of lead which would be borderline cases. The author states in the discussion of the paper: "There is no simple and foolproof way to determine lead in urine. The spectroscopic method comes the closest to offering this, but a great outlay for expensive equipment is required. The other methods mentioned are capable of giving very good results, but arc rather long and unless done very carefully, open to con siderable error. For clinical laboratory work, the Korv.ltt and Cowgill, or the Lentonoff and Roinheld methods are perhpas the most satisfactory. In doing any of th^se taste, o blank should be done on the reagents and the values obtained subtracted from. th<- total mount found.M h-.-o Ap.licntion of bacteriology to Industrial hygiene. Illinois Lab. Bull., 3., (Aupust hi, iodr). * This article describes steps taker, to ascertain the health hazards existing in a .etc ; f.i.vr sorting and baLing. plant. The plant obtained its waste from faci.ir- u s -iva physicians' office:: .sou it w; felt that the latter source would have a n n n -n rt Ir.iustrid Hy.-_.iene Digest - 19 definite influence on bacterial content of the workroom air. Culture plates were exposed for definite periods of time and then incubated and counted. (In the opinion of'the reviewer the use of a sampling unit such as the hells centrifuge or the electrostatic funnel unit might be better adapted to this problem.) The froatect contamination was observed at the baler and baler chute. Dust concen trations were also measured at these points. Methods of control arc suggested. iJ5 Measurements of Concentrations of Air-Borno Dusts. T. Bedford and C.G. `Earner, j. Ind. Kyg. Sc Tox., 4, 315-321 {December, 1942T. The correlation of total particle counts with total mass concentrations are much lower than those reported by Bloomfield and BallaValle. This difference is al most certainly explained by the different methods of dust sampling employed. The counts given by 31oomfield and DallaValle were made by the impingcr technique, and with that method few particles smaller than 0.8 or 0.7 micron are counted. On the other hand in our thermal precipitator samples roughly 50 per cent of the particles counted were below 0.8 micron in size. We have shown that when only the particles larger than 1 micron are included in the particle count a much higher correlation is obtained with the mass concentration. There is good reason to belicvo that the larger dust particles are of little pathological significance. If in considering the mass concentration of the dust attention is confined to the smaller particlc-s, say those not exceeding 5 microns in size, the mass of these particles can bo accurately estimated from a knowledge of the count of particles larger than 1 micron. This count of the larger particles gives a better prediction than does the total count as obtained by the thermal precipitator method. The impinger technique has been criticised on the ground that the particle count yielded by it does not take into consideration the numer ous small particles which occur in industrial dust clouds, but it appears that this shortcoming is actually an advantage when dust counts are required as in dices of mass concentrations. Similarly, tho surface area of the dust particles is more accurately indicated by the count of particles larger than 1 micron than by the total count obtained from thermal precipitator samples. Another point of importance is the relatively low correlation between the total mass concen tration and the mass of particles up to 5 microns in diameter only. If the mass concentration for the restricted range of particle size is regarded as the path ologically significant value, it does not appear worth while tc determine mass concentrations gravimetrically by tho existing methods. More accurate informa tion can be obtained by the readier method of counting the particles larger than 1 micron in diameter. -- Authors* conclusions. Control Methods 18 6 Ventilation in Shipbuilding. 1942[. J ,V.\ Thomsen. Calif. Safety News. sb, iSeptember, The need for ventilation in shipbuilding it made acute by th change from rivet- ing to welding, tho use of coated ciectrodos, ana the large mount of galvanized metal. The emblem is complicated by the nrcser.ce of small spaces and comer, rt- r\- ntj which aunt be ventilated the absence of portholes r-na large deck, il{,3. In addition to nine rcr.cs fro... ;alvanizcd metal, ventilation must also clear a variety of metal fumes from the electrode or base metal, or lead fwr.es ' "ieh may be ('cneratcu in valuing or burning through lead pointed surfaces. iror th'.ro ve>'.til....tion jobs Bethlehem Ship in dk.n Bruneisco uses ventilation by dilu tion v.u;;er,tou by loc. l exhaust, tho latter to dear l'uaos from the vicinity of G040S'J ; r.:a.vtri ci Hygiene Direct 20 the -./elder# ere during operations in confined spaces. Welders t this yard have beer, provided with a special adaptation of the M.S.A. Comfo Metal-Fune respirator which is light ann email enough to be worn under the welders' helmet. T:iis is not considered a substitute for ventilation, however. Air analyses made of selected working areas on the chips under construction demonstrated the effec tiveness of the ventilation, for zinc concentrations from galvanised welding v/cre found to be v/ithin allowable limits. Th; Characteristics of Double Pitot Tubes. F.H. Ingram, 2. Diez-Canseco and L. cilvoiman. Heat., Fip., & Air Cond., 14, 702-707 (November, 1942). A stuuy of throe types of double chamber pitot tubes was made under different flow conditions. The use of double pitot tubes under conditions other than cali bration may produce appreciable error. In pipes the coefficients were found to vary v.lth the amount of turbulence present and to decrease vita increasing air velocity. Outside of pipes under suction the coefficient was found to increase v.lth increasing airflow. The magnitude of the coefficient depends considerably on the shape of the tube facing the airstream. -- Authors* summary. 113 The Performance of Side Outlets on Horizontal Ducts. D.Y*. Nelson and G.E. Sracdbtrg. Heat., Pip., & Air Cond., 14, 686-cS 3_7November, 1942). Actual measurements are given Tor the air distribution pattern leaving the side outlets of a horizontal duct. Data for three sizes of outlets are reported with . various types of corrective devices applied. Complete specifications are out lined -for an air flow analyzer, which was used to investigate the flow pattern from the various outlets. The results indicated that the use of curved deflect ors showed the best flow characteristics from the standpoint of uniformity of flow, negative area, and static pressure. -- Authors* summary. 139 Wind Tunnel Tests to Establish Stack Height for Riverside* Generating Station. H.L. von Kohenlcitcn and S.F. Y.'olf. "Trans. A.S.iI.E., 64, 671-633 (Oct. 1942). In order to prevent pollution of a residential area by a new generating station, an investigation of the performance of various stack and building factors was made in a wind tunnel. The problem was resolved into 3 distinct phases (a) to establish the wind and weather conditions which would produce the most serious smoke annoyance; (b) to determine the effect of adding units to the plant; (c) to investigate all possible means for improving dissipation of the gases. V/hea compared v.lth an actual installation, a model of another plant was found to give good agreement. Since the maximum stack height in this investigation was limited by an adjoining airport, a compromise had to be reached. The modal tests indi cated that a stack height of 157 feet above ground level or 1.3 tines the height of the boiler room monitor would reduce smoke nuisance to reasonable limits in a 20 nph wind. A stack velocity of 60 fps was found desirable. None of the special stack designs or shields proved satisfactory. The- influence cf surround ing structures greatly changes the turbulence pattern. *Ealtinoro, lid. 193 Under Control. J.M. Kano. Nat. Safety Ncv/s. 47_, 13-19, 83-90 (Ian. ,1943). The increase in production in many plants has led to heavy demands on the exhaust system. The condition and efficiency of exhaust systems should be frequently rochockcd. The tools recuircd under most cases for a routine chock on the per formance of an exhaust system ore a nanometer (V-gage), end a short piece of rubber tubing. The cr.finear should also have on understanding of static pressure los/vs ..nu suction, /.Ui.iittculy beau suction readings do not measure air flew :bseiucely or accurately but they do provide a simple means of measuring relative air flow. The author discusses extensively the principles of hood auc tion end its relation to velocity ar.a volume, ana its method of measurement, v.lth r.r'. 11 k metical formal as. C 0 4 0 7 9 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 21 :;! Nymionic Djjrapjscl of Collected Dry Dusts. C.A. cnyaer. Ind. Med., 47, 59-GO {Jonuory, 19&3). An objection,-to dry dust collection is the possibility of recirculation of part of the collected dust while unloading the collector hoppers. A simple v:et dis posal unit is described, by which the duct is sufficiently wet before it is dumped, to restrict greatly the quantity of free dust, 192 The use of a Bore Hole in Conjunction with a Radon Plant. V.',J. Meredith. Brit. J. Radiol. 15, 264-265 (September, IS42). A grappling device whereby containers holding raaium tubes may be loft at the bottom of a bore hols whilst the coble is used for a special carrier for flasks containing radium solutions for radon preparation, is described. These flasks when raised to the surface from the safe storage of the bore hole are connected tc the purification plant through ground glass flanges. Details of the lay-out and flask carrier arc given. -- Author's summary. 193 Cleaning; Drums h'hich have Held Flammable Substances. Industrial Data Sheet Ho. D-Chcm-10 (Revision). Nat. Safety Council. Nat. Safety Nows. 47^ 40 (January, 1943). The principal hazards in cleaning drums are: (1) bums from caustics; (2) burns from contact vlth hot containers and steam linos; (3) burns fro a hot cleaning solutions; (4) fire, and (5) explosion. The method of cleaning drums that have held flammable substances is given in detail, including the following steps: (1) removal of all sources of ignition; (2) removal of the bung; (3) draining on a steem rack; (4) steaming; (5) washing with caustic soda or soda-ash solution; (6) flushing with hot water; (7) hosing down the outside; (8) drying; (9) thorough inspection, and (10) testing for explosive vapors. Proper protective clothing is advocated, and the light used for inspection is specified. 194 Gas Masks.Today. W.E. McCormick. Hat. Safety News. 47, 32, 74 (January, 1943). Gas masks are briefly discussed, with reference to classification according to gases, range and accuracy of vision, transmission of speech. The warning is given that ordinary gas masks give only partial protection against smoke and that the military and civilian types do not protect against carbon monoxide or emmonia. For each toxic gas there is a limiting concentration beyond which the mask is not efficient, and the masks must not be used when the oxygen content of the air is below 16$, 195 Bactericidal Action of Ultraviolet Radiation on Air-Borne Organisms. II. C. Rontschler and R. Nagy. J. Bact, 44, 85-94 (July, 1942). By the uM>.Af c specially devised tower experiment, the sensitivity to ultra violet radiation of air-borne bacteria and of similar organisms on the surface of agar was shown to be the same. Experiments are described to show that bacteria may bo injured by heat, Orone rays or X-rays so that the surviving or;/aniens are lose resistant to ultra-violet radiation. This is incompatible vlth the "single photon hit" theory. .All the bacteria in a pure strain of a culture are not identical and the teim, k, in the exponential equation generally uc>\l for expressing the survival ratio for different exposures to ultraviolet radi-.tion, is not a constant as is commonly assumed. The air centrifuge, as used in cctoraiining the bacterial coutajilanticn of air moving through a duct at lav: humidity is 'selective in taking the bacteria from the air. This appears to <e.; 1-in tlk. rv-.;o:: far the g:::crai siatoaonts th. t .Ir-borne bacteria at low h.a.laity more vulnerable t-j uitravielet rauiati-.r. than .hen on the surface of a and that at iov; relative humidity the b-ncU rioidnl action is greater `!v n for high humidity. -- Autkrrc' aun.-ury. G 0 4 071 Hygiene Digest - 22 I j UG An Iavestiration of the Merits of Ozone r.s an Aerial Disinfectant. V.'.j, Alford i and .roan Van Den Knde. J. Kyr. Csmb. 42_, 240-260 "(May, 1342). The authors:sought an answer to the question: does ozone, when present in the > ntn.osphere in concentrations safely tolerated by man, exert bactericidal action or. micro-organisms dispersed as aerosols, i.e. as minute particles suspended in the oir, ana on such micro-organ!sms vl.cn they have settled on various types of surfaces as dust, and arc liable from tins to time to be redisperced in the air? The safe upper limit of ozone concentration for ma.n appears to be 0.04 p.p.n., as was concluded by V/itheridgc and Yaglou. From their investigations the authors conclude that ozone in tolerable concentration is able to inactivate cer i tain bacteria v:hcn these arc present as unprotected singleton aerosol particles in atmospheres of 60 to 30 par cent relative humidity. vVhon such bacteria are covered with a protective coating of organic matter, however, as in aerosols naturally emitted during a sneeze or cough, then ozone in permissible concentra tion is without significant effect. Inactivation of such protected organisms can only be achieved by the use of ozone in decidedly higher concentrations, which must be deemed dangerous for long spells of breathing. Bacteria that have settled on surfaces are generally more resistant to ozone than when in newly formed aerosols. Hence experimental evidence leads to the conclusion that ozone, in concentrations that can be breathed over long periods without irritation, can not bo expected to provide any effective protection against air-borne bacterial infection, through direct inactivation of the infectious carrier particles. 137 Further Researches on Bactericidal Mists and Smolces. C.C. Twort and A.H. Baker. J. Hyg. Camb. 42, 266-283 (May, 1942). 1. Hexyl resorcinol and resorcinol were the two most suitable phenols tested as germicidal aerosols. Some others which were equally lethally effective to bac teria had certain prohibitive demerits. 2. A mist of hexyl resorcinol "kills* more slowly, but will act in a weaker concentration and persists longer than does a mist of resorcinol. Therefore, where air changes are frequent and con tacts are close, resorcinol should presumably bo the more useful in preventing cross-infection. Under reversed conditions hexyl resorcinol should prove the more useful. 3. Good results can be obtained by the use of either a hot plate or a suitable piece of mechanical apparatus for generating mists of both the above phenols. 4. A solution of sodium hypochlorite is a powerful germicide in aorosol form. The results obtained were disappointing when using a hand sprayer for generating the mist. The solution, as may be supposed, was useless for providing an efficient heat-volatilized aerosol. 5. Atomized emulsions of two acid-fast bacilli proved to be more resistant than N.catarrhalis etc., to the phonolic germicidal aerosols tested, Str. agalactiae and C.xerosis occupying ,nn intermediate position. 6. Attention to the choice of solvent is of more importance when the phenolic mixture is to be mechanically atomized than when it is to bo subjected to heat. Except for technical reasons, their use is more likely to damp than enhance the reaction between germicidal base and bacterium. 7. Interference with the reaction of the primary germicidal aerosol by accessory mists and smokes does not appear to be a matter of much con sequence. 8. Bacteria suspended in wator-saliva as compared with broth wore rendered mere sensitive to resorcinol but the "kill" by some other phenols was not much affected. Hexyl resorcinol was definitely adversely affected by the presence of saliva in the bacterial particle. 9. A water-saliva emulsion of ftr. u nlactiae had a sensitivity to the aerosols about equal to that of the flora of n-.-rm/j. saliva. 10. The lethal effectiveness to bacteria of ger micidal aerosols appears to roach its peak at a percentage relative humidity of ho atmosphere-of approximately 60, no obvious improvement in "kill" being ob served above this. 11. At a percentage relative humidity of 50 the activity al` the aerosol nay decline markedly, while at about 50 and lower it may be nil or ..luoct nil, even when using relatively strong mist concentrations of thy germii'idc, -- Authors' summary. ^ ^ ^ r. Industrial Hygiene Digest - 23 199 ..j,' n;b~.rds for Lighting b'cr-Production. Plants. Dull Ho. 193 of the iVorr.en* s Bur., 3. ... Dept, -at Labor, t.Owhi;ic"ton, D. C. duly, 1942). Good li;_htilig lessens eyestrain and therefore contributes to better workmanship, resulting in better suality, less spoilage, more output, improved morale and great-.r safety. British factories soon learned that painting windows and sky lights black for blackout purposes had immediate ill effects on output, health, and morale. Good lighting requires absence of glare, as well as correct uiiVusion, direction, and distribution of the light. A table of minimum stan dards is presented and for a more complete table the reader is referred to iJ.3. Lett. of Labor, V.:o;r.en* s Bureau, Bull. 94, 1932. i99 ?yc Protection in the Defense Industries. J.A. Halier. Sight-Saving Rev. 11, li (March, 1942). The article classes accident-prevention work under three :*E*s" -- engineering, education and enforcement -- with especial emphasis on the last two. According to the author from 90 to 98 per cent of all oye injuries could be prevented. There is a clear distinction between injury and accident, the latter being some thing unforseen, unexpected. Bad lighting or a combination of poor lighting and subnormal vision accounts for at least 25 per cent of all accidents. Industrial Medical Practice 200 Oxygen Under Pressure in Carbon Monoxido Poisoning. 2. End and C.W. Long. J. lad. Hyg. & Tox., 24, 302-306 (December, 1942)7 Carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by producing anoxia. Our current methods of treatment are unable to correct this anoxia. Inhalation of oxygen under three atmospheres of pressure is capable of preventing such anoxia by causing solution of enough oxygen in the blood to provide for the needs of the tissues. Inhalation of oxygen under this pressure for several hours is safe. In experi ments reported in this paper, guinea pigs and dogs poisoned with carbon monoxide wore quickly restored to consciousness by inhaling oxygen under three atmos pheres of pressure. This is taken to indicate that their anoxia had been cor rected. Such treatment also accelerates elimination of carbon monoxide so that thirty minutes* treatment proved ample to remove most of the carbon monoxide from the animals* bodies. Elimination curves for this and other types of treat ment arc g^yon. It is proposed to introduce inhalation of oxygon under pressure in the treatment of human beings severely poisoned by carbon monoxide. -- Authors* summary. Irortment of Furunculosis, Particularly of Minors* Furunculosis. A. hioMenbruch. 'unchcner mcd. V.'ochonschrift, 83_, 1156 (October 24, 194177 doklcr.bruch directs attention to the high incidence of furunculosis in coal miners, The average incidence in the Ruhr region was 1.45 per cent and in one i.roup of miners ever 2 per cent. Occupational factors which reduce the minors* remittance to cutaneous infections doubtless play a part in the pathogenesis. It i-' su Tested that the high salt content of water in the mines, dampness and high * eruturc-;; f..vcr the development of furunculosis. The customary treatment by in.'Loien, i cut hummel ointment and plotters accelerates the healing of the inividual furuncle but does not prevent tf.c development of additional furuncles. `U. ".uthor reported to a general treatment with a mixed vaccine containing antifV'n:; of staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, pyocyar.eus rjid colon bacilli. C 0 4 0 7 3 Industrial Hygiene Direct.- 24 It also contains soms nonspecific lipoids and proteins. The authors used this vaccine in 28 moderately severe and severe cases of furunculosis. In the moder ately severe" cases three intramuscular injections at two or t.hree day intervals were usually? adequate to effect cure. In the severe cases tv;o or three addition al injections v/cre required. The treatment was ambulatory, was always well telor ated and caused no undesirable secondary effects. The vaccine treatment is super ior to local treatment. It causes a rapid disappearance of small foci and li quefies the contents and causes evacuation or resorption in the larger lesions and thus reduces loss of tissue. Prevention of relapses after, the vaccine treat ment indicates that immunity is favorably influenced. 202 Sulf.nllentoin in Industrial Medicine. K.A. Kocrber, K.A. Spangler, C. QfDcnneii and G.H. 1loffscs. Inc. -led., 11, 475-476 (October, 1942). Sulfoliantoin has definitely shown itself to be of value in industrial medicine and has proved to be suitable, safe and harmless even in as delicate structures as the eye. Though it has not shown itself of value in certain staphylococcus infections, it has demonstrated its v/orth in the treatment of innumerable pyo genic infections. Both sulfaliantoin ointment and powder have been found non irritating and therapeutically efficacious. As a result of the use of this com pound, disability time has been cut down to a great extent. -- Authorsf summary. 203 Boric-Butyn-Petrolatum Gauze Treatment of Burns. G.Xh Hughes, Mich. State Med. Soc, J, 41, 653 (August, 1942). Hughes has had gratifying results in the treatment of bums of various degrees of severity with an easily available prepared dressing consisting of 40 strips of 3 by 15 inch gauze, 60 Gm. of boric acid, 30 Gnu of 2 per cent butyn and sufficient petrolatum to impregnate the gauze in the autoclave. The general principles of cleansing and debridement are carried out and then the boric-butyn- . petrolatum gauze is applied in strips of one layer thickness. A sterile dress ing is superimposed. The burned area is redressed every two to three days after it is sponged with saturated boric acid. The only two disadvantages of the method are the difficulty in bandaging large areas and the necessity of redress ing every two to three days, but its advantages are that the method is simple, the preparation is easily available, a clean wound, always under observation, is had, the patient is comfortable and the dressing is nonadherent. Comparison be tween silver nitrate-tannic acid and the boric-butyn-petrolatum gauze method allowed that the side treated with the gauze had healed by the ninth day, whereas the side having the eschar required several additional days. Ho infection or destruction of viable epithelium was apparent in any of the cases. '04 Minor and Medium Burns: Treatment 7.1 th Sulfathiazole. f.H. Biram. Ind. Med,, n, 462-4^3 (October, 1942). Primary s&SSk occurs with small burns but is readily cured.with hypodermic mor phine. Secondary shock is caused by plasma loss, and is treated by replacement of plasma. The author subscribes to the generally accepted method of debride ment under operating room precautions, and then discusses his wide experience with local treatment. Sulfathiazole powder dusted into 40,000 small and large wounds and burns prevented oozing ana infection. Intracr.ine ointment was also applied to burns for the first few days and quickly allayed pain. Thereafter i'wric acid ointment was substituted, Butecin nicrate caused a rash in some cases ad cod liver oil ointment was difficult to remove. Snug application of an la-tic bandage prevented swelling. ic03 burns varying in size from 2 inches ' ' -c-'nd di-wrce of dors'tm of both kmds and forearms to lwr.aa areas on back !. .u were all treated in this fashion. Only two eases lost time from work an.: r.o ei/ns of infection were scon, even though some men were working in oil ar..' , A;, solutions. Ho tiling without scar took place in a shorter time than by ' a;, t ;kur method. Reference is made to the rolo of tannic acid in development -i 004074 I:i.a;trial Hygiene Digest - 25. j Tre- treat of Industrial Dormtoscs. LVh. lletherton. Ohio State lied. J., 56, 671-e74 (July, 1942). The authox^ttates that "the detection of the causal factors and the prevention of future Contacts v.lth them" is most important. He gives some advice on patch tests, end^says that not every dermatosis of a worker has to be occupational. He recommends "the proper use of a few simple remedies, in preference to prepar ations, v.'hich have been advertised" and discusses several dermatoses and their treatment. 206 War Tine Problems in Industrial Health. C.M. Peterson. Calif, and Western Med. SC, 359-541 (June, 1942}. The author, who is Secretary, Council on Industrial Health of the American Med ical Association, gives a survey on the growing necessity of intensification of industrial health effort; he mentions certain most interesting problems, stress ing the value of analyzing the causes of absenteeism. He discusses the necessary organization of industrial health, the tasks of the individual physician and of the practitioner, the cooperation with the health department of the state, and the cooperation of different organizations. 207 Tuberculosis as a Compensation Problem. C.O. Sappington. Med. Clinics of Horth America. 1053-1065 (July, 1942). The author points out that tuberculosis attacks persons irrespective of occupa tion and financial status. The specific factor is the tuberculosis bacillus, and it is erroneous to assume that all substances that may be inhaled during processes of manufacturing have a direct effect on the disease. Most adult tuberculosis is exogenous, and the reinfection type is the most clinically signi ficant. Occupational disease problems are more complex than accidental in juries; definite causal relationship must be established between employment, dis ease and consequent disability. This is especially difficult in tuberculosis. Industrial hygiene surveys are necessary, particularly of dust; the amount, par ticle size, free silica content and period of exposure are factors to be consid ered, It has been conclusively shown that the incidence of tuberculosis is un favorably affected when large amounts of free silica dust are inhaled. Air con taminants and physical conditions of the atmosphere 3uch as gases, vapors, fumes, high and low temperatures, and humidity, do not exert an unfavorable effect on tuberculosis mortality. Pulmonary tuberculosis cannot per se be considered sn occupational disease except in the case of nurses or attendants who contract the disease in a tuberculosis sanatorium. In some states, tuberculosis as a superimposed infection on silicosis is compensable. Many states have rendered judicial decisions stating that tuberculosis is not an occupational disease. The varieties of opinion have led to a maze of judicial contradictions. Somecf the legal aspects are roviewed, and it is suggested that a board of medical examin ers be used, to determine medical issues involved in a compensation claim and not left to laymen. If tuberculosis is classed as an occupational disease, industry may refuse to employ those people with evidence of heeded or inactive tuberculo sis, The author summarizes the main points of the article and makes a plea fer the establishment of a national or state commission for the study of tuber culosis in industry as a means of supplying adequate information for medico legal guidance. 238 Shift notation Problems. 3. Mintz. Ind. Bull., N.Y. State Dept, of Labor. 21_, 425-426 (December, 1942). A survey of shift rotation practice reveals that industrial practice shows r.o '-cujistx :icy in the system followed, although the greater number of plants sur veyed operate under a non-rotatin'; system, dotation seams to be inefficient in its results on account of difficulties in adjusting sleeping hours, which affect physiological processes and domestic arrangements. Rotating shifts are 004075 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 26 especially unsuitable for married women with families and women under El. where it still apg^&rs necessary to rotate shifts, intervals should be as long as poss ible, pref^gbly three months, to give the worker time to accustom himsr.lf to the way of lifefrequired; and breaks between changes should be at least 43 hours to give him tine to secure adequate rest before going on a new schedule. 209 Dental 111-IIonlth in delation to Absenteeism. H.A. Hooper. Ind. Med., 47, 5-e (January, 1945). In most statistical surveys of absenteeism, no mention is made of dental condi tions as responsible for loss of time. However, in the few small scale surveys in which dental conditions are included, their effect is shown to be worth con sidering. In seme cases other diseases that arc listed are the cirect result of dental ailments. The author believes that a dental survey of the employees of any company vail disclose a startling need for preventive measures, ana that such measures will quickly result in a decrease in absenteeism and visible fatigue; also that dental x-rays should be necessary parts of all physical ex aminations of employees. 210 . Assimilating Women Workers. Reducing Absenteeism. Production Series No. 141. American Management Assoc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York. 1942. 35 pp. The first paper in this pamphlet is a panel discussion of "Y.7omen in the Factory." The discussion includes the problems met in employing women -- their attitude toward war work, what work they can do, and selection, hiring, discipline and time problems. The remaining papers are devoted to absenteeism. In the princi pal paper, "Industrial Absenteeism," by A.T. Court, the causes of the recent in crease in absenteeism over the normal amount due to sickness are discussed. Ex cessive hours i.e., 55-60 hours per week, increases absenteeism, but there is no relation between absenteeism and working time over its ordinary range. One reason for the excess absenteeism is the high wages without the opportunity to spend them for tangible goods, but there is no general ansv/sr to the problem. The remaining short papers deal with methods of combating unnecessary absenteeism. 211 v'.'onen as Absentees. Abstracted in Ind. lied., 47^ 46-48 (January, 1943) from Bull. No. 196 of the Vtam-n's Bureau, U. S, Dept, of Labor, Washington, D. C. Women are undoubtedly absent from work on account of illness more often than men. However, the reasons for this lie to a considerable extent in industrial condi tions that can be improved. In a major aircraft plant with good industrial con ditions absences for women as well as for men are under 3$. In another factory it was reduced to 1$. On the other hand, in many factories the absentee rate for women is 50 to 100$ higher than that for men. Fatigue is the principal contributing factor tc absenteeism, as shown by experience with shortened hours and with it periods. Household duties are next to illness as a cause of absen teeism. In England such absences arc brought to a minimum by arrangement of shifts. Hpnrs of York in Relation to Health and Efficiency. N.Y. State Dept, of Labor, Div. of Women in Industry & Minimum Luge. 90 pp. {August, 1941). This survey was designed to sift the literature on the subject, collecting only that portion which rests on scientifically controlled observation. Evidence from biological and industrial investigations shews that excessive hours of work re duce an individual's work capacity. The reduction, in the absence ox' sudden oryuiic imp-.irment, is the result of fatigue. Excessive or 'unrelieved fatigue i- -.irr; both health ana efficiency. Industrial investigations show a correla te tun between fatigue on one hand and output, accidents, :.nd illness on the other. Fatigue effects have been shown to increase as the day ana week wear on and durmt.', :ti. ht work as compared to day work. The question of the exact number of hours most favorable to health and efficiency in < specified industry or C0407G Industrial Hygiene Digest 27 occupation jg.annot be answered by reference to these investigations. The statis tics for several occupations, however, arc given. For labellers, maximum produc tion v/cs obtained in a week of 33 hours, for heel builders 29 hours and for box makers 40 hours. At the I-Iav.thornc works of the V.'estern Eloctric, a reduction in weekly hours from 48 to 43.10 increased the rate of production sufficiently so that no fall in output occurred. The lowest illness rate in manufacturing indus tries in the United Ctatos occurred v;hon the manhours worked were 3c.5 per week. During the early days of the present war the Industrial Health Research Board of Great Britain wrote: "In war industry, output and more output is the chief de mand, but the very urgency of the demand requires consideration of the means by which it may be attained." A seven page bibliography is appended to the report. 213 V.'hat the Industrial Nurse Can Do About Tuberculosis. F.E. Maclnnis. Hat. Safety Nows. 46, 34, 53 (December, 1942). Many applicants for military service are rejected because of tuberculosis, and many of those rejected are working or applying for work in war industries. This situation calls for vigilance on the part of medical departments. Many plants have their own x-ray equipment and examination is compulsory. The nurse can play a large part in selecting employees for examination especially by use of tuberculin tests. 214 . A Health Program in Terms of Results. J.J. Wittmer. Ind. Med., 47_, 9-11 T7Ijiu.--.ry, 1943). The medical service plan of the Consolidated Edison Company is described and statistics of accomplishments are given. The system calling for medical treatmeat of 93# of the 29,000 employees, and first aid treatment of all employees, is supported in part by the company and in part by the employees through payroll deductions. The medical staff totals 147 employees, and 175 additional physi cians are on a fee basis. Employees receive the following service at the plant or any of 8 medical bureaus: (1) physical examination; (2) first aid on the job; (3) treatment for illness; (4) diagnosis by specialists; (5) physiotherapy ser vice, end (6) treatment for industrial accidents if requested. District doctors serve employees in their offices or the employees* homes, and dental service is available from dentists in the employees' district. Phamacies are located in 5 of the medical centers. A convalescent home is maintained 65 miles from New York. The medical department establishes and supervises hygienic conditions, keeps a personal confidential record for each employee, and through statistics and reports is enabled to progress in preventing medicine and safety provisions. 215 Medical Service Plans Outlined for Larger Industrial Plants of (New York) State. A.R. SnitJj*. Ind. Bull., U.Y. State Dept. Labor, 21_, 423-431 (December, 1942). Various subjects are included in the continued discussion of medical service plans, which began in the October issue (Abstract Ho.118, January, 1943 Digest), bho first paragraph lists three advantages of pre-placement examinations to the worker, whose side is r.ot often stressed. They are: (1) protection from injury from a job for which he is not fitted; (2) protection from possible contagion from fellow employees, and (5) information on his minor physical defects. In a brief discussion of the rejection rate in pre-employment examinations, the author states that industry is coming to accept the policy of rejecting an applicant only where ho may be a danger to himself, to others, or to the job. A number ef paints in connection with examination are considered briefly: technique of : i.v.ticn, confidential findings, classification or basic of physical findings, 2 i..ov:-up examinations ana periodical examinations. The next section deals v;ith ; o".*,r:.l measures for health, including discovery and follow-up of physical uc- iV;ts '-'or correction, measures to reduce respiratory disease, attention to adc- ':u -to nutrition, and a syphilis control pt'op.rar.. Finally control of industrial n Lvotmont is discussed, including accident prevention, proper sanitation and . :* wr.i.u'j'. of excess fatigue. Qq , ^ -y -- Indu-tricl Ky^iane Digest - 28 ::io Industrial^ |tedical Services for Snail Industries* E.G. V'elt. Yule J. of Biol x Med, 14^'637-67u (July, 1942). GO',) of the ^industrial plants in the United States have from 25-300 workers. 65# of v/ngo earners are employed in plants, v.ith personnel numbers of less thaiSOC. Provision of adequate medical service for these plants is difficult. The author outlines the activities of an industrial medical program applicable to either a large or a small plant. The section of Preventive .Medicine of Yalo University worked out a proposition for the small plants of New Haven: Each plant appoints a physician. For 5 plants with about 1000 workers a nurse is appointed. The plant physician shall be responsible for the physical examinations and the care of the workers v.ith compensable illnesses and accidents. The supervision of the entire program and of the industrial hygiene is the duty of the Section mentioned above. The physician shall receive not less than $2 for each examination. The cost for the remaining services shall be 31.50 per employee per year. 217 Distribution of Health Services in the Structure of State Government. Chap. VIII. Industrial Kccdth Activities by State Agencies. J.W, Mount in & 2. Flook. Pub. Health Pepts., 38, 53-53 (January 3, 1943). This is a very full report, with statistics, on the functions of the state health agencies in promoting industrial health in each state. In the tables, there are included for instance, designation of the agency that: promulgates and enforces state health laws; conducts a general educational program for the general public, and for staff members of the state agency; receives reports of all accidents; in vestigates accidents; receives reports of occupational disease, etc. The tables are supplemented by discussion, and an estimate of expenditures is included. In, the summarized discussion, much progress in interest in industrial health is noted, but the fact is that less than 10# of the appropriations for industrial health activities is for health department programs. In most states inspection and suggestions for correction of dangerous conditions are included in the de partment1 s duties, but efforts are concentrated upon accidents more than upon illness. Administration of workingmen's compensation activities is usually carried on as a separate enterprise. Industrial accidents arc covered by com pensation plans in all but 5 jurisdictions, but occupational illness is compen sable in only 25. A state's expenditure depends upon its wealth, geographic position and industrial development. The average cost of the state service per worker is $0,096 per worker in the 41 states supplying data. 218 Industrial Medical Problems Distribution in California. H.T. Castberg. Ind.Med. > ^1, 464-466"(October, 1942). Yiithin the. short space of two years California has been transformed into a high ly industrialized state and the problems of industrial medicine are not only greater in ntnbor but somewhat different in character. Absorption into industry of migrant workers unfamiliar v.ith the hazards of industrial operations is re flected in the increased accident rate. The hazards of the fast growing air craft and shipbuilding industries are the fmiliar ones multiplied many times over. Dermatitis is one of the chief problems ir* these as well as in the petro leum and canning industries. A survey of 700 oil field workers exposed to in tense sunlight, crude oils and solvents revealed that 1# had small cancers and 20/* had procanccrous keratoses on exposed surfaces. Although "he war expan sion has increased the number of larger factories, in 1939 81/j of California's industrial workers were employed in plants with loss than 500 employees and most of those provided no industrial health service whatsoever. There is a critics.! nuod for medical urn nursing services in whoso factories. The goal should bo to provide these with the suite facilities .:f safety promotion, plant hygiene, general health education, pro-employment and periodic physical examinations that exist in the larger organizations. The main load of this work will bo on the iwcnl practitioner, the on-call or part-time industrial physician, and their ai-rt minds v/ill mrke stridor tov.uru this goal 004076 i Industrial Hygiene Digest - 9 :19 Diet .ctory W__o_r_k_e__rs___i_n__W ___a_r_ti_m__e wr.D. Kershaw. Mod. Press & Circular. lbr-iy* 1942). The observejpons are based on data from a typical north industrial working-class town; thoy were obtained from various branches of the public health services, from personal observations of factory workers' conditions and from employers' and workers' organizations. Unemployment has virtually disappeared and wages ere -sigh. Usually the full ration allowances are bought, but the bread winner tends to get the lion's share. The meat intake is less than half that of peacetime and is replaced by bread and potatoes; bacon is replaced by porridge. The fat intake is much as it was, that of sugar and eggs much lower, and that of milk anu green vegetables about the same (green vegetables wore never popular in this district). There is a material increase in carbohydrate consumption. So far, no obvious effects of these changes arc to be seen, and in a survey at present in progress only two possible deficiencies, a low plasma protein content and a slight but definite indication of vitamin C deficiency, have been found. It is possible that the vitamin supplements to margarine have actually increased the intake of vitamins A and D. The maintenance of satisfactory nutrition becomes increasingly difficult, owing to the shortage of unrationed foods, domestic in efficiency and shopping difficulties. An extension of rationing, an increased supply of vegetable protein, and large-scale provision of natural or manufactured vitamin C, the compulsory introduction of a satisfactory wholemeal loaf, the education of the housewife and the extension of community feeding, are points suggested for immediate consideration. 220 Vanning Y.'ith Food. E. Perry. Nat. Safety News. 47, 18-19, 87-39 (Feb. 1943). The problem of feeding the war workers is discussed, with accounts of the sys tems used in factories-c&feterias, food wagons, canteens and vending machines. Suggestions for balanced lunches are given. Cooperation of representatives of restaurants and plant-managed cafeterias with government nutrition agencies is described. The author presents the following eight points telling "how indus tries can aid the nutrition plan," which will summarize the article: (1) provide adequate food facilities in the plant; (2) provide for food needs for all shifts; (3) allow 30-rainute lunch period; (4) establish staggered lunch periods when possible; (5) make certain that all menus include-balanced meals providing at least one-third of the daily food needs; (6) conserve food and labor supply through lunch specials and use of proper methods of food preparation; (7) en courage bettor food habits among all employees, and (8) cooperate with state, county and community nutrition committees, Office of Defense Health and Welfare Service Nutrition Division and the U. S. Public Health Service. 21 Industrial;^hthalmology in the War Effort; The Need for a More Realistic Ophthal mic Sorviciigin' Industry. A.C. Snell. N.Y. State J. of Med. 42, 1435-1441 (August, isETT i Thc author stresses the fact that the standard Snellen 20/20 is too rigid and inflexible. "Good vision is that degree of visual functional ability, which is adequate to perform the visual task presented." Consideration should be taken of the demands of the job on vision... It is nov; especially important that all potentially competent workers should find suitable employment. But there is a vacuum between the service which the competent ophthalmologists offer and the ophthalmic needs of the worker: that is shown by the large number of workers v.ith uncorrceted defects, and the sm-ill number of large plants, which offer l.:.ic supervision. Cooperation of management, labor end ophthalmologists is necessary. The author believes that c goou .method to avoid the difficulties, which individuals with eye defects meet in securing jobs, is one adopted by the stutc cf Massachusetts. By its statute the right of waiver of certain benefits (in compensation) is :ven to employees with certain partial potr.-enont disabili ty'..'. An instrument which performs visual testing more quickly should bo devcl- P'\i. Fiu.-JLly, a good erganinalion of the ophthalmologic service is ncconflary. i I sL. Industrial Hygiene Digest' - 30 :Y>2 Industrial Ophthalmology from the Public Health Viewpoint. L. Greenburg. U.Y. c'tutj J. 42, U43-49 (August 1,~1942). There is ul|||Odless loss of visual efficiency and an actual loss of visual capa city at tl^^ffesent time. In order to conserve eyesight an organized campaign should be instituted, with the following points suggested by the author as impor tant objectives: (1) Preventive medical care; (2) Ophthalmic examinations; (3) More optimum seeing conditions -- more adequate illumination; (4) Control of accidental eye injuries; (5) Mess educational campaign. ?23 Color Blindness and its Importance in delation to Industry. F.H.G. Pitt. Proc. of Physical Soc., Pt. 3. ci, 19-24-4 (May 1, 1942). An excellent article describing the physics of color blindness and its importance to people employed in industry. Because of confusion of electric cables, pipes and many other important plant facilities, it is essential that people concerned with their use be examined and classified before employment. 224 Healthy Workers Produce More. II.M. Kail. Aviation. {April, 1942). The author briefly discusses fatigue and undernutrition as causes of absenteeism and inefficiency. Education of workers' wives end installation of cafeterias or lunch wagons are recommended and instances of results of those measures are given. Good surroundings, recreation facilities end general health progress are urged, 225 . VTar Declared on General Illness. II.M. Hall. Steel. (December 29. 19il). The paper is a popular discussion of general illness as a cause of absenteeism and of the preventive measures taken by industry, including physical examination and attention to nutrition. '26 Panel Discussion of Effects of V/artine Industrial Conditions onMental Health. Proc. Roy Soc. Med., 35_, 695-698 {August, 1942)". In this panel discussion there was general agreement concerning the importance of mental hygiene for efficiency. Fatigue, maladjustment, etc. are quickly re flected in labor turnover, absenteeism, and accident rates. Fatigue may be duo in large part to boredom, anxiety, and other psychological factors as well as to organic disease, overwork, etc. Many complaints such as dyspepsia have a large psychological component, and even when the disability is obviously organic, it may'be prolonged by conscious or unconscious mental attitudes. Prevention of fatigue begins with placement of workers according to the results of careful psychological as well as physical examination. In one plant the personnel, med ical and welfare offices cooperate to introduce the*new worker to the company -nd his jqfeg-la it, and establish a relationship whereby the new employee realizes that thesjjiffe sympathetic people to whom he can turn for counsel or information as voriotlpjjtoblems arise. Theso agencies follow up and maintain contact and give advifllftisjgardiiig personal cr financial problans, day nurseries, health prob lems, etc. In this plant supervisors and foremen have lectures and discussions or. mental hygiene, accident prevention ana are schooled in the attitude of the r.:an-'geir.ent. Attractive posters and propaganda are used. Sport clubs and social activities help to maintain physical and mental health. Statistics of the last war largely neglected mental ill-health, but absenteeism for nervous break- ci'.-wns and debility showed a marked increase during the tension, speed-up and lengthened hours of the production drive after Dunkirk. Women were especially riVctcd. Tonic doses of ultraviolet light and the use cf half hour periods of .ic `.-ore r^C'a.v,ended. Or. the credit side of the mental health ledger'3 e::;veit wish wartime industrial conditions are the renewed purpose in life, ro ll! from boredom, and from economic anxiety, and the distraction from worry about l:-vru ones that results from gainful employment of cider persons. This has large ly *'fiVct the expected increase cf major and minor mental disturbances among c groups. GO / -T r\ U 0 r J utrinl Hygiene Digest - 31 Ment.vl Meyer Brovm. Nat. Safety News. 47, 23-22, 97-100 (Feb.1943). rrasent eoopjftons call for the employment of many somewhat abnormal persons. Uc-ntai illnSs has as many gradations as physical illness, all the way from the unnoticed minor ailment to the fatal disease. Every factory must deal with workers suffering from various degrees of mental ill health. It is the duty of the physician and nurse to detect such persons before they cause serious acci dents or spoilage at work. The author describes the three main types of slight mental and nervous disorder. First come the mental diseases of which the manic depressive typo is given as example; the disease appears slowly or suddenly and usually passes away similarly, without apparent reason. Second is the large group of peculiar people -- the feebleminded, the neurotic and the psychopathic. Finally, there is the normal group, which is the largest, consisting of persons who remain normal except under conditions which may be found to be very definite and remediable, such as home influences, state of health and finance, and work ing conditions. The author very briefly discusses the question of handling the various types of abnormal persons. In general the first two must be understood and dealt vdth in the best way possible; in the third, the conditions causing the trouble must be removed. 228 hindering Hysteria. Editorial. Ind. Med., 47, 53 (January, 1945). Foot of industrial hazards and overmagnification of their importance on the part of new workers and frayed nerves from the pressure of war conditions have in a number of instances led to outbreaks of hysteria. As adequate control based on data on the extent of exposure mil mitigate the actual hazard, so vail inform ing the employees about specific data showing conditions to be safe reduce appre' hension over the new surroundings. 2>29 The Application of the Effective Temperature Scheme to the Comfort Zone in Netherlands India. J.A. Wiesebron, G.P. Mom, R. Courtice and C.J. Kip. Heat., Pip,, ic Air Cond. 14, 633 (October, 1942). The authors have determined an effective temperature index for residents of Netherlands India, using a group of 21 men and women for subjects. It was found that at low temperatures ( 65-750F) the effective temperature scale for the Neth erlands did not differ from the American scale, while in temperatures of 90^ to 95F the Netherlands scale was about 2 effective temperature higher than the American. -30 Ftrains and Hernia. H. Bartle. Nat. Safety Hews* 47 , 34 , 38 , 90 (February, 1343T IlartdaadijKfe recognized and discussed in antiquity, as far back as recorded iiistorj-^^plire seems to be a definite connection between strains and hernias, nodifiedQffipther recognized predisposing factors. The patient is prone to emphasize the coincident precipitating traumatic factors, while the physician may stress the pre-existing tendency, predicated on the anatomical structure uxutus Compensation claims cause no little embarrassment and discussion and tho socio-economic features are perturbing. The responsibility may properly be divided 50-50 between employee and supervisor, negligence on the part of the employee and improper supervision. A person vdth a hernia should nox work with out a proper mechanical support or radical cure by surgery. Surgical treatment to be navisod unless contra-indicated. It restores or rehabilitates a a .-eLuv'.'iy .Vndicappod persou, reduced human discomfort and removes a potential -r<i, -- author' w summary. 004031 IIJU3SX (February, 1943) cental aspects 209 fati'-uc ci malnutrition 224 illness 225 women 210-211 1 c - cl in urine 183 A: 11 hra co- s 11 i co si s bituminous miners 136 Arsenic compounds toxicity 155 Atmospheric oollution stack heighth 139 Burns industrial treatment 203 treatment sulfathiazole 204 Cancer radiation 159 Carton monoxide poisoning treatment oxygen 200 Carton tetrachloride toxicity 146 Citric acid occupational exposure 165 ' blindness industrial significance 223 Dermatitis 170 flour * grain 172 motol 171 tanneries 169 war industries 167-16B Dermatoses treatment 205 I'ir.itrotuluone *' >-ic:;logy 148 * cticn . smoxes 197 * . uu 195 e cf cr.cr.e 19 6 -.J-in& f : ;ructico 193 - . ms `----- -ts 188 uxi 190 u.`: >. .1 of dust 191 -- i '.'t wS ` i .lions 185 Eye protection lighting 199 Ficerglas skin effects 143 Fire hazards smoke- 3c gases 151 Fur industry health hazards 166 Furunculosis in miners treatment 201 Gallium toxicity 158 Gas masks classification 194 Heart disease industrial 176 Heat effective temperature 229 Hernia 230 Hours of labor health 6c efficiency 212 shift rotation 208 Hydrocarbons, chlorinated 147 Hysteria occupational exposure 223 Industrial health war problems 206 Industrial hygiene bacteriology in 184 Great Britain 178 Public Health Service Publications 174 state agencies 217 Industrial medicine California 218 Infections treatment sulfaliantoin 202 Lead in drinicing water 164 Lighting standards Magnesium foundry health hazards . 100 Ivu'n^'-.r.eac toxicity 161 Medical aervjcc large plants 215 results 214 small industries 216 Mental h\y.ione 227 industrial 226 Mercury aoisoning 162 metallic noisor.s 156 Meihvl bromide toxicity 150 Nitroglycerin toxicity 144 Nursing, industrial and tuberculosis 213 Nutrition and war effort 220 industrial 219 Occupational disease industrial 177 responsibility for 181 Ophthalmology industrial 221--222 Phosnhorus compounds toxicity 154 eye injury 163 Pitot tubes characteristics 187 Plant sanitation recommendations (Indiana, 175 Pneumoconiosis in miners 138 mica & pegmatite 137 Hadium storage 192 Safety, industrial coal mines 140-141 personal factor 142 Stereop3is faulty incidence 182 Styrene, monomeric toxicity 145 Toxicology and war effort 179 public health aspects 157 Tuberculosis and aromatic hydrocar bons 1*- compensation 20 7 occupational 173 war industry l3Li Ventilation m.ines ily-n' shipbuilding l^ Volatile solvents vapor exposure 1;` dine 'smelting hanerds on:inn