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General view of a modern ranch group in Sonoma County, Cal., built of redwood protected and decorated with pure white lead and oil paint. LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION Graybar Building 420 Lexington Avenue e New York hi b: i' I i! \x :.X It *S Lead Services Standard in Large New York Cities INDUSTRY and thrift are well known I attributes of the people who live in New York State's rich Hudson and Mohawk River valleys. Where these two valleys join in the vicinity of Albany, Schenectady, and Amsterdam it is onlv to be expected that lead ser vice pipe is used in abundance. In fact in all three of these cities all small services must be lead, serving a popu lation of some 300,000 people. In Albany, capital of the state of New York, the Rules and Regula Installing a lead ser vice pipe in Schenec tady. N. J. Note the fittings which were wiped to the pipe in the shop, saving time on the job tions of the Water Department exact the installation of AA(XS) lead pipe from the tap to the house. It is re quired to be installed by a master plumber for the entire distance. Schenectady, too, just a few miles from Albany and famous as the home of General Electric and other great industries, uses all lead services from main to curb. Here, likewise, they are SPECIFY MATERIAL installed by licensed master plumbers In Amsterdam, notgd for its carpet mills, the situation is a little different, but lead is used just the same for all services under 2 in. in diameter. Here, however, the requirement is made bv the plumbing code, which provides for AAA(XXS) lead from main to house installed by master plumbers. In all three of these cities, because of the cold winters'in the locality, it i? necessary to bury the services at con siderable depth to avoid freezing. Thus the added expense of deep exca vations to make repairs or replace ments makes the durability of lead doubly desirable. Likewise, if freez ing does happen to occur, lead can stand a certain amount without burst ing and can lie easily thawed elec trically because of its high resistance. These features are in addition to the well known durable metal, thick walls, flexibility, non-clogging, and non staining of lead service pipe, all oi which combine to give it extremeh long life and low cost over a period of Years. Famous Home Boasts Centuries-Old Lead Work IEAD. one of our most important I modern construction materials, is unique in the traditional beauty, long life, and service of its applications in the building field. Typical of one phase of this tradition is the Cotswold House at Dearborn, Mich. This house was originally built in England about 1600. and is constructed mainly of stone. Of predominant interest, how ever, are its ornamental lead gutters and leaders, which, after over 300 years of service, are still in use toda\ and show no signs of wear. Such excellent condition is but one more example of lead's superior resistance to atmospheric corrosion, and the attractive design of the gutters is a tribute to the craftsmen of those years whose art has been handed down through centuries to the present time. For ornamental work, lead possesses many advantages. Its pliabilitv allow? lead to be formed into many attractive ''"hapes and designs and the sil\er-gra\ patina to which lead weathers blend? admirably with any type of construc tion or material. It is important, too. that lead does not stain, for modern architecture places great stress on white or light colored outside walls. This characteristic of non-staining is one of the basic reasons whv lead flashing is so popular in modern construction. LIA 25 55 1 I Western Ranch | Beautified With I Pure White Lead j I X THE heart of the California range I I countr\. in Sonoma County, pure white lead and oii paint has helped to provide beauty and protection for the new 9.000-acre ranch of E. L. Walbridge. Included in this ranch group are a spacious, rumbling ranch house. "I a 2uest house, collages for the careI taker and chauffeur, a bunk house, barns and a stable. The entire unit was carefulK planned by Eldridge T. Spencer, urchilecl. of Spencer. Blanch- Jard & Ma\er. San Francisco. Cal., to provide the utmost practicability as well as to blend allraclively with the surrounding hills and countryside. The exteriors of all buildings are of 1 \ 12-in. unsurfuced redwood boards with hand-split vertical redwood bat tens. The interiors are of native pines and wood shingles were used for the I roofs. According to the architect, the / problems involved in painting the ex teriors of the buildings were to obtain a clean, light color on the rough-sawn split redwood boards without filling in | too much of the texture; to treat the wood in order to preserve it; and to ' prevent it from turning dark. To ac complish this, two coats of pure white lead and linseed oil were applied, re duced with turpentine for a flat finish. | All surface wood and metal were given four coats of lead and oil. | Hegardless of climatic or geograph ic conditions pure white lead and oil is well suited to anv type of surface, and the beauty and durability of white lead paint jobs are unsurpassed. i'ieus h i buildings uti the Watbridge lunch in Sonoma County. Cal.. Eldridge T. Spencer, archi tect. Regardless of climate, pure it hile lead and oil is unsurpassed lor paint decoration and pro tection 1 [3] LIA2555 2 i i i i i ' ! More Housing Projects Rely on Lead Plumbing MAHA, Neb., Shreveport, La., tractors have found, through past ex O and Syracuse, N. Y.. are three perience, as in the two recent Buffalo more important cities showing deUf.i S. H. A. projects (LEAD, Sept., nitely the trend toward more and more 1939 ), that lead plumbing need not lead in the plumbing of large housing command a premium. The unique projects. The reasons for this distinct characteristics of lead working are re trend are simple; in the first place, it sponsible for this. is almost universally known that lead In Omaha, following the excellent is the only plumbing material that example of the Logan Fontanelle combines the essential qualities of Homes (LEAD,March, 1938),thenew durability, flexibility, non-clogging, South Side Terrace Homes project dis smooth easv-sweep bends, permanent plays much lead work. This project ly bonded joints, and, above all, crafts consists of 56 buildings, all of fire manlike installations. In the second proof construction, containing 525 place, architects, engineers and con apartments. All soil and waste pipe View showing pan of the lead work wiped up in the fob shop and ready to be installed in the Alexanderine Courts Apartments project in Shreveport are of lead and cast iron with lead joints and all roof flashings and drum traps are lead. The project is approxi mately half completed and, in all. 12,000 lb. of sheet lead. 2.600 lb. of w'iping solder. 22.000 lb. of lead waste pipe and 50.000 lb. of calking lead have been used. N. R. Brigham and J. M. Nachtigall. of Omaha, were the architects for South Side Terrace Homes. The gen eral contractor was Peter Kiewit Sons Company, Omaha, and A. D. Jacob son. of Kansas City, was the plumbing contractor. Although on a slightly smaller scale, the Alexanderine Courts Apart ments project, in Shreveport, demon strates the same high standards of in stallation. This project consists of 14 buildings, twelve of which have 8 four-room apartments and the other two have 12 four-room apartments. Each apartment contains a tub bath. All closet connections were made with 4-in. lead bends. All branch wastes and vents were of lead pipe and joints in cast-iron soil lines were calked with lead stamped with the Seal of Ap proval. Roof flashings were all of 41b. sheet lead with 18 x 18-in. aprons, with a 14-in. boot turned down inside the soil stack. Lead drum traps were used for all bath tubs and laundry [4] L IA25553 Details oj sheet lead roof drain and vent pipe /lashing and of a branch lead bath waste with lead vent connections wiped in for the U.S.H.A. project in Syracuse GENE LOGAN trays. Moreover, in Shreveport, all service pipe from the main to neutral ground must be AA(XS) lead pipe. The architects for these apartments were Fooshee & Cheek. Frank Dun ham. Associate, of Dallas. Tex. The aeneral contractor was the Byrne Company, of Shreveport, and the Shreveport Plumbing Company was the plumbing contractor. Similar practice was employed in the Syracuse U. S. H. A. Housing project, designed by Randall, King. Veeder & King, architects, of Syracuse. All soil and waste pipe were cast iron and lead. All cast-iron soil, drain, and sewer pipe was joined by lead-calked joints. Extra heavy lead bends were used for all water closets and all roof flashing for vent pipes and roof lead ers was of 6-lb. sheet lead. In this in stallation 11,475 lb. of lead pipe. 27,848 lb. of sheet lead. 32 tons of calking lead, 702 extra-heavy lead bends. 2.000 lb. of solder were used. The general contractors were Wm. L. Crow Company. New York City, and W. J. Burns Company. Svracuse. and A. Blaustein. of New A ork Citv. was the plumbing contractor. The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, upon request to the Lead Industries Association, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York City. WHAT TO EXPECT FROM WHITE LEAD PAINT An attractive 28-page booklet with charts, formulas, and mix ing instructions covering some of the problems of painting and how white lead meets these problems. PAINTING YOUR HOME by Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise. A discussion of house painting reprinted from American Forests, May, 1939. SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS by Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise. Reprinted from the National Real Estate Journal, Sept., 1939. WHITE LEAD PAINT FOR MUNICIPAL, COUNTY AND STATE GOVERNMENTS Specifications and information covering the purchase, use, and application of white lead paint. STAMFORD S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of hard lead flashing, white lead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cedar Certigrade shingle details and installation methods. Reprinted from the Ameri can Builder, July, 1939. SHEET LEAD INSTALLATION DETAILS A detailed analysis of the principles and application of lead Hashing and sheet lead work for small homes. Reprinted from Sheet Metal Worker, June, 1939. SUMMARY OF NOTES ON LEAD ROOFING Reprinted from Sheet Metal Worker. SHEET LEAD SHIELDING X-RAY ROOMS A discussion of X-ray protection and installation methods re printed from Sheet Metal Worker. PLUMBING CODES--AN ANALYSIS AND SURVEY By Robert Dick, Member, Research Committee. American Society of Sanitary Engineering. A detailed study of modern plumbing ordinances, their pur pose, deficiencies, proposed remedies and future outlook. LASTING LEADWORK IN MODERN PLUMBING By T. N. Thomson, Technical Editor, Plumbing and Heating Journal. Reprinted from Plumbing and Heating Journal, Feb.. 1939. LIA2555 4 ERNLST GRAHAM Abate, Hook Smull Homes. Fort Lauderdale. Fla., painted with pure white lead. Lead bends, bath wastes, vent flashings and shower pans were also used. Robert Little, Fort Lauder dale, architect DICK WHITTINGTON Above, a II estern Building Company home at. Santa Monica. Cal., using pure white lead and oil paint, also lead shower pans, flashing and downspouts. Below, home in Mineral Wells, Texas, painted with pure white lead and oil IN BUILDING OR developments, the four painting ad\antage; F illustrated above must be obtainable from the paint material used without increasing the build ing budget. White lead combines these qualities to a greater extent than any other paint. Its durabil- itv. serviceability and stylability are unsurpassed and yet it costs less to paint with pure white lead and oil than with many paints lacking its good qualities. White lead has original low cost ol i materials: its high spreading rate speeds up build ing operations. Maintenance costs and complaints 1 are eliminated by its durable performance. .More I over. white lead mav be used for anv tvpe of sur face. This means onlv one material need be stocked. Also, because white lead may be tinted to anv shade j , or color, large stocks of different colored paints are avoided on the job. eliminating much waste. W hite 1 lead. too. is available evervwhere with the same high quality always. j LIA2 5555 s er v ic eabil it y ECONOMY Write J Paint Ips in Jopment lilding Selling LRNEST GRAHAM Above, another view oj the Hook Small Homes. Fort Lauder dale. Fla., where white lead and other lead products figured prominently in their decoration and protection IN SELLING EOPLE judge by what they see. and an attrac P tively painted house practically sells itself. With white lead, houses can be readily color-styled bv tinting the white lead to unlimited shades and colors. With white lead, owners can always re decorate easily since an excellent surface is always left for repainting. White lead s superiority is well known and people know that they will not be in curring unnecessary maintenance expense. Where other materials may rapidly become unsightly and spoil future sales for the builder, white lead painted homes retain their original attractiveness for years. Moreover, when white lead surfaces become dirty , lliev mav be speedilv washed. Because white lead styles homes easily and lasts longer, houses so painted are better investments for the purchasers. They know they're money ahead. The known qual ity of white lead paint stamps the entire house as well huilt in the eyes of the purchaser. House in Westwood Hills, Cal., painted with white lead and oil and using lead shower pans. Flovd Ribble. of Beverly HUH. was the architect, for the Janss Investment Corporation, of Los Angeles. Belou. another Western Building Company home, at Santa Monica, painted with white lead DICK WHITTINGTON [7] Lead Wool Packing (or Carbon Bisulphide Pump H---------------------5" A carbon bisulphide pumping machine, and at right, drawing oj the pump showing lead wool packing |EAD, because of its corrosion-resis| tance and lubricating qualities, has recently helped to solve a difficult problem in modern agricultural en gineering, that of obtaining suitable power equipment for injecting carbon bisulphide into soil. Carbon bisulphide (CS2) is a clear, volatile liquid that vaporizes readily to give an extremely toxic gas which is heavier than air. When injected into the soil and sealed in to prevent excessive loss, it kills all plant roots as well as fungi that are within the treated soil mass. Moreover CS2 has the advantage of leaving the soil with in a few weeks time so that, upon till age and aeration of the soil, crops can again be grown. At present it is the only successful control for oak root fungus. However, up to now, practically all CS, has been applied by hand labor, a tedious method and one practicable for small areas only. In order to pro vide widespread application power equipment was deemed vitally neces sary. However, a study of the require ments for successful machine appli cation of carbon bisulphide led to several conclusions. From these it was apparent that a positive displace ment type of pump should be used. Since no suitable commercial pumps were available that would withstand the corrosive action of CS2, a suitable one was designed and constructed by Orval C. French, Division of Agricul tural Engineering, University of Cali fornia, as reported in Agricultural Engineering, Sept., 1939. Owing to the non-lubricating prop erties of CS2 and also to the fact that it is a solvent for most lubricants, a piston with rings for a seal was not practical. Likewise, a plunger with leather cups was not desirable since CS2 deteriorates leather. To overcome these difficulties a simple displacement pump with shredded lead outside pack ing was used. The lead packing elimi nates the necessity of oil lubrication and is resistant to any corrosive or solvent action of CS2. Also the use of a bronze plunger and babbit-lined cylinder, both alloys using lead, pro vide wearing surfaces that effectively resist corrosion from carbon bisulph ide and impurities that may he pres ent. The entire system in its present form has been proved very practicable according to Mr. French. Carbon bisulphide is one of many commonly corrosive chemicals whose destructive action lead resists. The following is a list of other chemicals with which lead may be used under general conditions. This does not sig nify that lead is the only material that is suitable with these chemicals nor does it cover all conditions of usage. Aluminum Sulphate Ammonia Vapor Ammonium Sulphate Antimony Tri-Chloride Bleach Liquors Brown Acid Mother Liquor Carbonates Soluble Chlorine Gas Hydrofluoric Acid Koch's Acid Malachite Green Mother Liquor Mixed Acids Nitration Mixture of H-Acid Para-nitrophenol Phosphoric Acid Phosphorous Chloride Reductions Sodium Bisulphate Sodium Chloride Solution, or sea water Sodium Hydrosulphite Sodium Hyposulphite Sodium Sulphate Sodium Sulphide Sodium Sulphite Sulphonations Sulphur Chloride Sulphur Dioxide Sulphuric Acid Sulphurous Acid Sulphurvl Chloride Zinc Chloride [8] LIA25557 3twwairniii ii ini h u Homes Built With Assistance of U.S.D. A. Extension T S Service Painted With Pure White UPERVISED by the Alabama Ex tension Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, the construction of a new home for Willis and Julia Thurman, Negro small land owners in Elmore County, Alabama, is a typical example of rural housing rehabilitation and the part white lead and oil paint plays in it. The Thur man's farm was one unit of a 326-acre tract divided in four parts owned and worked separately by the Thurmans and Mrs. Thurman's three brothers. All business obligations and transac tions were assumed jointly. Up to recently, however, none of the owners Insert, the Thurmans' old home, and above, the neui white-lead painted house at the time of the demonstration COURTESY EXTENSION SERVICE, . s. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE had been interested in enlarging or modernizing their one-room shanty similar to the practice of the Farm houses. Security Administration (LEAD, Sep In 1933, F. G. Manley, county agri tember, 1938). cultural agent, and I. V. Bledsoe, home It is interesting to note the consis demonstration agent, gave a demon tency with which builders of low-cost stration at the Thurman's home in homes rely on white lead. Where cooking, sanitation, health protection budgets are cramped--the real test of ( and other features. As a result, the every dollar's worth--the unsurpassed I Thurmans became interested in hav advantages of white lead, durability, ing the advantages a new and more beauty, and efficiency, are obtained at livable home would give them and even lower cost than many less satis their children. Plans and financing factory materials. Moreover, these were discussed with the extension ser benefits, clearly shown in low-cost con vice agents, and a new house with struction, are still more apparent in modern facilities was soon erected at buildings in the higher brackets. a cost of only $690.50. Frame con The use of white painted homes is struction was used and all painting definite forward progress in rural re was done with white lead and oil. habilitation and housing. By getting Lead and Oil away from the dark and depressing unpainted cabins of past years, the new houses are more attractive, cheer ful. and raise the pride and morale of families and communities. The Thurmans' home was publicly exhibited with guests showing tre mendous interest, both in this house and in accounts of the 23 similar projects the Extension Service in Ala bama has under way. We are indebted to T. M. Campbell, Negro Field Agent of Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, for information on this progressive de velopment. At left, a home at Lemon City, Fla., and at right, a new Texas farm house, both built under the Extension Service supervision to rehabilitate poorly-housed families, White lead plays a major part in rural re-housing such as this ! [9] LIA25558 Pertinent Factors in Interior Painting and How White Lead Meets Their Requirements NTERIOR painting is a question of I great importance in the decoration and protection of public buildings. It is essential that those who purchase and specify painting for such struc tures studv their (tainting problems from a careful and analytical ap proach. Painting is assumed, all too often, to be just something that oc curs from time to time. As a result, painting expenditures are often much greater than would he necessary had careful attention been given. The ac companying table indicates briefly the functions of interior painting, the necessary qualities of a suitable paint and how pure white lead and oil meets these requirements. MIXING INSTRUCTIONS FOR INTERIOR PAINTING t San Antonio High School. Various interior paints hare been tried for several years in San Antonio schools uith little success. As a result white lend is now largely relied upon NEW WORK OR unpainted inside wood, take Fabout one-third of the white lead paste and mix it with an equal volume of linseed oil and two-thirds as much turpentine to make the priming coat. If raw linseed oil is used, add \\ pint liquid drier for each gallon of paint made. For unpainted plaster and wall Iward. take about one-third of the "white lead paste and mix it with a third again as much lead mixing or reduc ing oil to make the priming coat. In both cases, follow with two coats described at left. Coverage per gallon: Priming Coat: on wood--700 sq. ft. on plaster--800 sq. ft. REPAINTING Head mix in g or Red u c in g o il 'h w h it e l ead USE ABOVE FORMULA FOR BOTH COATS COVERAGE 800 SQ. FT. f m1 Bagsma l IA25559 PERTINENT FACTORS IN INTERIOR PAINTING PURPOSE d ec o r at io n To improve appearance and provide cheerful interiors conducive to better work and study. SANITATION To keep walls, ceilings, and trim free from accumu lations of dirt and other matter. LIGHT REFLECTION To provide better disper sion of light, saving electric ity and reducing eye-strain. PROTECTION To protect the surface from interior moisture and other conditions. ECONOMY For maximum economy, maintenance cost as well as initial cost must be low. The foregoing functions must be obtainable for the longest time without repainting. QUALITIES NECESSARY IN PAINT USED The paint should be obtainable in an unlimited variety of shades and colors with assurance that these shades and colors may be dupli cated at any time. The paint must be truly wash able. not merely once, but repeated ly. In order to promote cleanliness, accumulations of dirt, grease, finger marks, etc., must be easily washed off without injury or erosion of the paint film. The paint must be obtainable in a flat finish and must flow1 on smoothly and evenly without humps or ridges which will interfere with uniform light dispersion. It must form a smooth but elas tic paint film which will anchor it self solidly to the painted surface, wearing from the outside in so as to maintain always an unbroken film over the surface. The material used should have excellent durability and continued good appearance, brought about by washing, to put off repainting as long as possible. The original cost per sq. ft. applied* should be low. Of tremendous importance too. the surface should always be in good condition for repainting to avoid costly surface preparation at the time of future repainting. HOW WHITE LEAD MEETS THESE REQUIREMENTS White lead may be easily tinted to an un limited variety of shades and colors. More over. white lead is tinted to the amount needed for each color onlv. Consequently, it is not necessary to stock a large supply of standard colors of paint, much of which will not be used, with resultant waste. White lead is really washable. Numerous tests have shown how ink. pencil, cravon. dirt, and other surface disfigurations are easily removed. Basically responsible for this quality is the fact that white lead is not affected by moisture, allowing repeated washing without injurv to the film. More over it is not porous and dirt cannot become imbedded in the film. A smooth fiat finish is easily obtainable with white lead, either by the use of lead mixing or reducing oil. or by adjustment of the oil and turpentine proportions. White lead always flows smoothly and freely from the brush, eliminating surface irregularities. Like lead itself, white lead paint is flexi ble. absorbing surface movements without cracking the film. It has a unique affinity for oils and is amazingly tough, bonding itself tightly to the surface. Moreover, white lead wears from the outside in. maintaining con tinuous surface protection. Years of experience have proved the unsurpasssd durability of white lead. This durability, plus the fact that the original freshness of the painted surface can be main tained by washing, increases the length of time that may pass before repainting is necessary. Moreover, when repainting final ly does become necessary, white lead sur faces are always in good condition and do not need expensive surface preparation. A further advantage is that the high quality of white lead can be duplicated at anv time in the future. -To analyse interior painting costs, the following formula should be used: r _Cg Cld . Cx -- sp + sid where Cx = final cost per sq. ft. of painting, Cg = cost per gallon of paint, Cld = cost of a labor day, Sg = sq. ft. covered per gallon Sid = sq. ft. covered by one painter in one labor day. For white lead, these figures will be: Ng is 800. Nld 1500*1600 and Cg in the neighborhood of $2,501. The final figure should be divided by the years of life you expect from the paint. With three coats of pure white lead and oil. ten to twenty years of life ma\ be assumed. By checking white lead costs against other paints, the reason is obvious why pure white lead and oil is used so widely in painting the interiors of schools, hospitals, office build ings, apartments, churches, factories and other buildings. fExact price dependent on local and marker conditions of all ingredient-. [11] LJA?556C YOU know how lead lasts. You Fact is, you can't beat a paint that's know it's got what it takes to made from lead. And you're money stand up against the attacks of timeahead, because this is a case of the and weather. best being the cheapest too. That's why it's good where there's a tough job to do. Now maybe you never realized that white lead is made from lead. But it's a fact. And being in the family, so to speak, white lead paint has lasting qualities all its own. Want to know more about this whole subject? Write for " What to expect from White Lead Paint" Le a d In d u s t r ie s As s o c ia t io n 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. That's not just my opinion, because I work in a lead mine. Ask any good painter and he'll tell you the same. He'll tell you how white lead lies smooth and snug, doesn't crack or brittle up -- how it stays on the job -for years. Puttying it important and it always pays to bira a skilled painter who knows the definite part that filling nail hole* with white lead patty plays in maintaining a smooth, sightly looking job. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO Min. "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE, WITHOUT OBLIGATION, IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS LIA?5561 PRINTED IN U. S. A. BY PUBLISHERS PRINTING COMTS** NEW YORK CITY