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AROCLOR 1254 i.PLAS IICIZER '-vi lH UOI' FOB VINYL ORGANOSOLS AND PASTES , l` Aroclor 1254* (chlorinated biphenyl) is used commercially as a co plasticizer with DOP (dioctyl phthalate) in vinyl organosols and pastes because Aroclor offers the following advantages: 1. Attractive reduction in costs. 2. Aroclor is a superior pigment grinding and pigment dis persing medium. ). Incorporation of Aroclor 1254 markedly reduces the flam mability of the finished plastic. 4. Aroclor offers outstanding electrical properties. 5. Aroclor offers toughness and strength and in other respects the over-all qualities of the plastic such as "hand", flexibility and gloss are maintained. 6. Aroclor 1254 resists attack by biological influences. **. V. I. Piltnt Offlea ysr O 9 o s* p:> >Q* S*O ssp r <o V* 2 Xm z*o o r s 5S * o 9 O 3ft 9 ft 9 C9 9 ft 9 HONS O^280 vita WmwhIm >a--Iaa4 N Mart* b, N am kart knw4#4va. fn*a --4 kv* > fummiiladMii r f aat*Maa alnaa tka aM*at* aaa at* k#ri4 am aa*a**l. Ik* MwimkI* Ckaaritai Ca*naa*r any UaWUty ft nmmMm wftfc IM ata (r*a mt aaaaHaaa. wa<a kW*<aw. NWf h| My iMitriil * Ma . kui b tiuti< a itai <<* la ma My pvatfuat la imM(1 Rk ilidiig palMN O I. INTRODUCTION Polyvinylchloride orgRnosoU arc dispersion* of the plastics resin in plasticitcr and solvent-diluent mixture*. Orfsnoaoll are high in solids content and therefore overcome expensive solvent loss and multiple coating operation* associated with the older solution type of coating methods. A further step leading to almost complete elimination of solvents is the use of plastisols or pastes which are dispersions of the vinyl resin in the plasticizers. Such pastes are particularly advantageous for coating paper and other materials where the use of inflammable solvents is prohibitive and a single pass coating operation is desired. Organosols are used to make free films for shower curtains, rainwear and to coat fabrics used for upholstery, etc. Plastisols are especially useful for coating paper in making draperies, tabic clothes, etc. This bulletin indicates the advantages of using Aroclor 1234 as a co-plasticizer with dioctyl phthalate in vinyl* chloride organosols or pastes. It has been found feasible to replace as much as 30 percent of DOP with Aroclor 1254. Since Aroclor is substantially less expensive than DOP or the vinyl resin, this practice offers attractive economies. It also offer* substantial improvement in the flame resistance and electrical qualities of the plastic without altering its other desirable physical qualities. Moreover, Aroclor 1254 is outstanding as a medium for grinding and dispersing the pigments used in the coating. II. PREPARATION . Grinding the Pigments: For aesthetic reasons pigmented organosols are often required and the pigments are ground on a three-roll mill. We strongly recommend Aroclor 1254 as an unusually good grinding and dispersing medium for this purpose and believe it to be far superior in this respect to other plasticisers commonly used in organosols. The finished pigment grind is added to the main organosol formulation where allowance should be made for the Aroclor 1254 plasticizer added as a component of the pigment grind. b. Grinding the Organosol: A conventional type ball mill is used to grind the organosol. Unless the mil) is water cooled, it is necessary to use flint pebbles instead of steel balls to grind the dispersion because the steel balls tend to build up heat, re sulting in undesirable thickening of the organosol. It is the concensus that the temperature during the grinding should not exceed U0F. Although variations may he used in the order of adding the organosol ingredients to the mill, a suggested order is to add first the solvent-diluent mixture. Xylene is frequently used as the solvent and Apco or similar thinner as the diluents. Next the Aroclor 1254-DOP plasticizer combination is added and finally the vinyl yesin. The organosol is ground until a uniform paste is formed. Then the Aroclor 1254-pigment grind is added and the ball milling is continued until the final suspension is uniform. While the time of grinding will vary, usually IS lo 24 hours is sufficient. III. FORMULATIONS Organosols usually require special adjustments in formulating to accommodate the working characteristics of the specific use applications. Accordingly, the following formulation is given only to indicate a starting point in making an organosol for free film or coating work. It is a white pigmented product based on the use of 60 percent solids and 40 percent solvent-diluent mixture. -2* HONS 074281 IngradianH Polyvinylchloride (VYNVI) Aroclor 1254 Dioetyl phthalate Victor Stabiliser 53 or 85 Pigments* Xylene Apco Thinner - Organosol 31.0% 7.2 8.4 0.6 10.8 23.0 13.0 Film Solids 33% 12 14 i 18 ........ -- 100 % Titanium dioxide, basic lead sulfate and basic lead carbonate. 100% Referring to the working qualities of the organosol, Aroclor 1254 acts very similarly as OOP. Both materials arc not strong solvents for the vinyl at room temperature but become active solvents at the elevated tempera* ture used to fuse the organosol. Aroclor 1234 is more viscous than DOP and may not be quite as strong in plasticizer action. Therefore, in using combinations of Aroclor 1254 and DOP, it may be desirable to adjust the xylcne*Apco thinner ratio to use lightly larger amounts of xylene than is the case when DOP plasticizer is used alone. Where stronger solvent action is required relatively small amounts of diisobutyl ketone or methylisobutyl ketone may be used with the thinner. In some applications it may be possible to use the Aroclor !254*DOP plasticizer combination in larger amount than is the case when DOP is used alone as the plasticizer. This practice offers additional economies because the Aroclor is substantially less expensive than DOP or the vinyl resin. This practice also reduces the amount of solvent and thinner and frequently the solvent'thinner ratio to total solids is about 30 to 70. IV. APPLICATION 6. Coating: The organosol film is substantially discontinuous and can be applied very heavily using the same equipment commonly used for any other spread coating. In coating work, the first coat should be tight (2 to 3 dry ounees) to get good adhesion, but subsequently as much as 8 to 12 dry ounces per running yard may be ap* plied in a single pass. b* Drying: The coating is dried at 180F. to 250F., using regular drying equipment, e. Fusing: Fusion will not take place below 350eF. and the most common fusing methods are to apply temperatures of )J0F. to 400F. from three to five minutes, or 400F. to 500F. for one minute or less. The only time re quired at the fusing temperature is that necessary to bring the film to the fusing point; in many cases one minute or less is sufficient. To prevent discoloration of the film and weakening of the fabric, hear m excess of that* required for fusing should be avoided. However, the highest practical fusing temperature should be used. Hot air ia the most common source of heat but infra*red is also used and direct contact with hot surfaces is effective. Familiar types of installations are gas*fircd ovens, super-heated steam, electric coils, strip heaters, infra-red lights and heated cylinders. '1* HONS 07H282 Although Aroelor 1254 it noncombustible at the fusion temperatures, vapors from other plasticisers and es pecially residual solvent are inflammable and accordingly the fusing chamber equipment should not provide a source of ignition. In light of the elevated temperatures used during fusion, it is pointed out that vapors which may he emitted whenAroclor 1234 is heated to high temperatures bear a degree of toxicity and should not be breathed. It is presumed that the rrc.inosol fusion is carried out in a closed system provided with suction fans to remove vapors, which precludes workers from coining in contact with them. The vapor pressure of Arocolor 1234 It relatively low and the values are given at 100, 350. 400. and 450F. as 0.00006, 4, 10 and 30 mm. Hg , respectively. Y. DECORATION o. Embossing: Either a flat plate or a roll press may be used for embossing before or after fusion. Care should he taken to avoid cutting through the coating if the embossing is done before fusion since the film is weak at this stage. The time of the embossing operation is usually 2 to 5 seconds at 160F. to 200F. b* Stencilling: Silk screen stencilling or printing must be done before fusing, and the drying time of (he printing ink must be slow enough to avoid drying out on the screen, yet fast enough to permit reprinting with other colors in a reasonable time. VI. PROPERTIES OF THE FREE FILM OR COATINGS a. Dermatology: A free film made up of polyvinylchloride containing about 12 percent by weight of Aroelor 1254 (about 25 parts of Aroelor 1254 baaed on 100 parts of vinyl resin used) and a similar amount of dioctyl phthalate along with standard white pigments such as titanium dioxide was found free from irritating or sensitising the skin in accordance with standard skin patch tests. Moreover, similar studies made with Aroelor 1254 alone indicate that this plasticizer is neither a skin irritant nor sensitizer. While this indicates safety in using Aroelor 1254, we are not developing use of this plasticizer for items such as baby pants made from plastics materials. b. VsporiiatJon Rala of the Plasticiser: The vaporisation rates of Aroclors 1248,^1254 and 1260 compare most favorably with the similar values for DOP and other vinyl plasticisers selected for comparison because of their known low vaporisation rates. This is indicated in the following table: Plasticiser Aroelor 1248 Clorafin 42-S Flrxol'DOP, dioctyl phthalate Dutrex 25 Aroelor 1254 Dutrex 20 Aroelor 1260 Surface Area cm1 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 . 12.28 Vaporixafion Rale grm/cmVhr./ I00C. 0.000152 0.000126 0.000117 0.000087 ,0.000053 0.000016 0.000009 c General Film or Coating Qualities: Prom reliable sources in the trade using Aroclors with dioctyl phthalate to plasticise organosols, it is indi cated that the light stability and heat stability of the free films and fabric or paper coatings compare most favorably whh the similar values where DOP is used as the only plasticiser. 4 HCNS 074283 Usually Victor stabilizer 53 or 05 is used to improve light stability of the vinyl plastic. Basic lead carbonate, sulfate and silicate are commonly used as the heat stabilizers. Such properties as " hand", toughness, abrasion resistance, flexibility and doss of the films and coatings derived from the Aroclor 1354'OOP pl.isciozcd organosols seem to compare most favorably with the similar qualities of the vinyl plastic containing DOP alone. The use of Aroclor results in a substantial improvement in fire resistant qualities of the plastic. A vinyl com* position plasticized with 50 parts of DOP showed a llame-out time of 75 seconds, whereas a similar plastic using a 50*50 mixture of Aroclor* DOP at 00 parts ptasticizcr showed a flame*out time of only 2 to J seconds. Aroclors arc noted for their excellent electrical qualities. Vinyls plasticized with AroclorDOP combinations have very good electrical qualities and are somewhat better in this respect than similar plastics prepared with DOP alone. Another point worthy of mention is that Aroclors are not susceptible to attack by fungi and have a pronounced repelling action against soil mites including termites. These factors are important where the finished plastic item must resist attack by microorganisms. VII. SAVINGS ACCOMPLISHED BY USING AROCLOR 1254 IN COMBINATION WITH DOP The following specific gravity values and selling prices (car lot quantity) of the various materials were used in making the cost calculations: Malsrisl sp. e. Selling Price/Lb. PVC (VYNV) Aroclor 1254 DOP 1.13 1.54 0.900 .14 .10 .41 Comparative costs arc given in terms of a cubic foot of the plastic material including only the vinyl resin and plasticizers. The saving passible by using various amounts of Aroclor 1254 in combination with DkJP as compared with the use of 50 parts DOF per 100 pans resin arc given: PUific Composition Cost/Cu. R. Seving/Cu. R. 1) 50 parts DOP-- 100 parts ' resin 2) 50 parts (50*50 Aroclor |254*DOP--100 parts resin J) 70 parts (50*30 Aroclor 1254-DOP--100 parts resin 4) 70 parts (60*40 Aroclor !254*DOP--100 parts resin $27.60 26.33 26.07 25.74 *115 1.61 1.94 VIII. ADVANTAGES OF USING AROCLOR 1254 IN COMBINATION WITH DOP I. Dcpcnding.on the plasticizer ratios used as indicated above, it is possible to save from $1 to 02 per cubic foot of plastic. I. Aroclor 1254 offers superior pigment grinding and pigment dispersing qualities in preparing the organosol. J. The use of Aroclor 1254 in these plastics markedly reduces their susceptibility to burning. 4. Aroclor offers outstanding electrical properties and resistance to organism attack. 5. Aroclor offers toughness and tensile strength and in other respects the overall qualities of the plastic such as "hand", flexibility and gloss are maintained. roas<a '3* HONS 074284 Birmingham Boston Charlotte Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Detroit Los Angeles New York Philadelphia Portland (Ore.) San Francisco Seattle Twin Cities Monsanto Canada Ltd. Montreal Toronto REPRESENTATIVES IN THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD. * v'S GdCfti c- ; ,.'7 .v . ft Monsanto Fm fwlhei InfwmafUn eWevt Arecler 1254 CePle*tlclB#r with DOP fer vinyl rn*ioU <W cMttd the n*n Menaente elite** HONS 074205