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n n c\ n. n 25th Natio *' \ t ,* Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY OCTOBER 5 to OCTOBER 9, 1936 . ' , f.4 - * * *. Ambassador, Chelsea, Ritx-Carlton Hotels ... and Atlantic City Auditorium Contents Council Officers and Directors....................................................... 4 Council Purposes and Policies................................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members........................................................ 11 Annual Banquet.^................................................................. 31 Subject Sessions-- Exhaust' tSystems................................................................ 37 Fire Prevention......................................................................... 53 Industrial Health--American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons.............................................. 61 Industrial 'Nursing................................................................... 69 Industrial Safety Lectures...................................................... 79 Injured Worker, The.............................................................. 99 Maintaining Interest in Safety................................:............109 ^ Occupational Diseases...........................................................117'^-^ Safety Belts ...............................................'........................... 127 . Safety Equipment ................................................................. 141 . Safety Exchange .................................................................... 131 Safety Fundamentals for Beginners..,........... ................... 139 Safety Training .............................................................. 171 Atroaaudcal .Section...................................................................... Ill n A. 8. 8. E.--Engineering 8ection........................................ 191 Antoaodra and Machine Shop 8ectlon.............................. 197.r Cement Section..................................................... Chemical Section.............................................................................. 223 Construction Section........................................ ......................... \. 241 Food Section................................................... P........... ........2*3 203 Marine Sctdon.................. ....................................... :.................. 269-J Meat Packing; Tanning and Leather Industries Section........ 287^ Metals Secdon...................................................................... 299** Mining .Section.......... .......................................... ................ ..... 319 Paper and Pulp'Section.,................................. ............................147 Petroleum Section.............................. :------.................................. Ml Power Press Secdon.............................. '.......................... ,..? 293 o Public Utilities Section................................................................. 405 Quarry Section..................................... MS. Refrigeration Section........................................................................*43 Rubber Secdon.................................................................... i......... MI Safety Equipment Secdon............................................................... M3 Steam Railroad Meeting................ M9 Textile Section.................................................... .....................501 Transit Secdon........................................................................ 203 Wood Products Section..................................................... Index .I ...r.' *.. 31 517 National Safety Council/ Inc. HONORARY MEMBERS A**OCTATJOMrOF;J*oj< aVd Steel Elcctsical Encinezbs Robot W. Camfsell : * Asrtiua Williams Lew R. Palmes . OFFICERS (1936-1937) Dl C H. WAIM,;rSidn>t ' D. D. Fennell, Vice-President for Public -Relations Da. Hast E. Fishes, Vice-President {or Health Jobh B. Gibson, Vice-President for Community Safety Councils Hon. Hasols'G. Hoffman, Vice-President for Public Safety Auxar S. Recula, Vice-President for Engineering A. V. Ronwxses, VicerPresident for Industrial Safety R. T. SouNETgN, Vice-President for Membership Auer W. Whitley, Vice-Presidents for Education W. E. Worra, Vice-President, for Finance and Treasurer. W. H. Camebok, Secretary and Managing Director *> . * EXECUTIVE^COhiMITTEE .(1936-1937) - - Gconcs J. Asaus. Paper and Pulp Section C M. Allen, Metals Section . C B. Aon, Past President ' ' J.L BAMAin,' Past President ` C W.'BafCQtnsr, Past President - - Hasols S. BvrmtHBU,'Tbe American Gty Magazine W. H. CahesOn, National Safety Council. Inc. Robxxt W. Camthu, Past President . Robest L Catun, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company Lewis A. DsBuns. Past President ' C W. Demfesy, Food Section ' Mabcus A. Dow, Past President . D. D. Fennell, Consulting Engineer ' Da. Hast E. Fishes, Chicsgo Rapid Transit Company R. B. ForruiN, Lehigh Valley Safety Council C W. Glass, Mining Section -- John B. Gibson, Western Electric Company Habby Gotlsekt, The Pullman Company Hon. Habold G. Hoffman, Governor of New Jersey OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continutd II E. C Holocm, Ja, Marine Section Hanr J. Knur, Wood Prodocu Section Waltz* G. King, Put President Wu, C Kmoclx, Milwaukee Safety Commission John E. Long, Past President Tnos. H. MacDonald, United States Department of Agriculture E. J. Menu*. Portland Cement Association W. J. Miltulz, Chippewa County Safety Council . I. W. Mimum, Industrial Com Corporation J Hasold L. Minz*. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company E. J. O'Baizn, Ja, Louisville Safety Council Lew R. Palmes, Past President C E. PcmaoHZ, Past President Alsxxt S. Rrccu, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lr. Col. Huotr A. Rxxixczx, Past President A. V. RoHwzoza, Duluth. Missahe ft Northern Railway Company D. L. Rorza, ASSE-Engincering Section Gzoacc E. Santom, General Electric Company Chailcs B. Scott, Past President Cabl L. Surra, Cleveland Safety Council C W. Smith. Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Waltz* Durr Smith, Delaware Safety Council R. T. SouKSTur, Elliott Service Company C P. Tocmah, Past President. Gcaeca G. TaAVza. Chicago Safety Council .' Roautr R. Wallace, Worcester Safety Council . _ Da. C H. Watsoh, American Telephone ft Telegraph Company A. W. Whitney, National Borean of Casualty ft Surety Underwriters W. EL Wotra, International Hamster Company ` Axthuz H. Young, Past President ' . _ DIRECTORS (1936-1937) - Gcanca J. Adams, Paper ft Pulp Section .. , C If. Allxx, Metals Section . '''* Nelson R. Andceson, Seattle Traffic ft Safety Council Famcaiac Aacnza, Child Education Section A. L. Asmstbong, Chemical Section J. L Banasq, Consulting Engineer . Joun J. Babada, Publif Utilities Section Ebnkst W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Lac. C W. BzacQutsT, Western Electric Co. David S. Burr*. Liberty Muttal Insurance Co. Curroap M. Bisnor, Brooklyn Safety Council ft . (? OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued ' E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. C F. Bobxzikracbx, Kenosha Safety Council S. DUBOVS, York County Safety Council. A. W. Buzlaxs, Petroleum Section _ F. S. Baowx, Standard^Accident Insurance Co. ! S. W. Bcbchixl, Automobile Qub of Ittiodc Island* ' O Haiocb S. BtmxRHznc, The-American City lfsprint Farsrox D. CallItm. Baltimore Safety Cotmdl W; H. Gamcbok, National Safety Council ^ Robot L Catuk, Aetna Casualty k Surety Co. c M. A. CtAtr. Automotive and Machine Shop Section ' H. HzBazxr Codsox, .Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Com- Faaxx Earn Cox/ Berkeley Traffic Safety Coaunissioo' Robot W. Clownta, Sprirfgfield, Massachusetts Safety Council J. E. Cc&xxzy, Bethlehem Steel Co.. Dfcwu A. DcBuns, Consulting. Engineer Jat E. Drrxra, Mason City. Safety Council - C W. Doom, Food .Section ' Juos B. Douglas, Philadelphia Gas Works Co. ) Da. Lbuis L Duaux, Metropolitan Life InsuraaegJKh. D. Dr Fkxxxll, Consulting {Engineer (. 1 Dokald A. Fxxxatxxo, Toledo Safety Counch---' Da. Hast E. FiSHia,Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Howaas B. Foxsa, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A.) Inc . William Fobsyth, Superior, Wisconsin Safety Council R. B. Foaroxx, Lehigh. Valley Safety Council AxioLum Form, Ja, Quarry Section C W. Goss, Mining Section . . Joan B. Gtasox, Western Electric Co. . ' Hassy Gcnaor, ThePuflman Ca. ,. Isazax Halx, The Atchison, Topeka k Santa Fe Railway Go^-- ` Majob Bolum'c HoHakot, Richmopd Safety Comsdl D. T. Haxbcton, U. S.-.Bureau of Mines R.C. Hayxx, Vehicle Fleet Section '' G. T? Hellmuth, Chicago, North Shore k MHwaiikee R. R. Co. Cxas E. Hiu, New York Central Lines Ron. Habou G. Homsax, Governor .of New Jersey JE. C-Howax, JtL, Marine Section * `Faooicx BL Huxt, Cement Section . P. G. Huxrta, Power Pros Section ' Moaaxs E. HctLrr, Eastbay Safety Gxmdl Majpb Noucax A. Imbu, Columbus Safety Council Eowni A. Ratio, Sl Loris Safety Council .1 Thomas P. Keabxs,' Industrial Commission of Ohio /O OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued O K. T. Knm. Detroit Industrial Safety Council Haut J. Knur, Wood Products Section Taos. L. Knm, Pateraoo Safety Council J. M. Kkuouan, Rubber Section Wit C Kxocxjc, Street ft Highway Traffic Section C L. LaFoowtaixx. Great Northern Railway Co. A. H. Laon, Madison County Safety Council J. E. Lotte, The Delaware ft Hudson Railroad Corporation, W. R. Lorn, Safety Dir. Birmingham Chamber of Comae L. T. McAxthub, Peoria, .Illinois Safety Council '' Tros. H. MacDohald, United States Department;of/Agriculture. Main McCurtocx. Traffic Audit Bureau . T. H. McKznxxt, Retired F. W. Matson, Minnesota Safety Council Jams* R. Mats, Elizabeth Safety Council . E. J. Mrsaxx, Portland Cement Association . W. J. Mpjmti. Chippewa Comty Safety Council , L W. i Industrial -dotes Corporation E. u Unm Employees Publication Section . JaxxS K. Mtuxa,. Grand Rapids Safely .Council ` ' `- Habolb L. Mints, E. L duPont.de Nemours ft Co. 1 r '< R. B. Moatxr, Ind&rial Accident Prevention Association ' Esjrxrr Mubtrt, Albany Sifety Council E. J. 0*Baxxx, Ja^ Louisville Safety Council Gwa C A. On, The Detroit Edison Ox Gax OmxRCKia, Kansas City Safety Comal - Lmr R. Palkxa, The Equitable life' Assurance' Society of the United States * ' o . . - Wilson Pauob, Meat Packing; Tanning ft Leather Industries Sec tion * , " 4 ' A. EL Pabkzs, Transit Section . r. o Dam A. Patton, Newark Safety Council V; ' , '* Mas. CL M. Pclton, Evanston Safety Council r. CXASLBS W. Pvroocx, Safety Division, Milwaukee Assn, of Cocn- C E. PcmaoNX, American Mutual LiabaityTnsuranw.'Co. Got. Gsoncs B. Puxsstnr^aitedi^Latcs Engmror Office Astros PomaioN, Hodsoo'County Safety Council / . Aurn S. Rktjia, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. .c, Lr. Cot. Horar.A. Rxnincsx, Lehigh Portland Cement Co. A. V. RoHwoea, Duluth, Mlssabe ft Northern Railway Co. D. L. Rons, ASSE*Eagfnecrinf Section ' G. E. Sanroes. General Electric Co. '. Horn C ScnAnNo. Eric Safety Council L Kail G. ScRoamn, Rahway Safety Council r-' ( OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued ! '*'!? M ? f I s.b s $8 S'! S-S &S 8' 5 8 Hauy A. Schultz, United States Steel Corp. 0. Eail S. Shakzu, Utica Safety Council Gew. Jonx H- SunatnutE, Massachusetts Safety Council Da. L. A. Siiousy, Bethlehem Steel Co. Eaxest L. Siuohds, New Haven Safety Council . Cail L. Surra. Cleveland Safety'Council C W. Surra, Standard Qjl Co. (Ind.) f EowtN C Surra, Blackstone Valley Safety Council Waltei Dent Surra, Delaware Safety Council W. A. Snow, Construction Section R. T. Sole*item, Elliott Service Co. P. Eail Spitzza. Contra Costa County Safety Council E. C Spmkc, Lansdale, Pa. . Gcoaca R. Stephens, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of riwirwiw' Annul Id. Tooc, Consoltine Marine Engineer Hasolo M. Tooms, Refrigeration Section Geo. G. Tiavzx, Chicago Safety Council W. W. Tbencu. Schenectady Safety Council W. D. Tubsevills. San Antonio Safety Council Roam R. Wallace, Worcester, Safety Council Da. C H. Watson. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Hauy M. Weuei. Retired E. T. Whites, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council S. E. Wxitinc. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. .< A. W. Whitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters T. A. WtLLSOK, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers'* Seo T. A. Wilson. Textile . Section *. W. H. Winans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation * E. W. Wizra, Rochester' Safety Comal : ' Hauy Wiil Sa, Chattanooga Safety Comal '' J. M. Wolte, Youngstown Sheet k Tube Co. . W. W. Woo, Steam Railroad Section " .- W. E. Wenra, International Harvester Co. . E. J. Zaott? Safety Bureau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce Eail W. Zimheucaw, Safety Div. Syracuse Chamber of" Commerce G. L. Zwicx, St Joseph Safety Council . '.. .1 J s interest in Safety WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7, 1936 o l*he uttio of lanins interest in a safety program end the meant of reviving thlt interest were discussed. in the session on Maintaining Interest in Safety, which was held Wednesday afternoon, October 7. C B. Boulet,- Personnel Director, Wisconsin Pablie Service Corp,, Milwaukee, was chairman ,oi the .panel discussion. _ Panel participants were E. W. Bed^ Supervisor of Safety, U. S. Rubber Prod* nets, Inc, New York. City; Roy S. Bonstb, Chief Safety Inspector. Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey),% New York Gtv; Gayton Brest*, Personnel Director, Marathon Paper Mills Gx, Rothschild, Wis.; W. T. Filmer, Supervisor of .Safety, Youngstown Sheet and Tube .Co., Youngstown, Ohio: G. A Kaechennjeister, Personnel Manager, Do minion Forge and. Stamping Cov WaIkenriiIe, Ont, 'Canada; T. E. Lightfoot, Engr. in Charge of Accident Prevention tnd Compensation, Koppera Coal Co., Pittsburgh; G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Sdhenectady, N, Y.; and H. F. Webb,' General Safety Director, West Penn System, Pittsburgh. - o Chairman Boulet: It is easy to start a man; but I disagree on the small plant. safety program. With the blare of bands I don't tec how you can have it. _ and the flag waving ^everyone U tem porarily interested, and usually aqpideat frequency will take a sharp drop. How ever,, after you have had a program for several years' everyone takes it for granted, and the interest drops. Imme diately your frequency goes up. For thu reason it is vitally important to find ways to maintain interest.* ' ' But first we must find oat what causes lack of interest ,. Mr. Titus (National Lock Washer, Newark,- Ohio): '-It seems to me that if you take up .these problems with the safety man, and he is not much interested in them because he has a lot of produc tion work to do, he just slips up on the job. ' ' Mr, Braa& If.your management is thoroughly sold on safety, whether your .safety director is -part-time or hot, your program win be successful. I am hying A. H. Nielaa (Crown "Cork A Seal. the blame-for a let-down, br the safety Baltimore) : Is it possible that a let-down program in management's tap entirely. is dne to n part-time safety director? . Yoa men--grpbal(Irjfravc had waste to Mr, Lightfoot: Yea. A safety director's job is an aO-tbqe job.- I feel that if you have a part-time .safety director, you can look for a let-down.v There nur be an exceptional ease of an unusual industry, or an unusual part-time safety director, of course. - 'in thcTast, end your wastes have %en overcome by action '"through yoor management. Accidents are mercly another form of waste, end when your management lays some emphasis . on wpsfe, you are going to get action, and not until then. ._ But it is hard to ntderstand:bow any Mr. B. Lincoln (Indemnity of North plant can. maintain fin effiaent and defi- > America): A good foreman is raeognhed ;o nite safety program when the safety di as a good example of the part-time safety . Rector or the safety engineer may tud- man. His duties are multiple, and impor \ otnly be called away or directed to do tant in successful safety management;* '^s6methtng else. . George Lexander (Sooony Vacuum): Chairman Boulet: I think that is the Outside influences have a direct bearing right slant for a big plant--a full-time on the let-down of your safety program ` 109 110 Twenty-fifth National Safety Conordu Q --iatrrctiiAf influence* of national/scope, that to seme-extent, and it takes an ener neh u bonk holidays. getic executive to keep prodding us, to Chairman Boole!: Elections and world keep us out of that situation. erica? H. P. Heyne (Industrial Commission Ur. Lxander: Right. of Ohio): I disagree. In Ohio we are Ur. Beck: I disagree with the state* ' interested in the community type of safety firm shoot the foreman doing safety campaign, and in Cleveland some years work on a part-time basis. ago we started a safety campaign among A foreman will do it in his own de all the industries. We had 307 companies. partment. yes, but you are interested in This year, on October 1 we completed . the whole plant . If you have a small our sixth annual campaign with 1,400 plant you can maintain interest with a Cleveland companies. If there is any way part-time safety man, but only if be is to maintain interest, and if there is any given responsibility. _ way to keep from getting too satisfied Chairman Boulet: I think that clinches with a safety.record, I believe this is one the part-time question: In a .large plant way of doing it. a full-time man is necessary, and in a. Mot only has it proved successful in small plant a part-time man can do a: industry but also in vehicle fleet man good job and maintain interest provided agement . he is definitely given the responsibility As a matter of fact the company that and authority. - won in Cleveland this year has now won Ur. Turner (Bethlehem Steel): What first place four times out of six years; and influence has the depression had on the it. employs 1,800 men, and works close let-down of safety? to 2.000,000 -hours, without a tingle lost- Ur. Webb: -A great deal, because our .time accident - executives, even though they were; safety' I believe (hat the number of companies minded and thought a great deal of safe participating 307 in 1931, 500 in 1932, ty. neglected-it during the depression. *650 In 1933, 715 in 1934, 1,100 in 193$, Safety effort reached bottom during those years, but I think it is coming back and 1/50 in 1936--is enough to bur out the value of the contest fast. It is regaining executive .assistance/ George Hadley (Perfect Circle Co.. and support, and that is what 'you must Hagerstown, Ind.): I think the question have to maintain interest in safety. df lack of interest in safety is measured You must have a two-fisted executive who will go down the line and say, "I am for safety, and I am going to have ill" , Chairman Boulet: Does acootinned good record capse a let-dowh in safety? by how busy the firm is. -This old ques tion of dollars and cents enters into safety more than anything else, and when we have licked that we have Bckdd the whole.problem. When the departments of a plant get so busy that^ they just haven't got time for safety, that is when ' F. II. Pepper (im&ois BeQ Telephone accidents happen. Company): Thera ia a danger of-that I When; management and men really be am not a very sirong- advocate of eon-' come interested in safety, hot from a teats* and the reason tka right fit with safety a&flle, but from the angle of peo that. I think there ^hooWAe some form ple going home whole and unhurt and of appreciation, of a job well* done,' well and fas their normal condition, then whether it-is safety or something else, but we wQl have real safety; bat until then, I don't think we should- pick out the safety job. particularly and pin saucers there isn't any contest nor anything of that sort that will answer the purpose. and medalfi* and other things on men's Mr. Beck: We have been conducting a chests just because they did something safety contest for 10 years, and U I were they should be doing; and that goes for asked to discontinue everything but one the supervisory people just as it does dor thing, I would hold onto the safety con the workers. - - "` test -- - A continuous and successful safety pro One of the large rubber companies has gram brings a danger of getting con just established a record of 6/00,000 man tented with what we are doing. The win hours without a lost-time accident Inter ning of too many contests will lead to est has been stimulated through the nib- Mnnlmtpng Initre# in Safety Ill her section contest, aad sot a man can of the management, nor of the men, but .afford to break that record. They are on? fJTOU, the safety engineer.* . their toes all the time. Bring in crutches? No, sir. . Dust off your bookshelves, read up on safety. and you will be* able to stimulate The contest is based on compensable more interest among your men than a accidents; and where money is spent, it safety contest can do. ( counts against their, experience. They *To keep' interest stimulated in a man, cannot cheat The contest is tight and we .most udderstand. the individual We sonnd.' It is based on their improvement must know_bii domestic troubles, and on their previous three-year average, and sympathize' with him. give him advice, they are all competing with themselves and not mistreat the confidence he has and nobody else. in^ us. When a-safety engineer accom T. E. Ughifoot: Why should we ran plishes this, he will not have a problem contests in our plant, with only 250 men? of stimulating interest. ' We know their families, and we know ' Chairman Boulet: "What is the proper these men. We simply tell them. "Don't method of approach to the workers to in get hurt whether it is accidental/ik wil spire interest in safety?" ful or .anything else." .t " Hr. Sanford: With' various types of We don't say that contests are no good, individuals the same method isn't going but my point is that they* should be used to work. Suppose you have some ruling - in a program if they fit If you can pre that you would like to put through in tbfc vent injuries without contests, {why not plant You may start with your general dolt? supervisory committee and- discuss it You know what happens to production any time the Supervisory staff loses in ' terest in It Down h goes; and if it b true what y have been told for the last five or ten years, that safety and'produc tion go hand in hand, then why try to separate them and run safety as a pro gram or contest or something of that sorVjuhen you don't do it and don't have to/Qo ji with production? Then let each one of those men go back to the group of which he is chairman and discuss the thing, baking, "What do yon think of it?" Then sell rite idea to the next group, {and so on,'until you get to the workmen's Committee. Get their slant and bring it right, back to the man agcmcat When the -order comes out, you will find'these fellows saying, "There is something I had a hand in." Get them to express their opinions, Qulrman Boulct: How many think and you nay sell the idea to them with contests are all right? How many arc out their realizing that it .b coming from opposed? the. top* down. . c* The ayes have ft Another* rather old-time method is the T. A. Schlatter (Davison Chemical Co* * workmen's safetycommittefe. 1 know of Baltimore, Hd.): The main instrument one pbat that arbitrarily picked out one for the prevention, not of accidents, but man from ten, right down to"* the: floor, of personal injury, b education. If we tdBag kba be was on the safety commit conduct a contest, we don't do it for di tee. It was his jobs* long-as Cbm were rect commercial value, but for advertising no seeid*"**- . *. * value; aad from that' advertising we re It was surprising how 'agpdents de ceive safety education. If you can do this,,} creased immediately. Each man was tak by all means use your safety contest. ing are^of his brothers a well as him Bat if the manager of a plant puts an Injured man to work pushing a broom to keep him from considering it a lost time accident, he is not kidding anyone but himself. The only valuable information we get from s safety contest b how much better we are doing our job than we have done it before, and how much bet ter than the other fellow in the same line of work. If we are losing interest in our safety organization, it is not the fault self, v- * . V. I. Calkin (American Seating Com pany): SometisBcs these methods come from the men themselves, cln oar plant the men suggested that each foreman ap point one or two men in each department, for one month, to be the safety com> mittce fat that department It. was .decided to try it for one month, and the result? were such that the plan was used for a whole year.' So far this, year we havfc * umtuy-ji]in tiiuwiuu Sajity Longrtss t least sinty men vitally intercited In the educators ready to supply the infor u/etjr who were not greatly concerned mation. with it before. - Ur. FUmer: Notice the wording of Taeke BIcbocr (American-Seating Com* that The best way is to inspire, not to pany): We also instituted a safety cigar compel. Action that is compelled is not nr candy bar plan. In any department spontaneous. It is likely to let up as soon which goes without a lost-time accident as the compulsion is removed. Inr a month, every member gets a cigar When you inspire, you appeal to the at the end of that period. I think this best there is in a man, and he responds hat done more to interest our men in because something inside of him is telling safety than anything else. him that It is to his interest, not some- W. I*. Coster (American Sugar Refin- r.-body outside telling him, "You do this. tng Co): What success have any indi and you get a cigar.1* Possibly there is a vidual members had with strict enforce selfish purpose behind it for the nun. but ment of discipline in inspiring safety or where can you eliminate selfishness? keeping up Safety interest? Why ask a man to wear safety shoes? I. If. McNeil (Nebraska Power Co., If he fails to protect his feet, his own Omaha): A few years ago we used to toes will suffer. Why ask him to wear give cigars away, and we threw the plan the goggles? To save bis own eyesight. out. Strict enforcement of discipline and Something inside of tke^man is' telling nhtervance of safetycrules will do more him, "For your own interest, for the in than anything else. * terest of your family,Vfoy^the interest of A. I). Schiller (Corning Class Works): your future and your ability to carry on About four years ago in the. muting room , your job with all of your faculties--work at the Corning Glass. Works we had the 'safely. It is your problem, and not ours." problem of making the men wear gog You are then inspiring that man, and gles and respirators. We used discipline, not compelling him. Yon have him work telling those men either to wear thq gog ing with you, and you don't have to gles and the respirators or to leavd their worry so much about him after that jobs. Now they wear their protective - - Mr. Kucchenmeiater: How many of equipment without being told. you men have a working agreement with A. H. Trestrail (Pickands, blather & your wife, that for every day she doesn't Co.. Caspian, Mich.): We had difficulty burn her finger, you will give her any in training men to report accidents, but alter we gave a man a three-day layoff, little trinket? Do yon promise your chil dren that if they come home from school we didn't have any more trouble. We do without getting hurt you will buy them give awards, however. We used dgars a lollipop? You haven't got your work far s long time, but now have an accumu ing program with your family, and you lated credit system. If a department goes don't think it is necessary, becansa you a month, without a lost tjpw accident, we suspect that being hurt la very much like credit each tnin with 25 tfents. Alter the virtue it baa ha own reward. ' second month this 'h increased to* 30 cents a month, and by the end of a year a man builda up aprisqiund of about " Teach the man in the plant that U is Ms ayes, and .Ms toes; but provide him SJ.50. By baying wholesale we can giv$ him a reward of something worth about $7. \J Now, you can laugh at cigars, but we gave candy, cigarettes, cigars, and then with fha necessary devices. Maka It easy for him to buy safety shoes. Show him that it is for his own protection, and that safety, or the lack dflnjury, has its own reward. . we twitched over'to this accumuUted Chairmen Boolet: Jim Eaton, here, credit system, an'd it works.. Discipline gives away safety shoes. Will you tell has to be accompanied with- some sort of us why you do it, and whether it works? contest. We couldn't teach men first-aid James P. Eaton (General Electric, until wc had first-aid contests. This stim Schenectady): I think the plan was sug ulated their interest enough to -make them gested by the men thefnselves. a group seek an education; if you can get a man in the plant If tney go six months with interested in safety, he will seek his edu out an accident, their name is put in a cation. but of course you hare to have hat *nd they get a pair of safety shoes Maintaining'Interest in-Safety ^ 113 free. I_ don't know how many accidents we h*ve prevented. bat it is creating a lot of interest . _ Mr. J. L. Schaeffer (National Cash Reg ister Co. Dayton, Ohio): One. way to maipuin interest is to investigate every accident/ minor of otherwise, and discuss "Don't have a lost time accident in your department." He wilt say, "But what shall I do about this?" We say it is up to him to figure it out. He calls his men in and says, "Men, we are not going to have a lost tone accident" He works with those men it with, the injured and with the men personally, and after all, safety is a per closely associated' with him. That has a sonal, problem. . psychological effect on .the whole depart When you get your foreman working ment It shows that the foreman, super with individual workers in his department, visor, or the leaders of that department you will soon eliminate accidents. are interested in the man's welfare and We have in each department a fore that where anything can be done to pre man's-safety record, hsinging on a bul vent some other workman from having letin board. If he has a dear record for a similar accident, it will be done. the month, we send him a gold star, and G. A. Cooper (Public Service Electric he gets his men together, and up goes & Gas Co., Newark): What about the the star. If he has a lost time accident "white elephant `` contest1* in which * the he puts up a red star together with the management provides a white elephant man-hours of exposure, and his standing and the foreman with the worst record in comparison with other departments. for the previous month is obliged to keep H. E. Henset (Youngstown Sheet & the elephant on his desk and explain to Tube):.- If you want your men to be in all inquirers why it is there. Chairman Boulet: We have a white elephant in our company. Our company won national honors in the Public Utili ties section for three or four years, and then we had a let-down. . We decided our supervisory force was at fault -We started this contest on June 30, and we have not had a tost time acci dent since then. For the first time in the last three years we have gone more than 30 days without a lost time accident I give the elephant some of the .credit It is just a means to the eo la'itself it doesn't mean a thing, but ndbody wants it and everybody la on his-toes. Let os see bands. This la a debatable question. This disciplinary action, and we will havt the vote. :- ` Somebody wants a vote here, so I am willing. How many favor disciplinary ac terested in your accident prevention pro gram, give them a part in it* .Sg&Ql of our ioremen developed this In the semi-monthly me men, they appoint a man to talk on safety at the next gathering. When those fellows dig up facts on ac cident prevention, talk and think a^out hazards of their department they (can't very well go back into the department and commit unsafe practices. Chairman Boulet: I think that is a hundred per cent right . R.. B. Robinson'(Washburn Crosby Company): The only man who can do die work safety .Is the man doing the job; but the foreman must help turn. We have used that (prindplclor the last three years, getting the man himself to take part In our program with the help df the foreman, and you.-woold.be surprised at the .practical. Ideas that will come from tion where It Is needed? thoik -men. ' How many say no? v* Mr. Kinner (Accident Prevention As Well, here Is a-man that says no. He sociation of Ontario): I want to give wants to talk again. another slant on this disciplinary thing. Mr. Hanley. (Perfect Circle Company): Some years ago I investigated a fatality Regarding discipline and protective equip on a construction job. The victim had ment--we have no right to go into a been riding on the foot board of an en mao's pocketbook, even though it is a gine, and the engine jumped the track. .1 protection to himself, and take the wages The.pian died from loss of blood and thal belong to him and his family. There shock. .' is another approach to this disciplinary The foreman said "I warned him every action that is much more effective. . day for a week not to ride on the foot In our plant' each foreman is told. board of the engine." 114 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress I Mid. "If you had fired him the sec ond day you caught him.doing that"-- __ " Yes." he said "he would probably be slie today.* . G V. Davison (American Rolling Mill Co, Middleton, Ohio) : During the past few~months we have taken on a lot of new" men, fellows who have-, been out of 1 said. "I don't know whether he would work, or who have been out of school for or would not. but at least your skirts possibly five or six years and have never would have been dean of any possibility worked before. Sometimes these boys of being blamed for his death.". get into trouble. I have found that in There is another' point regarding dis stead of using discipline it is better to ciplinary action. In Ontario we don't talk to them like a Dutch uncle. pay compensation until a man has been nil for seven dajCtnd we had one firm with an ezceedingly/large number of one- week accidents. At the end of the sev enth day all the men were ready to gome hack to work. The boss, peeved at thi: aid. "For every man that loses through an accident that is his own faul I am going to deduct 5 cents'-an from his wages for the same number hours that he loses ' through the acci dent.* > r i At the end of the next year he had taken IS cents off his workmen's wages. Regarding the proper' method of ap proach to inspire interest. 1 would sug gest the setting of a good example. Mr. Kuechenmeister has a rule that the presi dent of the company can not come into the plint unless he wears goggles like the rest of the men, and^that inspires in terest in his workmen. Chairman Boulet: What is the respon sibility of the safety department, the management and the foremen, in stimulat ing interest in the program? E. J. Kreh (Philadelphia Co, Pittsfgh): I think responsibility begins the management. It is necessary fo get tfte'support of the executive ork through him to get the support the supervisors, and down through them to the men. ` J. P. Watson (Bureau of Indian Af fairs): The fact that an organization has a safety engineer is evidence that there is executive'interest in safety. It ia not the responsibility of management to direct tbe safety engineer. He was hired on the assumption that he, knew his business. If .he has the correct application and interpretation of the statistics in hand, then the interest on the part of other de partments will be self-evident They will Mr. Braatz: I wonder how many of ze the value -of what he is trying you men ever asked your foremen what the results will be, I think, they want to do about discipline? Our at remuneration. .--s safety committee, composed oilmen in the ranks, set their own safety rules, and they follow them. *' Mr. Boaaib: I think the functJon-oT the safety engineer and the; safety man ia to act as a mainspring, 'to keep the David Snell (Kimball Glass, Vineland. thing moving. I don't think it Is possible N*. J.): I disagree with the thought that for any safety man to go hi and tell a 75 per cent of the smOriD obey rules man what to-do, bat he should be the and be safe and that the other 25 per cent, means of getting that employee to do for some reason, need discipline. The lat what he should do--and to get the em ter arc intelligent enough to do their ployee to see that the things that cause work, and ecrtainiy^ntelligent enough to accidents are exactly the things that be safe. It ia up to the men above them cause high production costs, waste, and. to take the responsibility. . inefficiency. Mr. \V. H. Hasam:Qf a man makes a The sooner we safety men stop talking recommendation, regarding a hazard, see safety and talk efficiency and cost, the that it is followed as quickly as possible. sooner we will get safety. That shows your interest in his ideas, The trouble is that the safety man is and he then takes a greater interest In his thinking only cf how he can prevent ac work. In discipline I believe we should be cidents, and he forgets about the fact tolerant. If a man'break* the rules, talk . that the plant is trying to make dividends. to him about it and reason -^with him; if If a guard interferes with production, U he continues to commit the crime, use is going to be taken off; it b up to the your disciplinary measures. safety man to work with the productior Cl ' Maintaining Interest in Safety 115 man and ace that a guard ia designed so situation, but everyone, seems to agree that it helps production rather than hin that management must first be sold. ders it. That Is simply a technical mat It doesn't make any difference what the ter that can be. irarked oat Some of the safety director or the foreman is--man guards these saflty men design are ridic agement a 100 per cent responsible for ulous, and .1 thidit that that is what has every accident that ...occurs. Until the hurt the safety movement--the failure of management in our organization, eeuug- the safety man to realize that the produc nized that fact, we got nowhere.----- tion has got to go on. . Chairman Boulet: Let us go to the I want fto repeat--the same thing that foreman. . ' . causes accidents causes inefficiency. ... Chairman Boulet: I suppose we'might sum `that' up by saying that the job of -the safety department is to act fn an ad visory capacity.' . A. Girnbc! (General Electric Co.): If a man is to be disciplined, .have you ever had your foreman say'this: "If I send that man home, we are penalizing ourselves; we need the lob." . . From the floor: Send the man home. You are driving for safety. If you get sentimental, and he gets hurt, then it is your responsibility. v P. H, Sxnyille (Philadelphia Electric Cbkj: I wgsfuntil about a year ago, gen eral iWetoretnan. My conception of safety was that it was entirely my job to sell it to the foremen and the linemen and the ground hands. That was in conjunc tion with the safety department. It.was., necessary that the safety de partment act as a clearing house for me. I had to get my facts from them. Still, I believe that the foreman is the only man who can carry safety through to those below him; _ Mr. FUmer: . I wish this matter of Chairman Boulet: You think after one or two penalties you won't have the trouble again, and that an accident will stop production, too. Suppose the foreman is responsible for an accident? -" .. From the Floor: Any time that there ' . management were us ample as has been represented.' I Wonder If we.have enough sympathy for the position of manage ment? The same men* who are resoonsiblc for safety at the top are>alsojrespnosible for production, for satisfying customers, for satisfying stockholders, . is an accident in a department, we com pel the foreman to wear a big yellow but for satisfying everybody, and they have to play all those.things together. ton for the following week. - We hold the We must look to them for the estab foreman strictly responsible for every ac lishment of a policy Which they ate able cident in his department. . ' to fulfill. > We must take safkty out of I. A. Brinkman (Macintoah-Hemphill the abstract and put it into the concrete Ok Pittsburgh)-: The president of our and say, "W.e know that sometimes the company issued an order that if any man budget, .will not permit the'purchase of had an accident which goggles or safety this or that or permit certain work to be shoes would have prevented, that man done, but we don't want to stall on it" would lose bta job, and the foreman would The attitude of taanagement a not un get a week off without pay. derstood by the man on the' floor. The One fellow took the lenses out of ha superintendent may not. Want to add to goggle frames and lost his eye. He lost his month's costs something that ought his job, and the foreman got the week off to be done. And the man on the floor is without pay. We haven't bad an acci going- to say, "You talk to die about dent to rt'tye hr a foot^sincc. . safety; why don'-t you .-have that taken Chaii ituilk Boulet: 'wwi .get down care ofP* *; ' to the responsibility of/the vnanagement Management's responsibility is to keep Mr. Wurten (BayukLCigal Co.) I am - the man on the floor, in sympathy, and a manager. Our planVjus gone about (our and a half million man-hours this year without a lost time accident. I have heard varying opinions here that the foreman Is the crux of the situation, or that the safety director is the crux of the management needs to be in sympathy with the outran the floor. . Mr. WJt&r When yon produce some thing that you think ia going to help stimulatQhe safety program, remember that -it moot an all-time stimulator. Bc- 6' o 116 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress (ore long you .have t.0 think of some thing eUe to maintain the interest of the men. Mr. Bonjib: - Remember that every* thing that we do a a result of two great principles, pride and fear. Fear-gets re sults, in the way of discipline, but pride is the greatest instinct man has. Lie awake at night thinking of bow you can do your work better, and you will think of things that will appeal to the em ployees' pride. Pay attention to statis tics, but use them correctly. Get statis tics along lines that will show you where the trouble is, and what causes it With such statistics you can stimulate the competitive instinct because deep down in his heart every man honestly be lieves he is just as good as somebody else, and he wants to show it Chairman Boulet: The meeting is ad journed. ADJOURNMENT o. .1 Occupational Diseases FMDAY MORNING SESSION . October 9, 1936 The session was called to order by the ahd Chiefburgeon, (Chicago Rapid Transit , chairman. Dr. Hart E. Fuher, Vice-Presi- Co, Chicago, who presided, introducing dent for Health, National Safety Council, the speaket*. The Lesser Known Facts About Common Occupational Diseases .. By DR. ROBERT B. HUNT Medical Advisor, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co, Boston Probably the leader in the parade of All cases of dermatitis cannot be cured industrial diseases is an acute or chronic by eliminating offending foods, but fur ^inflammation of the skin which we call ther investigation along these lines may dermatitis* 'This disease may present it* give us a clue .with which to lessen the "'self jn any type of'shop, factory or foun loss of time from work and the discom dry... Any paste, ,powd,er, gas or liquid fort now produced by industrial derma which cornea in ^contact with the em titis. . ployee's skin, even the water supplied by, the town in which he lives or works, may" be the potential cause of such a skin Lead ' tfetals ^ disturbance. . The distribution of - lead poisoning is The- wide diversity of causes together quite extensive. r with the varying susceptibility of differ The skin of the body is a protective ent individuals makes the problem of covering, and as long as it remains in control difficult. tact it does a good job-accept in the case Much investigation is under way to of tetraethyl lead, which is used in blend determine why one person may be sus ing gasoline and which is readily absorbed . ceptible to a certain snbstance while an through the skin, having a tendency to other is not- It has been proved many create changes in the nervous system. times that a poisonous substance formed, The effect of other fonqy of lead, through within the body has been able to prolong that avenue - of entrance, is practically the action started by some external influ nil, which explains the extremely low ence. A printer developed' a' marked poisoning rate in typesetters, 'painters and dermatitis from -ink which persisted for others who continually come in contact two years. Finally food tests-were made with metallic lead. * . and showed that he was susceptible to Lead in any form? introduced through lettuce, which, when removed from his the mouth, sets rather slowly when com -diet eicared the skin* He returned to his pared with the inhalation of lead dust or usual occupation without a return of fumes.- However, no matter what the symptoms. portal of entry may be, lead is acted - 'The polipy^t^nf allergic substances is upon by the body finids and so converted usually aifae^qitAtive process. It takes that it may eventually be-deposited with time to manifestation of dia- in the bones. ' cass, but let any other subsUnce cause Those bony safe ` deposit vaults may 1 the disease, and the Irritating'food may retain their lead contents for da^i or for be of sufficient strength to magnify its years, and if the exposure is removed, action. may also free the employee of all signs 117 118 - ' Twenty-fifth NdZumai-afly-*ongress ing. ^bt and symptoms of lead poisoning, imagine the surprise of that supposedly cared person when yearo^later, perhaps following some type opfnfectious disease or the excessive oee'of alcoholic bever- sen. he awakes to find that he suffers the aches and pains and paralyses of an acute lead poisoning. As the body fluids alter lead that it may be deposited, to may those fluids attempt to de-lcad the body, and too rapid absorption may pro duce the original disease with all its dis comforts. , One can readily see, then, that in some cases investigation of previous occupa tions is quite necessary to determine the original contact with lead. Heating of molten lead causes a black scum of lead tuboxide to form on. its sur face. and the heat from the metal dis burses the fine powder into-, the air. Hence, in the process of. smelting ores such as zinc, copper and silver, mixed with lead, we find a rather high lead poisoning rate. - Those engaged in the manufacture o! 'nose and mouth. The smaller the dust (the size of smoke particles for example) the greater the speed of absorption by the blood. Fumes from hot meuls carry not only poisons but numerous minute dust particles. This explains the inca pacities occurring among those engaged in . acetylene and electric cutting and welding. When men are so employed over a prolonged period of time, the constant inhalation of fumes and dust might produce symptoms of the metal upon which they work. In the ship building trade, particularly in the con struction of metal ships, we find occa sional cases of metal-fume fever. "Brass chills" and "spelter shakes" from zinc are names applied by the lay people to such diseases. The terrific heat ap plied to some of our common metals and alloys by acetylene torches produces suf ficient fumes to cause a temporary inca pacity in 24 hours. Permanent disability from such causes is rare, however. Diseases Dim to Dust lead wire and cables, batteries, glass, pottery and rubber Industries, plumbers /btHkosers of dry colors offer their share \ of l^d poisoning. Twenty-five per cent of ell workers exposed to high concentrations of inor ganic dust are expected to develop changes within their lungs due to thst '' J*robab1y the greatest source of lead poisoning may be found among those who sandpaper, scrape, chip or burn lead paint, (or thyjlust and fumes caused by those activities) are rather rapid in their action. Such workers may become in capacitated in a few days because the* inhalation of lead dust caused the maxi mum amount of absorption into the. blood stream in the minimumvspace of time. agency. We are at a lots to explain why the other seventy-five per cent are not so affected. Miningy. quarrying, foundry work, grinding, ^ sandblasting, abrasive soap manufacturing, asbestos work, the mak ing of emery and carborundum products and many other occupations offer, op portunities'for employees to inhale mk' roscopic dust particles and create a foun Chromium ' Chromium b ajnctal widely used as a foundation for dolors, and dusts from its various salts may .produce lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the nose. Chromium plating by electrolysis may cause fumes which are similarly irritat- iflgT^Although chromium poisbning; docs nbt usually cause death, the number of days/of absence from work on account of-Incapacity which it causes is gradu ally increasing. . dation for possible future incapacity. We are interested particularly in those men who work with sandstone, quarts. Hint, granite, and sand, because they ex pose themselves to silica, and the chem ical changes between that dust and the body `fluids, in the presence of tubercu losis, may and usually do lead to a fatal ending. It it safe to say. in light of our present knowledge, that the action of other in organic dusts is much less virulent and incapacitating.* That, however, dobs not Other Metala *' . .. The most efficient portals of entry of foreign substances into the body are the allow us to lower the vigilant methods to improve dust control and protect em ployees, because all dusty occupations are potential trouble makers. OccupaiionqLDistaset 119 Although the actions dT}various' dusts differ within^ the body, the exposure to asbestos fibres, present in the wearing and grinding of ary asbestos material, offers another, tjrpe of dost which mar cause fatalities among workers.. . hemorrhages ate common; it may cause death. . The fumes from bensol are heavier then air and lie nearthe floor, which is tn im portant point in the engineering prob lem of. ventilation. The organic dusty from cotton^. siQc. "The members of the benzene group wool, tobacco, floor and similar sob* are absorbed through the skin, and more stances are practically harmless. Such case^ of poisoning are found when men dusts rarely reach the lungs. but may perspire' than when their bodies are cool cause irritation, of the windpipe and-' larg Probably the answer to that is that the er air tubes and result at the most in a fumes may-solidify as they cool and the mild bronchitis.. . ... powder may. scuta on the skin. The The factor which should be borne in sweat on the body may dissolve this mind, particularly .when dealing with dust so that It is more readily absorbed silicosis and ; asbestosis, relates to the. through the increased surface blood progression of such disease. When supply. changes occur within the lungs as a re sult of; the presence of such dusts, nature . Chlorinated Hydrocarbons forms scar tissue to heal such lesions but This group of petroleum derivatives may fail to stop when the job is'finished- has been known to science for years but As a result, the continuation of that heal* dtuing tije past decade its advance Into ing process may lead to such structural te industrial^field has been widely dis- changes within the lungs that partial or tributedrytd most important. Led by total incapacity may follow months or dazfeou tetrachloride and its chemically years after the employee has been re- ;^fissodated members, it has furnished in moved from his duty occupation. dustry with refrigerants for ice chests, excellent, solvents for rubber, wax. oil Benzols-Benzens and grease, thlnners for lacquers and a very fine household necessity for the re Benzol is a distillate of coal tar used moval of 'bpots from clothes. Hospitals extensively in industry. It is an essen have been using it more and more for tial ingredient ui the manufacture -of ex the removal of adhesive plaster. plosives. It is ai). excellent solvent for Due to .She noa-fiammabSity of car grease, oils and cements, and became of bon tetrachloride,' it is used in fire ex- that) property it is important in many -tinguishers. The rapid .evaporation pro pjuses of the rubber sad cleaning indus duces fan&s which may smother a small tries. In the manufacture of shoes ben-* blaze bat jyt must? not forget that ex sol msy be an Ingredient of the dressing cessive beat of the actaul fin may bring applied to the leather and of the cement about 'combustion sufficient to produce 'which fastens the heels and soles. Not such feiproducts as hydrochloric add and only in .the shoe trade but fat other phosgene gas. Like hs associated mem branches" of industry where employees ber, - chloroform^ it may produce sleep work with gummy, sticky material, the when inhaled by sa individual, sad only workers soon learn of the solvent sad l/35<Yf an ounce in a quart of air it cleansing action of this liquid and use it ' freely for that purpose upon themselves. The subsequent outbreak of skin af flictions may be the first indication of necessary to produce such action. That thought must he remembered when a large quantity of those liquid products is spilled , on the' floor, perhaps accidentally. such unauthorized use. Action should be' started at once before Benzol is extremely poisonous, enter the liquid gasifies, and employees should ing either through the nose or mouth or be notified to keep their beads ' up to .. absorbed through the skin. Its action avoid the low ceiling q| gal^>- . C within the body is' varied and.may pro Chemists hav& developed .'sod intro duce a multitude of signs and symptoms. . duced to Cindustry msay new products, The bone marrow becomes affected which th? basis of which b the chlorinated hy . in turn alters the character of the blobd; drocarbons. These derivatives of petro- 1 \ r !l l i l l !; 120 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress J*om distillation arc frequently combined others of the danger. Even if removed with those from coal tar to form valua- from the poisonous gas at that period, bl chemical combinations. They have the .damage actually done by the gas may been placed on the market to rapidly result in permanent physical damage. that medical science has bees unable to determine their physiological effect spoil Infection the health of man. We have known that some of these chemicals are capable of The skin is a protective covering of creating changes in the lieer. and only the body against infection and is ex recently in a city in Massachusetts one tremely efficient as long as it remains in nl these newer products caused the death tact. but allow it to be broken or punc nf two employees and a battle to retain tured, introduce bacteria, and a battle life among two others. ensues between the offensive agencies of -- vinfection and the defensive powers of the Carbon Monoxide \/iTbdy. The winning of such a struggle Vmiy determine the presence or absence of You remember the adage, "Where there is smoke, there is fire." We might add to that. "Where there is fire there is carbon monoxide.'* -. . This odorlessSbut poisonous gas may occur in any isdujtry or in any home, but the poorer the ventilation the better the chance of producing physical incapacity. Since the advent of. the motor, ear, whose exhaust pipe may pour forth as high as 6% of carbon moaoxide, we an all exposed to that gas, particularly crowded cities. The ordinary passenger car liberates about two cubic feet per minute, and one can readily estimate: the physical damage that. may be* done if such a motor is allowed to run within the doors of a poorly ventilated garage or shop. Fortunately, serious cases of such poisoning an not .common among those employed in public garages,'hut many of those employees an Hkely to complain of headache and faintness at the end of a day's work, espcdaSy fas colder weather when doors awl windows remain dosed. In the steel industry, where gas Is used as the hearing agency in the blast fur naces, can must be used to provide proper ventilation. Within the' mines, workers an warned to allow enough time incapacity. Infections are common throughout industry, but two types are particularly prominent --infection result ing from anthrax and infection among nfeat packers and fishermen. Many of our fur, hair or wool-covered animals may contract anthrax. The germs of that discasp defy the ordinary methods of sterilisation and may linger on hides, bristles or hairs for long periods of time. Tanners, wool sorters, and hair or bristle workers may introduce the anthrax spore beneath their sldn and undergo much physical suffering and sometimes death. Infections are frequently found among meat and fish packers and those engaged in deep sea fishing. Although death rarely occurs, the loss of fingers, hands and nasty septic wounds are the resplt Punctured wounds, cuts, abrasions, burns and scratches are potential avenues of entrance for bacteria which would seem to be waiting everywhere at alt times for such a break in the skin. Early medical treatment might often save later surgical interference, not to mention the 'accompanying discomfort, incapacity and perhaps the loss of an essential body part. Summary following blasts for the escape of this I feel that the time has come when an tu ` employer must demand of a manufacturer Being a colorless, odorless and taste the answers to two questions: less gas, quick of actios within the hu 1. How will your product affect my man body, the manifestation of the very business? first symptom may be too late to save a 2. How will your product affect the workman from partial or total incapacity health of my employees? ' or perhaps death. That employer is entitled to honest Becahse the exposed person suffers answers based upon sufficient chemical first from motor paralysis, he may be and physiological examinations of the unable to help himself, ^r even to wars questionable product. That manufacturer \ . Occupational Dictates 121 shou!^ be held responsible for the .ill*prodaded by. the ose df his product end' unless he can. guarantee its safety, it has no place in industry. - Too many .lives have been lost or] jeopardized by too little knowledge of a. product's action upon those who handle it. The incidence of lost time due to ill ness and--ibmrX in industry has been greatly lessededjby the - many agencies working along lines'- of safety. When in dustry has been made fool-proof by the substitution of non-toxic preparations for those now found to be harmful, and when eafh employee is imbued with the idea that constant thoughtfulness and care are most necessary for the maintenance of health and happiness, then, and not un til that idealistic stage has been reached may vigilance and perseverance to main tain and preserve health, limb and life be lessened. Pre-Employment Examination as an Aid to the Control of Industrial Diseases _i . * o By' DR. W> . C. TEMPLBf R Medical Director, Coming Glass Works, Coming, N. Y. \ We may well ask whether or not phy death rate due to tuberculosis. In fact sical examination is of any value to the in. the treatment of all epidemic-type world at Urge, rather than limit the- dis diseases that have so far been eradicated, cussion to the control of industrial* di the examination of patients to .determine seases. la the conservation of life and the severity of symptoms and the im health much progress has been made in provement has. been of foremost value. the eradication or control of such diseases Knowing that the avenge span of life as occur in epidemic form, as well as has been increased eight years in the last that .type of disease which is not truly quartern-century and assuming that the epidemic, but occurs in such frequency above mentioned factors have had tome that general health programs are neces bearing on it, coaid w decry the value sary. Much has been done to control of physical examinations for the general such disabling illnesses as heart disease, population? -0 . ^ arterio-sclerosis .kidney disease and dia- . If we know that examinations made by betes; and something has been accom insurance companfts and their associating plished in the control of morbidity, which wmlnfaig Institutions, the. clinics run by tends to, at least, make people happier the United Staten Public Health Service, through good health, even though an In and & great mass of physicians,, who sll creased spaa of life is not gained. carefully examine their clientele, have Physical eraruination has played a large ' role hi accomplishing these things, be cause it was throogh physical examination and physical observations that investiga tors were led to'exert themselves to find s remedy for the cause of sach condi tions. Small-pox is no ldoger prevalent, been of value in the control of disease, may. we not assume that examinations' tn industry will help control the incidence and extent of industrial disease, particu larly when the life .expectancy of 'in- dp^trial, workers is less than that of the general population? * . due to such observations, which led to In {act on April 14, 1936, at the Na its control by vaccination. Malaria and tional Conference on Silicosis and Similar yellow fever have been brought largely Dost Diseases, called by the Secretary of under control, and knowledge, is now Labor, Dr. R. R. Sayers of the United available in the control of venereal di States Public. Health Service said, "Pre 1 seases, if the proper phyticsl examination liminary. and periodic physical and roent- and laboratory methods ire used to arrive genological examination should be made at a diagnosis. We are all familiar with of aB employees engaged in industrial the results obtained in decreasing the processes where there is s ' potential if Safety Equipment 143 They should never be patched hap* hazardly and tamed back into service, ladders needing repair should be tagged and tamed ovenrto, the foreman, who should detemior-uHetbtf^llKjr 'tna be repaired. If be decides fa^njfc'iyjTpbs- sible, he should turn the1 fcfflder over -to the maintenance department. -1 ' A What should be the angle of a lad* der leaning against the wall? ' In general practice the ladder should stand one-quarter of its own length away from the walL . 4. Is it possible to use steel scaffolding for temporary work? Yes. This type of scaffolding is easily erected and can be placed on rollers and easily moved about. 5. In purchasing a ladder how can. it be determined whether the tenons project far enough into.-the side'rails to give a firm footing? There is no type of inspection that will determine this. The only way one can be sure the tenons are firmly imbedded is to purchase a quality ladder. . 6. Is the airplane cable or the solid steel bar the best form of re-enforcement in a ladder? The solid steel bar. It gives the firmest and most dependable support. Cable re enforcement is now practically obsolete. Unusual Developments in Leg Protection By B. L. WHZBLER - Chicago o In times of serious illness one always greatest number of them lave been used obtains the services of the best doctor in recent years, the most unusual and available, buys the best medicine procure- varied development in leg protection has ble, from a reliable source. Is there any been centered on what are commonly reason why protective apparel should be called "foundry leggings." cy regarded differently? Is not the preven - The first leggings I. knowr anything tive as important as the cure? about consisted of bag-like tubes that Part of the time almost any kind of hung from the waist or from the knee protective apparel is pood enough, but and ..were made from anything that when the emergency arises, when real wouldn't explode upon coming in contact protection is needed, then is the time your with molten metaL Early it was discov - men should be provided with the best pro ered that chrome leather was a good heat tection obtainable. 'If protective apparel mister and gradually asbestos doth was does not protect against the extreme haz woven into a more nscable, pliable fabric, ard. it Is absolutely worthless. Your men with fire-proofed duck' used in some in may complain that certain apparel is a bit stances.' These three matcriab are still cumbersome, a.:bH uncomfortable, but aO- chiefly used* with chrome leather leading. aeddent is a thousand times more un - With more or less ftpbSuatioh of bask comfortably and usually results in loss materials, 'improvement in design came in of time, plus untold suffering. To., be safe for prompt, attention. Leggings with snap it must be sturdily made, though it may buttons and straps werev-pnt on the mar not be 100 per cent comfortable; bat ket, an^ arctic hackles were also nsed complete working comfort without maxi ss a means of fastening. The knee length mum protection b a compromise that legging rabidly became the most popnbr does not make for safety. style. It b-a prime requisite that such There b* now available standard' kg a legging shall b^ so constructed that it protection that will safely meet every will afford protection from the knee down normal hazard hi industry, and farther- to, and induding, the foot, dts `-design more, it b possible to have made specbl should be* comfortable, but comfort should products for specific hazards of almost' not be sacrified for safety. It should be any nature. . fnlty and quickly adjustable and instantly Possibly because of the fact that the removable. .. ' 144 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress With these fundamentals in mind vari- made entirely of heavy fibre with or with* nut kind* of spring knee .Urging* were oat metal flares as the hazard demands, (rested--one of the first great improve* . Steel studded chrome leather is also used mem* in legging construction. However, in some cases. There are styles made from in some esses there seemed to.be justi chrome leather reinforced with flexible fied complsints about the circular springs reeds backed up by felt to act as a shock getting too hot for comfort and so the absorber. A most interesting anti-rattle manufacturers promptly eliminated this by snake legging is made in a sort of spring covering the springs or insulating them. knee type, using fibre as a base and cover Spring knee leggings still are preferred ing it with water-proofed duck as a fur !>y some and will undoubtedly'be used for ther protection while walking through long many years to come. . ' wet grass. But we find many new so-called spring- Pure grain rubber mounted over, light Irt* types of leggings appearing .-in the leather has been successfully used as leg held. We also find that the old stunt of and foot protection against sand blast wrapping legs in wet burlap is almost ex shot. Hip length leggings, while used in tinct. thanks to the efforts of safety men. -.lesser numbers, are still standard equip Subsequently the springleis type of leg ging farther combined safety and comfort The popular appeal 4,of this type was chiefly its greater comfort and finer ad justability. Every conceivable land of ' ment in, foundries where protection is needed from the hip down. They range in style from regular pant leg shapes to extensions put on spring knee or spring less type leggings/'hnd are made from fastener is heft used to insure ease of putting on and to assure quick removal. Entirely new fasteners have been devel oped and use has also been made of already existing types. ? ' asbestos. cloth, fireproofed duck, and jleather. A combination of chrome leather bottom with an attachable asbestos top has proved a very desirable style from both a safety and an `economical stand point Here again, as in the knee type, Individual features carlfy their appeal to safety, comfort adjustability, ease of put- safety men. but all recognized types of rating on and talcing off are important leggings on the market todO are nfufch factors. Of course, almost any of these more comfortable and safe than those of styles of leggings is adaptable for other a lew years back. uses, especially when sparks, molten metal I.eg protection against acid splashes or severe .-heat are encountered. call* for not nearly so many styles of In rather rare instances light leggings leggings but is adequately covered. The or spats have been used with more or tn*et of leggings and'spats that protect less success for leg and foot protection against cuts, bruises, and similar injuries for women. ' are many and. varied- Some are made Proper protective apparel win speed up from a heavy leather base covered with production, prill keep men on the job, metal reinforcing strips, properly placed will leeep them-happy, and will increase in give the needed protection. Others'are profits. ' <i rv.\ The following questions were brought out in the discussion: -1 2 1. Do spats give as good leg protection as leggings? .. No. 2. Why are spats worn at all? They are used when workmen have an aversion to leggings or when only low splashes of hot material are expected. In the latter case, however, the workman wearing spats is taking a gamble, because, by the law of averages, the hot splashes may not always be low. J. What material ia the best heat re sister? Asbestos gives the best protection from severe beat, but this material will not stand wfcar and friction at well as some other materials. r- Safety Equipment 145 Respiratory Protective Equipment for Use Against Dusts, Fumes and'Gases . By PHILIP DRINKER ` Boston^.Mam: There appears to be some confusion as/ to the distinction between * dusts, fanes, vapors, mists, and gases, with the result that respiratory equipment for pro* tection against them occasionally is wrongly applied. The respirator manu facturers have many examples of such and one can see large plants for recover ing lead fume--a dry powder. Obvio ly. one does not want the tame kind of respiratory equipment for two such dif ferent substances yet the customer often asks for' a respirator to protect sgsin*t fumes. misunderstandings and often are blamed - Lead fume happens to be very difficult for errors which result solely from con to filter- out so that the ordinary respir fusion in nomenclature.. ator which catches dust particles may lie Dusts include all types , of dry earthy inadequate against lead fume. The arid particles .small enqugh to be blown -about? fumes, containing both liquid particles by ordinary'air currents. Dust?suspen and gas, require a filter to catch the drop sions may be generated as the result of lets and a gas absorbsnt to catch the a" grinding, blasting, or comfninuting pro gaseous constituent. Therefore, it usu cess; or they may result from the han ally happens that the respirator manufac dling of finely divided materials as in turer, in self protertioo^advises the cut* mixing processes/ in sweeping, or the tocner to use an air-supplied or air-line blowing about;of wood fiour. plant pol respirator because he will then be ade lens, or common road dust; There is no quately protected whether the fume it of chemical limitation implied by the term solid^particles, like lead, or a liquid and "dust** while the range in size oj[ dust gas mixture. If the customer stated ex particles extends from the sub-microscop actly what the suspension consisted of or ic to small'-santf'gruns. Such materials told how it seas generated he might be can be caught very effectively by the able to use less expensive equipment. modern type of dust respirator. A vapor is a gas which can be con Fumes embrace two-definite kinds'-of verted into s liquid at ordinary tempera- atmospheric suspensions. It' is uafortu- Jures.and pressures. Thus, watd vapor is nate that such double-naming exists in 'a common constituent of the sjr .spd is the trade but one had best admit the fact. contained {u concentrations whfeh' vary Thus, lead fume" is u very, old-'txra with . atmospheric conditions. Respira used to describe the visible dark grey tory protective equipment ia used against suspension ..which evolves , from'- lead low concentrations of a great -many va- Sheated to high temperatures: The ma terial in soch suspensions is mostly tiny rs arising from common' organic solvts such as benzol. Many such sub particles of lead (aiad lead oxide), much stances isre absorbed by activated char smaller in size than those of the average coal as in fas masks. There is a. smalt dost with some lead in the gaseous etate. "cartridge type respirator in which the OWhen such a mixture is cooled down td partridge is filled with activated charcoal the point where it can be breathed the? for absorbing s vapor .such as bento! or contaminant is then the lead particles ~wit`hL s"oJd"a-*l*ime 'for absorbing an ad!dJ gas alone without any gaseous lead. such as carbon, dioxide. Because these . The word "fume" is also used to de scribe the mixture of gas and mist which may come from a bath of hot nitric add, for example. None of the material in the suspension is dry--it is all ih the form small cartridges contsiif' comparatively little--of the absorbant their use is lim bed* to very .low concentrations. They should not be used for emergency rescue work. of a true mist (liquid droplets) or as a gas, yet it may have a thlclc brownish col or. One buys fuming tulfqric add (a liquid) from any chemical supply house A mist consists of a suspension of li quid droplets together with the gas. from which the droplets condensed. The com monest example is atmospheric fog. 146 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Droplet* of miat ore necessarily micro* tectivc equipment which catches gases al copfc la *ite or they would not remain ways consists in some- chemical agent In suspension. As soon as several drop* which either absorbs the gas or converts lets collide and form a large drop the II* it.into some other substance which can quid settles out. Therefore, It is possi* be.absorbed. Because one can rarely be hie to dispel a true mist very readily by sure of the gas concentration to be en simnly stirring up the air--ventilation or countered it is common practice in ex dilation is unnecessary. ploring man boles, for instance, to use Mist droplets can be filtered out by or* dinary dust respirators--that'ia, the vtai* hie portion of a fog la easily removed by filtration--but the gaseousJ constituent may pass through the filter. If the mist devices supplied with air or oxygen in order that the wearer may be safe, re gardless of the conditions he finds. The gas mask, however, and its outgrowth, the chemical cartridge respirator have a happens to be corrosive to fabrics the re* definite place in Industry and are in wide sultant affect upon a dost respirator ip use today. - bad. Paint spraying generates a mist and a certain amount of vapor; Protec tion usually consists of an air-Hoe res pirator but it is not at all uncommon to. use cartridge respirators containing act!-' rated charcoal and a filter: . A gas contains no solid or liquid par ticles under ordinary atmospheric condi* tions. The filter units of any of the The U. S. Bureau of Mines has helped in the manufacture and use of respiratory protective equipment greatly by its issu ance of specifications for permissible equipment Their present schedules do not include the air-supplied respirators such as those used in paint spraying or sand blasting but both the Bureau and common makes- of respirators-Vare inef the American Standards Association will fective against gases. Respiratory pro- issue such specifications presently. - ** pm ' * Discussion following the address was based on these points: -,, 1. What protection is provided against a dangerous accumulation of air pressure in the ordinary fresh air hose mask? The helmet is not rigid. Air will leak nut long before a dangerous pressure ac cumulates. or a safety link, provided in some types of hose' mask, will blow out. 2. Would a protective mask approved for lead dusts filter out zinc oxide? Yes. However, almost any type of mask will filter out zinc oxide, since these particles are easily trapped. 3." Will the simple face mask filter out ordinary smoke or will it absorb it? It is impossible to answer such a ques tion. There are as many types of ordinary masks as there are ordinary dusts. A mask must-he purchased to fit a specific need... .This is not difficult, however, since aQ types are available. _ Glass Used (or the Protection of the Eyes Against Injurious " 5 . ., Radiation V By a: D. TILLYER Southbridge, Mass. . The effect of excess visible light on the number which gives good, immediately eye is immediately felt. If there is too comfortable vision and insist that this much, anyone except the sun gazers im- glass give protection against the invisible i mediately turns airay, closes the eyes or .. radiations. &eks some kind of relief. There is a . The effects of the ultra-violet and the tendency to use. too dark glasses in weld- - infra-red radiations art not as quickly .1 ing. inherited from the 'ays when even ; noticed as the visible. We cannot uy, the blackest glasses gave practically M " as we said for the visible, "jrct good im* protection from the insidious invisible mediately comfortable vision" because the radiations. A proper rule is, use a shade first noticed effect of the ultra-violet oc- American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section n" Officers 1935-36 Central Chairman--C..W. Suits, Standard Oil Gx (Ind.). Chic**, 111. Vice-Chairmenr-- C B. Boutxr, Wisconsin Public Service Corn, Milwaukee. Wis. D. L. Rorpt, Ocean Accident and Guaranty Corp, New Tork. N. Y. Secretary--W. Dcav Kura, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. Members at Large-- ._ Cyul Ainswokth, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. C B. Aun, Westinghouse Electric and'Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. ^ L BANASH. Consultuig. Enjineer, Chicago, 111.' W. Beat, United States Rubber Products, Inc, New York, N. Y: H. R. Bixlex, Unioa Carbide and. Carbon Carpi New York, N. Y. (Metropolian Chapter.) . W. F. Botnxn, J.'B. Stetson Co, Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter.) E. W. Buuais, E. D. Bullard Co, San Francisco, CaliL (San Francisco Chapter.) R. E. Dokovax, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, CaliL Rot M. Goowin, Philadelphia Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter.) *. , . . .. W. M. GaApp, National Bureau of Casualty4 Surety Underwriters, New York, N. Y. R. McA. Keowx, Industrial Commiuion of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Evxatrr F. Ktxo, Lever Brothers Co, Cambridge Mass. (Boston Chapter.) E. I. Kun, Philadelphia Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter.)' ' . -_ Tuomas E. Liciittoot, Koppers Coal Co, Pituburjh,-Pa. '" M: G. Lloyd, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C W. S. Paixe, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co, Hartford, Conn. Gc& F. PaussiNC. Union OtI,Company of California, Lot Angeles, Calif. . C E. Ralstok, Pittsburgh Plate Glsu Co, PitOburriL Pa? .. A. S. Rxcuia, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc, New York, N. Y. Joint Russzll, Ja. Public Service Electric 4 GasCa, Newark, N.'J. (Northern New g'OaSSTGeneral Electric Co, Schenectady, N. Y. ' ' H. S. SKTraTUnian Carbide and Carbon Corp^few -York, N^Y. R. C St*attow, The Travelers Insurance Co, Hartford, Conn. R. F: TuAura, Bakk Motor Company, Flint, Mkh. S. E. Wnmxc, Liberty Mutual-Insurance Co, Boston, Mass. .v Wiuiau P. Yakt, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. ... , Q .. Officers Elected for 1936-37 . Central Chairman--D. L. Roto. Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corn, New York, N. Y. 1 Vice-Chairmanm--`VC. BD., BUoUuVtUxr(T| wTTisMcWomIIMinU Public kSAeSrviince Cwvo.rrk*, Milwaukee, Wi,s. _ ... .) Vict-Chairman--R. E. Dokovax, Standard Oil Company of CaMonua,- San Franetsw, Calif. Secretary--W'. Dcax Klim, National Safety Council, Queago, I1L -J * Dcboiad. 191 Ttxrjttv-fifth National Safety Congress Stfmiteri / Large-- '. Crau. Ajnswoth. American Standard* Association. New York. N. Y.. C. B. Auou Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Ca, East Pittsourgh, Pa. I l. Baxami. Consulting Engineer, Chicagd, 'IIL " K. \\\ Hscic. United States Rubber Products, Inc, New York. N. Y. -- II. R. Hixlu. Union Carbide and Carbon Corp, New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan . Chapter) __ ' ) K. \V. Bl'llau. K. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco. Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) If. F. Gnjurr, American Cyanamid Co, Linden. N. J. (New Jersey Chapter) Kov If. Goowix. Philadelphia Electric Co, Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) W. M. Gaarr. National Bureau of Caslnlty & Surety Underwriters, New York, N. Y. If. J. Gaimrit. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter) .. R. McA. Kcowm, Industrial Commission of-Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. J. M. Kcssicax, United States Rubber RedaimingCo, Jnc, Buffalo. N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter) '` ` Emm F. King, Lever Brothers Co, Cambridge; Mass. (Boston Chapter) Thomas E. Licnrrar, The Koppers Coal Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. lanro. National Bureau of Standards. Washington, D. C : E. I. du Font de Nemours & Co,'Wilmington, Del. \V. S. Paint, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co, Hlrfford, Conn. Gm. F. Psusstxe. Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. C. F_ Ralston, Pittsburgh Plat<JClass Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. Regula. Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc, New York, N. Y. G. E. Sanfow, General Electric Co, Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. Smith. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. H. S. Smith. Union Carbide and Carbon Corp, New York. N. Y. R. C Stsatton. The Travelers Insurance Go, Hanford, Conn. K. F. Tiiauceb. Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. S. K. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Boston, Mass. William P. Yaxt, Mine Safety Appliances Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. o WEDNESDAY NOON SESSION October 7, 1936 The annual meeting of (he ASSE- ERgineeriog . Section of tha. National Safety Council followed a lunfcheon and convened with C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, general chair* man. presiding. All reports had been mimeographed, and copies were distrib uted at the luncheon. ' Dr. Francis F. Lucas, Member, Tech nical Staff; Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York City, and international au thority on microscbpy and photomicrogra phy, spoke on "Late Developments in Hugh Power and. Ultra Violet Micro scopy." The report of the nominating commit tee was presented by A. S. Regula, chair man. Other members of the committee were S. E. Whiting. R. F. Thalner, C. B. Auel, and Dr. M. G. Lloyd. The com mittee's list of officers, as elected, will be found elsewhere in this sectional rrcord. Other sessionsgpunsored by the ASSK- Engineering Section) included those on "Safety Hells."^Safety Training." "Eahaust Systems," "Safety Eichange Round Table." and (`Occupational Diseases." Reports of these sessions will be found elsewhere in the Transactions.  Automotive and Machine Shop O Section Officefsvl935-36 General Chairman--C T. WiNccXCoi(7<lcr Corporation. Detroit. Mich. yice-Chairman--UAtnit Hkidt. Bodd Wheel Co, Detroit. Mich. Secretary--M. A. Clabk, U. S. Rubber Products. Inc, Detroit, Mich. New Letter Editor--W. H. Fsatzx. Cadillac Motor Csr Co, Detroit. Midi. Engineering Committer Chairman--G. E. Saxfou, General Electric Co.. Schenectady. S'. Y. Health Committee Chairman--Da. A. I, Bsooxs. Fisher Body Detroit Div, General Motors Corp, Detroit, Mich. Membership Committee Chairman--I, R. Jumom, Timken Detroit Axle Co.. Detroit. Mich. Poster Committee Chairman--C W. Bisuor, Lycoming Manufacturing Co.. Williamsport. Program Committee Chairman--H. W. BotJLTOtOjfanv Corp. ol America. Detroit. Mich. Publicity Committee Chairman--Nelson H. KydQ^Bi&Studebaker Corp, South Bend, Ind. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. Janata. Seaman Body Co, Milwaukee Wit. Members at Large--'.. .. L. E. Avtsiu, Chicago Eye Shield' Co, Detroit, Mich. ' C M. Domna, Errere Copper and Brass, lac- Detroit, Mich. Hoyt L. Fsachia, Detroit Sled Products Co, Detroit, Mich. Meblx C Hale, General Motors Corp, Detroit Mich. M. J. McCaxthy, Fisher Body Corp, Detroit Mich.: . R. A. Shaw, Murray Corp. of Amoica, Detroit Mich. Caw. L. Sroecr, Delco Products Corn, Dayton. Ohio. R. F. Thalnea, Buick Motor Co, Flint Mich. . Officers Elected for 1936-37 :General Chairman M. A. Cl AW, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc, Detroit Midi. Vice-Chairman H. W. Boulton, Murray Corp. of America. 1 Mich. S-ecretary---W---.---H--.--F--katol C---a-d--i-lla"c"%Motor C-ar C-o, DetrooiittMM:ich. New Letter Editor--W. W. Janxxb, Seaman Body Corp, MBwaokee, Wit. Engineering Committee Chairman L. B. Looms, Teerransstteecdt 'M`anuf`acturing Dir, General Motors Corp, Detroit Mich. Health Committee Chairman Da. A. L. Bbooks, Fisher Body Detroit Dir, General Motors Corp, Detroit Mich.' ` f-~ ' , Membership Committee Chmrman-rC. W. Bisnor, Lycoming Manufacturing Co, WiBiams- Poster Committee Chairman--E Mabcnta-r. Motor Products Corp, Detroit, Mich. Program Committee Chairman--Vf. A. Bechiu, Chrysler Corp, Detroit Mich. . Publicity Committee Chairman--Paxil A. Dcmzic, Kelsey-Hajres Wheel Co, Detroit 1 v Statistics Committee Chairman--G. E. Sakpou, General Electric Co^ Schenec&dy. N.JY. Members at Large-- ' . L. EL Avewu, ChicagoEye Shield Co, Detroit Mich. '' . 197 6 Metals Section Officers 1935-36 GeneralChairman--H. W. Dam, Bethlehem Steel Ox, Johnstown, Pa. 'Vice-Chairman--A. Bmqoist, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Ox, East Chicago. Ind. Vice-Chairman--C U. Allcn, The American Rolling Mill Ox. Middletown, Ohio. Vice-Chainmm (In Charge of Health)--Dii. R. C Eiccn. Comgan-McKinney Div. Republic Steel Corp. Cleveland. Ohio. Secretary and New Letter Editor--R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp.. Kokomo. Ind. Contest Committee Chairman--Rosurr L. Schkztt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co. Louisville, Ky. < Engineering Committee Chairman--J.;"E. CuLLXNtr, Bethlehem Steel Co. Bethlehem, Pa. Foundry Committee Chairman--Iwin A. Buskxas, Mackintosh, Hemphill Co. Pitts burgh, Pa. " Membership Committee Chairman--Mat. E. Tsaxiuxu. Gulf Statee^Steel Co. Alabama City, Ala. Poster Committee Chairman--JL H. Ferguson. Republic Steel Corp. Geveland, Ohio. Program Committee Chairman--H. M. Ciociia.v, Inland Steel Co. East Chicago, Ind. Publicity'Committee fhairmam --C. W. Hakko, Pittsburgh Steel Co. Moncsscn, Pa. Railway Car Buildrri Committee Chairman--P. J. Bkanii, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp-. Pullman, Chicago, IIL * Slides and Safety Kinhs Committee Chairman--J. A. Oastzl, Carnegic-IUinois Steel Corp. Pittsburgh, Pa. . Statistics Committee Chairman--W. J. Iuland, Kohler Co. Kohler, Wis. Members at Large-- O F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co. Columbus, Ohio E. F. Blank, Jones & Llughlin Steel Conx. Pittsburgh. Pa. J. A. Coltsim, National Radiator Corn, Johnstown, Pa. ' G. A. Dam, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corpi, Chicago, m. ' M. W. Dvmsokz,-Beloit Iron Works Co. BeioitTYfis. . " " John P. Eta, Carofgic-ininoi* Steel Corp. JoUef, IIL W. T. Fomu, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. Youngstown, Ohia A. G Giaaoir, Spang, ChaTfant* Co, Inc. Phtsbafgh. Pa. ' O. F. HAam. Ammcu Car and Foundry Co, New York, N. Y. S. E. Hawker, MacWhyte Co. Kenosha, Wh. f * H. H. Hanar. Otis Steel Co. Cleveland. Ohia ., H. G Hnw, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. Chicpfo, I}). ' W. A. Jarvis, The Chase Companies, Waterbury. Conn. F. A. Lauuman, Republic Steel Corp. South Chicago, IIL . T. H. McKurmcr, Chicago. IIL D. V. Mkbaui. Interlake iron Corp. Chicago, IIL John O'Roubk, Bethlehem Steel Co. Sparrows PomL Md. , G E. Ralston. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Pittsburgh, Pa. Fiank Rows, Wheeling Steel Corp. Portsmouth, OMa Human Srouta. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. Evanston, IIL j. K. StArroao, Vllsiiitippl Valley Structural .Steel Co. Dcatur, IIL J. A.'Voss, Republic Steel Corp. Cleveland, Ohia .. ' " ^ .- ti j Cl J I I I II tI I I 300 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Officers Elected for 1936-37 (ieuerol Chairman- C. M. Alum, The American Rolling Mill Co, Middletown, O. I 'itt-Chairman--R. A. CiiAmx, Continental Steel Corp, Kokomo, Ind. Secretary and Nevrs Letter Editor--Mmll E. Tsammoj, Gulf States Steel Co., Alabama. City. Alt. Contest Committee Chairman--Room I.' Schmitt, l.ouitvlll Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co, Louisville. Ky. C- Engineering Committee Chairman--R. H. Fmcusox, Republic Steel Corp, Geveland, 0. Foundry Committee Chairman--lavtx A. Bbimxman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co, Pitts burgh Pa. ' Health Committee Chairman--Da. R. C Emcxl, Republic Steel Corp, Geveland, O. Membership Committee Chairman--H. J. GaimTtt, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp, Pitts burgh. Pa. ,, Potter Committee Chairman--H. H. Hkmxy, Otis Steel Co.. Geveland. Program Committee Chairman--G W. Ham go, Pittsburgh Steel Co, Monesscn. Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman, C E. Ralston. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. Raihcaj Car Buildert Committee Chairman--P. J. Bkamd, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp, Pullman, Chicago. . Slides and Safety Kintts Committee Chairman--J. A. Oabtel, Carnegie-Illlnois Steel Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. T. Filsiu. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co, Youngstown, Ohio. ( Stembert at Large--' ' F. G. Btxxcrr. The Buckeye Steel Castings Co, Columbus! O. R. A. Berea. Central Tube Co, Ambridg. Pa. C. A. Biaxchi. H. H. Robertson Co, Ambridge. Pa. E. F. Blaxk, Jones ft Laughlin Steel Cora, Pittsburgh, Pa. J. A. Colts]x. National Radiator Corp, Johnstown, Pa. C. S. Csaicmox, Beldea Manufacturing Co, Chicago. I1L H. M. CaocHAX, Inland Steel Co, East Chicago, Ind. J. E. CuLUxer, Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem. Pa. H. W. Data, Bethlehem Steel Co, Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Duxdobe, Beloit Iron Works Co, Beloit, Wis. R. T. Dra. Republic Steel Corp, Warren, O. John P. Ejs, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp, Joliet, 111. E. A. Ex Lis. Wheeling Steel Corp, Wheeling, W. Va. J. P. Gathdum, Great Lakes Steel Cora, Ecorse, Mich. A. C. Gtasox, Spang Chalfant Co, Inc, Pittsburgh, Pa. O. F. Haitey. American Car and Foundry Co, New York, N. Y. S. E. Hvrkzs, Macvrhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. H. G. Hmc. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co, Chicago, III. W. A. Jasvts. Chase Brass ft Copper Co, Waterbury. Conn. ' F. A. Laciucax, Republic Steel Corp, Chicago. III. T. H. McKxxxrr (retired), Carncgie-Illinois Steel Co, Chicago. 111. D. V. MsoAUx/Ioterlakc Iran Cora, Chicago. III. Jobk O'Soetg, Bethlehem Steel Co, Sparrows Point. Md. G & Pxnirrs. Revere Copper ft Brass, Inc, Rome. N. Y. - . FtAXg Rowe, Wheeling Steel Cora, Portsmouth. O. A. G ScBtnxz, Bocyt-us-Erie Co, So. Milwaukee. Wis. H. I- Srocadt, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co, East Chicago. Ind. E. J. Snaxza. Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem, Pa. J. A. Voss. Republic Steel Corp, Cleveland. O. * MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION t October S, 1936 The opening session was called to or Bethlehem Steel Co, Johnstown. Pa, der by General Chairman H. W. Dart. who presided. Chairman Darr welcomed I ' '< 312 Tiventy-fifth National Safety Congress i<> think. inability to dnw a personal lei- accident losses.--.The larger employer, as Irom the experience of others, over* .well, cannot afford to overlook the situa rimUencc and a desire to make food on tion--his losses, through waste of time, the job. These can only be overcome by money and materials, will seriously affect I tial rsrrfol and systematic handling/-on the his profits and hold . his company up to dar pan of the supervisor. His is the respon the public as a very inefficient organisa ent sibility of putting over to the worker the, tion. The ever increasing cost of com (Si .aiur and advantages resulting from a pensation insurance will undoubtedly be a per rloer observance of rigid safety inspec factor in forcing more consideration for of tions. ' - well organized safety work. Personally, bre Systematic Organised Safety Effort I emphasize the side of humanity above the dollar and am satisfied from long ex am .tail There should be little need fo make a perience that where humanity rules, the the (lea for more concerted action along this profits will be satisfactory. Where a real cie line. As safety men, we know how eas safety program is followed, without doubt ily the small employer could be put out efficiency and economy of the highest or so < >f holiness as the result of even a few der will also prevail. tioi POi hat rea cai tos The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes in Industry tin --- By H. B. HELLER Managing Director, Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc.; Head, Air Pollution Investigation, Mellon Institute of tndustrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. i Of: vi<J oft The problem divides itself naturally into ` ' CXarsificatioa of Dusts medical, preventive engineering apd legis , There are available different published lative phases, and includes consideration' classifications of dusts. Included in such ( the responsibilities of employer and classifications are dusts, the exposure to employee to each other and to the public. inhalation of which are, or are likely to It is axiomatic that, in case of physical be, occupational. . Those that are inher disorder, impairment of function or dis ently toxic'when inhaled or otherwise ab ability. the more thoroughly the cause and sorbed and which cause systemic poison course of action are known, the more ing, include lead, arsenic, mercury, man rertainly can potsiflfe remedies be applied ganese. Examples of dusts which'have mi in as wa 1 cot im set va- r or preventive measures taken. fJ the ability to penetrate thi deep lung tis-. : In the diseases or affections under con sues sad to be retained there are quaVtz, sideration, there tr^ facts upor^which pre ' flint, chert, asbestos, talc, coal, iron, clay, ventive methods are based, and upon slate, and other types of rock dust which further studies now in coarse'hr Attention here will be centered upon contemplated are. t least in part, predi this last group and upon pneumoconiosis, cated. >' . ,. the general term used to designate lung all tic en ce- ad cu Daring the development of thfc present conditions caused by dust. Silicosis, which state of knowledge of the influence of is caused by the inhalation of free silica. some air 'contaminants on health, natu has been prominent recently in the publie rally many theories were advanced that press, sometimes in a way that made mis later scientific work has modified or dis understanding possible, if not probable. placed. However, hot always has the Aside from silica, many of the insoluble correction been as widely and* thoroughly .mineral dusts may bring about slight n It re of kr .. P* cc 1 disseminated as was the original theory;' changes in the lung tissues, which may be in this condition, perhaps, has led to some demonstrated on the roentgenogram if si confusion in the minds of many who have there as silica in the dust that is inhaled. not followed too closely the evolution of As far as if known today, most of them knowledge in this field...' are relatively or entirely harmless.' li .n Metals Secttan * . /^. ' c* .\ 313 Ability of Oasts to Csom Injury of the' silicotic process toward the stage It has been established that the poten tiality of sHicious dusts to cause long damage is, with few exceptions, depend* ; ent upon their content of free silica (SiOt). The development of silicosis de pends, therefore, upon the concentration of dust containing free silica' in the air breathed. In other words, the total amount of free silica breathed and re* tained seems, to be the primary factor; the length of time necessary for a suffi cient accumulation is important,-but less so than the total load. * Silica occurs also in chemical combina tion in silicates. Some of these com pounds have been proved to be relatively of disablement except through limiting or preventing further exposure to silica dust. Nor hai medical science found,a way to prevent tuberculosis' from being super imposed upon* silicosis, except through control, of contact. The course of silico- tuberculosis is chronic and is very diffi cult to influence by treatment, according to phthisiologists. `. "'Medical Control. As a basis^for intelli gent determination of the physical fitness of. a nun for a. job in a dusty trade, physical examination, with stereoscopic roentgenograms of thp. chest, is necessary. Along with this study"goes, naturally, the preparation. of ah occupational history with Retail as to the exact nature of previ harmless to health, some are still in the realm of doubt, and one--asbestos--may cause the industrial disease called asbesr tosis, which is the result of lung damage ous work and of exposure to industrial dust--not a valueless'recording of oceu. pationa as "laborer,'* "machinist," etc. Dr. Sayers, of the U. S. Public Health similar to, but not identical with nor as serious as, that produced by free silica. Service, baa developed a method of secur ing information for a proper occupa- Importance of Particle Size. The size __ tional history; among others, Cummings. of<dust particles in the air which an indi-,-yo( Saranac Laboratory, also(,has worked vidua! may breathe is important Not..*' out u useful historyblank. - often are particles, larger than 10 or 12 microns found in the deep lungs, except in the case of asbestos dost where fibers as long as 200 microns have worked their way down lengthwise.' Standards have been developed for the diagnosis of stficosisr* There is also a suitable technic for taking roentgeno grams of the chest in order to bring out the characteristic lung changes. Uncomplicated Silicosis. Silicosis, un complicated by an infection, is more of an impairment than a disability. It is .not seriously disabling until it reaches an ad From the considerable amount of work that has been done, it is possible to fore cast with'a reasonable degree of accu racy the silicosis potentiality of various vanced stage, and docs not of itself greatly shorten the life of a silicotic. S111co-Tubcrcslotls. When a silicotic diet, the immediate cause of death it an dusts- <* o ' Periodic physical examinations, . includ ing roentgenograms, mix essential if cm- ^loydrs arc to bg enabled, accurately to ally some type of intervening lung infec tion. It is not known' just why the pres ence of silica in the hangs increases sus ceptibility to tuberculosis, but when an adult with silicosis is exposed to tuber- *' ' Icarti'tbc effect of individual exposure aad intelligently to transfer directed workmenT-to leafier dust ^concentraOoos before seriotu injury.has beta done, ortowork out akyatem of rotation where indicated ' culosis, sn active' infection may occur, re gardless of the previous state of health. It is thought probable that silica dust can as desirable in order that exposure may be intermittent. Such examinations are helpful also in showing the'efficiency of reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions of the adult type; how-long after such lesions have healed the reactivation... is engineering control methods. The ability to place responsibility ' in possible is not certain. Exposure of sQicotics to tuberculosis nr of tuberculous caserof for injury is no small part of the value of such initial and periodic . individuals to silica dust is serious and examinations. " .1 should be avoided.- - Asbcstoda. Clinical experience has After silicosis has become well estab shown that the inhalation of a sufficient lished In the lungs, medical science has amount of asbestos dnst causes a serious not found a way to arrest the progress . type of fibroids, which is not accompanied A. ~ Metals Section'' J15 bilityfor potential efficiency is upon zRe manufacturer. .. There is available comparatively little information upon which to base the scien tific ^ design of hoods. Thi Preventive Some metal-mining companies have gone further, setting the maximam of permissible dustiness at S million panicle* per cubic foot. 'Certainly, there is a degree of air clean Engineering' Committee of Air Hygiene. liness that is safe, from the standpoint of Foundation includes in its recent report concentration of harmful dust. Bat the a table of minimum air velocities to cap engineer may find himself in the position ture certain industrial dusts (for use in of practically being forced to control an> granite cutting, grain_ elevators, paint dust, harmful or otherwise, if he would spraying, sand, puhrcriluag and ^electric protect his employers against suits at welding). ' " common law and the possibility of award For protective equipment such as dust of damages to men who have breathed respirators, air supplied masks, sand blast dust containing little or no free silica. A helmets, and goggles, eery complete 'in-, dusty workplace is difficult to defend in formation is available, because of the work court. Neither courts nor compensation of the U. `S. ^Bureau of Mines, the Bu boards, and certainly not juries, have reau of Standards, and the American seemed to -be greatly impressed with a Standards Association fn preparing and. tow silica dust count in an otherwise issuing specifications to be met if the dusty aynosphere. equipment is to be used under conditions Quoting from .one of the reports re where approval is necessary. > - ferred to: "Each state is a unit--a so*er- Of course^ all agree that, where posst* ebp--and h: handles its problems in its bte, dust should be controlled at the own way. Uniformity is lacking, although source, and protective equipment used of course the statutes of many states are where this action* cannot be accomplished. similar. Tha courts of the various states ^ .~ P.e.rmissible Duattaeiiaj- ' " - follow such precedents as-appeal to them; consequently, on any important question. . therd^is likely to be a divergence of opln. ' There are various figures that have been ' ion among the courts, and often the and are being ttsed-as guides'-to permissi- . courts fall into two or more groups, each ble dustiness where free silica is present.' group - following a different.-.theory with It should be noted that.many of the data respect to (Re same legal problem" were not determined sis the medical re-, quirement, but as being attainable in , ^Workmen's Compensation Acts good practice and apparently satisfactory, from a safety standpoint ' In South Africa the figure is F milli gram per cubic mater (or 300 particles per cubic centimeter, or approximately 15 million per cubic foot). C Dr. Lanxa found b 1917 b the Joplin,. Mo, district that, with good engineering practice, a figure of 1 milligram per 100'' Workmen!* .condensation- acts have bria .passed in .46 states (all except Arkansas .and Mississippi)- and the Dis trict of Columbia. These acts arc com pulsory, as to . private employer* b 15 Mates andc/krov^ b 31' states. Insur- Mce to cover the risk is compulsory in. seven states. - liters of air could be attained. A state fund, out of which compensa The U. S. Public Health Service, b its tion a tpaid^J^ maintained b It states: study b the fttbradte region (.Pennsyl in two of these the employer may, by vania, found that SO million particles per :provmipfinaacial responsibility, carry bis cubic foot with 5 per cent quartz b the - own risk with limited contribution to the coarse dust and 10 million particles per cubic foot with 35 per cent quirtz were state fund for the expense of administra tion; b 11'more of-this group Of states apparently satisfactory -and ofte'A were the employer is. not .required to avail attained. Himself of the privileges ofrthe sate fund The figure of 10-2lTm3Iion particles per and may provide compensation otherwise. 1 cubic foot for granite dost with 35 per In 28 atttes there is no provision (or a cent quartz content is often quoted from state compensation fend. - the Vermont granite .studies of the l). S. Administration of the compensation act Public Health Service. " is vested In a commission, board, or single u a c * * ... Metals Section o 317 *t Examination After for DLiability studied separately for details, but in each Arises occupational disease, including silicosis, No two state acts contain identical pro* is compensable,. . visions, bat in all (including the. District _ The importance of roentgenograms in of Columbia) that have compensatibn any thor^tiglQ>hysicaI examination for acts, there is provision'(or physical ex pneumoconiosis is well known. This im amination after claim (hr disability arises. portance is recognized in the Acts of In five states (Kentucky, Maitachusetts. New York, North Carolina, and New Jersey, New York. North Carolina, and est Virginia. - West Virginia), definite recognition has been given to the importance of some O Medical Treatment sort of medical board composed of spe In te 17 states (inela&agr-Maryland) cially qualified physicians and surgeons, >t in which occupational disease is, to some and charged with the duty of diagnosing " extent, compensable, the acts usually en occupational disease and qf advising the title the-claimant to a limited amount of administrative board or commission with medical, surgical, and hospital care, meas respect thereto. The laws of these five ured in money 'cost- or length of time states are quite different and should be covered by treatment ~ > ... These points were raised in-.' the dis f ^ t*l ^ 2. Is it advisable to limit the number cussion following the addresses': of students per~teacher? 1. How much time is reqnired for _ Ten student pgg instructor is a good . completing a training course? - ^SS^hich .gases present 'the greatest Mr. Davison said that the training course in their plant ordinarily codeped a harzards in welding? ^ period of one and one-half years, ottt that Silicon gases are the most harmful. some students completed it sooner. The The risk, however, has largely been over- - time required depends upon the individ come by mqrtufactureri.of welding sup ual. .. plies. 'o THURSDAY MORNING SESSION 0o October 8, 1936., N ,, ' <5v> Metals Section Safety Contest O Two hundred and two Units, were reg certificates were awarded in the Contest. istered in the 1936 Contest of the Metals ' The plaques were presented by John B. Section. During the Contest period.' Gibson, Publicity Director, Hawthorne 267,792 employees worked 561.788479 works. Western Electric Company, Chi man-hours with an average frequency cago, and Vice President foe Community rate of 8.030, a decrease of 4 per cent Safety Conndls, National^ Safety' Council, from the 1935 rate of 8454. Ninety-five as follows: ^ units completed the Contest with a fre Steel MUXs Division, Group A--Conti quency rate below the average, and 8 nental Steel Corporation, Kokomo Divi per cent of the units finished with per sion/ Kokomo, Indiana, 4,141,806 man fect records. Nineteen plaques and eight hours, 12 injuries. - 4&A Twenty~fifth National Safety Congress which had been followed during the past year. Report of Exhibits Committee. The Committee reported that definite steps had been taken to assure good attendance at the National Exposition in the Conven tion Hall, and that these measures in cluded the following: ' Routing of delegates through the Ex hibit Hall; suitable notices in programs; luncheon and cloakroom* facilities; an "Exhibit Day* in each Section program; a worth-while attendance prise, with eligi bility limited to delegates who showed a real interest In the exhibits; cooperation of exhibitors in providing attractive dis plays; providing exhibitors with daily registration of delegates;, publicizing the exhibits. Report of Program Committee. The Committee reported that a series of talks on five different subjects had been pre pared for presentation at the National Safety Congress. (A record of the Safety Equipment session will be found else where in these proceedings.) Other reports presented were those of the Publicity Committee, the Finance Committee, the Activities Committee and the Membership Committee. Meeting of October 6, 1936 The meeting was called to order by Chairman T. A. Willson, who had been re-elected. Executive Secretary A. O, Boniface acted as secretary of the meet ing. George Shull, J. B. Davies and C H. Callaway were appointed directors. It was agreed that committee appoint ments .would be made later by the Execu tive Committee and that members would be notified of the results by mall. It was voted to continue the positions of executive eecretary and assistant treasurer on the present basis. ADJOURNMENT Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Who Exhibited at the Twenty-Filth National Safety Congress and Exposition Atlantic City, N. J., October 5-9, 1936 Ballroom--Conreation Auditorium Aetna Casualty St Surety Company, Hartford, Conn. . Automobile Driving Tests. American Abrasive Metals Company, Irvington, N. J. Safety Treads for Walkways and Safety Gratings. American La-France St Foamite Industries. Inc., Elmira, N. Y. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. ' Safety Equipment Section 4R5 American Mutual Liability Insurance Company. Boston. Mass. Insurance, Workmen's Compensation. Property Damage, and Onersl A,.ionw>S.i* American Optical Company, Southbridge, Mass. Head and Eye Protection Products. Arntzen, Inc., Chicago, Illinois. . Auxiliary Emergency Stretcher and First Aid Equipment. Arroway Traffic Signal Corporation, Kingsport, Tenn. Traffic Control* Signals. Associated Guard Manufacturers, Chicago, 111. Dust Control Units and Mechanical Safety Guards. Frank E. Barnes Company, Chicago, Illinois. Electrician's -Rubber Gloves. Beacon Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Direction and Danger Signals for Motor Transport Vehicles. Bendix Products Corporation, South Bend, Indiana. Automotive Equipment Robert A. Bernhard, Rochester, New York. First Aid Supplies. Blatchford Corporation, Chicago. Illinois. Traffic Signals and Markers. Bradley Washfountain Company, Milwaukee. Wisconsin Group Washing Equipment- . Stewart R. Browne Manufacturing Company, New York City. Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. Brown Shoe Company, St Louis, Missouri. Men's and Women's Safety Shoes. - R. H. Buhrke Company, Chicago, Illinois. Safety Equipment for Construction and Maintenance. . E. D. Bullard Company, San Francisco, Calif. - Industrial and Mining Safety Equipment. Burroughs Wellcome St Company, (U. S. A.). Inc.. New York City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. ' H. Childs St Company, Inc, Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Footwear. Cities Service Company, New York City.. OQs and Gasoline * Columbus-McKinnoo Chain Corporation, Tonswanda, N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains. - H. S. Cover, Sooth Bend, Indiana. Respirators and Safety Goggles. Crouse-Hind* Company, Syracuse, New York. Traffic Signals and Flood Lights. . . - Davis Emergency Equipment Company, Inc., New York City. ' First Aid and Safety Equipment . C H. Dockson Co., Detroit Mich. * .. Head and Eye Protection. Do-More Chair Company, Elkhart Indiana. Posture-Health Chain for Office and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Company, Oklahoma City, Okla. Parking Meter Equipment .1 Donald S. Duncan, Inc. Chicago, 111. Parking Meter Equipment "N Eagle Signal Corporation. Moline, 111. Traffic Signals. 4*6 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress ' Klliott Service Company, New York City. Elimination of Waste, Promotion of Efficiency anti Safety. Fairway Laboratories, Inc, Belleville. III. Anti-fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablets and Dispensing Equipment. Cieneral Electric Company, Schenectady. N. Y. ^ .... . Electrical Equipment. * I -ouis Gerber, New York Cty. * ' '* BOON the Glove Invisible. ' Harley Davidson Motor Company, Milwaukee. Wis. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. The Highway Safety Signal Company, Baltimore, Md. Double Filament Traffic Lamps and Color Design Traffic l.cnc<. Holcomb Safety Garment Company, Chicago, 111. Industrial Safety Clothing. Hoof Products Company, Chicago, III. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors. Huntington Laboratories, Inc, Huntington, Ind. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc, Baltimore, Md. Mercurochrome Antiseptic for First Aid Application. Indian Motorcycle .Company, Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment Industrial Gloves Corporation, Danville, I1L Steel Grip Gloves and Safety Apparei Industrial Products Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Accident Prevention Equipment International Shoe Company, St Louis. Mo. Safety Shoes. Keystone Coat & Apron Manufacturing Corporation. Philadelphia. Pa. Service Uniforms for Industrial Purposes. Keystone View Company. Meadville, Pa. Visual Safety Tests. Walter Kidde & Company, Inc, New York City. Fire Extinguishing Systems and Portable Extinguishers. Walter G. Legge Company, New. York Cty. Compounds for Cleaning and Treating Floors. Lehigh Safety Shoe Company, Allentown, I*a. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes.' Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston. Mass. Adlomobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel C04 Lima, Ohm. Non-slip Soles and Heels. Liquid Carbonic Corporation, Chicago. 111. Fumigant for Infestation Control. Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. Wire Rope and Braided Slings. Martindale Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signal*. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. New York City. Insurance, Industrial Group, etc. Milburn Company, Detroit. Mich. , Protective Creams for Prevention of Occupational Skin Diseases. Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Appliances and First-Aid Materials. Safety Equipment Section 487 Monarch Governor Company, Detroit. Mich. Automobile Speed Control Devices. National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York City.--'*"' V Casualty Insurance. National Carbon Company, Inc., New York City. * Equipment for Battery-Operated Devices. National Safety Council. Inc., Chicago, III. Poster, Bureau of Information, Research and Education Division*. Parkrite Corporation, Houston, Tex. Parking Meter Equipment. . Patent Scaffolding Company, Chicago, 111. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. Protectoseal Company, Chicago, 111. . Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation, Brooklyn, N. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Pyrene Manufacturing Company, Newark, N. J. Fire Protection Equipment Railway and Industrial Engineering Co, Greensburg, Pa. Interlocking Systems. ' Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company, Inc, Columbus. Neb. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rose Manufacturing Company, Denver, Colo. Ladder Shoes, Window Cleaners' Safety Belts. Safeguard Electric Company, Inc,. Brooklyn, N. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Best Company, Inc, New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland, Ohio. . Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Company, Holliston, Mass. ' Safety Shoes. Safety Shoe Company, New York Cty. Safety Shoes. . .* W. H. Salisbury & Company, Inc, Chicago, I1L * Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices. . W. W. Sly Manufacturing Co, Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Control Equipment It Respiratory Protective Devices. Spencer Turbine Company, Hartford, Conn. ' _ Heavy Duty Vacuum Cleaners and* Dust Collecting Equipment- Standard Safety Equipment Company, Chicago. ID. Dust Protective and Safety EquipmenL " Stonebouse Signs, Inc, Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. Strauss Company, Inc, Pittsburgh, Pa. ' Safety Belts. Foot Guards, Safety Hats. . Sugar Beet Products Company, Saginaw, Mich. Industrial* SoagsT*'} ' . . Surety Rubber Coihpany, Cartpllton, Ohio. Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Rubber Industrial Equipment. John S. Tilley I .adder Company, Inc, Watervliet, N. Y.' Safety ladders and Scaffolding. Traffic Toy. Inc, Canton, Ohio. Traffic Wa-ning Signs. 488 Twenty-fifth National Safety Contfrjtsi^ U. S. Steel Corporation Sc Subsidiaries, Pittsburgh, Pa. Steel Products and Cement. Weaver Manufacturing .Company, Springfield. 111. Automotive Testing Equipment West Disinfecting Company, Long Island City, N. Y. Products for the Promotion of Sanitation. Willson Products, Inc, Reading, Pa. Personal 'Protective Devices. 25th National Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY . OCTOBER 5 W OCTOBER 9,1936 Ambassador, Chelsea, Ritz-Carlton Hotels end Atlantic City .Auditorium CwtiIiK 1916, N*4*mI Sttar CiHcfl, Ini Accident Prevention Iujuipment Manufacturers Who Exhibited at the 25th National Safety Cong rran and Exposition Atlantic City. N. J.. October 5-9. 1936 Ballroom--Coarratioa A oJilorimm Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.. H ari(-T<l. ("on Automobile Driving Trstv American Mutual liability Ins. ('. IUm.-o. M* Insurance, Workmen's Cm|<nsati. |'r<>f<riv I*- 1 Amtxen. Inc, Chicago, III. Auxiliary Kmergencv Stretcher an<l I-"ir Ai.l I'.jm-;-- Arroway Traffic Signal Crp. Kinc|>ri. Iran Traffic Control Signals. Beacon Corp, Minneapolis. Minn Direction and Danger Signals fur M- i<-i Tix>*r- t Bendix Products Corp, South Hrrol. In-I Automotive "Equipment. Blatchlord Corporation. Chicago. 111. Traffic Signals and Markers Cities Service Co.. New York City. Oils and Gasoline. Crouse-Hinds Companv, Syracuse. N. Y Traffic Signals and Flood lights Dual Pushing Meter Co., Oklahoma City, nkls Parking Meter Equipment. Donald S. Duncan, lac, Chicago. 111. Parking Meter Equipment. Eagle Signal Corp, Moline. III. Traffic Signals. General Electric Co.. Schenectady. N. Y. Electrical Equipment. Harley Davidson Motor Ca. Milwaukrr. \Yi. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. The Highway Safety Signal Co.. Baltimore. Md Double Filament Traffic I-amps ami C4ne Design Traffic I Hoof Products Co, Chicago, III. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors. Indian Motorcycle Co, Springfield. Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Boston. Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. Martindale Electric Co, Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. Monarch Governor Go. Detroit. Mich. Automobile Speed Control Governors. National Carbon Co, lac. New York Cty. Equipment for Battery Operated Devices. Parkrite Corporation. Houston, Texas. Parking Meter Equipment. . Traffic Boy, Inc, Canton, Ohio. Traffic Warning Signs. _ U. S. Steel Corporation & Subsidiaries. Pittsburgh, Pa. Street'and Highway Markers and Highway Guards. Weaver Manufacturing Co, Springfield, 111. Automobile Testing Equipment. 4 . -- .. ' 141  "S 4V ' 4 r, . . bjr an indoljr high incidence of tubercu- tions in air axe recorded gravimetrically loeis. ' as milligrams per cubic meter. Others, Other dusts and silicate compounds so (as silica, where sise is a factor in de-' far studied produce, at most, only a mild texmining dangerous particles),' are given non-progressive reaction'' in the longs, by count. Neither method gives the provided there is no significant amount whole story, but in both cases it may be of free silica in their composition.. While possible-'to secure the information neces not serious clinically, such conditions may sary for the purpose. give rise to considerable litijgation. In one of the reports referred to earlier, Adequate statistics on morbidity and there occurs this statement: "There is mortality from -occupational disease, to no doubt in the mind of anyone familiar serve at a basis for effectively focussing with the present dust-sampling and dust the efforts to study and control dust dis-. estimating methods that they will be eases of the lungs, are non-existent. amended and changed from time to time. In concluding this section, the follow At the present writing we would advise ing quotation from a court decision in ' the use of the simplest possible procedures Wisconsin is pertinent (Schaefer v. In where dust control alone is in question. dustrial Commission, 265 N. ?W. 390 If one wishes to obtain values which can (Supreme Court, February, 3936)): be compared with published data, it is . . It will be necessary to distin generally necessary to copy with consid guish carefully between medical or patho erable care the technic used in the origi logical disability and actual physical in nal case. This is another way of admit capacity to work. The medical - experts ting the annoying fact that results by apparently ignore this distinction, and so one method are usually not comparable increase .the difficulty of arriving at a Just to those obtained by another method." result under the law." . " In another place, the report says: "It is very doubtful if any useful purpose is Preventive Engineering . I It would be needless repetition to die- _ cuss in a technical way tit* engineering^ phases of dost control. All interested are referred to "Industrial Dust,1* by Drinker and Hatch, which steals comprehensively with the subject; U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 6840 and 6848, by Harrington and Davenport, a review of literature on "Prevention of Dust Dis eases"; U. S. Public Health Service Bul letin 217, by Bloomfield and DallaValle, on "The Determination and Control, of Industrial Dust"; Report Z9 of thc Amer ican Standards Association; and to the U. S. Bureau of. Mines for a fist of ap proved protective devices. . It may b* said that in genenl.-the engineering- specialist can and will devise the necessary equipment to meet the con ditions specified to him. But the setting of limits of permissible-'dust concentra tion ii not his but the physician's respon- . sibOity. The engineer is concerned with served by determining accurately ex tremely dense dust concentrations--the only excuse for such data is to show the -akfcptic that the workplace is much dustier than h should be. . . . _ "It is probable that any sampling pro cedure which fixes concentrations in groups 100 per cent apart is sufficient and that the results of any attempts to come closer to the concentration at the moment of sampling are simply misleading. Thus ranges such as 0-S, 5-10,10-20, 2&-40. etc, suffice for dust control." As dust particle* in the lung* are of the order of 1 micron, with rarely a particle oyer 10 microns, dust control for hygienic reasons should be timed at parti cles in the size range found to have been breathed and retained. Again quoting: "... if one could avoid use of the dusts of 1 micron or less or exclude them from the dust which pastes a 325-mcsh screen, neatly all dust diseases would be ellml- nated." keeping dustiness to or below the limits Dust Elimination at pretent considered satisfactory. Obviously, it is better, when possible, Methods of Determining Dost to purchase equipment already supplied with exhaust hqod, rather than to have Some dusts '(as lead) are determined to worry to fit one to eqiilpmcnt not de- by chemical methods and the concentra- signed to be hooded. Thus the retpontl- monthly in the interest of accident prevention and industrial health -I r -~1 *1 Stents for NOVEMBER, 1936 Volume 34. Numb** S National Safety Council Officers. 1936-37 jy prr-t<ieni'a Addreaa--Cassius H. Watson. M.D............................ 11 y* Rule* for the Came of Life--Hon. Harold C. Hoffman.............13 [baaing Safety for Tomorrow'* Railroad*--Ralph Budd............... 14 ft* Jersey Salute* Safety--Carman T. Fish..........................................16 a u. rUn n* iwftMi* Neav ft* m tm Na. O, rt^prvii^, tm ttMltt Mmm B. ft w--. I4a tm k/tT CmMU Mm. Nsmu 6. Neavnaa, YlefFnn< tm PYMM Safety L IWs. tm Qficert of the National Safety Council, 193647 ................................ 20 Ration Study I* Safety'* Partner--William R. Mullee...................... 22 Jfrtroit'i Drive for Safer Driving--C. F. Scheer...................................25 jlf Handling Mean* Fewer Injuries--P. H. Hunter......................... 27 V. *. VW-PT-uia.l tm is. T. Smxrwrmi. Ttm- PrmMtu tm taknu >faOmruWllw. VwmT, Vlw-PrsMral tm *f1lMU<rnt>WWTnma.nTivWNiMm tm V. N. f i --. S.MUH Umar jgtard at the Congress.....................................................................................30 (|Ranting We Will Co.!................................................................................32 tMcr Known Facts About Occupational Diseases-- | Robert B. Hunt, MJD.............................................................................. 34 Forosilicon--Industrial Data Shoot D-Chetn. 20................................. 38 I Executive Committee Utnboi at Large SICMM S. fcwiMaa. TW lanm t i*t Cauar, Tfca Mau Ca ae Same Ca. W tnuUi. Tka PattOMa Ca. .V 3 c / .f . n See It at the Exhibit?--C. H. Miller.........................................52 , t L CaPaei a Mm Traphy Winners in Sectional Contests.................................................... 58 . taiwl tkan Ca. OO Ca. (taa.1 v- hoional Officer*.............................................................................................62 REGULAR DEPARTMENTS Uktritl ................................... IW Managing Director's Pag* ...10 V Safety Exchange ........ ..Jl *fa*ri*l Health...................... V BoOctia Board.................. Vfar Instrnetion Card* ...... The Safety Library.............. Aaked and Answered.......... Penooah ............................... Careing Evesta...................... The Baser Roll.................... With the Manedartarer .... ........ 90 ***** T. FISH. Hear * U&SHAT. Paaatr ESha* ' C r. mm. Manilla EAm C H. uua AOrmtiOmg Hangar Safety Caenel Representative! Salto 9*W*ra Safttr mi SafaW Caaaatl laatrteia Salaty O TaJSar Salto raa ban Salaty I Representative* I-.........i. Aaura. to*** aa* P*a CC.. vMrL. >Bumaa. tM.taraata* C. W. Gaaaat Mata K. C Uaaaaa. la-H Maaat J. (a ' a. L. Sana >> Rest Pendent* B lam a. Paajaua Caaaaaa P. Taajaaa lama M. Varaa N C Maacva A. Itaw Ctaa. *. aaaa Otaaaaa Si Seatr tuta C. Kiev f*r* Lr.-Caa. Namv A. Bean f" ^Vlaao 1,1 t Sanaa L Baaaaa .1 Mat X. laaa wt NnU. vu--t-- m:______it e Huatety Memben aaatar a. caataau. law a QnduAi/riaL f0-i^a- partment for Physicians and Laymea Lesser Known Facts About Occupational Diseases By ROBERT B. HUNT. M.D. Amtrimm UmiitUw G*mm-- ROBABLY the leader ia the pa the discomfort now produced by in P rade ot industrial fenw is an acute or chronic inflammation el dustrial dermatitis. the skin which we call dermatitis TMhisetals disease may present itself b any type of shop, factory or foundry. Aoy paste, powder, gas or liquid which comes in contact with the employee^ Ain, even the water supplied by the Iowa in which be lives or works, may be the potential cause of such a skin dbtntbaace. The wide diversity of causes, to gether with the varying susceptibility of different individuals, makes the problem of control difficult. Much investigation is under way to determine why one person may be sus ceptible to a certain subatanre while an other b not. It has been petal many Laaa: The distribution of lead poflBBnf b flBnmti The skin of the body b a protective covering, and as bog as it remains in tact it does s good job except in the case of tetraethyl lead, which b aaed in blcndiag grenfin* and whkb b Reddy abeoebed through the skin, having a tendency is creme cfaeaga in the acreoa system. The effect af ether forms of feed, through that sveauc of entrance, b pnetiofly ad, which eiphbrt the excremtly low prisoning me hi typesdten, paisttrrs end ethers whe neefbusny times that a poisonous aabutanca farmad within the body has been able to prolong the month, acts rather dowiy whea exanthe action startod by same alorswl In pand with the bhehtico af had dust or fluence. a printer developed n narked dermatitis from ink shib peobsed far penal ef eatry iaey be, bad b acted two years. Finally land tests were made and showed that he was mnctplihli to lettuce. Removing fhb from Ms diet cleared the skis. Be mewed In hb usual occupation without a return of symptoms. The poisoning of allergic substances spaa by the body fluids and to con vened that b may cveataaSy be doposhed within the bonca. Thom bony afe deposit vaults say retain their lad contests hr days or for yean, and if the exposure b removed, may also fine the employee of all signs is usually aa accumebtive process. It and symptoms of lend But takes time to prodace a meaifestatioa of imagine the surprise of that opposcdly disease, but let any other substance cured person when years later, perhaps cause the disease, and the irritating food fattening some type of infectious disease may be of sufficient strength In mag or the excessive use of afeofaeCc bever nify its action. ages, he tweka to dad that he suffers All cases of dermatitb cannot be the aches and pains and paralyses of an cured by eliminating offending foods, acute lead potsonmg* As the body fluids but further investigation slang these alter lend that it may be dtparited, so lines may give us a due with which to may those folds attempt to de-lead the lows the Ins of time from work and hnvhr. aorl ton rarwl ainnnwino nar mw- duce the original disease with all its dncomforts. One can readDy see, then, that in cases investigation of previous aecvpi tions is quite necessary to determine the original contact with lead. Heating of molten lead causes a black scum-of lead suboxide to form a its surface, and the hat from the ewul disburses the fine powder into the sir. Hence, in the process ef smelting orn such as xinc, capper and silver, mised with lead, we find a rather high lead poisoning rate. Those engaged in the manufacture ef bad wire and cables, batteries, gbss. pottery and robber industries, plumbers and users of dry colors offer their shore of lead poisoning ases. Probably the greatest source of bad poisoning say be found among those ' who sandpaper, scrape, chip or burn trad paint, for the dot and fumes caused by thorn activities are rather rapid in their Such workers may opaotated in a few days boesnst the bhalirinn of lead dust causa the smxi- of absorption into the a the minimum not d Cuaotcnnc: Chromium b a metal widely used as a foundation for colon, and dusts from its various salts may produce lesions of the skin sad wucsn* membranes of the nose. Chromium p*sbg by slocuofysu may cruse fomm whack ire similarly irritating. Although chromium poisoning does not nsusffy cause death, the number of days of *** sen from work on account of **** parity which it causa is gradu^T-:- *' Orwxs Mctals: The most ***** portals of auy of foreign substant iate the body are the ncoe aod The waafbr the dust (the six* of srmj^ particle* for example, the _ apeed of absorption by the Wood, F from hot metab carry not only but wanwTouj minute dust P8*** r. electric cutline and welding. When men are so employed over a prolonged period o! time, the constant inhalation of fumes and dust might pro duct symptoms of the metal upon which they work. In the shipbuilding trade, particularly in the construction of metal ships, we find occasional cases of metal* fume fever. "Brass chills'* and "spelter shakes'* from anc are names applied by the lay people to such diseases. The ter rific heat applied to some of our com mon metais and alloys by acetylene torches produces sufficient fumes to cause a temporary incapacity in 24 hours. Permanent disability from such causes is rare, however. Diseases Due to Dust Twenty-five per cent of ail workers exposed to high concentrations of inor ganic dust are expected to develop changes within their lungs due to that agmey. We are at a loss to explain why the other 75 per cent arc not so affected. Mining, quarrying, foundry work, grinding, sandblasting, abrasive soap manufacturing, asbestos work, the mak ing of emery and carborundum products and many other occupations offer op portunities for employee to inhale mic roscopic dust particle and create a foundation for possible future men* parity. We are intereted particularly m those men who work with sandstone, quarts, flint, granite, and sand, because they expose themselves to silica, and the chemical change between that dust and the body fluids, in the press oca of lobcrruiasia, may and usually do load to a fatal ending. It is safe to say, in light of our present knowledge, that the action of other in organic dusts is much less viruknt and incapacitating. That, however, doe not allow us to lower the vigiant methods to improve dsat cootrol and protect em ployee, because aO dusty occupations are potential trouble makers. Although the actions of various dusts differ within the body, the exposure to asbestos fibre, present in the weaving and grinding of dry asbestos material, oilers another type of dust which may ause fatalities among workers. ~Tsr organic dusts from cotton, silk, wool, tobacco, flour and similar sub stance arc practically harmless. Such dusts rarely reach the lunp but may cause irritation of the windpipe and larter air tube and result at the most in a mild bronchitis. mind, particularly when deling with silicosis and asbestosa, relate to the progression of such disease. When change occur within the lungs as s re sult of the presence of such dusts, nature forms scar tissue to hrti such lesions but may (ail to stop when the job is finished. As a result, the continuation of that healing process may lead to such structural change within the lunp that partial or total incapacity may follow montha or years after the employee has been removed from his dusty occupa tion. Bcruoi-Sertzene Bensol is a distillate of coal tar used extensively in industry. It is an essentrial ingredient in the manufacture of explosives. It is an excellent solvent for grease, oils and cements, and because of that property it is important in many phases of the rubber and cleaning indus tries. In the manufacture of shoes ben zol may be an ingredient of the dressing applied to the leather and of the cement which fastens the heels and soles. Not only in the shoe trade but in other branches of industry where mploytts work with gummy, sticky material, the workers soon learn of the solvent and cleansing action of this liquid and nae it freely for that purpose upoo them selves. The subsequent outbreak of skin aflSctions may be the first indication of such unauthorised use. Benzol is extremely poisonous, enter ing cither through the nose or mouth or ahoorbed through the skin. Its action within the body is varied and may pro duce a multitude of signs and symptoms. The bone marrow becomes affected which in turn alters the character of the Mood; hemorrhages are common; it mny cause death. The fumes from benxoi an heavier than air aad lac near the floor, which is an important point in the engineering problem of ventilation. The memben of the benxene group an absorbed through the skin, and mort cases of poisoning an found when men perspire than when their bodies an cool. l*robably the answer to that is that the fumes may suiidify as they cool and the powtlet may settle on the skin. The sweat on the body may dissolve this dust so that it it men readily absorbed through the increased surface Mood Chlorinated Hydrocarbons This group of petroleum derivatives has been krvm in science tor years but the industrial field hat been iq,|y d|J_ tributed and most important. Loj bv carbon tetrachloride and its chemiealK associated members.hu fum^^ iB dustry with refrigerants, excellent y>l. vents for rubber, wax, oil and rti;r thinncTS for lacquers sod a very fine household oectssity for the removal spots from clothe. Hospitals have been using it man and more for the removal of adhesive plaster.. _ Due to the non-flammability o( <,,. bon tetrachloride, it is used in fire ex tinguishers. The rapid evaporation pro. duces fumes which may smother a amai: blase, but we must not forget that ex cessive heat ol the actual fire may brmt about combustion sufficient to produce such by-products as hydrochloric acid aad phosgene gas . Like its associated member, chelorolorm. it may produce sleep when inhaled by an individual, and only 1/350 of an ounce in a quart of air is necessary la produce such action. That thought must be remembered when a large quantity of those liquid products it spiOed on the floor, perhaps accidentally. Action should be started at once before the Squid pstfica, and employes should be notified to keep their heeds up to avoid the low exiling of gas. Chanisti have developed end intro duced to industry many new products, the basis of which is the chlorinated h> drocarbons. Thoe derivatives ni prtr-- icua dtwatytt-- am frequently combined with theae from coal tar to form valua ble *--or*1 combinations. They have been placed on the market so rapidly that atcdkal science has been unable ikluaht their physiological effect upoo the health of east. We have known tha> am of these chemicals are capable m crmtkg changes In the fiver, and niy recendy in a dty fas Massachusetts uar of them newer products caused the death of two employees and a battle to retain file among two others. Carbon Monoxide You renumber the adaee. "Where there is empire, there is fire." We mn:hl add to that, "Where there is fire ihere '* This odorless but poisonous ssr ,nj` occur in say industry or in any >*"* but the poorer the ventilation the bet'*" the elanrw of producing physical capacity. Since the advent of the motor . whom exhaust pipe nuy pour forth '* high es sis per cent of carbon it****'* ide. we are all exposed to that ess :-y ricuiariy in crowded cities. The '+/ imuinif car iiwuio na> > cubic hn per minute, aad on* can rradfly rwimalc the physiol damage that may bn done if such a motor is ' F e r r o s i I i c o n; * lilmtd to nm within the doers of a poorly vca'JLated pn|t or shop. For* v. . _ tunatcly, serious cues of such poboninf are not common among those em Industrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 20 . ployed in public [ara|cs, but many em ployes are likely to complain of head ache and faintnrM at the end of a day's work, especially in colder weather when doors and windows remain closed. In the steel indus*ry, where gas is used as the beating agency in the blast furnaces, care must be taken to provide proper ventilation. Within the mines, workers are wanted to allow enough A. Problem 1. What are the hazards of ferrosilicoo aad what precautions are necessary in its use? B. Hazards 2. The principal hazard is that of poisoning by inhalation of the gases that ized by general and abdominal pains nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemor rhages, loss of consciousness, dilaiee pupils, cold clammy penpiratieo an* coma. Cass of poisoning have been mistaken for cholera, gastroenteritis, ptomaine poisoning, pneumonia and in. fluents. time following blasts for the escape of may be given off, especially in the Pint Aid this gas. presence of moisture. 6. When a person displays any Infection The skin is a protective covering of the body against infection and is ex trendy efficient as long as it remain in tact, but allowing it to be broken or punc tured introduces bacteria, and a battle ensues between the offensive agencies of infection and the defensive powers of the body. The winner of such a struggle may determine the presence or absence of incapacity. Infections are common throughout industry, but two types arc particularly prominent--infection re sulting from anthrax and infection among meat packers and fishermen. Many of our fur, hair or wool- covered may contract anthrax. The germs of that diirase defy the ordinary methods of steriliatioo aad may linger on hides, bristles or hairs for long periods of time. Tinatn, wool sorters, and hair or bristle workers may introduce the anthrax rpore beneath their skin aad undergo mock physical suffering aad sometimes death. Infections are freqaatly formd among meat aad fish packcnaad thorn engaged in deep sea fishing.- Although death rarely occurs, the fans of fingers, bands and nasty septic wounds are the result C. Discussion 3. Ferrosilicoo is prepared by melting iron ore or sted shaviap with coal or coke and gaaister or quarts st a temper ature of about 2,000 degrees centigrade (3,632 degrees Fahrenheit) in an elec tric furnace. In making sted, femaili con is used for removing objectionable symptoms of poisoning because of ibe inhalation of the poisonous gases lib erated by ferrosilicoo, be should be promptly removed to the fresh air and. if conscious, be given a mild alkali drink. If unconscious, the prone premurr method of artificial respiration i--u be started immediately after the patient has been removed to the fresh air. la gases aad emde* and aim as an alloying dement. When alloyed with cast boo. it affects (be arbides and renders the iron soft aad gray. More concentrated silicon allays are sometime osed fa cer tain process for hydrogen gas and in the manufacture of explosives. all cases of poisoning the services of a doctor should be promptly obtained. Precautions 7. Fmosilicoa should be stored away from such places as offices and work rooms or living quarters of any descrip tion. 4. The hazard fa uwnrctinw with fer- S. All buildiop fa which fcnosSiceo mdlicno results from very small percent is stored should be well ventilated aad ages of phrupbnrus together with other dry. (Set Hott X.) Ordinarily, fa an demmts wbidk may be promt as im- open factory building the natural vent*- potties ocigfaatfag fa the raw materials fatfan through monitors in the roof or mod. la At pmmet of moisture the through windows is sufficient if the ter- react to form rasSiooo is kept dry. 9. If men ar* required to handle wet This fa a pa which fa adBrimt ^unb- fcrrosidcDn fa a confined space, artificial ties fa daddtefiy poisonous. It has a ventilation should be provided. strong aad distinctive odor somewhat re 10. la ease phosphine has been al sembling garlic so that its presence can lowed to accumulate fa a closely con be readily reeafaiard. The stability of fined space such as a dosed room or box ferraSicoa depends ^oo its silicon con car, so that a stroog odor of the gas w tent, grads below 41 pcrtxnt and above noticeable, so ooc, unless be is wearing Summary I feel that the time has come when an employer must demand ol a manufac turer the answers to two questions: I. How will your Hn d<n Wf bw MU* t How w,ll jw polvO fto the heskh ar ieifl|i" That employer is entitled to honest answers based upon sufficient chemical and physiological etaminations of the questionable product Too many lives have been lent or jeopardized by too little knowledge of a product's action >.... --i-- v.^1. : 63 percent being entirely stable and fcrrosSicon in these ranges docs not give off any appreciable quaatitics of phosphine, even fa the presence of moisture. It a, therefore, only in the intermediate range between 4g percent aad 63 percent that there is any appre ciable hazard. '* 3. When a person has bnraihcd poison ous gsss -liberated from ferrosilicoo. the symptoms of poisoning molly de.rlon quite wulrienfy ami are character a suitable gas mask or fresh sir hose mask, should be allowed to enter tbr room until k has been thoroughly *'* latad. (St* Hot YJ MOTT X Ptwn.il larttmatiM m ****". Haw will w Wad la HalMaal Safety twa" Salt rwtiww Ka. St -faaatww* TwallalMa.* MOTS T. DniM ta/wwwtUa ta trJ Sata will ar at rtaaU la StalWaal C*RaaagahtfUaifafSaafate AmHatftaWonifil, hMa< ttla * '1 Notional Safety Council, Inc. 20 North Weeker Drive Chicago. II.