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i fr K. 9 METALS AND (EXCEPT FU Prepared by the staff of the BUREAU OF MINES DIVISION OF MINERALS Charles W. Merrill, Chief Frank D. Lamb, Assistant Chief G40 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19fi5 TECHNOLOGY Tho Federal Geological Survey discovered a deposit of paie-blm-. dumortierite in Jefferson County, Mont., on the Great Northern Railroad.1 Tho deposit, is poorly exposed in talus and float, along a probable shear zone 30 to 100 feet wide and about 1,000 feet long. Dumortierite (steel-gray with a dark bluish-lavender tint), was found in veins on tho west slope of La Madera Mountain, Fetaoa District, Rio Arriba County, N. Mex.` An improved synthetic mullitc refractory for high-temperature applications in nonferrous foundries, primary steel production, ceramic kilns and furniture, and power plants was developed. Several grades of the refractory are available in the form of brick, special shapes, and ramming mixes.8 Refractory mineral wool compositions were made by fusing kyanite and silica to a fluid consistency and fiberizing the mixture. The product is said to be a good high-temperature insulator.7 WORLD REVIEW Africa.--In December 1955 the New Consolidated Gold Fields, Lid., New York, purchased the Murka mine and other claims of the Kenya Kyanite, Ltd., of Kenya for a reported price of $450,000. A new company, the G. F. K. Refractories, was formed to operate the Kenya properties. Production was expected to begin in late 1950. Canada.--The Hoyle Mining Co., Ltd., continued its diamond drilling program on its kyanite property in Dryden township, about 12 miles east of Sudbury, Ontario.9 Investigations of kyanite ores at the Industrial Minerals Division of tho Mines Branch, Ottawa, gave encouraging results on a pilot-plant flotation scale and also on the utilization of kyanite concentrate for the production of mullite. Transportation and power facilities were available for developing this deposit, which is said to contain 20 to 30 percent kyanite. Nyasaland.--Output of kyanito in Nyasaland totaled 1,624 short tons valued at 14,950 in 1954 (1 approximates US$2.81), This production was all exported to the United Kingdom.10 Geological Survey, Deposit of Dumortierite Dlsoovcred lu Jefferson Countv, Mont,: Press release, Feb. 8, 1956,1 p. ' Skillings' Mining Review, vol. 43, No. 48. Mar. 6, 1955, p. 11. Rocks and Minerals, vol. 30, No. lllJ-.Novembvr-Decembor 1955, p. 580. Iron Age. vol. 175, No, 24, June 10, 1956, p. 126. THahn, w, P. (assigned to Johns-Manvllle Corp.), Refractory Mineral Fiber- U. 8. Patent 2,009,307, Jan. 11,1955. Lotter to the Bureau of Mines by the Gold Fields American Development Co., Apr. 13, 1956. Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, Montreal, vol. 48, No. 619, July 1055, p. 460. Bureay of Mines, Mineral Trado Notes: Vol. 41, No. 2, August 1955, p. 41. Lead " By O. M, Bishop,1 A. J. Martin,1 an * CONOMIC conditions affecting the E States in 1955 improved as the year at the end of the year was the highes sumption of lead increased substantia general expansion of industrial activity. in the last half of the year, excluding strategic stockpile, was 9 percent larger the full year consumption increased 11 pe increase in consumption, offerings in resp to the National Stockpile decreased c also increased in nearly all other countri The quoted price of common lead in N a pound from January to September 23, fractionally and settled at 15.50 cents o advance on December 29 raised the pri Tho average weighted sales price was 14 Total supplies of lead in the United Sta 1954 and exceeded consumption for the the excess (69,100 tons) was the smallest increases of 4 percent each in domestic m quantity of secondary lead recovered and of pig lead and lead contained in ores and lead supply--1,281,700 tons--39 percent as secondary lead; nearly 35 percent w (excluding imported scrap, which normall and is thus included in the secondary out cent was produced by domestic mines. T lead at domestic primary lead refineries d but that of antimonial lead increased 7 lead at the end of 1955 totaled 21,900 to the beginning of the year and the low smelter stocks of antimonial lead declin A strike lasting from July 1 to August 1 tions of lead smelters at East Helena, M ville, Colo.; and Selby, Calif, (smelter an Omaha, Nebr., and Perth Amboy, Ni J. Domestic mine production of lead, alt was 10 porcent less than the average for t below imports and Secondary metal as a i Commodity specialist. 1 Statistical assistant. 1 642 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1956 of the more favorable economic conditions of improved demand and average prices for lead and zinc, mine operations were resumed at several important producing lead-zinc mines. However, due mainly to a prolonged labor striko affecting a number of mines in the Cocur d'Alene region of Idaho and one mine in Montana lead production in the last half of 1955 was 5 percent less than in the first half. Missouri was the principal lead-producing State in the United States for the 48th consecutive year, contributing 37 percent of the total domestic output; Idaho ranked second, with 19 percent, and Utah third, with 15 percent. Of the remaining 29 percent, Montana, Colorado, Oklahoma, Washington, Arizona, and California together produced 22 percent and other States 7 percent. Domestic lead consumption (including the lead content of ore used in pigments and salts) was 1,212,600 tons, or 117,700 tons more than' in 1954. The three largest lead-consuming products--batteries, tetraethyl lead, and cable covering--took 31, 14, and 10 percent) respectively, or a total of 55 percent of all lead consumed. The quantity of lead used in batteries and tetraethyl lead increased 13 and 3 percent, respectively, from 1954, but that used in cable covering decreased 5 percent. Imports of pig lead and lead contained in ores and concentrates totaled 441,600 tons, a yearly increase of only 1 percent, but imports of lead contained in scrap (20,600 tons) was nearly four times that in 1954. The 264,100 tons imported in the form of pigs and bars in 1955 came largely from Mexico, Australia, Yugoslavia, Canada, and Peru, and most of the 177,500 tons contained in ores and concentrates was obtained from Peru, South Africa, Canada, and Australia. Of the scrap lead imported, about three-fourths was supplied by Canada Mexico, and Australia. ' Exports of primary lead were less than 600 tons in both 1954 and 1955. World mine production of lead in 1955 was estimated to be 2,370,000 short tons, a 7-percent increase over 1954. World smelter produc tion, estimated at 2,220,000 tons, increased 1 percent. Canada and Mexico were the only large producing countries in which mine pro duction decreased. These two countries, the United States, Argen tina, West Germany, and Australia were the only important pro ' ducers that reported decreases in refined-lead production. LEGISLATION AND GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS The Reciprocal Trade Bill passed by the Congress and signed by the President June 21, 1955, extended the Reciprocal Trade Agree ments Act for another 3 years and empowered the president to cut tariffs up to 5 percent a year in each of the 3 years. No cut was made in the tariff on lead in 1955. ' The Defense Production Act of 1950, with amendments, was ex tended to June 30, 1956. The Export Control Act of 1949, still in effect in 1955, required export licenses for exports to all countries except Canada. Defense Mobilization Order OD-LS 416, dated August 11, 1955, closed the issuance of Certificates of Necessity for a number of mineru's, including lend and zinc. . LEAD TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the lead indu (average) and 1961-56, 1946-60 (average) 1961 Production of refined primary lead: From domestio ores ana base bullion.......................................... From foreign ores and base bullion................................. ......... 367, 418 66,893 342,644 76, 049 Total............................................ lteoovery of secondary lead.............. -. Imports (general); Lead La pigs, bare, and old........... Lead In base bullion....................... Lead In orea and matte..----------Kxports of refined pig lead................... Consumption of primary and second* ary lead....................................... ..-- Prices (oents per pound): New Yorlc: Average for period.............. .. Quotation at end of period... London average for period.......... . Mine production of recoverable lead >. World smelter production of lead.... 434, 811 469,867 417,693 618,110 264,262 2, 960 68,649 1,247 188,176 2,281 67,484 1,281 1,091,606 1, 184, 793 13.90 16.61 14.26 390,182 1,660,000 17.49 19.00 20.26 388,164 *1,810,000 1 Includes Alaska. * * Revised figure. DEFENSE MINERALS EXPLORATI The DMEA program to encourage exp reserves of strategic and critical minera throughout 1955. On exploration con Government provided 50 percent of the Twenty-three such contracts were made mum Government participation of $69 an equal amount of private capital for an of $1,383,944, or an average of $60,172 ning of the program in 1951 through D involving lead and zinc were executed, participation of $9,719,243 * and total ex ment and private capital) of $19,445,1 including a list of DMEA contracts f executed in 1955, is given in the Zinc c GENERAL SERVICES ADM The General Services Administration sible for stockpile procurement and under foreign aid programs as agent of Administration and the new Internatio tion, and administration of Defense Pro ing domestic purchase programs). GS by producers of metals and minerals for Purchases of lead produced from dome againt the lopg-term stockpile obiective for the barter of surplus agricultural strategic and critical materials pursuan cultural Trade Development and Assista Includes sums provided through amendments to contracts contracts that were subsequently oanoelcd or terminated up 644 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1055 PERCENT i----------------- 1------- *--------- 1----------------- 1 .... , Unitflc1 Stotei pe rcent of wo rid produc ion . 1 1 l-L- iiii THOUSAND SHORT TONS iiii i i * i -L 1 -1--1-- 1 1 .l.-L ' i i ii- llll iiii' Fig u r e 1.--Trends in the lead industry in the United States, 1910-55. Con sumption includes primary refined, antimonial, and secondary lead and lead in pigments made directly from ore. Imports are factored to include 05 per cent of lead contont of ores, mattes, and concentrates and 100 percent of pigs, bars, base bullion, and scrap. Exports include lead that entered the United States under bond. was carried on with respect to a number of materials, but no lead was acquired under the program during 1955. No new contracts with foreign producers for obtaining lead under the Defense Production Act of 1950 were executed in 1955; some lead produced under contracts negotiated in preceding years was delivered. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Statistics on lead output may bo prepared on a mine or smelter and refinery basis. Mine-production data, compiled on the basis of lead content in ore and concentrate, adjusted to account for average losses in smelting, are a better measure of domestic output from year to year and are more accurate for showing the geographic distribution of production. Pig-lead output, as reported by smelters and refiners, T.WAT1 presents a more precise figure of actu only in a general way the source of cr ana refinery output usually differs fro owing to the lag between mine shipm ore and concentrate. Lead-production data for 1954 we Bureau of the Census (United State Comparison of final data reported by differences. The Bureau of Mines fig senting recoverable domestic mine pr slightly larger than the Census figure is due to slightly broader coverage by inclusion of output of metal containe material and by mines with product Some State totals reported by the two metal derived from ores transported ac credited by the Bureau of Mines to which the ore was mined, while the such production to the State in which MINE PRODUC The output of recoverable lead from short tons .in 1955, a 4-percent increas than the 5-year average from 1950-54. strike that affected a number of mines Idaho and one mine in Montana, lead 1955 was 5 percent less than that in. proved demand, along with higher av operations were resumed by several im shut down for periods ranging from les because of unfavorable economic co Missouri, with 125,400 tons, Idaho, w 50,500 tons, together contributed 71 mine output of lead in 1955. Missou 1954; Idaho decreased 7 percent, an Output increased in Montana, Washi and decreased in Colorado and Oklaho The Southeastern Missouri lead bel district in the United States for the 48 of recoverable lead in 1955 was 125,400 ranking producing district and 37 per put. St. Joseph Lead Co., largest p States, operated its Bonne`Terre, De mine-mill units; its Doe Run and Hayd County (ore milled at the Federal and Indian Creek mine-mill unit in Washi daily capacity of the 5 mills in St. Fran was about 28,000 tons of ore. The co La Motte mine and a 2,000-ton mill i Lead Co. continued to operate its Madis town, Madison County. 680 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1966 concentration mill. According to the company annual report (No. 55), ore milled during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955, totaled 203,000 short tons assaying 18.15 percent zinc, 5.45 percent lead, 0.51 percent copper, and 6.40 ounces of silver, and 1.90 dwt. of gold to the ton. Mill output was 67,100 tons of zinc concentrate averaging 55.3 percent zinc, 9,100 tons of lead concentrate averaging 58.65 percent lead, and 7,500 tons of copper concentrate assaying 8.03 percent copper, 16.25 percent zinc, 38.60 percent lead, and 100.95 ounces of silver, and 28.50 dwt. of gold to tne ton. The lead and copper con centrates were exported, and the zinc concentrate was shipped to the company Risdon electrolytic zinc plant. /' By O. M. Bishop1 and Esther ' HE HIGH LEVEL of construction and T1955 caused a 10-percent greater dema prices for lead and zinc pigments and States than in 1954. Domestic shipments free zinc oxide, zinc chloride, and zinc sulf corresponding shipments in 1954 by 8, 6 respectively. White-lead shipments rema and leaded zinc oxide and lithopone decreas The larger shipments of pigments and related to expanded activity, particularly important quantities of these products. Th automobiles in 1955, at 7.9 million units, w and the production of trucks and buses rose units. Similarly, shipments of automotive 25.4 million units, was 10 percent above natural and synthetic rubber in automobile to 1.5 million tons. The value of public rose 13 percent, and the value of sales of pa materials increased 15 percent in 1955. Lead and zinc (metal, ore, and scrap), t the pigments industry, were in plentiful sup the production of lead and zinc pigment demands. Lead and zinc prices increased stable during 1955. Lead-pigment price quotations trended u pig-lead prices. Zinc-pigment price quotati the increased price of slab zinc. 1 Dry white-lead shipments in 1955 increas 1954; the "in-oil" variety decreased 7 perce of white lead essentially equaled those in 1 1884, when records for this pigment were fir rejected increased competition from other titanium dioxide, and reduction or eliminatio formulations. Tonnages of red lead and exceeded those in 1954 by 2,100 and 8,60 respectively. i Commodity-Industry analyst. Statistical assistant. 46767(1--68--------M Qg2 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 196 5 TABLE 1__Salient statistics of the lead 1 and zinc pigments industry of the United States, 1946-60 (average) and 1951-66 1040-60 (average) 1961 1962 I 1963 ji 1964 1966 Production (shipments)1 ot principal pigments: White lead (dry end In oil)................ short tons.. Red lead................... do-----Litharge.....................do-- Zloo oxide.......... -...do-- Leaded tine oxide abort tons.. Lltbopone................. do-- 49, 772 31.803 160,807 148.108 03, 613 127,200 36,416 36.362 164, 763 147,710 44,841 102,837 26,063 30. 926 140,798 142, 210 37,892 61,832 i 20,217 31,333 164,618 148, 627 39,712 62, 430 26, 671 27,163 139,877 140, 286 33, 972 44,011 26, 676 29, 272 148.611 108,641 32,001 42,846 Value of products: All load pigraonts............... |72, 471,000 All zlno pigments................ 67,021,400 Total.................................. 130,092,400 $80, 273,000 74,690,000 163,872.000 $72, 230,000 63,950,000 130,180,000 $04, 303,000 66, 476,000 120,778,000 $61,760,000 60, 438.000 112,194,000 $09, 133,000 68,031,000 127,164, 000 Value per tort received by pro ducers; Lithopone............................. $290 313 301 205 216 106 $426 397 383 311 320 141 $403 370 348 307 313 137 $378 812 259 132 $383 323 268 136 $392 342 2^0 140 Foreign trade: ' Lead pigments: Value of exports.......... Value of Imports.......... Zinc pigments: value of exports........... Value of Imports.......... Export balance......... $993, 800 256,600 4,048,800 274,800 4, 511. 200 $984,000 1.797.000 6.855.000 930,000 6,112,000 $933,000 451,000 4,362,000 90,000 4,744.000 $799,000 16,000 1,468,000 287,000 1,964,000 $872,000 149.000 1,361,000 616.000 1, 659,000 $970,000 196.000 1,073,000 773.000 1, 081,000 1 Excludes basic lead BuUate, data for whloh are withhold to avoid disclosure of Individual company confldentlal data. * Reported aa sales before 1946. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS Lead-free zinc oxide shipments incre rubber, paints, ceramics, and textiles in zinc oxide declined 4 percent. Lithop cent, indicating decreasing use as a pig The distribution of pigments to con the same as in previous years. The pa principal user of white lead, leaded zinc approximately 78, 99, and 71 percent, ments of these products. The paint consumer of red lead, taking 49 percen duction consumed 20 percent of the zi cent of the litharge shipped. Storage users of litharge and the second-rankin and 41 percent, respectively, of produ industry continued to be the leading co percent of total shipments. Manufac used small quantities of litharge and lit try, ranking fourth in consumption of l used 16 percent of all litharge shipmen oxide shipments, 2 percent of red-lead white-lead shipments. Titanium pigments continued to fur lead and zinc pigments in paintmakin of titanium pigments, based on the tit lished new records, increasing about 10 over the previous highs established in pigments has about doubled over the and zinc pigments, especially white lead formulations. Fig u r e 1.--Trends in shipments of loud pigments, 1910-65. 684 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1956 PRODUCERS AND PLANTS Lead- and zinc-pigments and zinc-salt manufacturers, their plants, and products were bated in the Minerals Yearbook, Volume 1, 1953. There were very few changes in 1954-55. PRODUCTION The value of shipments of lead and zinc pigments in 1955 (exclusive of that for basic lead sulfate and zinc sulfiae, which cannot be shown) was $127 million, an increase of 13 percent above the 1954 value. Lead pigments comprised 54 percent of the total value and zinc pig ments, 46 percent', compared with 55 and 45 percent, respectively, m 1954. LEAD PIGMENTS Combined shipments of the lead pigments increased 6 percent in quantity and 12 percent in value in 1955. The average value of white lead (dry) in 1955 was $392 per ton compared with $383 per ton in 1954; red lead averaged $342 per ton compared with $323 in 1954; litharge averaged $326 per ton compared with $303 per ton in 1954. TABLE 2.--Production and shipments of lead pigments 1 in the United States, 1964-65 1954 1965 Pigment ProductlOD (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value * Produc tion (short tons) Total Average Shipments Short tons Value 1 Total Average White lead: Dry................ In oil ........... Red lead.............. Litharge............... 17,359 6,479 26,906 140,084 17,235 8^ 336 27,163 139,877 $6,693, 680 3,990,053 8, 765,907 42, 401,256 8383 479 323 303 18, 249 7, 861 29,017 148,345 17, 858 7,717 29,272 148,511 $7,005,318 3, C38, 600 10,018,471 48, 470,892 $392 472 342 326 > Except for basic lead sulfate and orange mineral, figures for which are withhold to avoid disclosure of Individual company confidential data. * At plant, exclusive of container. * Weight of white load only, but value of paste. TABLE 3.--Lead pigments1 shipped by manufacturers in the United States, 1943-50 (average) and 1961-56, in short tons Year White lead Dry In oil Total Red lead Orange Litharge mineral 1946-50 (average)............................................. 1951...................... 1953........................ .. . 1953.................... 1954........................ 1955....................................................................... 29. 343 23,360 16. 784 17. 235 17,858 20. 420 12,060 10, 884 9. 433 8.336 7,717 40. 772 35. 416 26. 003 20. 217 26, 671 25, 676 31.803 36. 352 30. 926 31.333 27. 163 29. 272 26 (') <>) 160. 807 151.703 140,708 154.618 139.877 148,611 * Excludes basic load sulfate, and orango mineral, data for which aro withhold to avoid disclosure of Indlvidua] company oonfldentlal data. 1 Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS Battery makers produced 113,800 to of lead in 1955 for their own use in pla compares with 79,000 tons in 1954 an suboxide production required 109,000 to tons in 1954, and 78,000 tons in 1963. ducing suboxide of lead reported in 195 ZINC PIGMENTS Total shipments of the principal zinc in quantity and 15 percent in value in zinc oxide, the most important zinc p increased 20 percent. Shipments of lea cent, and shipments of lithopone decrea Average values of zinc, pigments, as equaled the 1954 prices. The average in 1955 increased $3 per ton to $258; ton to $269; lithopone advanced'$5 per Shipments of the zinc salts, zinc chlor 12 and 25 percent, respectively, in 195 chloride (50 B.) increased $2 per ton ceived for zinc sulfate decreased 7 perc TABLE 4.--Production and shipments of zino States, 1964-6 1954 Pigment or salt Pro duo tlon (short tons) Short tons Shipments Value * Total Ave Zinc oxide........................ 135,908 Loaded zinc oxido *.......... 34,318 Lithopone........................... 30.090 Zinc chloride, 50 B......... 62,241 Zino sulfate........................ 18,406 140,286 83,072 44, Oil 48. 262 19,027 $36, 742, 797 8,765,719 5.929,789 4.367,178 3,004,621 i Excludes zinc sulfide, data for which are withheld to avoid data. ' Value at plant, exclusive of oontalner. Zinc oxide containing 5 percent or more lead Is classed as le zinc oxido Include a small quantity containing less than 8 pe TABLE 6.- -Zlnc pigm&nts1 and salts shipped States, 1946-50 (average) and 19 Zino oxide Le zino 1940-50 (average). 1951.......................... 1952......................... 1953.......................... 11095646......................................... ' 148,108 147,710 142,210 148, 627 140,285 168,541 1 Ezoludes ilno ulflde, dzUdtarJwhlob on withheld to sTold dsto. G86 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 Zinc Oxide,--Lead-free zinc oxide shipments increased 20 percent from the 1954 total. The proportion of production by different processes, as given in table 6, showed little change. TABLE 6.--Production of zinc oxide (lead-free) by processes, 1946-60 (average) and 1061-56, as percent of total Process 1946-50 1951 1962 1053 1654 1055 (average) American process (ore and primary residues)............. French prooess (metal and scrap)................................... Other.............................. ....................................................... Total.................................................................. ......... 73 76 74 74 68 17 18 20 20 21 10 7 0 6 11 100 100 100 100 100 69 21 10 100 Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Shipments of leaded zinc oxide decreased 4 percent and were the smallest since 1935. Four grades of leaded zinc oxide, classified according to lead content, were produced in the United States. The 5- to 35-percent grade constituted most of the output; smaller quantities were produced as less than 5-percent grade, over 35- to 50-percent grade, and over 50-percent grade. Outputs in 1955 (comparison with 1954 in paren theses) follow: 27,900 (30,300) tons of 35 percent lead and under and 1,900 (4,000) tons of over 35 percent lead. Lithopone.--Shipments of lithopone dropped 3 percent from the 1954 total and were the lowest since 1914. ' The lithopone statistics in this report are given on the basis of ordinary lithopone sold as such plus the ordinary lithopone content of the high-strength product. Consumption of ordinary lithopone in manufacturing titanated lithopone has decreased almost continuously since 1937, when 19,400 tons was used in making the titanated variety. The Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to divulge the 1954 or 1955 production of titanated lithopone or of regular lithopone used in its manufacture, but the tonnage of regular lithopone so consumed in 1953 was 60 per cent below the quantity so used in 1952 and the smallest on record to that time. TABLE 7.--Titanated lithopone produced in the United States and ordinary lithopone used in its manufacture, 194&-50 (average) and 1051-55, in short tons Year Titanated Ordinary lithopone lithopone produced used Year Titanated Ordinary lltbopono lithopone produced used 1961........................................... 1953........................................... 3, 620 1,660 900 2,970 1,300 760 1963........................................ 1964 .................................... 360 0) 0) 300 0) 0) < Figure withheld to avoid disclosure of Individual oumpany confidential data. RAW MATERIALS USED Kinds and quantities of raw materials used in making each pigment and salt in 1954 and 1965 are shown in tables 8 and 9. White lead, red lead, litharge, and orange mineral were manufac tured directly or indirectly from pig lead and contained 96 percent of LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS all lead used in pigments. The lead tthe ren)a,rung 4 percent of the hni7l^te ud(lead Slllcate are not repo basic lead sulfate may enter into leaded Zinc pigments and salts can be ma matenafs, including ore, refined metal, as scrap metal, residues, drosses, skimm w^``lc oxide was the only pigment for was used. Zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxid zme sulfide were manufactured from or tho TTnmcn lt l0p?ue ajd aU tha the United States was derived from se P0''10^ "*1C oxide production derive creased to 32 percent in 1956, compar TABLE 8. --Loud content of lead and zioo p manufacturers, by sources, 196 1064 Pigment Lead in pigments pro duced from-- 0 re Domestic Foreign pig lead Tot lead pig men White lead........................ Red lead......................... Litharge............. ..............' Leaded cine oxide ... Total..................... 20,670 24,390 181,016 6,24o" ""2,'729' 6,240 2,720 176,076 20, 24, 131, 7,9 164,0 raD86 mI"era1' dat TABLE 9.--Zinc'content of zinc pigments! a manufacturers, by sources, 1964 Pigment or salt Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Ore Do For mestic eign Slab tlno Sec ondary mate rial* Tota tlno In Pig ment and salts Zinc oxide.................... Leaded zlno oxide.......... Lithopone............. Total pigments...' Zinc chloride.............. Zinc sulfate 53,112 11,207 3,061 67,380 1,418 19,969 6,663 2,863 29,405 18,564 ............ 18, 584 17,051 1,593 18,644 12,271 3,907 108,71 17,70 7,537 134,013 16^,826791 Includes zlno lutfato production. ' Included 688 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1966 CONSUMPTION AND USES ( LEAD PIGMENTS White lead.--White lead was used principally in paintmaking; shipments to the paint industry comprised 78 percent of the total. In 1955, however, and in other recent years, the percentage used in paint was not properly indicated by available statistics. It is likely that a substantial part of the entire "Other" classification belongs properly under paint. Shipments to ceramic makers and manufac turers of plasticizers and stabilizers were 2 and 5 percent, respectively, of total distribution in 1955. TABLE 10.--Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) shipments,1 by industries, . 1946-60 (average) and 1951-66, in Bhort tons Industry 1946-60 1951 1662 1953 1664 1955 (averago) Total.................................. 44,466 1,422 3,866 49, 772 28, 718 1,648 * 6,140 36,416 21,223 1,076 l 4,301 26,603 21,030 786 * 4, 402 20, 217 20,029 487 * 4, 165 26, 671 10, 826 484 6, 260 26, 676 > Excludes baslo lead sulfate, data for which are withheld to avoid disclosure of Individual company confidential data, 'Includes the following tonnages for plasticizers and stabilizers: 1661--1,003; 1662--680; 1063--1,089; 1964--1,133; 1666--1,366. Basic lead Sulfate.--Substantial quantities of lead sulfate were used as an intermediate product in manufacturing leaded zinc oxide. Such quantities have always been shown in this chapter under leaded zinc oxide to avoid disclosure of individual company confidential data on basic lead sulfate. Bed Lead.--The paint industry, the principal consumer, received 49 percent of all shipments of red lead in 1955. Storage-battery makers (the leading users until 1953) received 41 percent of total shipments in 1955 compared with 44 percent in 1954. The ceramic industry consumed about 2 percent, of the red lead shipped. TABLE 11.--Distribution of red-lead shipments, by industries, 1946-50 (average) and 1951-55, in short tons Industry 1946-60 (averago) Paints............................................ 8torago batteries......................... Ceramics...................................... Otbor............................................. Total.................................. 16, 868 11,050 1,013 2, 800 31,803 1051 14, 740 16, 722 834 3,066 35. 352 1952 13,146 13, 700 388 3, 603 30,020 1063 14, 670 13, 076 1,188 1,600 31,333 1064 12, 608 12, 002 I.207 J, 320 27, 103 1066 14, 308 11,098 007 2. 299 20, 272 Orange Mineral.--Orange mineral was used in manufacturing ink. Litharge.--About two-thirds of litharge shipments are usually di rected to storage-battery makers. In 1955 the proportion was Gl percent, compared with 68 and 67 percent in 1954 and 1953, respec tively. The ceramics industry was the second-ranking consumer of LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS litharge in 1955, taking 24,200 tons or Shipments for making chrome pigmen mained well below the level of other re secticides and varnish increased 41 Total shipments for all purposes increa TABLE 12.--Distribution of litharge shipmen and 1961-66, in s Industry 1946-60 (average) Storage batteries......................... Ceramics.......... ........................... Chrome pigments__________ Varnish.................... .......... ......... Oil roflnlng__ ______________ Insecticides......... .................... .. Rubber............................. ............ Floor coverings........................... Othor.............................. ............ Total.......... ....................... 94,209 18,616 9,227 4,123 6,766 8,717 % 323 136 ' 6,862 160,867 1961 94,064 22,816 11,117 0,684 6,068 6,691 2,641 1,772 6,001 164,763 ZINC PIGMENTS A Zinc Oxide.--Shipments of lead-fr industries followed the distribution in industry and paint manufacturers wer 51 percent (51 percent in 1954) and 2 respectively, of total shipments. Shi increased 22 percent to 86,700 tons ceramics and coated fabrics and textil and 7 percent, respectively, of the tota industries increased in 1955, surpassi by 5 percent. TABLE 13.--Distribution of zinc oxide shipme and 1961-56, in s Industry 1946-60 (average) 1961 Rubber________ ___________... Paints............................................ Coated fabrics and textiles *... Ceramics.............. ................. Floor coverings._....... Other.......................... . ToUl................................... 78,072 32,067 8.020 10,479 3,771 16,699 148,103 71,607 32, 934 7,266 10.324 3,114 22,672 147,716 Includes tbe following tonnages for rayon: 1661--6,276; ' Included under "Other." Leaded Zinc Oxide.--Leaded zinc ox exclusively as a pigment in paint produ not used in paint (about 1 percent) wa and miscellaneous minor products. G90 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 10 56 TABLE 14.--Distribution of leaded zinc oxide shipments, by industries, 1946-50 . (average) and 1951-66, in short tons Industry 1646-60 1061 1962 1063 | 10M 1955 (average) Total................................ 61,332 176 2,005 63,613 43,678 82 681 44, 341 37, 607 0 278 37,802 30,270 ! 41 j 395 i 39,712- 33,090 7} 276 33,972 32,178 483 32, 601 Lithopone.--Lit.hopone was used principally in manufacturing paint, varnish, and lacquer. In 1955, shipments to the paint industry comprised 71 percent (73 percent in 1954) of total shipments. Al though paint shipments increased 1 percent in 1955, shipments of lithopone to the paint industry declined 5 percent below 1954 and 31 percent below the 1946-50 average. Lithopone was also used in coated fabrics and textiles (10 percent) and in floor coverings, paper, rubber, and printing ink. Although generally declining over the post decade, 1955 shipments of lithopono for these uses increased 4 percent,'only 44 percent of the average shipment in 1946-50. TABLE 16.--Distribution of lithopone shipments, by industries, 1946-50 (average) and 1951-55, in short tons Industry 1946-60 1961 1962 1963 1964 1966 (average) Faint, varnish, and lacquors . Ooated fabrics and textiles.... Floor coverings.'........................ Rubber......................................... Paper............................................. Fruiting Ink................................ Other............................................. Total.................................. 99, 876 7,806 8,138 3, 244 3,618 0) 6,028 127, 209 70,014 4,814 4,620 3, 295 6,462 808 6,164 102,837 45, 207 6,698 3,009 1,623 3,089 657 2,689 01,832 87,462 5,806 2, 675 1,723 2,000 716 2,071 62,439 32,177 3,995 2,351 1,701 1,841 106 1,761 } 44,011 30,622 4, 242 2,378 2, 163 1,970 1,670 42, 846 i Includes a small quantity, not separable, used for printing Ink, except la 1051 and 1052. * Included with "Other" before I960, except for those quantities reported under "Faint, varnish, and laoquers." TABLE 16.--Distribution of zino sulfate shipments, by industry, 1946-50 (average) and 1951-55, in short tons 1046-60 (aver- 1961 1952 1963 1064 1055 Industry age) Dry Dry Gross Dry Oro.33 Dry Gross Dry weight weight basis wolgbt basis weight basis weight basis weight basis Chemicals..................... Glue............................... Elcctrogalvonlzlng___ Flotation reagents___ Paint and varnish Textile dyeing and Other............................ 9. 610 6, 824 1,837 646 318 1,140 242 1,800 10, 073 6,688 2,871 396 190 868 32 1,400 2,116 7,926 4,847 2, 243 337 129 730 20 1,163 1,274 8,181 6, 111 1,075 391 342 1,070 172 2,295 0,812 4,446 1,489 329 243 060 130 301 1,422 9,008 6,773 2,630 001 337 736 106 156 1,966 7, 612 6, 804 2,106 601 226 648 70 138 1,210 0,616 7,0C7 2,300 0?,8 'iC4 367 130 4 1, 41*2 6, 740 0,130 1,073 646 301 317 10, 732 8,187 w (*) 268 220 114 (>> 4 1,024 4, 461 Total................... 22,394 23,624 18,074 19, 687 10,122 22,220 18, 412 19,027 10,167 23, 804 9, 637 7,089 (') (') 177 202 0) 3,343 20,348 Inoluded with "Other.' LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS Zinc Chloride.--The principal uses o and tinning fluxes, battery manufactu fiber, wood preserving, oil refining, and Zinc Sulfate.--The rayon industry wa sulfate in 1955. Of the .tptal, shipme (fertilizers and fungicides) required 35 rayon, 47 percent (35 percent in 1954). galvanizing, and paint,,and varnish pr shipments for chemicals, flotation reag printing decreased by 4 percent from PRICES Total and average values received b pigments and zinc salts are given in tab ues of litharge, red lead, and white lea per ton, respectively, in 1955 but'rem highs estaljlished in 1951. The avera lead at New'York was 15.14 cents, comp The average weighted sale price of le compared with 13.70 conts in 1954. Average values received for zinc oxide pone (zinc pigments), increased $3, $1, in 1955. The average quoted price of cents per pound, compared with 10.69 weighted sale price for all grades of slab compared with 10.80 cents in 1954. # TABLE 17.--Range of quotations on lead pigm at New Tork (or delivered in the East), (Oil, Paint and Drug R Product 1962 White lead (baslo Ied carbonate), dry, carlots, bogs.................... ::.................. ................................. Baslo lead sulfate (sublimed lead), less than carlots, bags............................................................. Red lead, dry, 96 percent or less, less than carlots, barrels../..................................^...................... Orange mineral, American, less than carlots, barrels..... ............................................. Litharge, commercial, powdered, less than carlots, barrels...____ ........ .................... .. Zino oxide: American process, lead free, bags, carlots... American process, 6 to 36 percent lead, bags, carlots........... ......................................... French process, red seal, bags, carlots. .... French process, green seal, bags, carlots____ French process, white seal, bags, carlots___ Lithopono, ordinary, loss than carlots, bogs.... Zino sujflde, less than carlots. bass, barrolff. Zinc chloride, works: Solution, tanks......................... Fused, drums................................ Zinc sulfate, crystals,1 less than carlots, barrels. 16.26-20.10 15.76-20.19 17.26-22.67 19.00-24.92 16. 25-2L 66 14.26-17.60 14. 40-18.36 16. 26-18.86 16.00-19.36 16. 60-19. 86 a 26- 8.90 20.30 4. 10- 6.35 9.00- 9.86 la 10-11.20 692 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1656 FOREIGN TRADE * i Foreign trade in lead and zinc pigrnonts and salts was of compara tively minor importance in relation to domestic shipments. Tonnage and value in 1955 increased 60 percent ojer 1954 for imports, but declined 14 percent and 5 percent, respectively, for exports. The value of imports was $1.2 million compared with $751,000 in 1954. The value of the principal exports was $2.3 million, compared with $2.4 million in 1954. As in 1954, imports of lead pigments were small consisting chiefly of litharge, which totaled 750 tons (600 tons in 1954). Imports of zinc products included 3,300 tons of zinc oxide, 600 tons of zinc sulfate, 500 tons of zinc chloride, and 300 tons of zinc sulfide. The United States exported comparatively little litharge, white lead, lead arsenate, and red lead in 1955; the totals constituted only a small portion of shipments by domestic producers. Pigments (covered by this report) exported in greatest quantity from the United States were zinc oxide and lithopone; tonnage of the two commodities comprising 2 and 4 percent, respectively, of total shi^Vnents by producers, decreased 15 and 37 percent, respectively, in 1955. TABLE 18.--Value of foreign trade of the United States in lead and zinc pigments and salts, 1953-65 ' (U. S. Department of Commercol Imports for consumption Exports 1953 1954 1965 1953 1954 1066 Lead pigments: White lead.................................................. Total........................................................ Zinc pigments: Total........................................................ Lead and ilno salts: . Total......................................................... $44 47 16, 281 678 10,060 $608 134,413 14. 219 140,140 $923 174,895 18, 708 194.626 $219, 514 163,830 426, 848 (0 0) $280, 001 124.613 467,078 (*) C) 276,122 476, 913 6, 400 31,868 6.668 7,029 287, 240 i 614,800 686, 186 83, 732 4,365 883,821 0) 684,270 807.066 0) 454,401 773, 273 1,468,100 1,361,626 6.467 27 25.379 3, 968 * 20, 337 34.076 32, 067 72,089 1,760 72.369 66,301 36. 821 87,369 202, 619 330, 111 761,309 1,170,318 83,130 10, 673 (0 8 (>) <!' 161,607 23, 665 () 8 0) C) $284.735 133, 580 658,020 0) 0) 771,021 0) 300,000 1.072, 681 216, 206 21, 181 0) 8 0) (>) < Data not ovallablo. > * Owing to change* In tabulating procedures by tho U. 8. Department of OoiDinorcc, dula known not to be comparable to oorller year*. * Figures on imports and exports compiled by Mae H. Price and Elslo D. Pugo, Division of Foroign Activities. Bureau of Mines, from records of tho U. 8, Pepartraout of Commerce. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMEN TABLE 19, lead Foments ______ _______ _Iu- 8- Department 0/ OommeroeJ Vear 1946-60 (average) 1951........ ...... 1062.......... ...................... 1963.... .................... 1064........ ....................... 1965......... ....................... White Bed le lead 790 767 . 675 818 951 957 9 6 4 4 3 3 [U. 8. Department o Year Sho White lead (baslo carbon. ate) L Had load Litharge su b 1946-50 (average)____ 1961..... 1962.. . ............ 1053.. ............ 1964........ ................ 1955.............. ........... 262 2,575 390 (') Less than 1 ton. 83 216 2 0) 2 3 321 1.866 621 60 696 751 by th U' 8- TABLE 21. Zino pigments and salts impor States, 1946-60 (average Year Zino oxide 1946-60 (average) 1061.. ------ 1952 ........ 1063.... 1964.. .. .......... Dry 1,103 1,772 173 1,167 2; 348 8,320 In oil (0 29 Short pone sulfi 243 794 11 30 66 80 2 be mpagrablebtoeemllw ye^atlDg pr0c<Klur6s ^ ">e U. S. D (J94 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 105 5 TABLE 22.--Zinc pigments exported'from the United Stales, 1946-60 (average) and 1951-66 .. |U. B. Department of Commerce] Year Short tons Zinc Llthooxide pone Total value Year ( Short tons Zlno Llthooxide pone Total value 1944-50 (average)........ 9,363 13,027 1961................................ 8,895 20,473 1963............................... 7,616 9,986 $4,049.031 6,861600 1852,809 1963.................................1 2.971 ISM..................................1 3,111 1603..................................1 3,649 1 3. 927 3.013 1,802 $1,468,100 1,351. 626 1,072,681 By Oliver Bowles,1 Annie L. Ma .. , IIME output in the United States I of 10.6 million short tons compar and was 8 percent greater than 1953. Opon-marlcet sales in 1955 to increase of 24 percent over 1954. category showing a decline in 1956; s than in 1954. Sales for building use chemical and industrial applications activity in the metallurgical industrie increase in sales of refractory lime (d total sold or used, 59 percent was in th hydrated lime, and 20 percent dead-b TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of lime sold o (average) and Active plants.......................................... Sold or used by producers; By types: Quicklime................. short tons.. Hydrated lime..................do____ Dead-burned dolomite___do____ Total lime: Short tons................................. Value....................................... Per ton........ ......................... Total open-market lUne ' short tons.. Total captive tonnage lime short tons.. By uses: Agricultural.............. short tons.. Buildings........................do____ Chemical and lndustrlal..do___ Refractory (dead-burned dolo mite)....................... short tons.. Imports for consumption........ do___ Exports........................... ............ do____ 2,419,218 31,386 61,606 1 Selling value, f. o. b. plant, oxcludlng cost of container * Incomplete figures; before 1963 there was only a partia Figure 1 shows the relation of build new building construction. A fair p 1950, but thereafter building-lime o struction. Because of'the many industrial and put of chemical and refractory limo h 1 Commodity specialist. t * Statistical assistant. ' Titanium By Jcsse^A. M *#* D UE TO increased quality, reductio production, titanium metal gained tural material in 1955. Increase nonmetal uses resulted in record-high do and titanium pigments. Domestic ru below the peak established in 1947. Th be the world's largest consumer of ilmeni previous highs established in former year The supply of titanium-sponge metal during 1955; therefore, Government a additional sponge facilities was suspen of the year supply and demand for tit balance. Most titanium metal produce market in military airframes and en TH0U3AN0 SHORT TONS-ESTIMAtETD TlO*. CONTENT. 400 > Oominodity specialist. 1172 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1955 THOUSAND SHORT TONS-ESTtMATEO TIOi CONTENT 1| Cons jmplion-- // 'i 1' ,v^ f ' M&K !/ N \At A'VvJV fir'* i** j Impo1 rWtsif.i'\K\'N /! tfv 1 1 .... . . A Production; 1941 , 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 Fig u r e 2,--Domestic production, imports, and consumption of rutile, 1941-55. industry began to realize the value of titanium in certain applications as the results of use tests of prototype equipment were made public. The price of titanium sponge metal decreased 23 percent, and millproduct base prices decreased as much as 12 percent. Because of a worldwide shortago of rutile, spot prices for these concentrates doubled, while ilmenite prices remained relatively constant in 1955. Production of ilmenite and rutile increased on a worldwide basis with the United States the leading ilmenite producer and Australia the leading rutile producer. Titanium-slag production in Canada, the sole North American producer, was greater than ever before as demand from the United States for this material remained unsatisfied. The first titanium-sponge-metal plant to use the sodium-reduction process began operations in the United Kingdom in the middle of the year. Of the three countries producing titanium sponge metal on a commercial basis in 1955, the United States continued to be the largest, followed by Japan and the United Kingdom. Many of the technological problems besetting the titanium-metal industry were solved during the year. Chief of these was recognition of the role of hydrogen in the delayed cracking of titanium parts. Methods were suggested for welding, casting, extruding, and fabri cating titanium in general, and a large quantity of technical literature became available to the public. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS On August 11, 1955, the Office of Defense Mobilization suspended the expansion goals on rutile, titanium-sponge facilities, titaniummolting facilities, and titanium-processing facilities (Defense Mobiliza- TITANIUM tion Order \ II--6, Supplement 1). OD sponge facilities on September 29, 195 rutile, titanium-melting facilities, and (Defense Mobilization Order VII-6, goal was increased 10,000 tons to 35 December 31, ,1955. The goals on m were reopened at 37,500 tons each, the 1954. The last titanium-sponge-meta at 25,000 tons in August 1953. Government-assistance for the cre sponge capacity was suspended by th 428) September 12,1955. This program expansion goals and included such incen of certain quantities of sponge in excess building of plants. Contracts signed b past titanium-metal expansion program output of 21,600 short tons in 1957. O were to continue. This action was ta submitted to ODM by Harold S. Vance, was recommendod by Vance and the De Genera) Services Administration (GSA ness specifications, which will achieve uniformity of titanium sponge in case and hold purchases of titanium sponge continuing development of a better pro production facilities. It was also recom of Defense should make every effort to military equipment on a production b cost. The last recommendation wou fabrication technology and lead to pro DOMESTIC PROD Concentrates.--Domestic ilmenite pro set record highs of 583,000 and 573,00 cceding the previous highs established in content of ilmenite shipments ranged fr Ilmenite included a quantity of mixed ilmenite, le.ucoxcne, and rutile. The manufacturing titanium pigments and duced in 1955 by the American Cyan Baumhoff-Marshall Inc., Boise, Idaho & Co., Inc.; Starke and Lawtey, Fla.; Melbourne, Fla.; the Hobart Bros. Co. Canadian Dredging Corp., Cascade, Tahawus, N. Y.; Rutile Mining Co. o and Titanium Alloy Manufacturing D Co., Jacksonville, Fla. Rutile production in the United States an increase of about 1,100 tons from 195 high record of 8,562 tons set in 1947. trate were 9,182 tons in 1965, an increa Rutile was produced in 1955 by the 1174 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 Melbourne, Fla.; Hobart Bros. Co., Winter Beach, Fla.; Marino Minerals, Inc., Aikon, S. C.; Rutile Mining Co. of Florida, Jackson ville, Fla.; and Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Division of the Na tional Lead Co., Jacksonville, Fla. TABLE 1.--Production and mine shipments of titanium concentrates from domestic ores In the United States, 1940-60 (average) and 1961-65, in short tons Production (gross weight) Shipments .,_ Gross weight TIOi content Value ILUXNITB 1945-50 (average)....................................................................... 1063................................................................................................ 1064............................................. :................................................ 1066................................................................................................ SCTQ.K 1046-60 (average). 1061......................... 1062......................... 1063....................... 1064..!................... 1065......................... 376.672 636,836 628,688 613,606 647,711 683,044 7,688 7,189 7,126 6,826 7,411 8,613 369,372 610,840 622,616 612,176 631,806 673,102 6/967 10,919 6,874 6, 476 7,306 9,182 177,396 261,082 266, 696 268,247 270,661 207,836 86, 630, 606 7,689,272 8,022, 762 7,222,641 7,376,344 10,267,647 6,408 10,166 6,416 6,043 6,822 8,617 678,610 646,000 716,491 702,791 869,677 1,122,000 i Includes a mixed product containing altered llmenlte, rutile, and Ieuooxena for 1949-65, Inclusive. On September 30 the National Lead Co. announced that it had supplemented its titanium-ore reserves by discovery of a large ti tanium deposit within IK miles of its Tahawus, N. Y., mine and by the purchase of 6,800 acres of land containing ilmenite sand at Trail Ridge, Fla.3 Reportedly, ore reserves of 50 million tons have been proved to date at the New York deposit, and indications are that the deposit contains over 100 million tons of ore. The Florida reserves are expected to yield 5 million tons of ilmenite in 270 million tons of sands available lor economic processing. It was made public in September that E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., had leased 11,000 acres of land near Camp Blanding, Fla., thus increasing its holdings near its Highland mine to 18,000 acres. Royalty payments were reportedly 65 cents per gross ton of mineral produced to be split between the Federal and State Governments.3 Dredging operations conducted by Baumhoff-Marshall, Inc., and Idaho-Canadian Dredging Co. in the Cascade area, Valley County, Idaho, ceased in August 1955, reportedly because of a drop in monazite prices. The two companies recovered ilmenite as a byproduct from monazite operations. Metal.--Domestic commercial production of titanium sponge metal established a record high of 7,400 short tons in 1955, a 38-percent increase above the provious record set in 1954. Sponge was made at commercial operations of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Newport, Del.; Titanium Metals Corporation of America, Henderson, s Wall Street Journal, National Lead Lists 3 New Tltunluin Finds: Vol. 146, No. 06. Oct. 3, 1966, p. 4. t Mining World, Du Pont Acquires More Florida Acreage to Substantially Increase Ilmenite Holding*: Vol. 177No . 10, September 1066, p. 106. TITANIUM - Nev.; Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mic tanooga, Term. It was also produced as the Bureau of Mines Electrometallurg Boulder City, Nev. Du Pont and TMC turers. All commercial sponge produced nesium reduction of titanium tetrachlorid TABLE 2.--Salient statietios of the titanium . 1848-66 Year Sponge produc tion i Sponge In revolving- M Ill-shape fund stock production pile Deo. 31 Ye 1048................... 1949................... 1950..................... 1951..................... * 10 *25 *75 406 , *75 1952...... 1963...... 1964____ 1066...... 1 Unconsolidated commercially pure metal In various forms. 1 Estimate. * * Data not available. * < Shipments. Titanium sponge purchased by the G under a General Services Administration*p totaled 3,753 short tons, thus increasing th stockpile to 6,647 tons. Government ag de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Corporation of America, New York, N sponge under this program terminated Se The Bureau of Mines entered into a coo Wah Chang Corp., Glen Cove, N. Y., on the Bureau to conduct research and de process for the production of titanium-sp Bureau titanium pilot plant at Boulder for the project, which was to terminate Ma was completed. GSA entered into a cooperative agree with the Bureau of Mines on September 3 2-year program of research and developm purpose of developing an economical proce tetrachloride from domestic ilemite a Under the program,. smelting studies to pr be conducted at the-Bureau's Northwest E ment Station at Albany, Oreg., and resear ination of the titanium slag was to be done laboratory. . The Defense Department awarded B Columbus, Ohio, in March 1955, a $1 mi titanium metallurgical laboratory.4 Initia was to concentrate on gathering and diss providing technical advice to industry on tion of titanium for military equipment. Wall Street Journal, Battelle Get* U. 6. Contract for Reee&ro 1066, p. 16. 1176 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1065 operation of the laboratory for 18 to 24 months from the effective date of the agreement. Experiments with a now process for producing titanium metal and a new method of obtaining titanium from impure scrap were conducted under two contracts signed by GSA in 1955. One agreement (Contract DMP-113, dated May 17, 1955) was with National Research Corp. and Monsanto Chemical Co. Under it, National Research Corp. was to test a new fused-salt process for producing titanium at Cambridge, Mass., as previous work had reached the point where larger scale operations were necessary for complete evaluation of the new process. A pilot plant having a rated capacity of 1,000 pounds per day was to be operated. The work was estimated to cost about $1,183,500. The.Government was to reimburse the firms, but they were to receive no fee for the work. The Government was to get nonexclusive, royalty-free licenses on the inventions and patents that might be developed. The contract contained provisions for repay ing the Government's investment, should the process prove to be feasible and commercial production result within 10 years. The second agreement (Contract DMP-114', dated April 29, 1955) was with Horizons, Inc., of Cleveland, Ohio. The company was to regenerate titanium from impure scrap metal by its patented process. Horizons, Inc., also was to work without fee. Cost of the experimental operations was estimated at $96,500, to be paid by the Government. However, should the work prove successful and the process be put into commercial production within 10 years, the Government was to be reimbursed for its investment and was to receive nonexclusive, royalty-free licenses on inventions and patents that might be developed. .. ,. The construction of a multimillion-dollar titanium tetrachloride plant at Natrium, W. Va., was announced by Columbia-Southern Chemical Coip., Pittsburgh, Pa., on April 14, 1955.5 Initial output of titanium tetrachloride, the .basic material consumed in manu facturing titanium metal, was scheduled for April 1956. A 5-year contract to supply titanium tetrachloride to Electro Metallurgical ^ Co., Division of Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., at Ashtabula, Ohio, ' was announced by Columbia-Southern in May 1955. Over half of the sponge produced domestically, plus a quantity of scrap, was melted to make 4,573 short tons of ingots. Of this quantity, 4,442 short tons of ingot was consumed to produce 1,898 short tons of mill products, including sheet, plate, strip, forging and extrusion billet, rod, bar, wire, and tubing. Mill products were produced by plants of the following companies: Harvey Machine Co., Torrance, Calif.; Mallory-Sharon Titanium Corp., Niles, Ohio; Rem-Cru Titanium, Inc., Midland, Pa.; Republic Steel Corp., Massillon and Canton, Ohio; and Titanium Metals Corporation of America, New York, N. Y. In June Mallory-Sharon Titanium Corp. completed a new melting 'American Metal Market, Columbia-Southern To Build Largo TUnn/urn Tetrachloride Plant: Vol. 62, No. 73 Apr., 16, 1965, pp. 1, 3. TITANIUM plant to triple its melting capacity.0 F furnaces increased the melting capacity to This same company purchased the Niles Sharon Steel in December, to integrate facilities.7 Rem-Cru Titanium, Inc., announced in S group of 5 buildings and 10 acres of land Company of America, Midland, Pa., to exp facilities.. . Titanium Pigments.--Based on titanium production and shipments of titanium pigm and 22 percent, respectively, above the re Titanium pigments were produced by the Pigments Division, at Gloucester City, N Piney River, Va.; (Hidden Co., Chemicalsat Baltimore, Md.; E. I. du Pont de Nem Moor, Del., and Baltimore, Md.; and th St. Louis, Mo., and Sayreville, N. J. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., wa facturer to announce expansion plans durin expand production of titanium dioxide 25 Del., plant by late' 1956.* Welding-Rod Coatings.--Production of tita was 233,353 short tons in 1955, an increase o duction. Of this quantity, 46 percent was 15 percent with manufactured titanium d mixture of rutile and manufactured diox ilmenite. A small quantity of titanium s coatings. CONSUMPTION AND Concentrates.--Consumption of all three ilmenite, titaniurii-slag, and rutile--reach Almost 99 percent of the 741,450 short tons used in producing manufactured titanium included some ilmenite, in the form of a was used to make titanium metal. Virtua of titanium slag , was consumed for pigm ilmenite in this use. Of the 28,762 tons o cent was used for titanium metal and 44 coatings; the remainder went into alloys a miscellaneous uses. . Light Metal Ago, Mallory-Sharon Triples Titanium-Melting 1066, p. 31. i Iron Age, MaUory-8haron Integrates Melting, Rolling Facilities Oil Paint and Drug Reporter, Titanium Dioxide Figments O No. 10, Mar. 7, 1066, p. 4. 4K7A7fl_K0... 1178 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 TABLE 3.--Consumption of titanium concentrates in the United States, 1946-60 (average) 1961-63 total, and 1954-66, by products, in short tons Product Ilmenlto > Titanium slag Rutile O ross TiOi Qross TIO> dross TIOj weight content weight content weight content 1953....................................................................... 628.177 713,353 082,860 687,076 276,000 273,037 351, 663 364, 470 ,. 1964 673, 606 845 6, 635 0 8 * 349,857 601 2,779 6 4 * 070,903 ' 353,146 ' 1055 732,610 (') 1,188 7,291 21 431 300, 600 0) 080 3, 617 13 258 741,450 401,146 24, 230 73,628 100, 670 < 166 100,825' 134,362 601 134,063 16. 746 62,611 1 0, 288 17, 227 18,317 20,170 70, 003 * 109 71,102 8,817 1 2.000 372 I 1 0, 405 20,003 04, 108 414 94, 522 id, 337 12,014 2, 431 462 2,028 28,762 > 8,618 16,018 17,363 10,033 8,100 1,087 348 * * 8,927 10,431 0, 821 11,848 2,306 423 ' 2,704 27,192 > Includes a mixed product containing rutile, leucoxono, and altorod Umonlto usod to mako pigment? and metal. i "Pigmonts" Include all manufactured titanium dioxide. 1 Revised figure. ' Includes consumption lor wc)dlng-rod coatings and research purposos. Includes consumption for chemicals, mota), flborglass, and welding flux. * Not separately classified before 1955. ' Includod with pigments to prevent disclosing Individual company confidential data. * Includes consumption for chemicals, fiberglass, and wolding dux. TABLE 4.--Distribution of titanium-pigment shipments, by industries, 1946-50 (average) and 1951--55, percent of total Industry 1046-60 1961 1962 1963 1964 1956 (average) Distribution by gross wetght: Paints, varnishes, ana lacquers............................... Floor coverings (linoleum and felt boso)............... Rubber........................................................................... Coated fabrics and textiles (oilcloth, shndccloth, artificial leather, etc.)......................................... . Printing Ink.................................................................. Other.............................................................................. Total......................................................................... Distribution by titanium dioxide content: Paints, varnishes, and lacquers............................... Floor coverings (linoleum and felt base)............... Rubber............. ....................... .................................. Coated fabrics and textiles (oilcloth, shadcclolli, artificial leather, etc.)............................................. Printing ink.............................................................. . Other.............................................................................. Total........................................................................... 77.1 6.0 3.0 2.6 1.8 .0 7.7 100.0 73.3 6.9 4.4 2.6 1.6 1.3 11.1 100.0 70.0 7.0 5.0 2.8 2. 1 1.0 n. 2 100.0 67.1 0.7 4.8 3.4 2.0 1.2 11.8 100.0 84.3 10.1 4.6 3.1 2.4 1.2 14.4 100.0 66.3 10.1 4.6 3.4 2.7 1.3 12.0 100.0 70.1 8.5 4.9 3.6 2.3 1.4 9.3 100.0 04.9 8.0 6.7 3.4 2.1 1.8 13.2 100.0 62.0 10.4 6.6 3.0 2.0 1.6 13.0 100.0 68.8 14.1 6.4 4.6 2.0 1.6 13.0 100.0 65. 4 14.1 6.2 4.0 3.2 1.6 16.6 100.0 58.4 13.6 6.2 4.4 3.4 1.7 13.4 100.0 . TITANIUM Metal.--Moat titanium mill shapes dofonse applications, especially military The advantages to be gained by usin engines were emphasized in an article.' use of titanium in production of jet-engi of 250 pounds of weight in certain engin production airframe design achieved w 300 pounds in fighters and up to 600 reductions were due to direct substitut steel, and further weight savings were p were redesigned to use titanium. It was disclosed that five major as F-101A Voodoo were made of titanium, panel, keel assembly, fairing assembly, fl mount trunnions.10 Titanium was utili previously had required the use of stain A new type of< titanium shroud was d F-102A supersonic interceptor. The n the plane's J-67 engine from the surrou `Tigidized'' metal, which consists of rid the sheet.11 As a result of using titanium in the and FJ-3, titanium parts were also desig of its high strength-to-weight ratio at t and low thermal conductivity, titanium w and fire seals of the FJ--4. Titanium m section and a portion of the midsection XF8U-1 jet-fighter plane made by Chan The first sizable order for titanium bo placed by the Convair Division of Genera 1955. The order was for 360,000 shear and costing $650,000. The results ofgthe evaluation of titan piping material for the Navy were relea was unaffected by 8 months of erosion a flowing through it at 20 feet per second. Actual uses of titanium in nondefense publicity in 1955. Pieces of equipment tested in operating conditions proved f ment made from conventional materia instances. This superiority was due mai of titanium metal to a wide variety of cor applications reported follow: Titanium was used for the contact par solid cakes from corrosive slurries of calc --------------- ' Metzger, MaJ. Qen. Kern B., Strategic Uses of Titanium: M pp. 11&-118 10 Rem-Oru Titanium Review, Titanium Helps the Voodoo pp. 1-2. 11 Modern Metals, Rlgldlzed Titanium Used In Jet-Engine S 11 Sobreltz, W. G., Evaluation of-Titanium as a Salt-Wate Rept. 040Q37D, August 1066, 6 pp. 1180 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1955 steel used in the filter press developed severe pit ting after 2 weeks of service, while titanium showed no sign of corrosion after 7 months of operation.*1' , ,. The superiority of titanium to stainless steel in handling hot nitric acid in chemical-processing equipment was dramatically demonstrated. In one prototype application a titanium "top-hat" condenser insert, consisting of 70 tubes welded to a titanium sheet, was subjected to service in a condenser handling vapors of 60 percent nitric acid at 300 p. s. i. and 195 C. The insert was unaffected after 14 months of use, whereas similar ones of stainless steel lasted 4 to 6 months.14 - Steam-jet diffusers that had to be replaced every 3 months when they were made of cast iron were made of titanium and showed no sign of corrosion after 2% years of operation.1' The steam-jet diffusers were used to create a process vacuum and were subject to corrosion by high-velocity steam and dilute hydrochloric acid. It was revealed that titanium was an excellent material for fabri cating parts of anodizing racks used in anodizing aluminum.18 The titanium parts were unaffected by the corrosive solutions used in anodizing, and the racks did not have to be stripped after each cycle, thus saving time and manpower. It was also pointed out that racks made of titanium could also be used advantageously in many electro plating solutions. ... The General Motors Corp. announced in late 1955 that it had built and successfully tested an experimental turbine-powered car, called the Firebird II, which had a body shell made completely of titanium. Some potential uses of titanium fittings on sailing craft were pointed out.17 On one 22-foot craft the mast fittings, jib-halyard fitting tangs, spreaders, a tiller-head fitting, and other parts were made of titanium.. The corrosion resistance ana light weight of titanium were two prop erties cited as making it a desirable material for use on pleasure and. racing boats. STOCKS Year-end stocks of ilmenite, titanium slag, and rutile decreased 2,* 21, and 7 percent, respectively, in 1955 from 1954. Consumers' stocks of rutile increased about 1,000 tons, so that the total decline, in rutile stocks was due to a lowering of inventories of mines and distributors. At the 1955 rate of consumption, total stocks (on a, titanium dioxide content basis) represented supply of 6% months for. rutile, 9K months for ilmenite, and 6 months for titanium slag. Stocks of titanium sponge metal held by sponge producers and melters at the end of 1955 were 854 short tons. This quantity oh sponge would have represented a 2%-month supply for the melters at. tne 1955 rate of consumption. it Rem*Oru Titanium Review, Pennsylvania Salt Unit Proves Titanium Equipment's Value for Han* . Hlinff Commercial Bleach: Vol. 3, No. 8, July 1065, pp. 1-2. u Modern Metals* Titanium withstands GO Peroent Nltrlo Add for 14 Months: Vol. 11, No. 0, July; 1 itSm-Ora0Titaiiluin Review, Titanium Performs In Key Corrosion Spot for Du Pont: Vol. 3, No. 2, ^ Titanium Review, Titanium Proves Optimum MaterJ&lfor Anodlrlng Racks: Vol. 3, No. 1, > January 1056, p. 7. it Dq Pont Magazine, Titanium Afloat: Vol. 40, No. 8, July 1055, pp. 34-H5. TITANIUM TABLE 5.--Stocks of titanium concentrates in 1964-60, in ahort StockB Ilmenite Cross TlOj weight oontent < 1954 Consumers.................... .................................... 1955 71, 007 716 562,256 634,877 80,429 407 642.160 622,986 33, 298 426 296,339 330,062 37, 228 242 283,809 321,360 1 Rovlsed figures reflect Inventory corrections reported by Ind ' PRICES Concentrates.--E&MJ Metal and Mi following nominal prices for ilmenite and Ilmenite, 59.5 percent TiOj, f. o. b. Atl at $18 to $20 per gross ton (2,240 pounds year to June 20, 1955, when the price c remained the same to the end of the yea was listed at 7 to 7% cents per pound at 7yt to 7% cents per pound on Februaiy 1 pound on April 14, 1955; 9 to 9% cents p 9 to 10 cents per pound on Juno 7, 1955; a depending on time of delivery, on Septem the year. Price quotations for titaniu metallurgical grade, were published in Reporter, in December 1955 as follows: Natural granular, bags, carlots, per short ton f. o Niagara Falls, N. Y., carlots.-................... 5-ton lots, same basis.._____________ 1-ton lots, same basis_______________ (Milled rutile, $7.50 per ton higher.) . . 4^ ^ Manufactured Titanium Dioxide.--Mark : titanium dioxide remained the same in 19 Price quotations on manufactured titani .1955, published in the Oil, Paint and Drug Anatase, chalk-resistant, regular and ceramic, pound;_________________________________ Less than carlots, delivered, per pound_____ ; Rutile, nonchalking, bags, carlots, delivered East Less than carlots, de Titanium pigment, oaloium-rutile base, bags, , ' pound.................... .................................. ... tt:.- . Less than carlots, delivered, per pound_____ ,( Metal.---Price reductions for titanium-sp / the prices of titanium-mill products were a /metal industry in 1955. The price of titan 1264 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1856 to use the best water obtainable for any and sill uses. However, water of inferior quality may bo used for certain purposes, conserving higher quality water for use whore quality requirements are more exactmg^purities -n varjous iakes and rivors used for water supplies were described in an article.8 The list of soluble impurities included the following substances: Cations: Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, Fc. Mn, II. Anions: HCOa, SO,, Cl, SiO>, COj, F, S, OH. Gases: CO,, H,S, CH,, A second article described in detail the main ^ypes of water-con ditioning processes.10 These included (1) sodium cation exchange, (2) hydrogen cation exchange, (3) ion-exchango demineralization using "both cation and anion exchangers, (4) cold lime soda, (5) hot lime soda, (6) coagulation, sottling and filtration, (7) aoration, (8) deaeration, and (9) iron and manganese removal. The theory, operation, and equipment used in the disposal of or- anic waterborne wastes by the process known as bio-oxidation was fescribed in a technical journal.11 Both sewage and organic industrial wastes have been successfully treated by the activated sludge process wherein a portion of the biologically active sludge from a previous batch is thoroughly mixed with the incoming waste stream and aerated vigorously. Approximately 60 percent cf the dissolved and colloidal organic matter in the waste stream goos into the growth of additional microorganisms or sludge, while 40 percent is oxidized to C03 and water to provide energy for the life process. The excess sludge is removed, leaving a sewage effluent from which 90-95 percent of the BOD (biological oxygen demand) has been removed. The steady increase in demand for water together with the in creased pollution and high cost of developing additional fresh water sources turned attention to sea water as an inexhaustible potential source of fresh water. Tho U. S. Department of the Interior, Office of Saline Water Conversion, has sponsored research and develop ment of low-cost saline water conversion processes. The Saline Water Act of 1952 was amended in 1955,12 increasing the scope of tho pro gram from 5 years to 11, with a limited extension for 3 additional years. Ten million dollars was authorized to be spent in this period, with $2% million authorized in Federal scientific laboratories. Twenty-five projects were in progress in 1955, involving processes of thermal distillation, solar distillation, electric membrane separation, osmotic processes, solvent extraction, separation by freezing, and other processes.13 .... Outstanding progress was reported in vapor-compression distillation and electro-osmotic membrane separation. A vapor compression unit of 25,000 gallons per day was in tho development stage. An electric membrane process was also in the pilot-plant stage. As this typo of process removes salt rather than water from brine, it is par ticularly applicable to waters of low salinity because of the reduced energy requirements. Nordcll Eskel, Water--What It Contains: Chum. Eng., vol. 62, No. 8, September 1856, pp. 183-188, . i> Nordell, Eskel. Water-How It's Treated: Chem. Eng., vol. 62, No. 10, October 1856, pp. 176-184. n Eokenfelder, W. W., and Moore, T. L., Blo-Oxldatlon: Chem. Eng., vol. 62, No. 8, Soptomber 1865, PPu PubUo Law 111, Mtb Cong., 1st soss.: Ohap. 227, H. R. 2126, approved June 20,1966. u Secretary of tbe Interior* Saline Water Conversion: Annual Report, 1060* S3 pp. Zinc By O. M. Bishop,1 A. J. Martin,1 and 4* HIt ZINC INDUSTRY participated in the Tactivity in the United States in 1955. P tion of slab zinc reached alltime highs, and able zinc increased moderately. An upw zinc, which began in March 1954, continued t consumption coupled with sustained Govern National Stockpile reduced smelter stocks o level since June 1952 despite an increase in Consumers' stocks increased moderately. Production of slab zinc increased 18 perce 1 million tons for the first time. Of the total from domestic ore and 37 percent from fore redistilled secondary metal from scrap. Pigm directly from domestic and foreign ores conta tons of additional primary metal, compared in 1954. Consumption of slab zinc, keeping pace w industrial production, increased 27 percent to Zinc used in zinc-base alloys, mostly for di percent over 1954 largely owing to record aut increased use of zinc die castings per car. S nizing rose 12 percent owing to tne 13-percent public construction; galvanized products m process galvanized sheet found increased acc furnished 79 percent of the slab zinc supplie The zinc content of alloys, zinc dust, chemic from zinc-bearing scrap increased 17 percent t . Stocks of slab zinc at smolters dropped fro beginning of the year to 39.300 tons at the en consumers' plants increased from 103,700 tons The price of Prime Western slab zinc, Ea cents a pound at the beginning of the yea 13 cents on September 6, where it remain Purchases for the National Stockpile helped face of the continued excess of overall zinc s demand although the quantity of zinc offered declined as industrial demand improved durin Domestic mine production, at 514,700 tons 9 percent more than in 1954 but 14 percent le the 5-year period 1950-54. Some mines, clos declining prices between June 1952 and Fe reopened by the end of 1955; prolonged strik Jersey caused the loss of much production du from reopened mines and from two new mine moderate production gain over 1954. New M 15,300 tons of recoverable zinc in 1955 comp 1 Commodity specialist. * Statistical assistant. 1266 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 10 6 5 in 1954, recorded the largest gain, as 3 of the 6 large mines that had suspended work becauso of the low price of zinc resumed production. Of the 16 important producing States, only Idaho, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, and Oklahoma reported declines from 1954. Output of secondary zinc, recovered chiefly from zinc- and copperbase scrap, increased 12 percent over 1954 to 305,000 tons, considerably more than half the quantity produced from domestic ores. Imports of zinc contained in ore and concentrate increased 5 percent and those of slab zinc 25 percent; the 674,000 tons imported in both forms was 10 percent more than in 1954 but considerably below the 1953 alltime record of 748,000 tons. By far the largest quantity came from Mexico, Canada, and Peru. Exports of slab zinc totaled 180utside9the United States, zinc demand and prices also increased in 1955 The rate of gain in total consumption in foreign countries was about half that in the United States alone, but mine production was nearly the same as in the United States. The principal countries gaining more than 10 percent over 1954 in mine output were Canada, Mexico, Italy, and French Morocco; the only substantial decreases were 21 percent in Belgian Congo and 11 percent in South-West. Africa. Smelter output of zinc increased m all producing countries except Belgium and Australia. TABLE 1.--Salient statistics of the zinc industry in the United States, 1946-50 " (average) and 1951--65 Production of slab zinc: By aouroaa: _ .. , From domestic ores........short tons. * From foreign otoa...................... do... Total primary................. .do.. From scrap.......................... ..do.. Total production.................do... fitooks on hand at producers' plants: At primary plants.................. abort tons. At secondary plants......................... do... Total..........................................do... ImporU (general): Ores (zinc content)..........................<io .. Slab zinc.............................. ,..............d.0--' Mine production of recoverable zinc. .uo..- Consumption: , Slab zinc...................................... -- Ores (recoverable zinc content).-.do -- Zinc-base scrap1 (recoverable zinc con tent) .................................... short tons.. Copper-basescrap (recoverable 2lnc content)............................................. shorttons.. Alumlnum-aad magncslum-baso scrap (recoverable zlno oontent) short tous. Total........................ ................ do... Exports: Slab zlno............................ ............. do .. Price, Prime Western grade: East 8t. Louis..............oents per pound.- London.. .do. World mine production............... short tons. World smelter production..................... do... Revised figure. , .^ ... Excludes redistilled slab and by remelting. ZINC --1 20 1 19 ^t_i 23 19 --3__ 1___ 2 19 9 Eosl SI.Louis pri C.V- -- 19 rdSeXzr*primary slab zinpi GOVERNMENT REGUL L^gislaticm extending the Reciprocal Tr y an.oOtthhearr S3 VyeAaflTrsfl \wXTansa osiigrmneordl hbyi, TPre)sJidenit TEOi ^The law gave the President authority to c I5 f ~ year m each of the 3 years and all ^adverse effects to petition for an increase. not changed during the year. . tto j5n^^6rdUCti0n ACt f 1950 With a I,, ^he Export Control Act of 1949, still in ihceiises for exports to all countries except C eina6 ^?bilization 9rder OD-LS 416, |dosed expansion goals and hence the issuanc Igity for a number of minerals, including lead p DEFENSE MINERALS EXPLORATION A B .^, OMEA program to encourage expl gcntical minerals and metals was continued sexploration contracts for lead and zinc, the G Ipercent of the approved cost of projects. T 1268 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1955 tracts made in 1956 was 23, authorizing a maximum Government DarticiDation of $691,972, matched by an equal amount of private capitalfor an anticipated expenditure of $1,383,944, an average of $60,172 per project. From tho beginning of the program in 1951 through December 1955, 220 contracts involving ead and zinc were executed^which^authorized"Government participation of 719,243 " and total expenditures (combined Government and private caPlt") of $19 445,191. Lead-zinc and lead-zinc-copper exploration contracts in 1955 furnished 15 percent of all DMEA contracts executed and TABLE 2.--Defense Minerals Exploration Administration contracts involving lead and zinc, by States, executed in 1955 State and contractor Property County Dato approved Total amount1 CALIFORNIA Shasta Copper A Uranium Oo., Ino. COLORADO Buckskin Joe Mines, Ltd. Hurst Majors....................... Shasta King.. Shasta. Gold R1 dgo-DcoverFrance claims. Mlnoral Farm group........ Park... Ouray.. May 24,1956 $104,672 Jan. 3,1966 Sept. 21,1955 44, 876 2,200 IDAHO Copper Mountain Mine................ Highland Surprise Consolidated Mining Oo. . Idaho Consolidated Minos, Iuo.... Sblrta, Fred H, and Earl W.... Sunset Mines, Inc....-...-........ Copper Mountain. Deer Trail................ Twin Peak........................... Mountain King mine........ Liberal King......................... Butte.. Custer. Lemhi___ Custor.... Sbosbono.. Oct. 13,1956 Juno 17,1065 Nov. 10,1065 Oct. 8,1054 Nov. 22,1964 14,260 69, 670 17,370 31,304 101,126 MISSOURI MoLaren, Lucy A........ McLaron, Lucy A. St. Francois.. Doc. 23,1954 7,060 , MONTANA Boss Mines, luc............................ Elkhom Consolidated, Inc----- .... Boss A Atlantus... Dunstone mlno------ Hogan, Howard R. and PohJ, E... Bllvor Saddle........... Coscado........... Dec. 7,1054 JoITerson........ . Nov. 22,1951 Broadwater.. June 6,1965 24,140 , 26,110 10,460, Combined Metals Reduction Co.Mt. Wheeler Minos, Inc............ Nelson, A. 0., etal...................... Oglo 8wlngle................................ Yuba Dike Mines, Ino................ Black Prince................... Mount Wheeler............. Four Accs........................ Leadville mining claims... Yuba Dike...................... Lincoln.......... Whlto Pine... Esmoralda-- Washoe......... Lincoln.......... Mar, 2,1055 Mar, 15,1955 Mar. 30,1966 Juno 21,1955 Moy 17,1956 NEW MEXICO Western Dovolopmout Co.. ' UTAH McFarland A Huillnger................ U. 8. Smelting, Refining A Min ing Co. VIRGINIA Bellvlllo Gold Minos, Ltd.. Do..................................... WISCONSIN Gllle, Paul.. Bottom Dollar--Black Santa Fe.. Hornot Teresa. Sept. 29,1965 Ophlr..................................... Tooclo___ United States and Lark Salt Lako. mine. Sept. 15,1955 Aug. 16,1955 Dlllwyn aron......... Now Oaulou area. Buckingham. Jan. 0,1066 ____do____ ... Dec. 13,1954 Lindsay uDd Dawson Lafayotte------- Jan. 0,1065 Loaso. 98,200 303,200 8,436 16,300' 21,760 Total . T i Government participation wus 50 percent In nxplurntlon projects for lead and line In 1065. * Includes sums provided through amendments to coutracts and also funds lor participation In explorat oontraots, which were subsequently canceled or tormlnatod upon completion. ZINC 20 percent of all Government funds obliga through 1955, these contracts furnished 2 and 40 percent of the Government funds ob GENERAL SERVICES ADMINIS The General Services Administration (G procurement and administration, procur programs (as agent of the former Foreign O and the new International Cooperation Ad istration of Defense Production Act prog purchase programs. Purchases of zinc pr mined ores were made against the long-te each month of 1955, but the quantity te after March. The program for the bart commodities in exchange for strategic and c to the provisions of the Agricultural Trade ance Act of July 1954, was carried on wit materials, but no zinc was acquired under No new contracts with foreign producers fo Defense Production Act of 1950 were exe produced under contracts negotiated in prec . DOMESTIC PRODUCT Statistics on zinc production are compiled smelter basis. Zinc content of ore and co justed to account for average smelting lo domestic zinc output from year to year. S zinc from domostic ores represents an acc recovery but differs from the mine-recovery lag between mine or mill shipments and sm cause considerable zinc ore and concentr utilized directly in making zinc pigments a zinc recovered at smelters treating zinc-be tuted a large part of the domestic produc Zinc-proauction data for 1954 were co Bureau of the Census (U. S. Department of C of final data reported by each agency show The Bureau of Mines figure (473,471 short t able domestic mine production of zinc in 195 the Census figure (455,740 tons). The dif broader coverage by the Bureau of Mines th of metal contained in old slag and mill c mines with production valued at less than reported by the two agencies also differ b from ores transported across State lines fo the Bureau of Mines to the production of t was mined, while the Bureau of the Census to the State in which the ore was milled. MINE PRODUCTION Domestic mine production of recoverable in 1955 from 473,600 tons in 1954 but was 1270 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 average of the 5 years 1949-53. Some mines that had shut down because of low zinc prices prevailing since the latter part of 1962 resumed production in 1955. Two important newly developed mines--at Crested Butte, Colo., and at Friends Station, Tenn.-- began producing ore during the year. The production gain from these sources was partly offset by losses resulting from strikes, par ticularly those of unusually long duration at some mines in the Coeur d'Alene region of Idaho and one mine each in Montana and New Jersey. . The producing zinc mines of the United States were widely dispersed in 50 mining districts in 7 areas--the Tri-State area of Southeastern Kansas, Southwestern Missouri, and Northeastern Oklahoma; Ten- nessee-Virginia; Sussex County, N. J.; St. Lawrence County, N. Y.; Northern Illinois and Wisconsin; Southern Illinois and Kentucky; and the Western States (in order of 1955 output--Montana, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, Washington, Arizona, New Mexico, California and Nevada). The Western States output of recoverable zinc, at 277,800 tons, was 17 percent largor than in 1954, despito a strike which closed 15 mines in Idaho and 1 in Montana from August 23, 1955, to January 31, 1956. Idaho output in 1955 dropped 13 percent to 53,300 tons, the smallest quantity since 1939. Important zinc producers affected by the strike, all in the Coeur d'Aleno region, Shoshone County, included the Frisco, Page, Tamarack, and Sidney mines. The Star mine, active through out the entire year, continued to be the leading zinc producer in the State; other important producers included the Bunker Hill mine and Morning mine salvage. The only substantial Idaho producer outside the Coeur d'Alene region was the Triumph mine in Blaine County. Montana was the leading State in mine production of zinc in 1955, but its output (13 percent more than 1954) was well under that in : 1951-53. Most zinc in the State was mined at Butte, Silver Bow County, by Anaconda Co.; Ansehno, Lexington, and Orphan Girl load-zinc mines and the Emma manganese-zinc mine supplied most of the production. Output from the Jack Waite mine on Llie Montana- Idaho State line in Sanders County, Mont., decreased as this mine was among those of the Coeur d'Alene region that were closed by the prolonged strike. Production of recoverable zinc in Utah increased 9,500 tons (28 percent) to 43,600 tons in 1955. The gain resulted mainly from the; full year of Park City mines production, and from increased output: at the United States and Lark mines. Output from other mines3 varied only slightly from 1954. Colorado zinc production increased slightly (200 tons) over 1954;y Some zinc production was lost through destruction by fire of the; Emperius Mining Co. mill at Crecde iu August. The newly developed) Kaystone zinc-lead mine of American Smelting & Refining Co. a`! Crested Butte began producing in June. The Eagle mine (Na Jersey Zinc Co.) at Gilman was by far the leading zinc producer 1 the State; Idarado mine in San Miguel County ranked second. Oth important producers included the Rico-Argentine mine at Rico Camp Bird (King Lease) near Ouray, Resurrection Mining Co properties at Leadville, and Wellington mine at Breckenridge. ZINC each If <&lur nJiK supplying newl State increased production The Vwf<L as the leading producer follower! hwt and GrandvifwP underground mfne/ O dominately zinc producers and 1 tL p mately equal tonnages of zinctnd lld Important producersincluded thriZTna i? Flux in. S^Pte CompS ^KilyTto W1 Hog mine of American Smelting & Ref tnct, Grant County. In the latfer t At -iCA 1954 conda Co. of its most of 1954. Darwin mmiinnee gn-rronuimp, IInny Nevada production of recoverable zin Metals Reduction Co of the mhlinAf l ore, containing lead and zfnC, Tfch T had no output of zinc since 1952. ihe In-State or Joplin district produced zinc and 19,700 tons of lead from 4 lTinn an additional 1,400 tons of zine ,, 'l.40'30 The mines and the Central and Bird pve company mines in the OklahomA v n Central mill troated custoin oTe f "1KanSa homa mines. The Barbam T nnd^ maD Nellie B. Division! American Z^nc steadily until December 22 whnn'm6ad * Barba/a J. mill resumed red^d W? The Ballard mill of CtLal Lead Conn compared with only 8 months in iq u P e : old tailings in OklahomTM 54' sg,CtSTof 1272 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1955 TABLE 3.--Hine production ot recoverable zino in the United States, 1946-50 (average) and 1961--65, by States, in short tons 1046-60 (averago) Western States and Alaska: Alaska................................................. Arizona............................................... California........................................... Colorado............................................. Idaho................................................... Montana....................-...................... Nevada............................................... New Mexico...................................... ' Oregon................................................ South Dakota.................................. Texas.................................................. Utah.................................................... Washington............................... .. Total............................................... West Control States: Arkansas............................................ Kansas............................................... Missouri........................................... . Oklahoma.....................................- Total............................................. States east of the Mississippi River: Illinois............................................... Kentucky........................................ New Jersey...................................... New York....................................... Tennessee................ -...................... . Virginia........................................ - Wisconsin.............................-......... Total.............................................. Grand total.................................. 11 66, 786 6, 476 42,707 61,068 48.683 20, 301 36,063 6 10 13 37, m 12,603 342,026 29 36, 277 11,074 61,041 00, 321 J6, 308 026 64,734 36,408 30.003 16.028 0,076 170,462 611,790 1 62, 090 0,602 66,714 78,121 86,651 17,443 45,419 3 24 34,317 18,180 307,383 60 28, 004 11,470 63,460 93,880 21, 776 3,457 62, 917 40.061 38,630 7,332 15,764 189, 026 681,189 47,143 0,410 63, 203 74,317 82,186 16,367 160, 076 3 32,947 20,102 385,052 25,482 13,986 54,010 18,816 3, 280 50.100 32.036 38,020 13, 400 20,688 186,039 666,001 27.630 5,368 37,809 72,163 80, 271 5,812 13,373 20,184 32, 780 304,276 16,615 0,081 33,413 58, 909 14,556 489 45,700 51,520 38, 465 16.676 16,830 184, 245 547,430 21,461 1,415 36,150 61,528 60,052 1,035 34,031 22,304 237,882 22,084 . 0,836 ; 35,360 ; 63,314 08,688 . 2,670 16,277 ; / 43,566 < *? 29,536 -A 277,811 = % 160,,211100 43, 171 274,,041716^' 41,643 .:& -----YJr 73,630 14,427 468 37,416 63,160 30,320 10. 738 16,634 168, 098 473,471 21,700'*,' 11,043 -i 53,016 A40,216 X 18.329 ; 18,336-< 203,230 T 614,671, and the strike, which closed the Sterling mino at Ogdensburg from-* August 23, 1955, to the end of the year caused a 69-percent decline in. New Jersey production. New York output decreased slightly. These declines were offset to a large extent by increases of 50 percent; in Illinois, 33 percent in Tennessee, 10 percent in Virginia, and 18.* percent in Wisconsin. New York was tlie principal zinc-producingj State east of the Mississippi River; Tennessee ranked second. The Balmat and Edwards mines of St. Joseph Lead Co., St. Law rence County, N. Y., produced continuously in 1955. In New Jersey, at the Sterling mine of New Jersey Zinc Co., a new 2,700-foot shaft was completed, the expanded mine-development program was con tinued, and new crushing, ore-conveying, and other improved facilities; were installed.4 In Tennessee six zinc mines, all in tho Mascot-Jeffcrson City area,, Knox and Jefferson Counties, produced during 1955. American Zinc. Co. of Tennessee ran its Mascot No. 2, Grassclli, Athletic, and North Friends Station mines (also productive in other recent years) ; at the end of July, it began producing ore from the nowly developed Youn^ mine. The other producer in the Jefferson City area was the Davis? Bible mine of the Tennessee Coal & Iron Division, United Stat ^ Steel Corp. At the now Jefferson City mine of New Jersey Zmc Cq, (scheduled to reach full production in 1956) underground developmen `Mining Engineering, New Jersey Zino Rejuvenates Storllng Zino Producer: Vol. 7, No.fi, May 1 pp.Mi-4. 'I ZINC was continued, ore hoisting and ventilating and a 1,000-ton flotation mill and other surfa construction. The company also began de property at Treadwell, 25 miles from the Jef nnessce Copper Co. mines in Polk Coun yielding copper, zinc concentrates, and pyrite. In Virginia the New Jersey Zinc Co. Austin tration mill in Wythe County, producing continued a 13,300-foot transportation drift mine wi th the Austinvillo workings; ore produce mine will be treated in the Austmville mill. In Illinois and Wisconsin the mines and m Lie., and Eaglc-Picher Co. near Galena in Illi Co. mine and mill in the Schullsburg district were large producers. In August, Vinegar H major producer in Wisconsin, sold its 800-ton and equipment to American Zinc, Lead & Sme tho properties tho remainder of the year. A quired leases from Cuba City Mining Co. on and Temperly properties) in Wisconsin and an ment work would begin immediately and tha expected by mid-J956. In Southern Illinois, centrato increased at the fluorspar-zinc-lead m Co. and Minerva Oil Co. TABLE 4.--Mine production of recoverable zinc in the months, i1n-- s- hU o^ --r4t txo-n__s Month 1964 mb January............ February......... March________ April................. May.................. June.................. July................... 40,148 39, 608 42,706 40, 357 40,510 40. 930 30,028 41,005 40.101 46, 286 43. 721 46,361 43, 972 41,864 August................. September........... Octobor................ November......... . Dccombor. Total 1 Iucludes Alaska. 47fl7ft__KQ TABLE 5.-- Tw enty-five leading zinc-producing mines - in the United States in 1955. in order o f outpiU 1274 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1966 "2 d 2 jg 6o id d do oi o- f oSSe <sf q QQ cJTgAQ as a^QOQtlIa I siis Ilf-' shnsb Nt-3 | 60*30^u O toS o^Z. 'Xp is-a. ; <w u1c0o 55!I fl-s** :8 8' co S *2* S.sss#i4|2ii||la oP2 -- ^r3"tC?fJC0a,6sj6>-/5aSoO' Q<J'3w ^q b ^23 :S| 3i! laI'-la'-* ^S:'5S3t>o-aerjS25OS5:3^8 :g :.i iffjjj i-^*a0nl..o0rtodi !P3 li;0'p A. '2205..2' 9 3 0 S!^s=sHa-Patdeaa-os as t& se'8s rtpaPW-^O^^wQw^WLortOfflftHoQt-Q ga a p "o 0*^g.tr;r.c.;r^S32^^2^221P:22222SwiI cIcnoI ZINC In Cho United States in 1955, Llio 25 loa listed in table 5, yielded 68 percent of the 3 leading mines, 25 percent; and the 10 loa TABLE 6.--Mine production of zinc in the principa 1946-60 (average) and 1951-65, in terms of re District State 1046-50 (aver age) Trl-Stato (Joplin region) Kansas, Southwest ern Missouri, Oklahoma. Summit Valloy (Butto).......... Montana........................ St. Lawrence County.............. New York...................... Coour d*Alone............................ Idaho............................... Eastern Tennossoo *................. Tonncssoe....................... Uppor Mississippi Valloy____ Northern Illinois, Iowa,' Wisconsin. West Mountain (Bingham).. Utah................................ lied Cliff (Bftttlo Mt.)............ Colorado......................... Ausllnvlllo.................................. Virginia........................... Control........................................ New Mexico.................. Pork City region....................... Utah................................ New Jorsey................................. Now Jersey.................... Big Bug....................................... Arizona........................... Kentucky-Southern Illinois.. Kentucky, Southern Illinois. Uppor San Miguel.................... Colorado......................... Smelter (Lewis and Clark Montana........................ County). Tlntlc................. *..................... Utah................................ Cochise............ j...................... -- Arizona........................... Smeltor (Balt Lake County).. Utah................................ Warm Springs............................ Idaho............................... California (Leadville).............. Colorado......................... Aravalpa...................................... Arizona........................... Hush Valley and Smelter Utah................................ (Tooole County). Flint Creek................................. Montana........................ Pima (Slerrltas, Papogo, Arizona........................... Twin Buttes). Creede.......................................... Colorado......................... Yellow Pine (Goodsprlngs)... Nevada........................... Breckenrldge.............................. Colorado......................... Eureka (Bagdad)..................... Arizona......................... Patagonia (Duquesne)............ ____do.............................. Animas........................................ Colorado......................... Magdalouo................... .............. New Mexico.................. Heddleston................................. Montana........................ Tomlchl....................................... Colorado......................... Cow Creek (Ingot)................... California....................... Chelan Lake *............................ Washington................... Coso1........................................ California....................... Elk Mountain ......................... Colorado......................... Harsbaw *.................................... Arizona........................... Metallne *................................... Washington................... Northport................................. Ploche .................................... Nevada.. Pioneer (Rico)1.......................... Colorado. Silver Bell................................ Arizona.. SncfTels*...................................... Oolorndo. Old Hat (Oracle).................... Arizona.. Pioneer (Superior).................... ------ do.... Vordo (Jerome)....... .................. ------ do___ Warron (Blsbee)........................ ------ do.... 08,480 42,388 35,408 78,101 30,093 18,834 17, 709 17,616 15,027 31, 769 0,187 04,734 7,064 6,275 4, 480 4,685 2,330 26 1,874 6,070 505 3,703 55 5,482 328 000 670 1, 337 484 1,128 3,457 1,471 1,305 2,235 3,051 16 2,630 8,190 2,113 17,400 2,553 48 702 4,261 610 2, 622 27,738 1 > Districts producing 1,000 short tons or moro In any year of the * Includes zinc recovered from copper-zlnc-pyrlte ore In Polk C * No production In Iowa slnco 1917. Figure withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company conf * This district not listed in order of 1965 output. ? 1276 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1966 SMELTER PRODUCTION 1 Seventeen domestic primary ziuc-rcduction plants continued pro ducing slab zinc mostly at capacity rates throughout 1955. In the third quarter of the year a new electrothermic zinc-slag furnace pro duced primary slab zinc directly from lead slags at the Herculaneum, Mo., lead smelter. The unit replaced a smaller one which had been used experimentally in previous years. Eight of the other 17 reduc tion plants used horizontal retorts exclusively, 4 used continuous smelting vertical retorts exclusively (1 plant wholly electrothermic and 1 partly so), and 5 employed the electrolytic-zinc process. The retort furnaces of American Zinc Co. of Illinois Fairmont City plant at East St. Louis remained idlo, but the roasting and sintering units, cadmium plant, and sulfuric-acid plant wero active. Horizontal-Retort Plants.--Retorts at active horizontal-retort pri mary plants in 1955 numbered 54,570, compared with 54,496 in 1954. Of the total retorts, 46,468 (85 percent) were in use at the end of 1955, compared with 34,488 (63 percent) at the close of 1954. No substan tial expansion of retort-smelting-plant capacity was reported during the year. The smelting companies continued their progressive prac tice of adding new facilities to meet changes in quality requirements in consuming industries, to obtain increased efficiency, better metal lurgy, and lower costs. At the Blackwell, Okla., plant of Blackwell Zinc Co. (subsidiary of American Metal Co., Ltd.), the largest hori zontal-retort smelter and melting and casting facilities were added to produce uniform metal of specified composition, and improvements in smelting practice enabled the plant to produce slab zinc of reduced lead content, when desired.6 Vertical-Retort Plants.--During 1955 three of the vertical-retort continuous distilling plants used New Jersey Zinc Co. externally gas fired vertical retorts; the fourth used the St. Joseph Lead Co. clectrothermically heated vertical retorts. In the latter vertical retort and in the St. Joseph Lead Co. new electrothermic zinc-slag furnace at the Herculaneum lead smelter, the charge forms the resistance. One of tho retorts used by New Jersey Zinc Co. plant, Pnlmorl.on, Pa., was a Sterling arc-typo electric furnace, first used experimentally in 1951. Vertical retort of all types, at the end of 1955 numbered 91; 81 were in use at the end of the year. Electrolytic Plants.--Five electrolytic zinc-reduction plants with a total of 3,720 electrolytic cells were producing in 1955; 3,492 cells were in use at tho end of the year. Of 3,720 cells, in 1954, 3,317 were in use at the end of the year. Smelting Capacity.--Owing to changes in metallurgical practice in the various plants, statistics on domestic smelting capacity vary from year to year, irrespective of additions or subtractions of smelter-re covery units. Tho active zinc-reduction plants in the United States, as of the end of 1955, had an annual capacity of 1,164,000 short tons of slab zinc. Smelter output was 88 percent of capacity. In 1964 smelter production was 76 percent of the reported capacity (1,150,600 tons). Horizontal- and vertical-retort primary plants produced 89 percent of the 669,400-ton reported capacity (78 percent of a 668,700-ton reported capacity in 1954), electrolytic plants at 89 per American Metal Oo., Ltd., Annual Report for the 68th Year: 1066. zme cent of a 436,100-ton reported capacity (73 capacity in 1954), and secondary smelters a ton reported capacity (64 percent of a 56,40 Waelz Kilns.--In 1955 Waelz kilns were a following places: Illinois: Fairmont City--American Zinc Co. of Illinois.* LaSalle--Matthiosscii A Hcgclor Zinc Co. Kansas: Cherryvale--National Zinc Co., Inc.' Oklahoma: Henryetta--Eagle-Picher Co. Pennsylvania: Donora--American Steel & Wire Division of Un Palmcrlon--New Jersey Zinc Co. Slag-Fuming Plants.--Tho following slagimpure zinc oxide, which was further treated California: Selby--Amorican Smelting & Refining C Idaho: Kellogg--Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining A C Montana: East Helena--The Anaconda Co. Texas: El Paso--American Smelting A Refining Co. Utah: Tooele--International Smelting A Refining C During 1955 these 5 plants, treating 753,3 slag, produced 125,400 tons of oxide Fume c recoverable zinc. Corresponding figures f 116,800, and 80,600 tons, respectively, Active Zinc-Reduction Plants.--All but two producing primary-slab zinc in 1955 increa Facilities for raising the capacity of some pla stage or being installed. According to tho can Smelting & Refining Co., the capacity f High-Grade zinc from densified zinc oxide Corpus Christi, Tox., electrolytic plant was this expansion, scheduled for completion in 1 a total capacity of approximately 100,000 t High-Grade zinc. Late in 1955, plans for e the annual capacity of tho Sullivan electrolyt Idaho, wore announced. Full control of the Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Concentr exchange of stock with Hecla Mining Co. A report of New Jersey Zinc Co., the Palmerto on a reduced basis at the beginning of 1955; b facilities were at capacity; and during the ye increased 21 percent over 1954. Output of French process zinc oxide rose 18 percent. mechanical oxide furnaces readily produced tonnage of American process zinc oxide. The St. Joseph Lead Co., on a full-time basis thro its output of slab-zinc equivalent of oxide an Other plants recording large increases in slab-z the horizontal-retort smelters at Fort Smith, Amarillo, Tex.; and the electrolytic plants at Anaconda and Great Falls, Mont. * Hunt Idlo ontlro your. 7 800 footnote 0. 1278 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1956 Zinc-reduction plants in the United States in 1955 are listed as follows: Primary Zinc Distillers Horizontal-retort plants Arkansas: Fort Smith--Athletic Mining & Smelting Co. Illinois: . Fairmont City--Anmricn-n Zinc Co. of Illinois.11 LaSalle--Matthiesson & llegeler Zinc Co. Oklahoma: Bartlesville--National Zinc Co., Inc. Blackwell--Blackwell Zinc Co. Henryetta--Eagle-Pichcr Co. , Pennsylvania: Donora--American Steel & Wire Div. of the United States Steel Corp. Texas: Amarillo--American Smelting & Refining Co. Dumas--American Zinc Co. of Illinois. Vertical-retort plants Illinois: Depuc---The New Jersey Zinc Co. Pennsylvania: Josephtown--St. Joseph Lead Co. . Palmerton--The New Jersey Zinc Co. of Pennsylvania. . West Virginia: Meadowbrook--Matthiessen & Hegelcr Zinc Co. Electrolytic plants Idaho: Kellogg--Sullivan Mining Co. Illinois: Monsanto--American Zinc Co. of Illinois. Montana: Anaconda--The Anaconda Co. Great Falls--The Anaconda Co. Texas: Corpus Christi--American Smelting & Refining Co. Secondary Zinc Smelters.--Zinc-base scrap, which includes shim mings and drosses, die-cast alloys, old zinc, engravers' plates, new clippings, and chemical residues, was chiefly smelted at 11 .secondary, smelters. . Prifnary and secondary smelting, based on zinc-base scrap, pro duced 66,000 tons of redistilled zinc, 5,000 tons of rcmclt zinc, and 30,100 tons of zinc dust. In addition to the secondary zinc and zinc products recovered from zinc-base scrap at primary and secondary smelters and other plants, 149,000 tons of zinc was recovered from copper-base scrap, chiefly in the form of brass and bronze. Additional details on the secondary zinc phase of the industry may be obtained in the Secondary Metals-- Nonferrous chapter of this volume. Secondary Zinc Distillers Alabama: Fairfield--W. J. Bullock, Inc California: ^ Los Angeles--American Smelting & Refining Co., Federated Metals Division. Torrance---Pacific Smelling Co. Honnlivt mul slulorlni/, nmlmlwin, ,nnl ,'Pimniilutii mill* open,l.t-.O; funiin-i'.* .illi-unl-irc yi-iw, mill tlmrofore no slab tine was produced. ZINC Illinois: Bockemeyer--American Smelting & Refining C Hillsboro---American Zinc, Lead & Smelting C Sandoval--Sandoval Zinc Co. New Jersey: Trenton--American Smelting & Re Division. Now York: Tottcnvillc--Nassau Smelling & Refin Oklahoma: Sand Springs--American Smelting & R Division. . Pennsylvania: Bristol-^Superior Zinc Corp. Mars--Beal Brothers. Philadelphia---General Smelting Co. West Virginia: Wheeling--Wheeling Steel Corp. . SLAB ZINC Primary slab-zinc output in 1955 reache compared witii 802,000 tons in 1954 and the tons in 1943. Tonnage derived from dome cent; that from foreign ores declined 10 per Production of redistilled slab zinc decre tons; the quantity redistilled at secondary s cent, but that redistilled at primary smel Primary smelters supplied 37 percent of the dition to primary distilled zinc and redistil tons of remeltea secondary slab zinc was purchased scrap (4,500 tons in 1954). Zin large consumers of slab zinc recovered larg from "runaround" scrap generated in their Sixty percent of primary slab zinc was dis produced electrolyticallv. Output of Spec percent over 1954 and that of High Grade i combined output of Intermediate, Brass Spe 47 percent, and that of Prime Western, 3 constituted 39 percent of the total in 1955 (n Special High Grade, 37 percent (31 percent percent (15); Brass Special, 8 percent (6 perc than 2 percent (2); and Select, less than 1 p TABLE 7.--Primary and redistilled secondary slab States, 1946-60 (average) and 1961-6 Year Primary Prom domestio ores From foreign ores 1940-50 (averuec)............... ....... .. 1951..................................... 1052....................................... 1053..................................... 1054.................................................... 1966.................................................... . 637, 396 621,826 676, 828 * 380,312 682, 913 > 267, 969 > 328,661 l 420, 666 > 422,113 i 380, 691 1 Includes a small tonnage of slab lino furthor reflnod Into higb>gr 1 riant cloflotl in Octobor 1056. 1280 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1956 TABLE 8.--Distilled and electrolytic zinc, primary and secondary, produced in the United 8tates, 1948-60 (average) and 1951-65, in short tons CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO METHOD OF REDUCTION Year Rodlstlllod socondury Electro ' lytic pri Distilled Total mary At primary At second smoltora ary smelt ers 311,500 483,848 23, 953 33,725 853,032 336,087 545,616 16,251 32, 406 930,200 351,100 553,373 18,861 30, 250 950, 690 370,870 545,235 17,645 35,230 968, 980 iflM ......................................................... 311,237 401,188 31, 658 36, 355 870,438 389.891 573,013 24,747 41,205 1,029, 646 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO GRADE Year Qrado A Qrndo B (Interme Spoclal High Orado diate) High Orado (Ordinary) (09.99% Zn) Qradcs C and D Brass Special Solcct Qrado E (Prlrao Westorn) Total 1945-S0 (avoroge)................ 1961....................................... 1952........................................ 1953........................................ 1954....................................... 1955........................................ 245,212 281,571 295,801 312,810 270, 159 378, 215 193, 201 175,409 182, 125 180,188 132, 980 138, 697 30, 216 20,734 17, 003 14,720 19, 284 23, 702 57, 093 00, 511 48,817 66,219 62, 602 80,209 7, 670 13, 404 13,008 1,930 1, 233 3, 004 310,740 378,481 401,336 403,113 304,120 404, 820 853,032 930,290 069,500 908,980 870, 438 1,029, 549 i For total production of secondary zinc sec chapter on Secondary Motels--Nonfcrrous. TABLE 9.--Primary slab zinc produced in the United States, by States where smelted, 1946-60 (average) and 1951-55, in short tons Year Arkan sas Idaho Okla Illinois Montana homa Pennsyl Texas and vania West Virginia 1 Total Short tons Value 1046-60(averago). 1951........................ 1952........................ 1953........................ 1054........................ 1956........................ 17,864 21,770 21, 644 20,379 8, 670 21,481 42.894 64.468 64, 340 64,037 47, 404 60,625 101,100 108, 644 116, 331 129,004 92, 262 102, 808 204, 003 208, 482 214,980 222, 354 151,024 207, 360 134,627 161,247 1G1.242 134,018 163, 840 160, 001 172,614 180,177 103.811 102, 279 180,700 218, 469 121,353 137, 039 M3,131 162,234 106, 607 105, 794 705, 354 881, G33 004, 470 910,105 802, 425 003, 504 $100,705,/90 321,019,718 300, 829,716 210,164,487 173,805,265 236,829,283 * Includes Missouri, 19-17-63 and 1055. Pennsylvania led, Montana ranked second, and Oklahoma third among tlio States in producing primary slab zinc in 1055 as in 1954. All slab zinc produced in Montana and Idaho was electrolytic, that in Illinois and Texas was in part electrolytic and in part distilled, but all of that produced in other States was distilled. BYPRODUCT SULFURIC ACID Sulfuric acid was made from sulfur dioxide gases produced in roasting zinc-blende (sphalerite) concentrate at zinc smelters where the demand for sulfuric acid warranted. At soveral plants, quantities of elemental sulfur were also burned to increase acid-making capacity. The pro duction of sulfuric acid at zinc plants from 1951 through 1955 is shown in table 10. - ZINC TABLE 10.--Sulfurio acid (basis, 100 percen plants in the United States, 1948-60 Year Made from zino blendeJ Made from native Short tons Value* Short tons Va 1046--60 (average). 1951......................... 1962......................... 1953....................... 1954......................... 1966................ 661,842 635,948 664,714 636,864 612,250 782,938 $7,685,547 10, 218,400 11,031,494 11,397,458 11,642, 763 14, 687.012 206,885 261,106 224, 671 229, 951 156, 684 153, 022 $2,87 4,19 3,72 4,11 2, 9 2,88 Includes acid from foreign blende. At average of sales of 60* B. acid. ZINC DUST The.output of zinc dust increased 13 zinc dust reported here is restricted to co with close specifications as to percentage of grading, and fineness of particles and powder and blue powder. The content ranged from 94.1 percent to 99.8 and a ments of zinc dust were 29,300 tons, of wh shipments, and 400 tons was for fore stocks of zinc dust declined from 2,100 year to 1,600 tons at the end of 1955. The average price of all zinc dust shipp with 13.6 cents in 1954 and 13.3 cents in 1 was from zinc scrap (principally galvan recovered from zinc ore ana as a bypro secondary raw materials used to manufa in the Secondary Metals--Nonferrous ch TABLE 11.--Zinc dust1 produced in the Unite 1961-66 Year Short tons Value Total Average per pound Y 1946-60 (average).. 28,018 $7,899,173 1951............................ 31,695 13,438, G80 1962............................ 25,113 9, 794,070 $0.138 .212 . 195 1063...... 'All produced by distillation. ZINC PIGMENTS AND The principal zinc were zinc principal salts were chloride and sulfate. factured from various zinc-bearing mat scrap, and residues. In 1955, 183,000 to these products. Details of the productio are given in the Lead and Zinc Pigmen this volume. 1282 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1966 CONSUMPTION AND USES; According k> reports from approximately 830 plants, consumption of slab zinc reached a record high of 1,120,000 tons in 1955 compared with 884,300 tons in 1954 and the previous record of 986,000 tons in 1953. In the last quarter of 1955, consumption exceeded 97,000 tons monthly and totaled 293,000 tons--12 percent more than in the first quarter. The principal uses of zinc continued to be in galvanizing and for making zinc-base alloys (chiefly die castings), which utilized 40 and 38 percent, respectively. The quantity used for galvanizing increased 12 percent and for zinc-base alloys 48 percent over 1954. The expanded use of zinc-base die castings for functional and decorative trim parts of automobiles (of which a record number wero manufac tured in 1955) was an important factor in bringing about the record overall consumption of slab zinc during the year. Slab zinc used in making brass increased 35 percent over 1954 but was still 18 percent below the quantity consumed in 1953. In addition to the slab zinc used in brassmaking in 1955, 149,600 tons of secondary zinc in copperbase scrap was consumed in making brass and bronze ingots at secondary smelters. TABLE 12.--Consumption of slab zinc in the United States, 1946-60 (average) and 1951-65, by industries, in short tons 1 Industry and product 1040-60 1961 1052 1063 1964 1966 (average) Galvanizing:* Sheet and strip.......................................... Wire and wire rope.................................. Tubes and pipe......................................... Fittings....................................................... Other............................................................ 130, 931 45, 9C9 78,206 12,600 96,222 Total galvanizing.................................. 308, 924 Brass products; Sheet, strip, and plato............................. Hod and wire............................................. Tube........................................................... Castings and billets................................. Conper-baso Ingots................................... Other copper-base products................. Total brass products............................ 56, 000 37, 436 16,160 3, 790 4,401 1,313 110,000 Zinc-base alloy; Dio castings............................................... Alloy dies and rod.................................... Slush and sand castings.......................... 220, 426 3,448 720 Total zinc-base alloy............................ 230,003 Boiled zinc......................................................... 72, 079 Zinc oxide........................................................... 16,330 Other uses: Wet batteries. ...................................... . Desllvorlzlng lead..................................... Hlghi-metal alloys.................................... Other *........................................................ 1,470 2, 503 039 4,300 Total otbor uses....................... .......... 9, 221 Total consumption 4............................ 816, 862 144,329 51,702 70,221 21,180 103,761 400,270 07,815 40,056 15,027 7.008 6, 743 G63 143,262 282,812 11,136 2, 487 200, 434 64,085 18,223 1,749 2, 180 3, 132 4, 601 11,668 033, 071 146,875 48,646 82,043 10,3G0 90,769 377, 688 71, 706 49, 831 17, 067 7,262 8,223 1,620 155, 608 225,877 6, 236 1,677 230, 080 61,318 17,205 1, 300 2, 370 3, 20G 7,243 14,275 852, 783 164,601 44,100 88, 428 10,330 69, 529 406, 088 94, 820 47,312 18,130. 8, 145 7, 060 2, 104 178,182 207,280 7,140 3,026 307, 446 64,640 20,675 1, 417 2,425 6, 039 8,207 17,088 035, 927 181, 658 44,882 76, 891 10,613 80,619 403, 463 200,403 48,171 98,206 10,686 93, 776 461,141 62, 284 30,809 12,097 6,400 0, 604 806 108,2G8 67,650 46,830 16,363, 7, 618 8,063 920 140,243 270,676 8, 867 2,313 200,840 47, 488 18, 701 417,333 11,754 1,720 430,807 51,689 22,433 1,264 2, 740 3, 620 8,005 16, 536 884,200 1,420 2,676 3,184 10,019 17,699 1,119,813 i Excludos some smull consumers. . * Includes zinc used In elcctropilvanlzlng and electroplating, but excludes sherurdlzlng. * Includes zlno used In making zinc dust, hronzo powder, alloys, chemicals, castings, and miscellaneous uses not elsewhere mentioned. * Includes 4,605 tons of romclt zinc In 1061, 4,144 tons In 1062, 3,710 tons In 1963, 3,689 tons In 1964, and' ZINC Slab zinc used in rolled-zinc products ro above the 47,500 tons consnmod in 1954 the rolling mills remelt and reroll tho m produced from associated fabricating pro in 1955 totaled 8,100 tons, 12,300 tons i 1953. Purchased zinc scrap, in the form and engravers' plates, totaling 3,500 tons Production of rolled zinc from both sla was 53,100 tons compared with 49,000 t ventories of rolled zinc at tho beginning and 1,9Q0 tons, respectively. In additi tons of rolled zinc, the rolling mills proc zinc in manufacturing 15,500 tons of s products. TABLE 13.--Rolled zinc produced and quantity a . United States, 1954 1964 Short tons Val Total Production; Sheet zinc not over 0.1 Inch thick........ Boiler plato and sheets over 0.1 lnoh ; thick.......................................................... Strip and ribbon zinc1............................ Foil, rod, and wire.................................... 12,786 1,117 33,492 1,640 $6,986,291 477, 697 12,040,429 839,564 Totol rolled zinc.................................... Imports................ ....... -..................................... Exports................................................................ 49,035 259 2, 960 46, 404 20,342,981 88,010 1,443,995 1 Flguros represent not production. In addition 12,280 tons tons In 1966 wore rerolled from scrap originating In fabricating rolling mills. Consumption of six commercial grades o remelt spelter by the various industries the 1.1 million tons of slab zinc consum High Grade; 37 percent, Prime Western 7 percent, Brass Special; 2 percent, Int combined Select and Remelt. Record together with increased use of zinc die c tributing factors to the new record estab High Grade. Although all grades of zinc the increasing number of continuous galv to a gradual change to the higher grade slab zinc used in brass products, nearly 4 25 percent Special High Grade, and 17 p 1284 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 TABLE 14.--Consumption of slab zinc in the United States in 1955, by grades and industries, in short tons Industry Special HJgh Grade High Inter Brass Orado mediate Special Select Prime Western Rcmclt Total Galvanizers............................... Brass mills *.............................. Die casters *.............................. Zlno rolling mills..................... Other............................. -........... 21.038 30.653 423, 233 8, 360 764 4,484 Totnl.......................... 494,460 18.480 71,027 101 13, 671 I.0C7 1,385 106,040 6,932 1,328 33 13, 201 021 26,118 49,858 8,154 15,090 7 474 73, 681 30C 3,800 1,200 340,900 21, 628 7, 310 102 20, m 0, 073 5, 300 412, 044 1,401 763 01 GC2 451,141 148, 243 430, 807 61,689 22,433 17, 699 2. 007 1,119,812 i Includes brass mills, brass Ingotrankcrs, and brass foundries, i Includes producers of tlnc-base die castings, tine-alloy dies, and itnc-plloy rods. Consumption of Slab Zinc for All Uses.--The region comprising Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin led in zinc consump tion, with over 50 percent of the total for the United States. The Mountain States group, the region of least consumption, (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, and Utah) used less than one-half of one percent. Ohio consumed 204,600 tons in 1955, displacing Illinois as the leading consuming State in 1954. Pennsylvania ranked third in 1955, followed by Michigan and Indiana. Consumption of Slab Zinc for Galvanizing.--The iron and steel industry continued to be the leading consumer of slab zinc, for manu facturing coat steel sheets, wire, tube, pipe, cable, chain, bolts, railwaysignal equipment, building and poleline hardware, and numerous other items. Fabricators of sheet steel and job galvanizers also used quantities of zinc in zinc-coating many products. Zinc consumed in coating sheet and strip increased 10 percent over 1954 to 200,400 tons, surpassing the previous record yearly high of 188,400 tons in 1950. Additional continuous galvanizing lines began production, raising the total number in production in the United States from 22 at the end of 1954 to 26 at the end of 1955. Two more lines were under construction, and 9 were in the planning stage. Shipments of galvanized-steel sheets in 1955 reported by American Iron and Steel' Institute totaled 2,864,500 short tons, an alltime high compared with the previous high of 2,362,600 tons established in 1954. The principal iron- and steel-producing States are the chief consumers of zinc`for galvanizing. Among the 34 States consuming zinc for galvanizing. Ohio ranked first in 1955, Pennsylvania second, Illinois third, ana Indiana fourth. Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Indiana used 61 percent of the slab zinc consumed for galvanizing in 1955 and 67 percent in 1954. Consumption of Slab Zinc for Brass Products.--Slab zinc used iu making brass products increased 35 percent over 1954 despite wide spread flood damage to brass mills in the Connecticut Valley. Mills in Connecticut Look 37 percent of the total zinc used in brassmaking in the United States in 1955 and 36 percent in 1954. For many years Connecticut has ranked first among the States in consumption of zinc for brassmaking; Illinois ranked second in 1955, Michigan third, Ohio fourth, and Pennsylvania fifth. ZINC TABLE 15.--Consumption of slab zinc in the Uni and 1863-65, by geographic division Geographic division and State 1948-52 (averago) 1953 8hort Rank Short tons tons I. Now England: Connecticut...................................... 00, 80S 4 73,107 Maine........................ ....................... . 00 Massachusetts.................................. 9,411 34 16 0 9, 395 New Hampshire.............................. Rhode Island.................................... 14 38 396 20 0 610 Total............................................... 70, 57B ____3_ 83,476 _ II. Middlo Atlantic: New Jersoy......... .............................. New York......................................... Pennsyl vanla.......................... ........ 21,650 60, 600 127, 752 12 27, 605 8 07, 081 3 136.850 Total.................................. ............ III. South Atlantic: Delaware........................................... District of Columbia...................... Florida...................................... ........ Georgia........... .................................. Maryland.......................................... North Carolina................................ South Carolina................................ Virginia............................ ............... West Virginia......................... 199,802 122 30 108 1,966 29,219 4 41 200 26, C96 ____ 32 37 33 21 0 40 36 SO 11 230,406 _ T 1,656 36,860 0 702 21,340 Total................... ....................... . 57, 471 ____4_ 01,810 _ IV, East North Central: Illinois................................................ Indiana............................................... Michigan............. ............................. Ohio................ ................................. Wisconsin................ ......................... 156,010 68,655 48, 105 141,998 12,180 1 157,765 5 74,329 7 73, 241 2 106,002 14 13,860 Total............................................... 416, 654 ____1_ 484, 266 V, East South Central: Alabama........................................... 20, 844 10 25,420 Kentucky.......................................... 9,084 16 8,291 Mississippi................................... Tonnessoe.......................................... 1,257 26 1,865 Total............................................... 37. 185 6 35. 676 VI. West North Central: Iowa............ ............... 5,100 17 6,463 Kansas................................................ Minnesota........................................ 102 3, 606 31 18 0 3,006 Missouri............................................. 16,288 13 14,868 Nebraska................................. .. 1,544 23 ( ) Total............................................... 20, 760 7 25,363 VII. West South Central; Arkansas........................... ............... Louisiana........................................... Oklahoma....................... .................. Texas.......................................... ... 1 504 1,456 41 26 24 19 w0 2,220 6,641 Total.............................. ................ 6,429 8 VIII. Mountain: ----------- -- -- Arizona................................... . . 60 36 Colorado..................................... 2,096 20 Idaho.......................................... 486 28 Montana.......................................... Utah................................................... 8 30 Total............................................... 2, 048 0 9.936 0 2,250 0 C) 2. 844 IX. Pacific: California.................... ................... 34, 720 8 45,104 Oregon.......................................... .. 533 27 836 Washington...................................... 1. 503 22 2. 521 Total............................................... 30.822 6 48,460 863, 219 082, 217 i Excludes rcmclt zinc and some small oonsumors of slab zinc. ' Nominal quantity consumed Included with subtotal for division, 1286 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1966 TABLE 16.--Consumption of slab zinc for galvanizing in the United States, 1948-62 (average) and 1963-66, by States : State Goographic division 1048-62 1053 1054 1056 (avorago) Short Rank Short Rank Short Rank Short Rank tons tons tons tons California............................. Kentucky............................. IiOtii5lana.............................. Minnesota............................ New Jersey.......................... Oregon................................... Pennsylvania...................... Rhodo Island....................... West Virginia...................... Wisconsin............................. V IX VUI I III III IV IV VI V VII I III I IV VI V VI VI II 11 IV VII IX II I m V VII VIII III IX III IV 26, 306 19,204 1,966 2, 955 108 1.948 47, 902 20,876 148 8.948 563 88 28, 779 6, 233 4,422 3,604 4,472 316 6,026 5, 840 81.406 1,453 200 71,037 388 922 3, 055 48 180 I, 201 24,839 2,604 386,013 6 24, 624 8 27,110 10 <>) 17 3,001 30 m 20 (>) 3 40.605 4 36,106 29 242 9 7.854 24 31 to 6 30. 261 11 4.703 14 0,810 15 2,044 13 4. 234 20 528 12 0,041 10 0.356 1 83, 772 21 t>) 27 107 2 07.829 25 p> (*) 23 1,305 10 6.170 32 ` 28 ( ) 22 1,908 7 21.069 18 2,897 ' 406,008 7 29,425 6 25,462 20 <>) 16 3,169 27 p) 22 < ) 3 40,412 6 39,266 30 172 9 11,308 24 818 29 p) 4 33, 694 14 6,035 10 () 17 <>) 15 4,108 26 606 12 4,995 11 6, 864 1 74, 283 19 <>) 31 240 2 07. 774 25 () 32 (>) 23 1,185 13 6, 440 28 21 p1>,49TM9 8 (') 18 < ) >401,683 6 30, 299 7 26,941 17 (>) 10 3, 464 27 22 P> ( ) 3 64,076 4 46,634 30 242 9 to 24 p> 31 p) 5 40. 722 13 6, 260 11 0. 279 18 p) 0) 16 4,287 26 p) 14 5,437 10 0, 949 1 100.680 20 p) 28 262 2 74. 260 25 (*) 32 23 i, 385 12 7,354 (*) 29 (') 21 (*) 8m 19 2,238 > 449, 050 6 7 17 16 26 22 3 4 29 18 24 33 6 13 11 16 32 14 27 12 10 1 21 28 26 23 9 31 30 20 8 10 Excludes remelt zinc. Includes zinc usod In elcctrogalvaulzlng and electroplating, but excludes sberar- Izlne. . * Figure withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data. > Includes States not individually shown (footnoto reference 2). Consumption of Slab Zinc for Zinc-Base Alloys.--Slab zinc used in zinc-base alloys established a new record high of 430,700 tons in 1955, a 48-perccnt increase over 1954 and ft 40-perocnt rise above the former record attained in 1953. Largo quantities of zinc were consumed in die castings used by automobile manufacturers. A study by the American Die Casting Institute 10 showed that 62 percent (a record number) of the 1955 automobiles used zinc die-cast grilles. The quantity of zinc alloy used per grille ranged from 6 pounds on lighter cars to 25 pounds on heavier models. According to the report, zinc alloy was preferred for automotive grilles, primarily because of its high-quality appearance when chrome-plated and the case with which plating is accomplished. High impact stronght, low die cost, ability to achieve a high degree of dimensional accuracy without machining, and ability to produce shapes of extreme complexity were among other important factors favoring the use of die-cast zinc. Passengercar and truck production in 1955 totaled 9.2 million units, compared with 6.6 million units in 1954. Zinc die castings were extensively, |fl American Metal Market, Record use of Zinc Dlc-cast Grilles In 1965 {Model Automobiles: VoU 62, No. 41, Mar. 1, 1956, p. 1. ZINC TABLE 17.--Consumption of slab zinc for brass p 1648-62 (average) and 1953-66, Stato Goographic division 1048-62 (avorago) 1053 Short Rank Short R tons tons Alabama............................... California.............................. Colorado................................ Connecticut......................... Delaware.............................. District of Columbia......... Oeorgla.................................. Illinois.................................... Indiana.................................. Iowa..... ................ .. Kansas................................... Kentucky............................. Maine.................................... Maryland............................. Massachusetts................... . Michigan............................... Minnesota............................ Missouri................................ Nebraska............................... New Hampshire................. New Jersey........................... New York............................. Ohio........................................ Oregon...... ............................ Pennsylvania....................... Rhode Island....................... Texas..................................... Utah....................................... Virginia................................ Washington.......................... West Virginia...................... Wisconsin............................. V IX VIII I III III III IV IV VI VI V I III r IV VI VI VI I II II nr ' IV IX ii i V VII VIII in IX Hi IV 404 1,622 95 61,577 122 36 7 15,427 3,817 1 28 72 2 432 2, 863 13, 296 2 70 1 14 6,118 8, 652 8, 001 12 6.307 7 28 1 12 12 101 6.429 126,061 12 0) 11 3.067 16 (*) 1 63.127 14 (*) 19 (>) 27 (3) 2 23, 944 0 13,347 31 20 (*) 18 p) 29 13 pb)i 10 3, 604 3 16, 259 30 (>) 17 p) 32 (>) 22 p) 8 6,652 6 12, 055 4 13.013 23 (>) 7 28 () 26 (*) 21 (*> 33 {') 24 (*) 25 V'> 16 (*) 6 7,305 * 177,308 1 Excludes remelt zinc. * Figure withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confiden 3 Includes States not Individually shown (footnote reference 2). used in manufacturing homo appliances, o hardware, scientific communications, and p Six States, manufacturing large quantities o home appliances--Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, N and Indiana---consumed 83 percent of the sla alloys. Consumption of Slab Zinc for Rolled Zinc sumed 51,600 tons of slab zinc in making sh foil, rod, and wire in 1955, a 9-percent increas zinc had many uses, such as in producing dry-ce stripping, roof valleys, and flashing in build engraving plates; and heavy plates installed ship hulls to protect thorn from corrosion. R in the samo geographic areas each year from the quantity rolled ranged from a low of 47,5 of 98,000 tons in 1945; the averago for the 53,800 tons. Illinois led in 1955, with 22,40 by Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Now York. 1288 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1955 TABLE 18.--Consumption of slab zinc for zinc-base alloyt in the United States, 1948-62 (average) and 1963-65, by States 1 State Geo graph la division 1948-62 1953 1954 1955 (averago) Short tons Rank Short tons Rank Short tons Rank Short tons Rank Alabama....... ................. California........................ Colorado.......................... Connecticut.................... Delaware...... ................. Illinois..... ........................ Indiana............................ Iowa................................. Kansas............................. Kentucky....................... Massachusetts............... Michigan....................... . Missouri........................ . New Jersey................... . New York..................... . North Carolina............ Ohio................................ Oregon........................... Pennsylvania............... Rhode Island....................... Tennossee..................... Texas.............................. Virginia......................... Wisconsin...................... V IX VIII I III IV IV VI VI V r IV VI II II III IV IX II I V VII III IV Total i. T 11 13, 469 34 4,748 60,160 13,059 123 04 9 30,164 11,340 6. 071 30,141 4 61,276 259 23,448 310 16 3,246 18 6 14,399 10 10 6,737 <4,613 1 7 15, 476 a 14 16 a 19 3 46,977 8 9, 499 0 13,531 4 41,620 20 2 07,094 13 <*> 6 25,616 12 ( ) 17 8 11 * 307, 203 7 12,683 8 23,941 7 10 3,649 10 3,707 15 (*) 13 (3> 2 58, 953 1 79, 979 6 16,680 6 24,248 17 14 8 16 16 ( ) 10 19 3 9 0,106 8 13, 882 4 38,648 3 82,362 9 13.683 7 20,809 4 61,063 (*) 1 67, 844 2 92,306 13 6 (*) 19, 542 14 6 (>) 27, 701 8 12 SV 12 !>) 18 11 (>) 11 4,618 11 13 3 6 16 a 9 8 4 16 1 14 6 18 17 13 10 .....* 290,680 .......... * 430, 716 I Figure withheld tlfavold disclosing Individual company confidential data, i Includes States not Individually shown (footnoto reference 2). TABLE 19.--Consumption of slab zinc for rolled zinc in the United States, 1948-62 (average) and 1953--56, by States State Goo* graphic division 1048-62 1953 1954 1956 (avorago) Short tons Rank Short tons Rank Short tons Rank 8hort tons Rank . Connecticut......................... Illinois................................... Indiana................................. Iowa....................................... Massachusetts..................... Now York............................ Pennsylvania...................... West Virginia...................... I 1,127 IV 30,892 IV 11,306 VI 4,853 I 1,277 11 4.057 II 8,019 III 713 03, 144 7o 1 23, DM 2 (') 86 0 84 3 8 (0 64,049 7o 1 1C. 310 2 (') 5 (>) 6 (') 4 3 in 8 47,486 7 0) 1 22,371 83 6 6 (0 84 2 51, 689 Figure withheld to ovoid disclosing Indlvldunl company confidential data. Consumption of Slab Zinc for Other Uses. Table 20 shows the distribution, by States, of the quantity of slab zinc consumed in slush, castings, wot batteries, desilverizing lead, light-metal alloys, zinc dust., chemicals, bronze powders, and zinc oxide and part of the zinc usbdJi for cathodic protection. The increase in yearly totals beginning with 1952 is in large measure due to tho inclusion of slat) zinc consumed for zinc oxide. ZINC TABLE 20.--Consumption of slab zinc for other us (average) and 1063-66, b State Geo graphic division 1048-62 (average) 1953 Short Rank 8bort tons tons Illinois.................................... Now Jorsey........................... Pennsylvania....................... Utah....................................... West Virginia____ V VIII VII vImX i VIII IV IvVr VI V VII III I IV VI VI VIII VI II II IV VII IX II V VII VIII III IX III IV 80 60 1 401 262 485 652 154 168 10 1 7 28 234 1 401 1,228 1,736 005 325 3 3 3,169 327 16 7 20 290 43 1 10,602 18 (*) 16 M 27 7 622 (i) 12 6 I'S 4 3, 637 15 () 14 22 ( ) 28 /is 23 M 19 M 13 29 >s< 8 '' 3 2 6 ft* 10 () 26 (>) 1 24,863 0 21 , 24 20 11 (>*|)\ M 17 30 * 37,989 > Excludes remelt tine. * Includes slab tine used for zinc oxide; . * Figure withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company conf * Includes States not individually shown (footnote reference 3). STOCKS National Strategic Stockpile.--The Gene lurchased zinc each_month, in accordanc stockpile report,11 the minimum objective completed for the 6 months ended De mined domestic lead and zinc continued to the long-term stockpile to support the do ponent of the mobilization base. Producers' Stocks.--Slab-zinc stocks a end of 1955 totaled 39,000 tons, compared end of 1954 and 177,000 tons at the end o inventories for the period 1940-52 were from a high of 256,000 tons in 1945 to 1950. Continued monthly Government National Stockpile were an important fac Stockpile Report to the C"ongress, J-uJy-D- eoem-ber 1055, -Exo Defense Mobilisation, p. 2. 457676--58-- 1290 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1966 smelter stocks, as the total supply of slab zinc ;(domestic smelter production of primary and secondary slab zinc plus imports of metal minus exports) exceeded consumption by almost 90,000 tons. TABLE 21.--Stocks of zinc at zinc-reduction plants in the United States at end of year, 1951-66, in short tons 1961 1962 1963 1054 1965 Total.......................................................... 21,343 637 21,980 81.344 3,677 86,021 170, 726 3, 2G8 179,093 121,847 1, 649 i 123,396 37,322 1,938 39,260 > Revised figure. Consumers' Stocks.---Slab-zinc stocks held by consumers on De cember 31, 1955, totaled 123,500 tons, a 19-percent increase over the 103,700 tons held at the beginning of the year. At the average con sumption rate of 93,318 tons a month in 1955, stocks on hand at the end of the year plus 10,300 tons of metal in transit to consumers' plants represented a 7-weck supply. TABLE 22.--Consumers' stocks of slab zinc at plants at the beginning and end of 1955, by industries, in short tons Date OalvanIzcrs Brass mills 1 Dio costers 1 Zinc rolling mills Oxide plants Others Total Dec. 31, 1954 *................................ 56, 393 Dec. 81, 1966................................... 05. 886 16.188 16.012 24,711 33,731 4,816 6, 765 235 1,363 * 103, 706 301 1,783 123,478 i Includes brass mltla, hrnss Ingotnmko.rs, find brass foundries, * Includes producers of zlnc-busc dlo castings, zinc-alloy dies, and zinc-alloy rods. * Rovlscd figures. * 8tocks on Dec. 31, 1054 and 105/5, exclude 470 tons (revised figuro) and 605 tons, respectively, of rcmolt spelter. PRICES All the industry-wide, changes in zinc-metal prices in 1955 were upward. The quoted price of Prime Western slab zinc, East St. Louis, was 11.50 cents a pound at the beginning of the year and rose to 12.00 cents on April 6, to 12.50 cents on June 16, and to 13.00 cents on September 6. On October 17 several companies raised their selling price to 13.50 cents a pound but canceled the %-cent increase 2 days later. The price remained at 13.00 cents through December but rose to 13.50 cents on January 6, 1956. The average of the quoted price for the year was 12.30 cents compared with 10.69 cents in 1954. The average weighted yearly price of all grades sold was 12.3 cents a pound in 1955 and 10.8 cents in 1954. On the London Met.al Exchange the monthly mean of the buyers' and sellers' quotations at the close of the morning sessions in 1955 ranged from 85 16s. 9d. per long ton in January to 98 8s. 9d. in December and averaged 90 13s. 9d. for the year as compared with 82 0s. 5d. in 1954. The equivalent of the yearly average in United States money was 11.30 cents per pound (computed at an exchange rate of $2.7913 to the pound steiling). ZINC TABLE 23.--Price of zinc concen Joplin 00-pcrccnt zinc concentrate: * Prloe per short ton............................ A verago price common tine at-- * 8t. Louis (spot)*......................... New York *........................................ London *............................. Price Indexes * (1947-49 average=l00): Zinc (New York).............................. Lead (New York)............................. ' Copper (New York)..................... Straits tin (New York)................... Nonferrous metals......................... All commodities............................ .dolla oonts per poun ..................... do_ ..................... do_ 1 Metal Statistics, 1966. average^Qt&^ofexchange recorded^^Fod^r^/Keao^ve'Board Cased upon price Indexes of U. 8. Department of Labor. TA_BLE 24.--Average monthly q*;u--ote--d rp-r'-icveMs o 1964^65 * f common Zlnc (PromPt delive 1964-65 1954 Month 60-percent zinc con centrates In the Jop lin roglon (dollars per ton) Molalllc zinc ( per pound) St. Louis Lon January............................... February........................... March........................... April........................... May............................ Juno................................ July............................... August........................ September................... Ootobor................................ Novombor... . Decombor........................... ; Average for year.............. 64.61 61.33 62.62 67.85 68.23 02. 64 04.00 04.00 07. 09 08.00 08.00 08.00 66.72 9.75 6.37 9. 06 10.25 10.29 10.90 11.00 11.00 11.44 11.50 11.60 11.60 10.69 an'/firanviarlfo^1311"'1W6, P' "* St' Louls: 6lo Fe'deS R^rv B^4 h quolttt,on811110 American moaoy ba Averageof dally mean of bid and askod quotations at morni TABLE 26.--Average price received by produce cents per poun - Grade Grade A: Special High Grade.............. High Grade......................... Grade B: Intermediate............ Grades O and D: Brass Special.............................. 8elect............................. Grade E: Prime Westorn................ All grados............................. ........................... Prime Westorn; spot quotation at St. Louis i.............. . Metal Statistic!, 1966, p. 663. 1951 18. 79 18.48 18.67 18.20 18.00 17.92 18. 24 17.99 1292 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1955 FOREIGN TRADE 12 1 Tmoaoortds_M_IrmXpeordts(Jg`en"era`l *i'm|d0p0o607rt4s;)o"o0f zinc in ores and XoS.d in 'oTM concen- ?'"- Sntrtin 1955, Mexico supplied 39 percent; j porn 18 nercent. The remaining 7 percent came mostly irom Guatemala, Australia, Union of South Africa (South-West Africa), ^Onheteports of slab zinc (196,000 tons), Canada supplied 58 per- kst s came largely from Germany, Italy, Australia (Oceania), French Morocco, and the Netherlands. t 'AHTP 2fl--Zinc imported into the United States, in ores, blocks, pigs, or slabs, TABLE 3%yTMB"SS^\eBV60 (average) and 1961-65, in short tons IU. S. Department of Commerce] Country 1946-60 1951 1952 1963 1964 1956 (average) Ores (xLnc content): North America: ,_ . . Canada-Newfoundland-Labrador. Ouatemala..................................... Honduras....................................... Mexico............................................ Other North America................. Total. 62,608 70 144,871 11 96, 470 0,639 164 143,7C9 62 240,994 149,130 9,744 310 200,647 171 360,008 165,910 6, 477 637 169,124 () 342,148 1 150, 830 3, 755 792 176,092 (') J 337,000 173,167 8,363 1,433 186,461 3,704 373,108 South America: Argentina........................ Bolivia............................. Chile................................ Peru................................. Other South America.. Total............................................... Europe: Belglum-Luxembourg.................... Italy...........................................- -- Netherlands...................................... Spain.. Unltod Kingdom. Yugoslavia............ Other Europe........ Total. 1,676 11,494 30, 021 m 5, 646 7,849 1,088 29,130 380 603 14,603 33 44, 337 320 22,528 3, 247 84,366 380 110, 629 11,440 1,797 03,210 31 100, 484 4,680 7,008 11,688 4, 302 1,766 6,148 10,647 '`2,'5L2 19,169 8, 738 3,009 8,017 "i6,820 1 31,185 4,871 16 4,886 1,833 4,858 83,916 142 90,748 1*540 .* 1, 497 3,043 Asia: Japan............ Philippines.. Other Asia.. Total. 1,004 8 477 1,480 1,389 1,004 7 3,060 % 104 778 465 Africa: Algeria...................... Union of 8outb Africa. Other Africa................... Total.. 2, 480 (') 2,065 (> 4,917 168 6,115 2.804 13,366 4,183 5,060 >- Ocoanla: Australia. Total.......................................... 2, 493 2,825 10,820 2,301 | 6, *<> ' Qrand total: Ores.................. 209, 636 "302,777 449,030 613. 724 1 166. 427 | <78.0*1; 4. See footnotes at end of table. u Figures on Imports aud exports compiled by Moo B. Page* Division of Foreign AotlvK as, Bureau o/ Minos, from records of tbe U. B. Department of Commerce. ZINC TABLE 26.--Zinc imported into the United States, in by countries, 1946-50 (average) and 1961-66, in Country 1948-50 (average) 1951 19 Blocks, pigs, or slabs: North America: Europo: Total.................................................. Asia: ' Total.................................................. Africa: Federation of Rhodesia and Ny- 87,301 12, 406 99, 707 241 1,330 327 852 401 2,228 111 07 266 5,611 4,323 26 4,348 86,006 700 86,826 20 612 264 882 3 1,751 440 69 18 88 1 6 *7 4 3 2 26 Grand total: Blocks, pigs, or 680 110,647 440 88,043 115 4 Data Include zlno Imported for Immediate consumption plus mato 1 Revised figure. ' * Less than 1 ton. 4 West Germany. 4 Northern Rhodesia. Exports.--Exports of zinc in zinc ore, conc zinc, shcot, scrap, and dust totaled 43,600 to compared with 46,200 tons valued at $9,751,0 to the export items listed in tables 28 and 2 exported (as in other years) in brass, pigme alloy and as zinc coatings on steel products pigments and chemicals are given in the Lead Zinc Salts chapter of this volume. Of the 18,000 tons of exported slab zinc, t ceived 42 percent, Argentina, 34 percent; B percent; Mexico, 4 percent; and other cou 3,700 tons of sheets, plates, strips, or other fo fied were, shipped to Canada, Mexico, Cuba countries as listed in table 28. Tariff.--The duty on slab zinc (gross weigh pound and that on ores and concentrates (zin pound throughout 1955. The rates of duty i under the Tariff Act of 1930, in spocific year the 1953 Minerals Yearbook, Zinc, chapter ( 1294 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 196 5 3o B N nd ^ a a a |3 o jj 2S 5" i Cft *C*9 1/5 a 1 p1 ^*S3* Q fl to d o *53 A a p Sheets Short | tons T otal valne * mmu | SsillffsssS o(jfuttjvjvOte'Ciitogntj ao> *3 > 3$3 5 !ssss 4* ig 13 Is gxag sa ss 3-1 8,* 4V D *3 > sisssa urn- S|a> T-L *s -S s tts 1 SSsgg ,Q CO * a*n2o.*-. |ba3of?c It "! Is ss ilsssi *2 38 >s *3 JSSSSSffiS? * ^ 2a*f Bo . I i o fssjrlpssggs *r 6A , irr--tO 3 K ssssia I liassays 3eo!iRc3^ 3 li f1j sa|l ! o S Ss"SS'S"s s ?a 3 nj a l >n 2SSRSR 35t o i? ss'sssfg M >h a 3 50- = s gT 2hBJ i^*S3 s W-3 Tf CRS S00S00 i S3 ss3S2i lisS 8Bo3 . a Sisf o iSs-a 1-sAa dt> ^ <a a-w w su-gf-i m asggs &i~ H 5iyi iaSisi SE^iS 9aiAgOs>s0 , S.A.Hr> ZINC TABLE 28.--Slab and sheet zinc exported from the 1062-66, in short tons (U. 8. Department of Commcr Destination Slabs, pigs, and blocks 1962 1063 1064 1 North America: Canada............................................... 171 7 9 33 12 Mexico................................................ 351 467 617 Other North America.................... 3 5 Total............................................... 558 481 620 South America: BraiU.................................................. ChUo................................................... Other South America.................... C01 4,089 305 ] 73 1,687 141 23 32 2. 206 2,900 230 14 Total............................................... 6. 189 1,883 6,349 -6 Europe: 980 840 3,136 6, 689 607 498 United Kingdom............................. 40,423 Other Europe-................................. 67 50 13, 859 34 50 2, 777 224 1,064 10,052 673 7 Total............................................. 49, 270 14, 789 17.982 10 Asia; 2, 036 60 112 34 28 10 33 Total............................................... 2, 309 815 1.137 -,=_____s ...r___ -- -a-,-- a -- Africa: 385 31 Total............................................... 388 1 Grand total................................... 67, 714 17,969 24,994 17 ' Less than 1 ton. Israel. TECHNOLOGY Technical progress was made in producing - valuable technologic information was pub staffs of companies, trade journals, Federal various research units. The Federal Bureau of Mines 13 14 and the published reports on several investigations r i* Dishop, 0. M., and Mentch, R. L., Zinc: chap, in Mlnoral Facts 656, 1966, 27 pp. h Hamilton, W. H., and McLellan, R. R., Investigations of Kok Colo.: Bureau of Mines Kept, of Investigation 5138, 1955, 28 pp. i* Albritton, 0. O., Jr., Richards, Arthur. Brokaw, A. L., and R Load and Zinc Deposits In Goodsprlngs (Yotlow Pino) District, Nov i* Bodonlos,A. J., and Erickson, O. E., Lend-Zlno Deposits of Cor Huayhuash, Peru: Qool. Survey Bull. 1017, 1955, 166 pp. >' Flint, A. E., and Brown, C. E., Exploratory Drilling for Evlde County, Iowa: Geol. Survey Buli. 1027-K, I960, pp. 471-499. 1296 MINERALS YEARBOOK., 1956 TABLE 29.--Zino ore and manufactures of zinc exported from the United States, 194&-&0 (average) and 1961-66 |U. 8. Department of Oommorco] Year Zinc ore, concen Shoots, plates, trates and dross Slabs, pigs, or blocks strips, or otbor (lino content) forms, n. e. s. Zinc scrap (zinc content) Zinc dust Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value 8hort Value Short Value tous tons 1946-60 (average)-. > 1,821 l $279,100 1951:.............. 1 3,090 l 792,800 1962............. * 3,370 1 899,162 1963 *............. i 2,953 768,600 1964 1............. 1966 ............. 68,211 $13, 911,883 36.610 16,592,994 67,714 24,608,668 17, 969 4, 620, 462 24,994 6,393,938 17,904 4,127,420 8.871 6,679 4,231 4,628 4,046 3.067 $3,602,273 4,360,689 2,900,769 2,637, 240 2.183,170 2,192,882 (>) 4, 613 972 1,000 10, 089 21,612 (>> $871,302 282,816 169, 517 2,023,463 2, 240, 683 820 $257,076 723 400,666 & <> 181,066 609 160,766 446 161,966 i Effective Jan. 1, 1949 "dross'' Included with "scrap." ^4 . i Glassification established Jan. 1, 1949. Not Included In 1946-60 averages, 1949--1,670 tons ($224,291) and *^Effectlv6^ an 1952^zlnc and zinc alloy seml/abrlcated forms, n. e. c., were exported os follows: 1959-- $191,746 (Quantity not avallablo); 1953--266 tons, $151,496; 1954--643 tons, $267,316; 1966--661 tons, $295,686, . * "Dust" Included with "scrap." Geologic studies by the Federal and State Governments have been if carried on since 1942 to the Wisconsto-Illinois-Iowa zinc-lead district, ' ' according to a paper published to 1955.18 The detailed stratigraphic studies made it possible to map the stratigraphic structural features ^ that controlled the deposition of the ztoc-lead ore. Prospecting on the # basis of this mapping led to discovery of significant ore bodies. Improvements in prospecting and drilling equipment and in adapt- ^ tog the equipment to specific jobs helped to reduce prospecting and .j, mining costs in the Tri-State zinc-lead district (Kansas, Southwestern ; Missouri, Oklahoma).18 . .* A dual-motor-design control system for mine hoists, using two AG _ motors geared to a common main-drive shaft, was operated success- `u fully for several years at the Austinville, Va., zinc-lead mine of New Jersey Zinc Co., and similar-type controls have been installed at three . other company mines.20 ^ The use of the fluidization technique in roasting zinc concentrate < has expanded. More than 80,000 tons of zinc metal per year was; being produced from concentrate roasted by Fluo-Solids reactor systems for further treatment, either by pyrometallurgical or; electrowinning methods.2; .. Research connected with the electrolytic production of zinc done-- by one company achieved significant results, which were described.' os follows: 22 * In the electrolytic production of "Special High-Grade'' zinc, the restriction of lead content to 2 or 3 parts per 100,000 is essential, but most difficult to achieve owiug to the need for employing lead anodes in the electrolysis. The Keseardh Department discovered and patented a process of effecting this lead control very simply and cheaply by the addition of small amounts of strontium salts to the-11 11 Amew, A. F., Application of Goology to tho Discovery of 7,lnc-Lond Oro In tho Wlsconsln-Dllnof^ Iowa District: Min. Eng., vol. 7, No. 8, August 1956, pp. 781-795 (A. I. M. E. Trons., vol. 202). it Clarke, 8. 8., and Brockle, Douglas O., Jackleg Drilling in the Tri-State District; Longhole Prospect] ana rrOQUOvlOn. Min. JVug., vui. o. p u , i, jauuaij ivvui 41, 11 --, .. . . ,-- . . Newland W. Trent. Lid Myfes, A. H., Mine Holsts With Dual AO Motors Opcratod Successfully; Min. Gong. Jour., vol. 41, No. 9, Septombor 1965, pp. 42-46. 1Y . , '1 it Gounselman. Thoodore B., How Fluidization Can Sorvo tho Mineral Industries: Eng. Min. JourV vol. 166, No. 3a, Mld-Marcb 1956, pp. 70-75, 66. , . *> * .. ,, ^ u Asaroo Products and Processes, brochure accompanying 67tb Annual Kopnrt to 8tookholderi of tOQ- Amerioan Smelting <St Refining Go. for the year ended Dec. 31,1966. zin c electrolyte. This discovery has lead to increased Chnsti refinery and, at the same time, yields a p mercial grade. Tho process has now boon licen zinc producers both in the United States and abr A zinc coating that is cither sprayed or effect providing a "cold-galvanized" reported to offer excellent corrosion resist and refinery installations.23 The inorganic ground zinc in a water-soluble silicate v additive to effect chemical curing), appe salt-water atmospheres. At several Gu material outperformed galvanized coatings According to a published paper,21 form zinc-base alloy last 3 to 4 times as long as d zinc alloys. The greater life results from particles in the die matrix to increase we 2,720,459) (SG-j, Zn). Conversion coatings for cadmium and reaction between the metal surface and economical and versatile finishes for cadm and zinc-basc die castings. With minor mo conditions, a wide range of surface finishe using expensive equipment.26 The results of a study of metallic ma zinc were published.28 Refractory boron c resist corrosion by molten zinc. Coatings o boron were applied to steel by several me of the diffusion coatings was partly elim were applied to type-416 chromium steels Welded coatings made with a tungsten arc made of other welding methods. Sintered c and chromium borides resisted corrosion oxidation at higher temperatures. A new type of silver-zinc storage batterie the. United States Navy was described. as largo and one-sixtli as heavy, this type o as powerful as conventional lead-acid storag were employed to power a wide range of el certain classes of missiles.27 WORLD REVIEW World mine production of zinc in 1955 w more than in 1946. Annual increases ove made in all years since 1946 except 1954. Th to be the leading producer, followed in orde Mexico, Australia, and Peru. Together, Stormont, D. H., This Zino Coating Can Be Appllod In Flold 6, 1956, pp. 114-116. V1 Hokwartb, J. O., and Boegehold, A. L. "Qmoodie' vol. 69,...N...o.....5..;...M....a..y....1..9..,-1J95566, ,pppp. 4499-6-633. A Lo Foley, Edward F>fJr., Conversion Coatings for Cadmium an neoruary i960, pp. 86~90. Hodge, wooI: t`5rS.r~ET5n5' IH- "nd Unsltliu, A. F,, MataJ Jo)uurr...M...e...t.a..l.s..,...v..o..l. 7, No. 7, July 1956, pp. 824-832. Amerloan Metal Market, rardnoy Electrlo Books Navy Bat 1965, p. 7. 1298 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 64 percent of the world output as listed in table 30 A major factor in the increased world mino production was the cooperation of the United States industry and Government in supplying capital, technical personnel, and equipment for many of tho zinc and lead-mining enterprises abroad. TABLE 30.--World mine production of zinc (content of ore)by countries,2 1946-60 (average) and 1961-55, in short tons8 (Compiled by Augusta W. Jann Country * 1946-50 1961 1962 1953 1954 1055 (average) United Btates 7................................. 284,1GI ' 370 117 202,012 011,799 Total............................................... 1,098,459 341,112 7, 100 154 198, 486 681, 189 1,228,041 371,802 9,000 316 250, 638 066.001 401,762 0,700 030 540,716 - 547.430 1,297, 767 1, 206, 243 376, 491 4, 400 701 246, 441 473,471 1,101,604 428,474 10,400 1, 433 290,901 514,671 1,251,039 Bolivia (exports).............................. Chile......................... ......................... Peru.................................................... Total............................................... Europe; U. 8. 8. R. ..................................... United Kingdom............................. Yugoslavia........................................ Total1 - -...................................... 14,719 20,318 * 70 72, 999 108,106 2.476 2,470 8, 031 47,188 2,380 450 70,901 6, 300 86,000 63,000 40,010 126,000 8 38, 607 496,000 17,058 33,050 67ft 111,644 163,036 3, 008 3,300 13.881 83, 486 0, 000 1,387 111,030 6,029 110,000 82,000 42, 238 182,000 214 43, 453 707,000 10, 971 39,203 3,650 140, 025 200,800 6, 406 7, 700 10,100 88, 950 8,000 1,892 124. 460 6,160 110,000 95,000 61, 987 226,000 1,707 62. 678 820,000 17,735 26. 427 3,500 153,334 200, 996 22,000 22, 403 * 1,650 174, 784 220, 840 23,200 23,509 3, 200 183,074 233,043 4. 820 3, 500 13. 200 100. 600 8,300 1,810 111,029 5, 061 130,000 02,000 10, 700 279.000 3.187 00. 106 900,000 6, 140 r>, ono 11,000 103, 867 7, 900 1,680 118. 792 5, 917 120,000 97,000 04, 407 303,000 3.905 03,052 962,000 6, 787 23, 300 11,400 101, 658 13, 600 1 1,050 131,801 7,193 130,000 102,000 04, 816 330,000 3.167 65,800 1,044,000 Indin................................................... Turkey 8............................................. Total"........... ............................. Africa: Algeria............................................. Belgian Congo................................. Egypt................................................ French Morocco.............................. Rhodesia and Nyasnland, Pudoration of: Norlhorn Rhodesia Tunisia.................................... ....... Total.......................................... ' 70 39, 261 74 127 740 40. 600 1.300 13,200 71,011 (U) 170 570 440 01, 100 0,817 60,032 ' 216 4, 290 17 121 23,760 8,815 2. 846 103.043 10, 886 300 07, 780 1,679 21,446 40, 616 10. 300 3,011 193.478 2,400 2, GOO 6,600 96, 418 650 1,770 550 990 118, 400 12,337 50 100,071 077 410 31, 263 57 41, MO 7 17, 200 3, 000 210, 401 4,300 2, 000 6. 2U0 100, 507 22 830 2,000 4, 400 138,700 ll, 120 110 138,001 282 38, 896 71 43, 363 7 17. 400 4,020 203,012 6,400 2, 600 5, 800 120, 604 3,000 6, 100 159, 800 29, 700 04,015 200 37, 008 38,072 7 22. 000 5, 810 228, 305 0,100 2,000 6,600 110, 486 3,200 680 150,000 34,200 74, 700 757 48,083 38,070 10,500 6,990 221,300 See footnotes at end of table. zin c TABIiE-30,--World mine production of zino (co 60 (average) and 1951-65, in sho Country 1946-60 (average) 1951 World total (ostlmato) 206, 517 213,700 .......... 2,060,000 2,000,000 I Data derived In part from the Yearbook of the American B Statistical Yearbook, and the Statistical Summary of the Mi London). 'In addition to countries listed, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia. Korea also produce zinc, but production data are not avai Included in total. 8 This table incorporates a number of revisions of data pu not add to totals shown owing to rounding where estimated * Average for one year only, as 1960 was first year of comme * Unltod States Imports. Average for 1948-60. 7 * Smelter production. Year ended March 21 of yea II Data not available; estimate by senior author of chapter I World smelter production of zinc inc consecutive year and established an all tons compared with 2.7 million tons in 1 were the only countries that did not ex put. . Tables 30 and 31 show the quantity throughout tho world by individual co which consumed about 35 percent, of th in 1955, mined about 16 percent, and sm cent of the total. NORTH AMER Canada.--Mine production of recov from 376,500 tons in 1954 to 428,500 s high. Smelter production of slab zinc ores was about 257,000 tons, or 43,200 to zinc was produced by Consolidated Minin Ltd., at Trail, British Columbia, and Hu Co., Ltd., at Flin Flon, Manitoba. The zinc industry of Canada 28 in 1955 of zinc in concentrate, of which 168,1 United States; and the remainder to the France, and Norway. Exports of refine States and the United Kingdom, total consumption of zinc was 58,500 tons. B percent of Canada's mine output of zinc Saskatchewan, 12 percent; Newfoundla percent; and Yukon, Nova Scotia, and The principal zinc-producing mine, th solidated Mining & Smelting Co. of C British Columbia, produced 2,836,600 to ore, which was treated in its 11,000-ton The mill also treated 52,000 tons of cus mined and milled 685,800 tons of oro fr ** Ncolnnds, R. K., Zino In Canada, 1966 (Preliminary): C Ottawa, No. 27, 10 pp. ''Consolidated Mining it Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd., An ending Dec. 31, 1966. 1300 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1955 TABLE 31.--World smelter production of zinc by countries. 1946-50 (average)and 1961-56, in short tons 11 ; (Compiled by Augusta W. Jann) Country 1946-60 1951 1952 1953 1664 1966 (average) North America: 194,187 66,006 796,354 218, 678 64, 761 881,633 222,200 > 55,542 904,479 250,001 > 68,481 916,106 213, B10 > CO, 477 802, 426 267,006 > 61,878 963,504 Total................................................ 1,046,647 1, 164, 972 1,182,221 1,225, 547 1,076,712 1,282,388 South America: 3,678 1, 308 11,710 959 11,023 6,760 12,787 9,819 412,000 16, 935 14,881 18,801 Total............................................... 4,886 12,676 16, 773 22,606 4 20, 000 33,682 Europe: Italy.................................................... U. S. 8. R......................................... 168, 765 4 2, 480 67,319 63,193 28, 667 13,337 42,120 86,000 4 2,870 21,916 120,000 76,200 8,178 221,439 4 2,200 82,185 165,029 62,269 24,918 45,002 125.000 4 3,000 23, 629 182.000 78,100 14, 676 205.910 (} 88,265 102,278 60,463 28, 655 43, 248 132.000 (} 23,643 220.000 76,084 16,943 213,217 (5 80,219 163,430 60,214 27, 780 146(242J,,070607 25,400 279,000 81,433 10,038 23(4S,481 122, 240 184,804 74, 356 28, 702 48, 767 157.000 (> 25,653 303.000 00,980 15,040 232,840 <) 123,669 197,026 77,761 30,865 49,738 172.000 <) 26,231 330.000 91,108 15,176 Total 4............................................. 686,000 1,010,000 1,071,000 1,165,000 1,293,000 1,366,000 Asia: 220 28,329 200 62,104 200 77,197 400 85,001 4 13, 800 111,748 416,600 124,036 Total *............................................. 28, 650 02,300 77,400 85,400 125, 600 140,600 Africa: ' Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Fed* eratlon of: Northern Rhodesia. 23, 769 25, 301 25,630 8, 699 28,370 36,274 29, 736 37,443 31,248 Total............................................... 23,769 25,301 26,639 36,969 65,010 68,691 87,730 86,251 97,930 100,999 117,066 113,200 1,880,000 2,300,000 2,470,000 2,640,000 2,710,000 2,990,00$ i Data dorlvcd In part from tbo Yearbook of the Amorlcan Ouroau of Metal .Statistics, the Unltod Nations Monthly Bulletin and tho Statistical Yearbook, and tho Statistical Summary of the Mlnoral Industry Colonial Oeological Surveys, London). * This table Incorporates a number of revisions of data published in previous zinc chapters. Data do not add to totals shown duo to rounding whoro estimated figures aro included hi tho detail. 1 In addition other zlno-bourlng materials totaling 3,74(1 tons In 1962; 30,288 In 1963; 18,646 In 1964; and 87,442 In 1066. * Estimate. * Includes production from reclaimed scrap. 4 Data uot available; estimate by senior author of chapter Included In total. near Salmo, Bluebell lead-zinc mine at Riondell, and Tulsequah zinc-lead-copper mines on tho northwest coast. Other British Columbia producers of zinc concentrate were Canadian Exploration, Ltd., near Salmo; Reeves Macdonald Mines, Ltd., near Nelway; Britannia Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. (producing copper- zinc ore) on Howe Sound; Sheep Creek Gold Mines, Ltd., Lake Wind-, ermere district; Sunshine Lardeau Mines, Ltd., near Camborne; Violamac Mines, Ltd., near Sandon; Yale Lead & Zinc Mines, Ltd., Ainsworthj Silver Standard Mines, Ltd., near ITazelton; and Giant Mascot Mines, Ltd., near Spillimacheen. ZINC At Flin Flon, Manitoba, the Hudson Ba Ltd., ran its copper-zinc mine, 6,300-ton c refining plant at a high level in 1955. Th vertical depth of 5,000 feet. Ore reserves 16.5 million tons averaging 3.15 percent 0.068 ounce gold, and 0.143 ounce silver reserves included some 800,000 tons of zin 26.6 percent zinc. During the year, the c from 2 new properties--the North Star M FlOn; and the Schist Lake Mine, 3 miles no company produced 67,400 tons of zinc f milled from its main Flin Flon and other n erties. In addition, 24,600 tons of direct tons of zinc-plant residues were treated, a the Don Jon Mines was milled. In Ontario, Geco Mines, Ltd., began un its copper-zinc deposits at Manitouwadg Basin Mines, Ltd., continued exploration o northwest of Sudbury. Jardun Mines, Lt lead concentrates from its mine 18 miles no The leading Quebec producer of zinc c Barvue Mines, Ltd., at its open-pit mine an County. Other Quebec producers of zinc Sullivan Mines, Ltd., Normetal Mining C Corp., Ltd., Waite Amulet Mines, Ltd., an Corp., Ltd. (all treating copper-zinc ore); Golden Manitou Mines, Ltd. (treating Anacon Lead Mines, Ltd., New Calumet M donald Mines, Ltd. (zinc-lead and zinc ore In New Brunswick the Brunswick Minin exploration, development, and research, in its lead-zinc properties into production, co pilot mill began production in February 1 June 1 because ofunsatisfactory results; an was begun with the assistance of Battelle cedures were being developed, which will in 1956.80 Heath Steel Mines, subsidiary Ltd., explored and developed its lead-zin Little River, 30 miles from Newcastle, Ne were sunk, a third deposit was being prepa was cleared constructing a mill. Prospec also carried on by the New Larder "U" Is Explorations (Canada), Ltd. (subsidiary o and Middle River Mining Co., Ltd. (subsid Co.). Koymet Mines, Ltd., produced z 15 miles north of Bathurst. Newfoundland zinc output came from B properties at Buchans. Ore mined and trea tons, yielding about 100,000 tons of lead, zin Output was reduced by a 5-week strike. T by rail to Botwood and from there by se .States markets. Ore reserves were esti M St. Joseph Lead Oo., Nlnety*8eoond Annual Report to the 1302 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1955 In Yukon, United Keno Hill Mines, Ltd., 500-ton concentrator produced lead and zinc concentrates; Mackcno Mines, Ltd., carried out underground development and ran its 220-ton mill intermittently. At Stirling, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Mindamar Metals Corp., Ltd., mined and produced zinc and bulk copper-lead concentrate. Cuba.--Production of zinc concentrate began in Cuba in February 1955 with installation of a 50-ton copper-zinc flotation mill at the San Fernando mine, Las Villas Province, which had been idle many years. About 200 tons monthly of zinc concentrate, averaging 56-58 percent zinc, and a smaller tonnage of 25-percent copper concentrate were produced. The flotation mill at the "Los Cerros" copper mine in Las Villas Province also produced some zinc concentrate in 1955. Greenland.--Nordic Mining Co., Ltd., worked on developing and equipping the Mestersvig lead-zinc mine in East Greenland. The mill and auxiliary facilities were installed underground in excavations in rock near the ore body. Annual output was expected to be about 11 000 short tons of lead concentrate and 8,800 tons of zinc concen trate when capacity is reached. The company concluded a 7-year contract with the shipping company of J. Lauritzen for transporting lead and zinc concentrates from Mestersvig, estimated at a total of 132,000 short tons, to various destinations in Europe and the United States.81 Because of ice conditions, ships usually go into Mestersvig only 4 or 5 weeks a year, during the August-Septembcr season. Guatemala.--The zinc- and lead-producing companies in Guatemala were Minerales Nacionales and Compania Minera de Guatemala, S. A. The total output of zinc (content of concentrate), was 10,400 short tons, the largest since 1952. The Compania Minera de Huehueten- ango 32 installed a $1 million lead-zinc mill at its mine. Mexico.--Zinc output from mines in Mexico increased 20 percent, over 1954 to a record high of 297,000 short tons in 1955. The increase was attributed to a larger tonnage of ore mined from old lead and zinc properties and a more efficient zinc smelter recovery. Average zinc content of the ore mined also increased in comparison to lead. A new law entitled, "Law of Taxes and Promotion of Mining,"83 was published in the Diario Oficial on December 31, 1955, and becamfe effective on January 1, 1956. Provisions of this law included reducedproduction taxes on certain types of metal-mining operations and increased surface taxes on mining claims. Certain stipulations affect ing lead and zinc mining are given in the Lead chapter of this volume The 25-percent export tax ad valorem was not altered. During the year collective labor contracts of most companies were revised to provide wage increases (estimated at 12 percent), in addi tion to various fringe benefits. Labor laws and regulations did not permit the mine and smelter companies to accomplish the labor-force reduction during the periods of weak market prices. They therefore, hesitated to hire more men during periods of high prices. American Smelting & Refining Co. properties producing zinc and,lead in 1955 included the Charcas unit at Charcas, San Luis Potosi;: Neustra Senora at Cosalk, Sinaloa; Parral, Santa Barbara, and Santa Eulalia units, Chihuahua; and Taxco, Guerrero.. Mines leased or owned in part under American Smelting management were the Aurora* * Metal Bulletin (London), No. <078, Mar. 10, I860, p. 17. i Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. 166, No. 9, September 1066, p. 202. u Bureau of Mine#, Mineral Trade Notea: SpeoJal Suppl. 40, vol. 42, No. 2. January 1060. ZINC Xichu unit, Guanajuato; Cia. Metalurgic Montezuma Lead Co. mines at Santa Barb Pichachoas in Chihuahua. Zinc fume was slag-fuming plant at the Chihuahua lead s produced at the Rosita (Coahuila) zinc-reto Zinc-producing subsidiaries and units of Ltd., were the Cia. Minera do Penoles, S. A (owned and leased lead-zinc-silver mines); Jalisco (lead-zinc mines); and Topia unit, and leased silver-lead-zinc mines). The c was shipped to the Blackwell smelter in Ok centrate was smelted in the Cia. Metalurg smelter at Torreon, Coahuila. San Francisc (an American Metal Co. interest) at San huahua, was also a large producer of zinc a El Potosi Mining Co. (subsidiary of How of large quantities of lead and zinc concen its El Potosi mine at Chihuahua and El Ca in the State of Chihuahua. Four mines of Fresnillo Co., Inc.,34 were mills having a daily capacity of 4,300 short 1955, ore reserves were 3,977,800 tons assa percent zinc, 0.4 percent copper, 8.0 ounces gold per ton. The Fresnillo mine delivered to the mill during the fiscal year ended Ju at this plant, including that from other near tons, yielding 50,900 tons of zinc concentr concentrate, 6,800 tons of copper concentrat gold concentrate. Minas de Iquala, S. A., subsidiary of Eag zinc-lead-copper mine at Parral, Chihuahu geared to a run-of-mine ore output of 28,500 The Zinc Nacional, S. A., Waelz plant at of-mine zinc carbonate and zinc oxiae ores. shipped to tho National Zinc Co. smelter at SOUTH AMERICA Argentina.--The Aguilar mine of Compan (subsidiary of St. Joseph Lead Co.) in the Pro to be Argentina's only producer of large qu concentrates. Its outputid 1955 35 of 46,500 centrate and 30,700 tons of lead concentrate cent, respectively, over 1954, largely because equipment, which began arriving late in- 19 trate was shipped to Cia. Metalurgica Au Rivadavia, southern Argentina, for smeltin naces. Working conditions and metallurgica much improved in 1955. In San Juan Province development of the ed ver mining property of National Lead Co satisfactorily in 1955, according to tho comp Metal Bulletin (London), No. 4046, Nov. 22, 1056, pp. 20-28. 11 fit. Joaopb Lead Co. Ninety-Second Annual Report to (be Stockh 1304 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1958 new mill and other facilities were scheduled to be in use by mid-1956. Bolivia.--Declining mineral production and inadequate investment and exploration characterized the Bolivian mining industry during 1954 and 1955. Neither the nationalized mines nor the medium and small privatoly owned mines have had adequate investment in recent years. Labor output has declined. Zinc production in 1955 (23,500 short tons), although 1,100 tons more than in 1954, was 15,800 tons less than in 1952. In late 1955 a decision was made to invite bids from foreign firms to exploit the lead-zinc deposits at the nationalized Mathilde mine. A study to evaluate all factors and recommend measures to improve production was undertaken by the Ford, Bacon & Davis consulting firm (a United States company) with funds provided by the Inter national Cooperation Administration at the request of the Bolivian Government. Brazil.--Although no significant production of zinc was reported in Brazil in 1955, interest in the possibility of future large zinc-lead mining operations was aroused by a report of an important lead-zinc (and copper) discovery in western Minas Gerais, Municipality of Vasante (Paracatu). Chile.--Most zinc concentrate produced in Chile in 1955 came from the mining and milling of Cia. Minera Aysen in the south of Chile. The only other reported zinc producer was Cia. Minera e Industrial "Bellavista", S. A., which produced zinc concentrate for its own use. . Peru.--Mine production of zinc in Peru increased in 1955 for the eighth year in succession; the mine ouptut (183,100 short tons or 5 percent more than in 1954) was more than 3 times that of 1947. Exports of zinc (mostly to the United States) totaled 161,500 short tons, of which 141,000 tons was contained in ore and concentrate and 20,500 tons was refined zinc. ' Cerro de Pasco Corp., leading zinc producer in Peru, operated zinc- lead-copper-silver mines at Cerro de Pasco, Morococha, Casapalca, San Cristobal, and Yauricocha, with mills at the first three mines and at Mahr; it also had smelting and refining works at La Oroya. The works at La Oroya include, besides the lead and copper smelters and refiners, an electrolytic zinc plant and a new Sterling-process electro- thermic zinc plant. According to the annual report,36 production of refined zinc was below expectations, due both to a lack of power in December and to a delay in tho zinc-development program. Diffi culties at the electrothermic zinc plant were expected to be overcome by modifications, which should be completed by the end of 1956. Meanwhile, the capacity of the electrolytic plant was being expanded to 90 short tons per day; construction work on the project was sched uled for completion in mid-1956. The combined plants, which; complement each other technologically, were expected to attain full production in 1957 soon after the Paucartambo hydroelectric plant,) under construction during the year, is completed. As a result of the increases in the zinc price, a somewhat larger proportion of low-grade zinc concentrate produced from the Cerro ae Pasco zinc-lead orehody could be sold for export at a reasonable profit than in the previous "* * Cerro de Pasco Oorp., Annual Report, 1955 ZINC years. Nevertheless, there was a further incre stockpile of zinc concentrate during 1955. Banco Minero del Peru 4 custom concen active, and construction of tho new 70-ton-per (officially opened, October 23, 1955)87 was com active mills were at La Virreyna, Province of C colpa, Department of Huancavelica; Sacracha and Hualgayoc, Department of Cajamarca. T of all the Banco Minero concentrators was 1,0 Northern Peru Mining & Smelting Co. Refining Co. subsidiary) continued to operate zinc mine and 350-ton mill near Pacasmayo. EUROPE Austria.--Bleiberger Bergwerks Union, a company in tho Province of Carinthia, was th mary zinc in Austria in 1955. The company Bleiborg-Kreuth produced 194,600 short tons tons was reclaimed from dumps. The flotatio tons of zinc concontrato, with 5,800 tons of m tons of lead concentrate, with 5,300 tons of ex In September 1955; the company new electroyl Arnoldstein went into production. Its annu to 12,000 tons of zinc, 99.99 percent pure. zjnc in 1955 totaled 1,500 tons; an additional 1 zinc was produced at the plant from zinc scra Belgium and France.--No zinc has beon m 1946, when the Vedrin mine closed. In Fran zinc contained in concentrates from severa 11,400 short tons. Belgian and French smelters together produ of slab zinc in 1955, compared with 357,800 sh smelters produced from concentrate obtaine French Africa, SwedeD, Australia, Spain, Pe countries. The leading producing company was the Socie et Fonderies de Zinc de la Vieille-Montagne, wit (including 1 electrolytic plant) and 2 in F Other smelting companies included the Cie. d Lommel et de Corphalie (2 active smelters), So de Prayon, and Soc. Anon.de Rothem in Belgiu et M6tallurgique de Penarroya and Cie. Royal (2 smelters) in France. Finland.--With a full year operation of the Vihanti mine in central Ostrobothinia, which November 1954, output of zinc concentrate 10.100 short tons in 1954 to 44,900 tons in 19 Vihanti mine contributed 39,200 tons (averag and the Metsamonttu mine, another Outokum 6,600 tons (averaging 49.1 porcent zinc). T .193,200 tons of ore mined from the Vihanti w ,0.49 percent copper, and 0.63 porcent lead. shipped outside the country for smelting. * Eagtawrlnc and Mlnlnf Journal, rot 1M, No. 1% Dtoambar llii, p 1306 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1056 Germany, West.--Mines in West Germany produced 101,600 short tons of recoverable zinc in 1955, a 2-percent decrease from 1954. Output declined in midsummer but increased in the latter part of the year. Most of the mines are marginal producers at tho lower prices prevailing during 1955. Tho major zinc- (and lead-) producing areas are the Harz Mountains and the Rhineland, but some mines in southern Germany produced both zinc and lead. The piincipal mines included the Erzbergweik Rammlesborg and Erzbergwerk Grand ** mines in the Harz area and tne Auguste Viktoiia, Ramsbeck, Mau- bacher Bleiberg, and Leuderich in the Rhineland. ' Smelter production of zinc totaled 197,000 short tons against, 184,800 tons in 1954. The 6 active smelters were all retort plants,' 1 having the continuous smelting vertical retorts of the New Jersey Zinc Co. type. Imports of zinc oro increased almost 50 peicent to 114,300 tons in 1955. The chief suppliers were Peru, Sweden, Italy, and Spain, in the order named. Imports of zinc metal and scrap totaled 75,200 tons compared with 62,900 tons in 1954. Exports increased from 16,500 tons in 1954 to 33,600 tons in 1955. Domestic ' consumption rose 6 percent to 253,500 tons. ' Italy,---Smelter output of zinc in Italy increased 5 percent over. 1954 to 77,800 short tons in 1955, and mine production of zinc rose 11 percent to 131,900 tons. Most of the mine output came from the island of Sardinia. The larger producers on Sardinia were the mines:.1 of Montevoccliio Socicta italiana del piombo o dello zinco and Societa, di Monteponi. The Sapez Co. of Nossa (part of the Italian Metal Ores Agency, AMMI, a Government-owned corporation) mines pro-') duced chiefly calamine ores in Sardinia and .at Bergamo on the main-) land. Slab zinc was produced by electrolytic plants at Monteponi!) in Sardinia and at Crotone, Nossa (Bergamo), and Porto Marghera (Venice) on the mainland; and by a retort smelter at Vado Ligure.) The capacities and operators of the plants were given in the 1954 ! Minerals Yearbook Zinc chapter. Norway.--In Norway the Mofjelletsand and Bleikvassli mines pro? duced 7,200 short tons of zinc (contained in concentrate) in 1955.) Tho electrolytic zinc plant of Dot Norske Zinkkompani, A. S., near) Odda produced 49,700 short tons of slab zinc. ' Poland.--Zinc output in Poland has increased in recent years. Ac-| cording to European press reports, a new Polish electrolytic zinc) refinery at Boleslowie began producing at end of May 1955. When! fully productive, the plant is expected to double Polish electrolytic, zinc output. Spain.--By far the leading producer of zinc concentrate and th6 only producer of slab zinc in Spain in 1955 was the Real Compania! Asturiaua de Minas at its Reocin and Arditurri mines near the north coast and Amao zinc-retort smelter near Aviles. La Florida min' was discontinued during the year, owing to high production cost The Penarroya zinc smelter near Cordoba in southern Spam remain) idle. Most of Spain's output of zinc concentrate was exported Belgium, France, Norway, and Holland. Production of zinc met was 26,200 short tons, an increase of 600 tons over 1954. Total i production of zinc was 102,000 short tons compared with 97,000 to u Mining Mngulnt (London), A Lead-Zlno Concentrator In the Hart Mountains: Vol. 03 No. 6, Not her M68, PP. 278, 276-278. " ZINC in 1954. The petition of the Minera Celd Cartagena, Province of Murcia, southern Industry for permission to build a zinc January 25, 1956. Sweden.--Production of zinc concentra short tons in 1955. Swedish concentra countries for smelting; the quantity exporte compared with 121,700 tons in 1954. Prod years were Boliden Mining Co., the Gov gravor, Falu Kopparverk, and AB Zinkgru United Kingdom.--Zinc concentrate pro the United Kingdom in 1955 contained 3,20 output came from small lead-zinc mines i Wales. Smelters produced a total of 91,10 the same as in 1954) from concentrate impo put of zinc oxide was 41,000 tons. Impo Canada, United States, Belgium, and Austr Consumption of slab zinc was 281,600 tons 6-porccnt incrcnso over 1954. Exports a totaled about 1,700 tons. U. S. S. R.--Official data on zinc product not available for 1955, but an estimate is United Kingdom marketed some high-grade during 1955. Yugoslavia.--Output of zinc contained in Yugoslavia increased 4 percent over 1954 to The quantity of ore mined was 1,818,800 to in Yugoslavia yielded 15,200 tons of slab z in 1954. Exports of zuic concentrate to Trepca group of lead-zinc mines in Serbia Europe) was the leading Yugoslav zinc prod was transported 18 kilometers by aerial tram at Zvecan for concentration. The lead co Zvecan, but the zinc concentrate was smelte zinc mines and flotation mills in Serbia, M other places produced a substantial tonnage The zinc-retort smelter at Celje, Slovenia pacity of 19,800 tons of slab zinc. Work p on the new 13,300-ton electrolytic zinc pla Sabac, Serbia. ASIA Burma.---The Burmese output of zinc was lead-zinc mine of Burma Corp., Ltd., in the Burma. During the year ended June 30, 112,400 short tons of ore, which was treate The mill and smelting and refining works are the mine. The ore yielded 14,300 tons of zin tons of refined load, 1,036,800 fine ounces of matte, 600 tons of nickel speiss, and 400 Immediately before World War II the mine tons of ore a year. The ore iesorve was 3,100,000 tons containing 12.5 percent zinc, ounces of silver per ton. 1308 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1066 India.--Metal Corp. of India, Ltd., worked the lead and zinc mines, at Zawar in Rajasthan and operated a lead smelter at Tundoo. The zinc concentrate containing 2,900 tons of zinc was shipped to Japan for smelting. . ' Japan.--Although mine production of zinc in Japan declined slightly in 1955, smelter output of slab zinc rose to a record high of 124,036 short tons, compared with the previous high of 111,700 tons, in 1954. Mine production (zinc content of ore) was 119,500 tons/ compared with 120,500 tons in 1954. Imports of zinc concentrate, mostly from India and Australia, and slab zinc totaled 12,000 and 5,800 short tons, respectively. The principal zinc producers, active 'mines and smelters, were the Mitsui Metal Mining Co., Ltd., Nippon Mining Co., Ltd., and Mitsubishi Metal Mining Co. Dowa Mining Co., Ltd., an iron- and coppor-oro producer, also produced electrolytic, zinc. The zinc ores contain some lead and wore the source of most of Japan's mine output of lead. Electrolytic zinc was produced by 8 plants and distilled zinc by 2 plants. AFRICA Mine production of zinc in Africa decreased 3 percent from 1954 to 221,300 short tons in 1955. A substantial decline in Belgian Congo'V output more than offset substantial increases in Algeria and French ' Morocco. Belgian Congo contributed 34 percent of the African total/ French Morocco, 22 percent; Northern Rhodesia, 17 percent; Algeria, . 15 percent; South-West Africa, 9 percent; and Tunisia (plus a small , tonnage from Egypt), 3 percent. ' Belgian. Congo.--Congo zinc production continued to come solely / from the rich copper-zinc ores of the Prince Leopold mine of Union 'J mini6re du Haut Katanga at Kipushi. According to published data,** i the Kipushi concentrator treated 1,198,000 short tons of ore from the1 * Prince Leopold mine in 1955, producing 68,700 tons of concentrate averaging 22.71 percent copper and 257,100 tons averaging 29.02 per cent copper; and 125,800 tons of zinc concentrate averaging 69.59 percent zinc. A large part of the zinc concentrate was roasted in the Sogcchim works at Jadotvillo to produco sulfuric acid. Some of'' the calcined concentrate was sold to the METALKAT electrolytic ; zinc plant at Kolwezi and some was shipped to Belgium for smelting.- The METALKAT plant, at near capacity, produced 37,500 tons of exportable ingots, compared with 35,300 tons the previous year. Ex-~> ports of zinc concentrate, however, dropped from 132,900 tons to 113,600. ., French Africa.--Mines in French Africa produced 40 peicent of * Africa mine output of zinc in 1955 compared with 32 percent in 1954."; French Morocco output of zinc concentrate was 86,000 short tons:, (inetal content, 47,700 tons) in 1955, compared with 69,300 tons in;. 1954. Stocks at the end of 1955 were 12,100 tons. Exports of zinc, concentrate (according to customs statistics) were 89,900 tons to? France, 5,100 tons to Netherlands, 2,400 tons to West Germany/; 1,700 tons to Belgium-Luxembourg, and 11 tons to Algeria. The* Bou Beker mines group of the Soci6te dos mines de Zellidja continued , to be tho leading Moroccan producer of zinc (and lead also). Theii ii Metal Bulletin (Loudon), No. 4108, July 6, 1066, p. 14. ZINC group is in eastern Morocco 25 miles sout border. The Touissit properties of the Co des Mines just south of tne Bou Beker ra Other mines contributed to the output of _ Nearby but across tho border in Alger increased. The Soci6t6 Algerienno du Zellidja) continued to be an important pro trated in a 1,000-ton-capacity gravity con mine on the Moroccan side of the borde produced substantial quantities of zinc o duced was shipped to plants in Europe fo The El-Akhouat and Sakiet-Sidi-Youss duced 10,800 short tons of zinc sulfide co tons of zinc. The mines are said to be price higher than that prevailing in 1955 Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation Development Co., Ltd., in northern Rhod of zinc in the Federation. Mining activ the zinc-lead mine and mill, lead smelter, Both oxide and sulfide ores were mined. T in 1955 was the largest in the history of th duction, at 31,200 short tons was 1,500 to refined lead at 18,000 tons, was 1,100 ton South-West Africa.--Tsumeb Corm, Ltd Mining Corp. and American Metal Co., L copper-zinc mine and dotation mill at Tsu in concentrate, which was exported to Belg for Bmelting. The concentrates produced lead-copper concentrate and 42,800 tons milled totaled 595,000 tons. Total metal exported in 1955 were; Zinc, 23,200 short to copper, 23,600 short tons; cadmium, 700 and silver, 1,279,200 ounces. OCEANIA Australia.--Australian mine output of in 1955, was larger than in any previous ye tion increase over 1954 was less than 2 per 2 preceding years brought about a total ovor 1952. Costs of production rose as a in wages and salaries. Technological imp ore treatment, were an important factor Production of refined zinc was 113,200 ton because of reduced power supply at the R Tasmania. ' The principal producing mining distric Captain's Flat in New South Wales, Clo in Queensland, and Read-Rosebery in Ta district with 4 large zinc-lead-silver mines than two-thirds of Australia's total mine Broken Hill Consolidated, Ltd., mined 59 1310 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19S6 1955,40 averaging 8.9 percent lead, 13.8 percent zinc, and 2 ounces of silver per ton. Of the total ore treated, 383,600 tons was handled in the company-owned mill, and 187,564 tons was treated in the Zinc Corp., Ltd., mill. Ore reserve at the end of 1955 was 3 million tons against 2.8 million tons in 1954. Zinc Corp., Ltd., mined 731,400 tons of ore 11 yielding 93,500 tons of lead concentrate, 131,000 tons of zinc concentrate, ana 1,833,000 ounces of silver. Broken Hill South, Ltd., (Broken Hill south and Barrier Central properties) milled 435,300 short tons of crude ore yielding 72,100 tons of zinc concentrate and 59,400 tons of lead concentrate (carrying 39 ounces of silver to the ton) during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955, according to the company annual report. North Broken Hill, Ltd., was also a large producer of zinc, lead, and silver. In the Captain's Flat district, Lake George Mines (Pty.), Ltd., resumed its zinc-lead-copper mining on February 1 after more than a 7-month shutdown caused by a labor dispute. As all but 5 days of the shutdown occurred in the company fiscal year ended June 30. 1955, output of ore in that fiscal year was only 61,400 tons compared with 196,300 tons in the preceding fiscal year. Ore milled in the 1955 fiscal year averaged 10.4 percent zinc, 6.02 percent lead, and 0.64 percent copper.43 In North Queensland, Mount Isa Mines, Ltd. (52-percent-owned by American Smelting & Refining Co.), continued mining its copper- lead-zinc-silver group, 2,000-ton concentration mill, and copper and lead smelters at Mount Isa. Output of metals during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955,43 aggregated 3,648,000 ounces of silver, 47,700 tons of lead, 20,900 tons of zinc, and 25,000 tons of copper, which were , extracted from a total of 1,393,500 tons of ores treated. _ In the Road-Rosobery district, Tasmania, mines of Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia, Ltd., produced 203,100 short tons of ore in . the fiscal year ended June 30, 1955, compared with 212,100 tons ini the preceding fiscal year, according to the company annual report^ (No. 35). The ore yielded 58,200 tons of zinc concentrate, 9,900 tonsj of lead concentrate, and 7,500 tons of copper concentrate. The zinejt concentrate was shipped to tho company Risdon electrolytic-zinc platft,j| and the lead and copper concentrates were exported. J The Risdon zinc plant ran continuously throughout the fiscal^ year but not at full capacity at all times owing to restriction of electriql power supply. Production of slab zinc was 112,600 short tons, com-tf pared with 111,100 tons in the fiscal year 1953-54. Production. OJ cadmium was 200 tons. Sales of zinc were 68,500 tons to Australia consumers and 37,700 tons to consumers in India, United Kingdom! United States, and New Zealand. Construction of the third flash roaster and much of the ancillary equipment, including that for treat! ment of gases and handling of roasted products, was completed. Thr plant was brought into schedule early in 1955. Construction of fourth flash roaster was .begun just before the close of the yearii Arrangements were made during the year for the long-term purchas of zinc concentrate from North Broken Hill, Ltd.; Broken Hnl South Ltd., Zinc Corp., Ltd., and New Broken Hill Consolidated, Ltd. Metal Bulletin (London), Mo. 4100, Juno 8, I960, p. 21. Mining World, vol. 18, No. 3, March 1050, p. 73. u Metal Bulletin (London), No 4059. Jan. 10, 1956, p. 20. _ u American Smelting it Refining Oo., Flity-Bevemth Annual Report, for the Year Ended Decembn 81, IMS. >:ftH Zirconium and H By Kenneth B. Hi<jbie & IRCONIUM and hafnium are closely Z conium minerals usually contain a sma Their separation is relatively difficult tunately is not necessary for many uses. complete responsibility for zirconium-metal Carborundum Metals Co., Inc., with faci operated at capacity and exceeded its Atom (AEC) contract commitment for the metal. was available for | increasing civilian appli producer of commercial and reactor-grade Mines zirconium production plant in its No ment Laboratory, Albany, Oreg., shut down determined that zirconium stocks and curr could temporarily supply its needs. Some of facilities were converted to research and the r tion for resumption of zirconium production saiy. Hafnium production also increased in 1955 as a byproduct from the processing of hafniu Zirconium metal was an expensive laborat when development work on the Kroll magn was begun by. the Bureau of Mines at its No ment Experiment Station, Albany, Oreg. Be liminary results, in February 1947 a pilot plan of 60 pounds of zirconium sponge began ope duced about 4,500 pounds of zirconium spong was melted and fabricated into sheet metal. obtained from this plant, production facilities in cooperation with' the AEC and the Navy B plant naving a capacity of 500 pounds a w June 1949 and a larger plant in May 1950. enlarged in January 1951 and was again exp to a final rated capacity of 275,000 pounds of annually. About 6,000 pounds of hafnium-sponge m annually as a byproduct of zirconium produc Meanwhile in 1949 scientists at tho Y-12 pla Chemicals Corp., at Oak Ridge, Tenn., ha i Commodity specialist.