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I :) TRANSACTIONS 30th NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS GENERAL SUBJECT AND INDUSTRIAL SESSIONS CHICAGO OCTOBER 6-10, 1941 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago Copyright, 1941, National Safety Council, Inc. Printed in the U. S. A. PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT Foreword Contents THE Transactions of the 30th National Safety Con gress and Exposition of the National Safety Coun cil are published in two volumes. Volume I contains the General Subject Sessions and the Industrial Section Ses sions. Volume II contains the Street and Highway Traf fic, Commercial Vehicle, Transit, Child Education, Home Safety and Farm Safety Sessions. Volume I is distributed automatically to the industrial members of the Council. Volume II is sent to those mem bers who are believed to be interested chiefly in the ses sions it contains. However, other members of the Council may obtain Volume II upon request. All types of Council members have found it advantageous to distribute these Transactions volumes to foremen, supervisors, executives and other officers of their organ izations, who make use of the information they contain in organized accident prevention programs. On page 9 of this volume some practical suggestions are made for the profitable use of these Transactions. F.xtra copies of Volume I may be obtained by Council Members at the following rates: 1 to 10 copies at $2.00 each; 11 or more copies at $1.75 each. Extra copies of Volume II may be had at 75 cents each. \ The Transactions are a condensed record of the proceed ings of the Congress, reproduced here for reference pur poses. The papers, addresses and many of the discussions have been edited to delete eftc^aneous matter and empha size those parts which outlirt^vleas of particular useful ness in safety organization and all other accident preven tion procedures. The volumes^Ie, therefore, a somewhat abridged version ; the Wtgina^manuscripts, however, are available in the files qffthe National Safety Council. * The National Safety Council, at its Congresses, seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aims of the Congress, or which may be contrary to the Council's policies. However, it cannot accept respon sibility for all the views expressed, either in the matter presented or in the discussions based upon these papers. I? ID NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. 20 North Waeker Drive Chicago, Illinois Council Officers....................................................................... 4 Make Profitable Use of These Transactions................... 9 Council Purposes and Program............................................ 11 Annual Meeting of Members................................................ 13 Congress Banquet.................................................................... 29 Subject Sessions-- Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors.............................. 35 Electric Welding............................................................ 49 Elevators............................................. ............................. 55 Fire Control and Prevention....................................... 65 Fundamental Causes of Accidents............................ 77 Governmental Safety Service inIndustry................. 97 Human Engineering and Safety................................ 117 Industrial Health............................................................. 145 Industrial Nursing ......................................................... 159 Maintaining Safety Interest in Defense Industries 181 Sabotage Prevention.......................................................195 Safety Engineering Exchange..................................... 207 Safety Organization and Program.............................219 Safety Training............................................................... 235 Industrial Section Sessions-- Aeronautical Section...................................................... 253 ASSE--Engineering Section ..................................... 263 Automotive and Machine ShopSection.................... 269 Cement and Quarry Section........................................ 287 Chemical Section........................................................... 301 Construction Section..................................................... 325 Food Section.................................................................... 339 Marine Section................................................................369 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section................................................ 425 Metals Section................................................................. 435 Mining Section................................................................. 477 Paper and Pulp Section.................................................. 505 Petroleum Section......................................................... 563 Power Press Section.....................................................587 Public Utilities Section................................................ 599 Refrigeration Section.................................................. 625 Rubber Section ....................................................... .635 Steam Railroad Section.................................................. 655 Textile Section................................................................. 675 Wood Products Section.................................................. 691 Exposition Exhibitors .......................................................... 719 Index .......................................................................................... 725 Uif ) 03| National Safety Council, Inc. HONORARY MEMBERS Association or Iron and Steel Engineers Robert W. Campbell I.f.w R. Palmer OFFICERS (1941-1942) Col. John Stilwfxl, President Ned H. Dearborn, Vice-President for Education I. W. Millard, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer G. T. Hellmuth, Asst Vice-President for Finance and Asst. Treasurer Walter S. Paine, Vice-President for Industrial Safety Lew R. Palmer, Vice-President for Transportation A. V. Rohweder, Vice-President for Home and Farm Safety R. T. Solensten, Vice-President for Membership Leslie J. Sorenson, Vice-President for Public Safety Roy V. Wright, Vice-President for Community Councils W. II. Cameron, Managing Director and Secretary EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1941-1942) Capt. Frank E. Ames, Marine Section J. I. Banash, Past President ('. W. Bergquist, Past President H. R. Bixi.er, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation II. W. Boggess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company Karl Brecht, Safety Div., South Bend Association of Commerce W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. Robert W. Campbell, Plast President D. B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Association Ned H. Dearborn, New York University Lewis A. DeBlois, Past President C. W. Df.mpesy, Liquid Carbonic Corporation Marcus A. Dow, Past President Harold F. Enlows, The American National Red Cross D. D. Fennell, Piast President H. J. Griffith, ASSE-Engineering Section E. E. Grover, Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric Company Harry Guilbert, The Pullman Company Julten H. Harvey, Greater New York Safety Council W. A. Hazard, Construction Section Dr. T. Lyle Hazlett, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. G. T. Hellmuth, Chicago Rapid Transit Company Walter G. King, Past President John E. Long, Past President C. H. Longman, Chicago & North Western Railway Company J. W. Ixird, Commercial Vehicle Section Thos. H. MacDonald, U. S. Public Roads Administration 4 OFFICERS (COMTD.) Robert A. McArthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport B, B. McCulloch, Bureau of Safety, Inc. F. R. McLean, Petroleum Section I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Company Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Philip M. Morgan, Massachusetts Safety Council; Worcester Safety Council Hon. Eliot Ness, Director of Public Safety, Cleveland E. J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council Walter S. Painf., Aetna Life & Affiliated Companies Lf.w R. Palmer, Past President C. E. Pettibonf., Past President G. H. Pff.if, Genera! Electric Company R.J. Rf.igeluth, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons H. A. Rbninger, Past President A. V. Roiiwedf.r, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Company C. J. Rutland, Street & Highway Traffic Section Henry G. Schaffntji, Erie Safety Council Carl L. Smith, Greater Cleveland Safety Council R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Company Leslie J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer, Chicago H. J. Sfof.rer, Metals Section Col. John Stilwf.u., Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. C. P. Tolman, Past President George G. Traver, Greater Chicago Safety Council Dr. C. H, Watson, Past President A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau Roy V. Wright, Railway Age Magazine Arthur H. Young, Past President V. A. Zimmer, U. S. Department of Labor BOARD OF TRUSTEES (1941-1942) Winthrop W. Ai.drich, Chairman Board of Directors, The Chase National Bank, New York City Morgan B. Brainard, President, Aetna Life Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn. Howard Cooni.ey, Chairman of the Roard of Directors, Walworth Company, Now York City. Benjamin F. Fairless, President, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. W. S. Parish, President, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, New York City Walter Gifford, President, American Telephone & Telegraph Com pany, New York City E. R. Harriman, Director, Union Pacific Railroad Company, New York City Thomas I. Parkinson, President, The Equitable Life Assurance So ciety of the U. S., New York City Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., Chairman of the Board, General Motors Cor poration, New York City 5 OFFICERS (CONTI).) Thomas John Watson, President, International Business Machines Corporation, New York City Charles K. Wii.son, President, General Electric Company, New York City DIRECTORS (1941-1942) II. J. Auirich, Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. Capt. Frank K. Amf.s, Marine Section T. (). Armstrong, Springfield Safety Council; Hampden County Safety Council C. W. Avf.ry. Detroit Industrial Safety Council J. I. Banash, Past President Rrnest W. Beck, United States Rubber Company C. W. Bf.rgquist, Phst President R. R. Bjoc.ers, Chattanooga Safety Council II. R. Bixi.er, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation K. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation II. W. Boor,ess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company F. S. Brown, Standard Accident Insurance Company f). C. Boii.eah, Wood Products Section K. G. Borserine. Kansas City Safety Council C. B. Bohi.et, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation Clayton O. Braatz, Paper & Pulp Section Karj. Brecht, Safety Div., South Rend Association of Commerce F.mvARn H. Brink, Grand Rapids Safety Council Joseph A. Rrophy, Elizabeth Safety Council W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. I.. C. Campreei., The Koppers Coal Company Robert W. Campbell, Past President Raymond A. Carey, Evanston Safety Council Robert I. Catmn, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company I). R. Chant, Paper & Pulp Section Charles A. Chappell, Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce Lammot duPont Copeland, Delaware Safety Council J'. F.. Chluney, Bethlehem Steel Company John D'Ambrosa, Sr., Rahway Safety Council Nf.d II. Dearborn, New York University I-oiits A. Df.Blois, Past President C. W. Dempesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corporation F. W. Dennis, Chemical Section Milton W. Dobrzf.nsky, East Bay Safety Council C. R. Dooley, Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc. James B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Company Marcus A. Dow, Past President Harold F. Enblows, The American National Red Cross R. S. Farnum, Rubber Section D. D. Fennell, Past President Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Company Edmund Fitzgerald, Safety Div., Milwaukee Association of Com merce 6 OFFICERS (CONTD.) Victor B. Fitzpatrick, Richmond Safety Council Howard R. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome Sr Co. (USA) Inc. Arthur C. Fwf.y, Worcester Safety Council Lyle H. Gift, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council 0. F. Gnadinger, Steam Railroad Section Henry J. Forman, Blackstone-Valley Safety Council W. A. Griffin, American Telephone fit Telegraph Company II. J. Griffith, ASSE-Engiiieering Section F. E. Grovf.r, Columbus Safety Council Harry Guii.nF.ier, The Pullman Company I). T. Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines Frank II. Harrison, International Harvester Company Jui.tf.n H. Harvf.y, Greater New York Safety Council W. D. Hasf.i.ton, Mining Section P. L. G. Hasskarl, Public Utilities Section R. C. Haven, Food Section Jems IIawf.s, Rochester Safety Council W. A. Hazard, Construction Section Dr. T. Lyle Hazi.f.tt, Westinghouse Electric fit Mfg. Co. G. T. Hf.i.lmhtii, Chicago Rapid Transit Company Harold G. Hoffman, Unemployment 'Compensation Commission of New Jersey Dr. Ralph H. Houghton, Kenosha Safety Council Wm. F. James, Philadelphia Safely Council Jasper B. Johnson, Madison County Safety Council Thomas P. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Ohio Walter C. King, Past President Wm. C. Knoei.k, Milwaukee Safety Commission C. L. La Fountains, Great Northern Railway Company Roy Lee, Contra Costa County Safety Council John E. Long, Past President C. H. Longman, Chicago & North Western Railway Company J. W. Ixmn, Commercial Vehicle Section Ebf.r S. Lusk, Refrigeration Section Thos. H. MacDonald, U. S. Public Roads Administration R. A. McArthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport B. B. McCulloch, Bureau of Safely, Inc. F. R. McLean, Petroleum Section Roy S. Marshall, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council C. M. Mf.nse, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Section David L. Millar, St. Louis Safety Council 1. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Company Harold L. Miner, E. I. dti Pont de Nemours & Company H. H. Moiii.er, St. Joseph Safety Connell Philip M. Morgan, Massachusetts Safety Council; Worcester Safety Council R. B. Morlf.y, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations C. L. Murray, Mason City-Cerro Gordo County Safety Council Hon. Eliot Nf.ss, Director of Public Safety of Cleveland Frank S. Newell, Toledo Safety Cnunril E. J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council 7 OFFICERS (CONTI).) George C\ A. Oit, The Detroit Edison Company John M. Orts, Transit .Section Walter S. Paine, Aetnat l.ife ft Affiliated Companies I.f.w B. Pat.mf.r, Past President David A. Patton, Newark Safety Council C. E. Pfttibonk, Past President C. II. Pff.if, General Electric Company 0. W. Pontius, Greater I .os Angeles Safety Council W. M. Powf.i.l, Cement & Quarry Section Ai.bfrt S. Regui.a, Industrail Relations Counselors, Inc. R. J. Rf.igfluth, C. W. Blakeslee ft Sons II. A. Ef.ninger, Past President J. W. Rkynoi ns. United Pacific Insurance Company A. V. RottwF.nF.R, Duluth, Missabe ft Iron Range Railway Company C. J. Ri'Ti.ANn, Street ft Highway Traffic Section IIf.nry G. Schaffner, Erie Safety Council E. C. Scitnt.TES, Jr., Power Press Section Eari. S. Siiartzf.r, Utica Safety Council Frank T. Sheets, Portland Cement Association John R. Sherwood, Baltimore Safety Council Dr. I.. A. Shoouy, Bethlehem Steel Company 1.F.sr.iF. R. Sh.vkrnai.e, CTiild Education Section Ammi Skinner, Safety Dept., Nashville Chamber of Commerce Care L. Smith, Greater Cleveland Safety Council C. R. Smith, American Air Lines, Inc. R. T. Soi.enstf.n, Elliott Service Company I.F.suF. J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer of Chicago H. J. Spof.rf.r, Metals Section E. C. Spring, Philadelphia, Pa. Thomas I. Starr, Employees' Publication Section Cm.. John Stii well, Consolitated Edison Company of New York, Inc. Edmund C. Stone, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council F.mf.ry Edward Stone, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission Paul S. Strf.cker, Automotive ft Machine Shop Section George S. Stroud, Des Moines Safety Council Hugo Swanson, Superior ft Douglas County Safety Council J. M. Syi.vf.ster, Lehigh Valley Safety Council Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Engineer C. P. Toi.man, Past President George G. Traver, Greater Chicago Safety Council Wilfred E. Voegf.r, Albany Safety Council Dr. C. II. Watson, Past President W. B. Weaver, Textile Section G. Wise Wescott, Safety Dept., Automobile Club of Rhode Island T. Anoun White, Safety Div., Birmingham Cnamber of Commerce S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company A. W. Whitney, Natonal Conservation Bureau Roy V. Wright, Railway Age Magazine Arthur H. Young, Past President E. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce V. A. Zimmer, U. S. Department of I-abor 8 Make Profitable Use of These Transactions The Transactions of the Congress are pub lished in two volumes for day to day use in the prevention of accidents, Vol. I dealing chiefly with industrial problems, and Vol. II public safety problems. The papers and dis cussions reproduced in this volume contain the experience of safety men, business execu tives, health directors and others who have organized and conducted industrial safety programs that reduced their accident losses. Do not be dismayed by the size of this volume. There are simple ways of finding what you may want. The material has been organized, arranged and indexed so that any given subject, speaker or session can be located easily. Plan of Arrangement Note, first, that there is on page 3 a Table of Contents. This lists the session divisions in three groups; (a) several General Ses sions; then (b) the Subject Sessions; and (c) the Sessions of the Industrial Sections of the Council. The fourteen Subject Sessions will imme diately challenge your attention, for they were selected to cover subjects of great inter est to all safety men, and were planned after many consultations with safety leaders. (a) By General Subject or Minor Subject Discussed. (b) By name of Author, in the case of Eormal Papers. (c) By Industry, as in the case of the Industrial Section. Ways to Uie the Transactions There are a great many ways that you, as a safety inquirer, can make profitable use of this storehouse of information on accident prevention and good health practice. Here are just a few of them: Solutions lo Your Accident Problems.-- You have such problems: every plant or busi ness organization has them. Very probably you can find here the solution to the problem that is troubling you. You may look first in the sessions of your industry; or you may scan the list of Subject Sessions. Is it a problem where dusts or poisonous gases are encountered? Three papers by ex perts in the session on "Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors" cover this general subject thor oughly. There is also the session on "Indus trial Health," and that on "Industrial Nurs ing," where health and first aid problems are presented. However, you will find in many of tlie Industrial Section Sessions similar discus sions on general safety subjects that will prove valuable reading. Note that each group of sessions is ar ranged in alphabetical order by subject; also that where there are more than one session (as in the Industrial Sections) the sessions are arranged in order by day of the week and calendar date. Now, nobody has to read through a whole session, or even an entire formal paper or discussion, to find a given safety problem or outstanding safety idea. In the back of the volume there is a com prehensive, but simple index, also arranged alphabetically. There are three ways in which the material in the volume is indexed: It is a problem on accident causes, or bet ter organized accident prevention? Look in the interesting panel discussion on "Funda mental Causes of Accidents"; or the "Safety Engineering Exchange" or the session on "Safety Training." And don't forget the morning lectures of Dr. Victor L. Short on "Human Engineering and Safety," parts of which are outstanding suggestions on the psychology of handling men. Nezv Safety Ideas and Plans.--Accident prevention methods and procedures are still not perfect. New developments in safety ideas, devices, safeguards, "stunts," and safety equipment are being made all the time; dele gates have told about them in this Congress. In addition to the discussions in the "Safety Engineering Exchange," you may find inter esting ideas in the panel discussions in the 9 Congress Banquet WEDNESDAY EVENING SESSION October 8, 1941 The Annua! Banquet for members and guests at the Thirtieth National Safety Con gress was held in the Grand Ballroom and also the Boulevard Room of The Stevens Hotel, being one of the largest in the history of the Council. While occupying two very large rooms, necessitating the removal of tables after serving the repast and the re assembling of the guests in the Grand Railroom for the later program features, all of these arrangements were carried out smooth ly and with the greatest satisfaction to all guests. Music and other entertainment features marked the progress of the banquet in both the serving rooms. Upon reassembling, President John Stilwell called the meeting to order. He then requested the Chairman of the Nominating Committee, Mr. Walter S. Paine, to announce the official list of newly elected officers of the National Safety Coun cil. Mr. Paine complied as follows: National Safety Council Officers 1941-1942 President: Col. John Stilwell, Vice-President, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc., New York City. Vice-President for Education: Nf.d H. Dearborn, Dean, School of General Education, New York University, New York City. Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer: I. W. Millard, President, Industrial Gloves Company, Danville, 111. Asst. Vice-President for Finance & Asst. Treasurer: G. T. IIellmutii, Claims Attorney, Chicago Rapid Transit Company, Chicago, 111. Vice-President for Industrial Safety: Walter S. Paine, Manager, Engineering & Inspec tion Dept., Aetna Life & Affiliated Companies, Hartford, Conn. 1 Vice-President for Transportation: Lew R. Palmer. Conservation Engineer, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. S., New York City. Vice-President for Home and Farm Safety: A. V. Roiiweder, Supt. of Safety & Welfare, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Minn. Vice-President for Membership: R. T. Solensten, Vice-President, Elliott Service Company, New York City. Vice-President for Public Safety: Leslie J. Sorensen, City Traffic Engineer of Chicago, B Chicago, 111. B Vice-President for Community Councils: Rov V. Wright, Managing Editor, Railway Age, New York City. K JImaging Director and Secretary: W. II. Cameron, Managing Director, National Safety B' Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. 29 34 { 30th National Safety Congress ployees to observe safety rules when offthe-job just as they do when at work. Try to influence a reduction in traffic accidents, the nation's number one killer and the prob able cause of the loss of forty thousand American lives in 1941 long before we ring in the New Year less than three months from now I We must intensify our efforts to get people' to drive at reasonable speeds. We must bear in mind that a skilled employee is just as much dead and just as much a loss to America if he is killed on a Saturday night or a Sunday afternoon in a traffic accident as if he is killed in the shop. Actually he is two men lost--for in addition to our loss of production due to his acci dent, the Nazi egoists are relieved of the necessity of keeping some man over in tyranny-ridden Europe or at work to offset his production. Let's remember that. The President's proclamation was a plea for cooperation. The National Safety Coun cil's acceptance of the task assigned to it, and its call upon you to assist, also partook of the same nature; it was a plea for as sistance. In the procedure that has been set up, in the free cooperation that has been asked and that will be forthcoming, we see an example of democracy working at its best We see exemplified the principles of unity in dependence and independence in unity that made this nation the greatest and the freest civilization that ever evolved on the face of this earth--a civilization which, with your help, will endure long after the blot of Naziism has been wiped forever from the face of Europe and even the threat of any future dictatorship of a few mad mindi over all the earth rendered an absolute and an eternal impossibility. Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors THURSDAY MORNING SKSSION October 9, 1941 Methods of Combating Industrial Health Hazards 1 A Symposium Presiding:--Walter S. Paine, Manager, Engineering & Inspection Department, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company, Hartford, Conn., and Vice-President for Industrial Safety, National Safety Council. ADJOURNMENT Ventilation and Exhaust Equipment By GORDON C. HARROLD, Ph. D. Industrial Hygiene Laboratories, Medical Department, Chrysler Corporation, Detroit It is difficult to give details on the many phases of ventilation and exhaust equipment which are applicable to the problems of pro tecting the workers' health. Some general principles of every day usage can be covered however, as well as specific cases. Thus for gases, less pipe velocities are needed than for fumes, mists or dusts. The lower specific gravity of gases leads to various modifications for their handling. Carbon monoxide gas which is slightly light er than air could be taken upward. However, when mixed with automobile exhaust gas the apparent specific gravity of the mixture is raised so that it is much more feasible to remove the gas by means of staggered floor pills. Even more important than specific pavity is the temperature of the gas mass as increased temperature causes the heated air to rise. For this reason numerous exhaust systems are built without forced draft and are suit able particularly in smoke removal where ld|h toxicity is not encountered. Gases such as hydrogen chloride or hydrogen cyanide are of such toxicity that a totally enclosed hood with up-draft exhaust is preferable. The factors of concentration and relative toxicity play an important part in the choice of exhaust systems. Of further interest is the question of whether any cumulative poisons or those leading to chronic illness may be present. The older up-draft exhaust systems have in many cases been replaced with back or side draft ventilation even for gases lighter than air because of the danger of carrying the hazardous material through the breathing zone of the worker. Only in such cases as result from the gas being gen erated above the breathing zone of the worker should canopy and other types of overhead hoods he used. A combination of back and up-draft will take care of all such situations and should a canopy be open on all sides a solid partition can usually be built in the center of the operation to pro vide a back wall for both sides of the ex hausted operation. Liquids which give off vapors or mists are both simpler and more difficult to treat. Since the liquid is usually confined in a tank, the focal source only need be considered to pre- 35 (36 30th National Safety Congress Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 37 vent local spreading of the contaminant. The tanks. Also of interest is an efficient mani-1 Cloth or bag filters will collect these small by M.S.A. provides a means of i zanily ex difficulty comes in devising simple and inex fold system to deliver equal quantifies of air I particles but the maintenance costs are high. hausting air from each tank or closed space, pensive systems which will not interfere with to all parts of the slot. Silverman has shown I Eleetrical precipitation is also very efficient or if desired, a large volume of air at rela the worker. Recent tank studies have shown that ventilation requirements vary with the I but is often too expensive to install and tively low velocity may be introduced into a number of facts which either have not been physical characteristics of the liquid sub-1 maintain. the closed space. These units are portable generally understood or have not had exi>erimental proof offered to substantiate the be lief of individual experimenters. It seems necessary to caution against care less use of formulae. Thus the formula de veloped by Brandt seems to indicate that as the tank becomes wider the amount of venti lation required per unit becomes less. The author points out that the work of Battista, Hatch and Greenberg proves that increased width results in increased power losses and inefficient operation. Silverman empha sizes the importance of flanges which in crease tank velocities from 20 to 33 percent. When the height of the flange is equal to the width of the tank the ventilation requirement is reduced 20 percent. While this is not al ways practical it is shown through his cal culation that maximum efficiencies are ob tained as the flange angles are increased and stance in the tank. Thus in one instance he I shows that flange slots increase efficiency I with decreasing depth of liquid but that high-f ly volatile liquids will be lost through en-| trainment and evaporation so that the depth 1 would have to be increased for efficient op-f eration with such substances. A case of this kind is thoroughly discussed! by Witheridge et al in regard to the ven-f tilation of trichlorethylene degreasers. They! showed that vertical slot ventilation caused! the lowest solvent loss increase but was least! efficient in reducing solvent exposures. AI round hole system caused the highest solvent I loss increase and required approximately! twice as much power as the horizontal slot! type to reduce solvent exposures to 100 p.p.m.1 The maximum solvent loss increase due to! ventilation during continuous use of this de-l greaser was 2 gallons per 9-hour day or 121 The velocity of air in the pipes should be sufficient to prevent deposition. This velocity may be as high as 4500 linear feet in the case of lead dust. Since too great a velocity is wasteful and results in excessive pipe losses the system should be so designed as to elim inate the need for excessive velocity. Short distances to collectors, coupled with straight sections of pipe with no sharp bends, are aids in this endeavor. When sections of branch pipe are joined to a main pipe .the joining angle should be 30 degrees or less. A corollary of Dalla Valles work is that the exhaust hood should be as close as pos sible to the source of dust formation. The ideal would lead to a total enclosure to re duce openings to a minimum and thus cause the resultant face velocities to be much higher. and provide a good answer to jobs which change or move about frequently. Personal Protection Another means of providing safety when toxic substances are present is the use of individual air supplied hoods either open about the eyes or closed depending on the efficiency desired. In paint operations, the open type is satisfactory and vision is not obstructed while for more rigid control with more toxic substances the closed eyepiece type is more desirable. The numerous res pirator, canister, and self contained breath ing types, need no mention here except that the purpose they serve is well understood. Light Metals that the ideal situation is found when a com gallons per square foot of tank area per 1001 Often gases and fumes are collected to A new problem is now confronting safety pletely closed hood may be used. hours' operation. No significant relation be-J gether and usually the limit of air require and ventilation engineers in the growing use tween ventilation rate and solvent loss wa ments is set by the velocity needed to keep of magnesium and aluminum alloys. These The width of slot openings is not very important where we have flanges. This is not true of un flanged hoods where the reduc tion of slot width will give lower velocities at the remote corners. As shown by Dalla Valle and Brandt, the slot velocity exerts rapidly decreasing influence as the distance from the face of the exhaust hood increases, and that two slotted openings, one on each side of the tank, are more efficient than the one slot due to the higher velocity obtainable shown. A ventilation rate of 615 c.f.m. around the! 20' perimeter of the tank using the horizontal! slot or round hole system reduced the average! trichlorethylene concentrations in the oper-| ator's breathing zone from a maximum of 1 400 p.p.m. without ventilation to below 1001 p.p.m. The vertical slot system required al ventilation rate of 1400 c.f.m. to accomplish! the same result. the pipes from plugging up. In some cases U in foundry operation, back draft exhaust is resorted to in order to collect the airborne dust. Then a separate downdraft system keeps dust from getting into the air. Welding of various kinds produces iron fume, fumes from the flux and gases such as nitrogen dioxide and ozone. The iron fume apparently is only a nuisance dust but the manganese, fluorides, etc. resulting from the metals are in themselves non-toxic--so much so that wounds inflicted by sharp articles will become infected much easier than those inflicted by heavy metals. They are haz ardous in finely divided form due to the fire and explosion hazard. The various hazards and precautionary measures are receiving attention in various periodicals but we wish to emphasize certain aspects relating to ex haust and ventilation systems. at the most remote part of the tank from the exhaust slots. It is pointed out in nearly all Dust welding flux are harmful. The gases noted Ordinary type dust collectors should not are harmful when in sufficient concentration. be used for removing magnesum or aluminum these papers that disturbances of work opera tions, extraneous air currents, and vapor turbulence must be overcome by a sufficiently high velocity at the most remote portion of the tank. For this reason, the formulas are not a true criterion unless all outside condi tions are evaluated. It was pointed out that with flanged slots, decreasing the depth of the liquid below the slot reduced the air required by about IS to 20 percent. This is probably due to decreased turbulence as an unflanged hood is not affeettd by the depth of liquid. It is also point ed out that a single long tank suitably par titioned is more efficient than several small When solids in the form of dust must be] removed, considerable attention must be giv-j en to the collector system, the velocities in 1 the pipes, and the design of the piping sys-l tern. In addition, the face of the exhaust! hood should be so designed as to be close to | the source of dust generated. 1. While great emphasis is now being laid] on wet collector systems it should be under stood that such systems will not remove large] amounts of the dust sizes which are signifi cant from the health standpoint. Cyclones,] unless of the micro variety, which will not] handle the larger volumes of air often en-l countered, suffer from the same handicap.! Work performed in the Chrysler Labora tories indicated that this situation would not be harmful in open spaces unless heavily coated rods were used. In tanks and closed spaces, dangerous concentrations of both gases and fumes could be predicted. Various types of exhaust systems have been devised. The most common one depends on a hood attached to flexible metal pipe so that the face of the hood may be placed in near prox imity to the work. Other types range from floor grills to hood canopies, each type being adapted to the kind and size of the pieces to be welded. In closed tanks, the "Airbooster" as made dust. A special dust collecting system which utilizes a water spray nozzle to knock out the dust so that it may be carried away as a sludge is demanded. Good ventilation is necessary to remove the hydrogen which is formed. All piping should be in straight line with no sharp turns and should be smooth on the inside so that no dust remains in the piping system. The sludge should be col lected in drums and disposed of at frequent intervals either by mixing with 5 parts by weight of sand and burying in a dump, or covered with oil and burned. It should be noted that this is one of the few cases where magnesium, in particular, can be wetted with water but it should be noted that the sludge 38 ( 30th National Safety Congress should not he allowed to become half wet but should be thoroughly flooded at all times. The parts of the system where work is done should be of non-sparking material. It is not safe to collect this material in filter screen or cyclone collectors, nor should sparking type metals be allowed to get into the ven tilation system. We have pointed out some of the specific items involved in ventilation in connection with health and safety hazards. Some of the limiting factors in a large scale ventilation program should also be dealt with. Indis criminate installation of exhaust ventilation without a careful evaluation of the extent of the need will lead to extremely high first costs of installation. The engineer who in stalls a system three or four times as elabor ate as needed to control a given complaint may ``control" a situation but at an excess cost of thousands of dollars. The next step after this excess air has been exhausted from the plant, must be to supply fresh air which in the industrial north must be heated for eight months of the year. Even with closely controlled systems, this factor of heated air is a real limitation. In many instances, power houses have had to be greatly enlarged be cause of such programs. The power needed to run motors and auxiliary equipment is also a limiting factor. A system which is too small will not be criticized on the above score but if its purpose is not fulfilled, the entire layout may have to be scrapped. Always to be considered is whether the installation is to serve the purpose of remov ing toxic materials or those which may be classified as nuisance contaminants. Both are legitimate requirements but it should be clearly understood that one system is to pro tect health directly and the other to provide comfort. Proper consideration can then be given to the question of "how much" and "what kind" of ventilation is to be installed A common sense program will include ex haust ventilation as one very important aid but only as related to other possible methods of solving the problem involved. When sub stitution is feasible and economical, or re vision of process if possible, these may pro vide a cheaper, more satisfactory answer. At times, personal protection will best serve the purpose and in some instances a few simple rules of operation and maintenance may be all that is needed. Ventilation often proves the only answer, but indiscriminate ventilation is the poorest and most costly answer that caa be devised. A system should be completely designed at one time with no additions with out a complete revision of all parts of the system. It is, of course, permissible to com pletely design a system in such a way that units may be added from time to time but this should be a part of the original consid eration. Conversely systems well designed and installed to meet the condition encoun tered in the degree necessary are major aids in any health program. Measuring Concentrations of Toxic Substances By S. W. GURNEY Laboratory Director, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. Frankly, on this subject of industrial health hazards we do not know as much in a precise way as we do about guarding belts, gears, points of operation, and the like. That industrial health is an important subject is attested by the fact that we now have a relatively new profession called Industrial Hygiene, which might be defined as a study of working environments including all of the air contaminants as well as abnormal condi tions of temperature, humidity and even now of atmospheric pressure. The criterion is the effect upon the health of workers, either immediate or delayed. A few technical schools have started courses in industrial hygiene and the number of chemists and medical school graduates who are goinf back and taking these courses is a further measure of the increasing importance of thil general subject of industrial health. Not many plants have experienced indus trial hygienists on their staffs; in fact it would be impossible for them to do so ti there are not enough of them to go around I believe that there are very few in thil meeting this morning who would call them selves industrial hygienists. With this as Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors $ 39 sumption in mind I have tried to plan this paper for the ordinary safety engineer and the safety committee man who doesn't re member his chemistry too well--but who does feel that he should know more about the possible health hazards in his plant. He may also be somewhat worried about claims for alleged health damage that have been submitted and may wonder if there is any thing he can do about it himself. It certainly would be fine if every plant large enough to have even one man wholly interested in safety could arrange to have one trained as well as interested in the fundamental prob lems of industrial hygiene. However, this would take a long time to accomplish and for the present we shall have to get along with what we have. I should like this morning to try to tell plant safety men what they can do along this line without the benefit of specially trained industrial hygienists. I am assuming that you know the names of, and are familiar in some way with the materials used in connection with the operations in the plants where you are. This includes the dusts, fumes, vapors and gases, the solvents and other chemicals that are used, produced as necessary by products of, or enter at all into the manu facturing processes in any way. If you do not you certainly should find them out--and perhaps this is the first thing you can do. We are safe in saying that wherever a toxic substance is used an exposure exists. For example, if you have in your plant a process using benzol you undoubtedly have a benzol exposure. If somewhere in your plant you are melting lead or a lead alloy for any purpose, an exposure to lead exists in that part of the process. This docs not mean necessarily that a health hazard to benzol or to lead exists, but we can say that we do have the exposure. Now over the years by means of animal experimentation, and by the results of human experience, it has been shown that low dosages of these toxic materials which exist as air contaminants are pretty well taken care of by the healthy human organisms. High dosages in the time factor as well as the concentration are not well handled and damage to various organs and tissues may result from continued exposure. experimentation and industrial experiences have sho.wn that the principal way the toxic material gets into the body is through the respiratory system. It is true that some in dustrial poisoning takes place through swal lowing and some through direct absorption through the skin. However, the important thing we have to remember is that most of the toxic materials used in industry get into the system where they can produce their damage through the common process of inhalation. For some time a number of important com mittees have been working on the problem of establishing what we might call a thresh old dosage of these industrial toxic materi als. A number of individual experts have defined threshold concentrations as those be low which health damage is very unlikely. State code committees have drawn up ten tative thresholds covering most of the wellknown industrial solvents and chemicals and suggested that these limits be used to meas ure the dividing line between what on one hand constitutes a safe exposure and on the other one that may produce definite health damage. The American Standards Associa tion has appointed a sectional committee of well known experts to correlate all of these data and to establish threshold limits or max imum concentrations which we can use as guideposts or benchmarks in determining whether or not our own plant is a safe one to work in. However, these threshold dosages do not mean that if you maintain a workroom air always below that concentration figure no one possibly can have any harmful health effects at all nor does it mean that if the concentrations are always above that figure that everyone is going to show symptoms of poisoning. They simply mean that below such concentrations most workers will not be measurably affected and that above it some health damage may be expected, given sufficient time. Behind some of these sug gested exposure concentrations there is a wealth of experience and an impressive amount of factual data. Behind other figures there is very little in the way of experience and such figures represent what we might call an intelligent guess on the part of people whose intelligent guesses we respect. Thresholds need precise measurements. Further, these same studies, both animal Because we need to know what degree of 40 1 30th National Safety Congress Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 41 exposure exists in our plant some reliable by these simply operated instruments. Most was somewhere between 10 and 15 per cent. way of actual measurement becomes.a neces of the safety engineers have to depend upon Such information may be helpful in getting sity. Otherwise how are we to know whether their own ingenuity to provide the answers. improvements but it seems to me that any these exposures constitute health hazards or By far the majority of our plant safety men one taking the trouble to view this operation do not. Of course, if we have an industrial have no industrial hygienist to lean upon, would have immediately recognized the hygienist in our plant, the answer is easily neither have they been able to procure health hazard. obtainable. He will proceed to use known techniques of sanitary air analysis, a spe cialized chemical job usually involving quite a bit of time and fussy analysis. In any event, the job is not impossible no matter what the particular air contaminant may be. Before this section in past congresses ex cellent papers have been delivered on sam pling methods and analytical procedures for the various air contaminants, I believe by Mr. Warren Cook and again by Dr. E. G. Meiter. There is no particular point in going over that ground again. From many sources anyone interested can secure detailed information on procedures for the measuring of any of the common air contaminants. simply operated instruments which will give them the answer they want for the particular air contaminant or exposure that exists in their plant. Such safety engineers are not entirely without recourse and there is quite a lot they can do to get some measure or estimation of some of their plant exposures without outside help. i For example, take visual inspection, which is simply the intelligent use of the sense of sight. Dusts, which have given us more cases, probably than all of the other air contaminants combined, are usually |>erfectly visible things. Considerable stress has been laid upon the point that it is necessary to know the size distribution of such dust sus-, I have often been asked to define or de scribe by appearance what constitutes too atuch dust. I'm afraid I have no precise answer to that question. I have often replied to such questions that if you actually can see clouds of any dust produced or dissemi nated into the air of a working area from any process it is a good idea to enclose and ventilate it, or at least to try to control the dust source in some way. It has been my experience that most in dustrial commissions and accident boards are not particularly impressed with dust counts and analyses and discussions of threshold dosages as such. If testimony shows that a plant is dusty, and anyone can Many plants which have not felt that they pended in the air before wc can truly, see that it is so, the plant is pretty likely had enough of a problem to warrant the hiring of an industrial hygienist have pro vided their safety engineers with some of the newly developed measuring instruments which, with a little experience, can be operated by almost anyone. I refer to such devices as the Carbon Monoxide Indicator, the Flammable Gas Indicator, the Mercury Vapor Detector, and certain dust counters. There are a number of such devices on the market which do a perfectly swell Job of distinguishing between exposures which may measure the hazard that exists. In this it: to have to accept any claims for respiratory has been my experience that wherever there'--,System damage as an industrial case. have been big particles which can easily bej seen there are always plenty of small ooes^ The acid vapor which arises from hot acid which are deeply respirable which cannot b<K>fickle tanks may not be visible but the seen. I have never yet marie any dust studied Steam that accompanies it usually is. You in plants where it was obviously dusty by' CM see where it is coming from and get an sight that there were not many times mortH idea where it is going. The etched or rusted fine particles well down in the so-calleA&'appearance of metal work in the room with respirable range than there were big oneiB these pickle tanks is also visible evidence Conversely you seldom find fine dust without that acid vapors have escaped into the room. large ones along with it which can be seen The fumes from arc welding are perfectly be dangerous and those which are not, for particularly near the source of the dust i visible--and the 25 mgs. per cubic meter specific contaminants; and you don't have question. If your plant is a dusty one some suggested as a limiting dosage in Massachu to be a chemist to operate one and inter evidence of dustiness is visible, even if you setts is a very dense cloud. One investigator pret the results. A number of instrument have to climb up on the rafter to look for describes it as so thick you could cut out a manufacturers are working on the problem it as settled dust. hunk with a knife and wrap it up and take of extending the application of such instru ments to different contaminants. I have no doubt that the next few years will see on the market simple instruments for many more of the air contaminants you are likely to see in industry. Some of these are made automatic in their operation and give contin uous readings--or sound a gong, flash a light or turn on additional ventilation when a dangerous concentration is reached. Where we can get such instruments we find them a great help to the safety engineer in pro viding him an answer to his problem. However, there are a large number of air contaminants that we cannot yet measure it home. I can recall one safety engineer haulin|i me half way across the continent to tafaK Again, by watching the rebound of spray dust counts at a brushing machine in I in a spray painting operation you can tell radiator foundry. So much dust was throw! pretty accurately if the operator is well pro off into the air by this operation that it w tected and if the booth has sufficient air to difficult to see from 25 feet away the tw* take care of the fumes. men who were operating it. It was obviow | The human nose is probably not a par to anyone that so much dust could iwt ticularly precise measuring device and. no possibly be beneficial regardless of the doubt different people's noses differ widely silica content and common sense should bhaanr;t is their ability to detect and estimate air told him that here was a situation about' contaminants by this means. However, many which something should be done ani promptly. As a matter of interest the dustj of our industrial vapors and gases do have distinct and characteristic odors and much counts ran up into several billions per cubit: an be done by a safety engineer by the foot and the free silica content as quark intelligent use of the good old nose. In our laboratory in Boston wt are for tunate in having a large gas tight chamber for experimental work. In this chamber we can set up easily and quickly almost any concentration of any of the commonly en countered industrial gases, solvent vapors, or dusts. Some time ago as a matter of interest only we started some rather crude human experi mentations. From time to time we would put up in this chamber concentrations of the common industrial toxic volatiles. For one trial we would take the suggested threshold dose. We would then try other concentra tions to see how low a concentration could he detected and identified by smell. With six men in the laboratory we acted some what as a committee entering the chamber as a group and reporting our reactions indi vidually after varying periods of exposure. This work is not completed and probably never will lie as new things are coming into industry constantly. However, it is impor tant to know that the suggested threshold dosages for ammonia, benzene, the acetic acid esters, carbon bisulfide, carbon tetra chloride, in fact all of the chlorinated hydro carbons, formaldehyde, ether, gasoline, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen cyanide, hydro gen sulfide, methyl alcohol, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, toluene and xylene are all easily detectable by the human nose and can be identified with a little experience. In fact the 200 ppm. of trichlorcthylene, the common degreasing solvent, suggested as the threshold is distinctly uncomfortable after fifteen or twenty minutes exposure. Personally, I would hate to work in 200 ppm. of trichlorethylene for an eight-hour day.With formaldehyde at 20 ppm. the degree of discomfort is extremely high and I doubt if anyone who was able to escape would remain in that concentration for more than a very few minutes. The irritating acid gases, hydrochloric, sulphur dioxide, are very uncomfortable at the suggested dosage. In fact, I don't believe that it is good policy to ask anyone to work in such concentrations even though no particular health damage below or at it has been proved. It is interesting to know that most of us can smell benzol or toluol well below the threshold dosage and some of us are able to go down as low as 15 or 20 ppm. With almost anyone of the chlorinated hydro- 42 ( 30th National Safety Congress carbons such as carbon tetrachloride, trichlorethylene, and the like, most people have no trouble in recognizing the contaminant as a chlorinated hydrocarbon as a general class down to around 10 to 25 ppm., although it is difficult to distinguish them apart. I be lieve that the safety engineer who is willing to do a little sniffing around the plant is going to find out a lot about some of the air contaminants as to their source location and where they go to. There is one thing about the chlorinated hydrocarbons that I should like to mention and that is the fact that nasal fatigue enters into the picture very shortly and after a few minutes in the exposure your nose loses much of its ability to distinguish these solvents. The sense of smell is recovered by a few minutes in the fresh air. The same thing is very true of concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. There is no need to point out that the very toxic carbon monoxide and the very common carbon dioxide gas in the pure state have no odor. However, carbon dioxide in a brewery around the fermenting vats has a peculiar tickling sensation to the nose which is quite characteristic and after a few minutes around 500 or 600 ppm. in that process you begin to have a feeling that all is not quite as it should be. I know of several instances where the sense of smell has been used as a practical measuring rod. The foreman of a large plating shop doing much cyanide plating uses and has demonstrated the fact that a hydrogen cyanide smell is a sure sign that the electrical system or the plating bath concentration needs attention. Although hydrogen cyanide is extremely toxic it can be detected by smell well below the sug gested threshold dosage of 20 ppm. Many of the solvents and mixtures such as the lacquer solvents in industry are not particularly toxic and exposures constitute more of a nuisance than they do a real health hazard. Nuisances, however, can be real and we do not want to remain com placent just because no real health hazard can he proved. There is also the very real danger of getting into the explosive range with some of these lacquer solvent mixtures of low toxicity. There is another way of estimating con centrations and I can recommend it to you if you are in doubt as to whether or not some process should be further enclosed or ventilated or otherwise protected to keef down the concentration. It should be used with caution and understanding. Safety en gineers often ask me whether or not I coating process or a mixing process or eva such things as vapor degreasers should not have something done about them. To suck inquiries I frequently ask the safety en gineer to go out and stand alongside of the operator of the process in question for at much of the day as the operator does him self. I further ask him to tell me just hoy he feels at the end of this period. It it remarkable how often after going through this the safety engineer comes to the con clusion that further protection is necessary, at least very desirable. Now you know that there are lots of smells, irritating gases and the like that workers finally get used to-- and they will probably affect you much more violently than they do the experienced operator. On the other hand I wonder if we are right in asking people to work in disagreeable atmosphere where they hare to "get used to it" before they become rea sonably reconciled to their job. There is one other way we have of esti mating exposure that is probably not ai good as the three I have mentioned but nevertheless it has its uses. I refer to com plaints on the part of the workers them selves. Safety engineers should be close enough to workers in the departments where toxic materials are used so they will get verbal reports of any complaints or ob jective symptoms that arise. I recall two fatalities this year allegedly caused by high exposure to carbon tetra chloride vapor. There may have been other cases but these two were such that I had access to the reports of the investigations. They were both rather simple jobs of clean ing metal objects with carbon tetrachloride and the whole operation was by hand. Both operations had been performed occasionally for a number of years, but as a result of large defense orders the time spent at these operations had increased considerably. Both men are on record as having complained considerably. They had been nauseated sev eral times. They complained of feeling tired and restless for quite some time before they finally became really seriously sick. A alert safety man nosing about the plant Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors looking for trouble might well have picked this up and-recognized it as a measure of excessive exposure. Both cases terminated fatally and in the medical picture at autopsy showed about what one would expect in an acute case of carbon tetrachloride poisoning. It is interesting to know that afterwards air samples were taken in a number of posi tions around the operation and concentra tions well over 100 ppm., the suggested threshold dosage, were found. I think if we investigate our plants thor oughly we will find that there are a number of processes and operations involving toxic materials or at least materials with some degree of toxicity that have for years been carried on safely without complaint or symptoms or any other evidence of health damage. The reason for this was the in frequency of the operation or the small quantity used or the short time of exposure. With increase in production a number of these processes have speeded up so that gradually the weekly degree of exposure to the dust, fume, vapor or gas has been increased. As a result of defense orders processes that used to take place every other Thursday are now being carried out every day. What used to be a short' time job of 15 or 20 minutes now stretches out over two or three hours. Complaints do not al ways mean that a serious health hazard exists, but they should be red flags to any safety man that since his original investiga tion conditions may have changed to render the exposure much more serious than it was. From years of experience in this business I am of the opinion that the average worker docs not complain about dust or fume or irritating vapors unless he had a good reason to do so and the wise safety engineer will recognize this and at least investigate. There are a number of air contaminants that can only be measured by the accepted methods of sanitary air analysis and cer tainly precision measuring can be done only by such means--but taken all together the safety engineer himself, using reasonably his sight, sense of smell, his own sense of feeling when exposed as the workers are plus a knowledge of what the workers on some of these unpleasant jobs are saying and feeling has at his command several use ful measuring rods with which he can evaluate the health hazard in his plant. Personal Respiratory Protective Equipment By DR. J. H. STERNER Director, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. The need for personal respiratory protec tion in many types of industrial operations is now well recognized, but the problem of determining in a specific instance whether a respirator is required, and what type is best indicated, is sometimes not a simple one. Every type of respirator places some re striction on the wearer, and although it may be only a slight inconvenience and insig nificant compared with the protection it pro vides, it must be recognized as a compro mise. Ideally, all operations would be con ducted so as not to contaminate the air which must be breathed, or the degree of contamination, would be kept at safe levels by ventilating devices. Only after the pri mary effort to achieve this ideal has proved to be impossible or impractical should the se of personal respiratory protective equip ment be considered. Too frequently the apparent simplicity and the immediate eco nomic advantage in merely providing res pirators are the deciding factors in the choice of this type of protection. An understand ing of the purposes, operations, and limita tions of respirators is essential if respiratory protection is to be safely and intelligently applied to the varied types of hazards which exist. There are, however, many industrial situa tions where the use of a respirator is spe cifically indicated for the protection of work men; situations where it is impossible or impractical to secure a safely respirable at mosphere by other means. The definition of an irrcspirable or unsafe atmosphere is ad mittedly sometimes difficult. A discussion of the methods for determining if the air is safe 44 (. 30th National Safety Congress Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 45 for breathing is beyond the scope of this sidered in selecting a respirator for a specific paper, but mention should be made of the hazard ? recently increased impetus toward establish In many instances the actual selection will ing safe threshold values--the Maximum not require a step by step examination of Allowable Concentrations which are being each of these factors--the choice will be determined in increasing numbers for po more or less obvious and made by simple tentially toxic materials which may be vola "inspection," but if the selection is to be the tilized in industrial processes. For this dis best possible one, these principles must be cussion, it is assumed that a respiratory examined, recognized, and applied. In most hazard exists, that circumstances make it im cases, a standard model of one of the com practical to eliminate the hazard by other mercially available devices will be satisfac means, and that some form of personal tory, but not infrequently the circumstances respiratory protective device must be worn of exposure are such that some degree of to permit the individual to safely carry on modification gives a more adaptable and use his work. ful protection. How these individual factors Many types of respirators have been found useful, and since many are commercially available, it is logical to examine them before investigating the factors which should de may influence the choice of a particular type of respirator, or require a modification due to the peculiarities of the exposure, will be considered in some detail. termine the selection of a respirator for a 1. The oxygen content of the contaminated | specific hazard. Schrenk of the Rureau of atmosphere. Mines has classified personal respiratory protective equipment as follows: (1) Those that afford protection by re moving atmospheric contaminants ("Air purifying"), and (2) those by which a res pirable atmosphere from an unrontaminated source is supplied to the wearer ("Airsupplying, or air-supplied"). Normal air contains nearly 21 per cent j oxygen, but this oxygen content may be Jgreatly reduced in covered tanks, in vaults or cellars without ventilation, and in other 1 confined areas, particularly where fires or explosions may have consumed the oxygen or where large quantities of gases or vapors ] may have been generated. Although an indi vidual may not l>e in serious danger as long 1 The question as to the efficiency of res as 12 per cent oxygen is present, a respirator [ pirators is satisfied in part by the arrange giving an adequate supply of oxygen must j ments for testing and approval setup by the be used in all situations where there is the j Bureau of Mines of the U. S. Department of danger of an oxygen deficiency. the Interior. For some years this organiza tion has given an official approval to certain types of respiratory protective devices which pass the rather rigid requirements specified. There are, however, useful respirators which are not included in the approved list and which give adequate protection for many types of exposures. In the opinion of the writer, it is better to choose a respirator with a Rureau of Mines Approval, if a respirator of the types eligible for approval is indicated in the specific exposure. This is particularly pertinent when the opportunity and facilities in the plant for checking the efficiency of respirators are limited. In lieu of official approval, the integrity and recognized qual ification of the manufacturer must rank high in the considerations for accepting the speci fications given with a particular respiratory protective device. 2. The exact nature of the specific contain- j inants. It is extremely important to know the exact nature of the contaminating material-- not only the chemical properties, but all the physical forms in which the materials may be encountered in the particular exposure. | In addition to the respiratory protection, it I may be necessary to prevent contact with the ] eyes and skin, hence the nature of the con taminant also determines the type of fact] piece or covering which is to contain the! respiratory device. Of the two general! classes of respirators, it has greater import! in the selection of the air-purifying type.j A particular absorbent may have a relatively ] high restraining capacity against one type or 1 physical state of a contaminant and halt j little or no value against others. For ex ample, a filter which gives effective protectk* ] What are the factors that should be con against lead fume may permit the passage o( j significant amounts of lead in a gaseous form. Or a canister which will satisfactorily re strain the vapors of a chlorinated hydro carbon solvent may be much less effective against gases accidently generated by the combustion of this solvent, such as phosgene. incic auc a variety which are used to "filter out" the contami nants in air-purifying respirators. There is no one "universal absorbing material." Since there is a direct relationship between the amount of the specific absorbent and the quan tity of material absorbed, it is desirable to have as great a quantity of this specific ab sorber as possible. Occasionally, because of uncertainty as to which type of canister is indicated, the use of an "all-service" type respirator is recommended. This respirator affords protection against practically all types of gases, vapors, fumes, or smokes en countered industrially and would give pro tection by absorbing the contaminant in one or two of its layers, but its capacity for absorption would be much less than if the container were completely filled with the specific absorber. In contrast to the airpurifying respirator, the air-supplied type gives respiratory protection against all types of contaminants. 3. The concentration of the contaminants end the duration of exposure. These two factors are considered together, for the concentration and duration are both important functions of the total capacity or "life" of a given amount of absorbing ma terial. Theoretically, the air-supplied respi rators afford effective protection against any concentration of contaminant as long as the air supply continues. The concentration and the duration of exposure impose very definite limitations upon the air-purifying types. Very little information is available concerning the absolute capacities of the varied types of ab sorbing materials for the variety of con taminants--even those against which they are most effective. In practice, the point of ex haustion of a given amount of absorbent is obvious if the odor of the contaminant is oted (it is assumed that the face piece is well fitted). Unfortunately some very toxic materials are odorless, for example, carbon monoxide, and other substances vary greatly as to their tendencies to fatigue the olfactory swse as the concentration of the gases or vapors passing thru the exhausted absorber increase gradually and thus may not give an adequate warning. In such cases, the ab sorber type of respirator must be used with caution, and the exhaustion of the absorbing capacity controlled by limiting the time of Concentration alone places a definite limi tation upon the use of air-purifying respira tors. The Bureau of Mines has approved canister masks for protection against 2 per cent by volume of acid gases, organic vapors, and carbon monoxide, and 3 per cent of ammonia, and such approval indicates the effective life of the absorber at this level is at least 30 minutes. No published data could be found which gave the absolute upper limits of protection either as to concentration or capacity. If the respirator has a Bureau of Mines Approval, the efficiency for a given concen tration and a given time has been tested. For lower concentrations than the upper ap proval limit it is probably safe to assume a straight line relationship for the effective life. Thus, a canister effective against 2 per cent vapor for 30 minutes can be assumed to give protection against 1 per cent for 60 minutes, against 0.1 per cent for 600 minutes. Since the efficiency of the air-purifying (mechanical filter) respirator for dusts, fumes, and smokes increases with use, the effective life is determined not by its failure to restrain the contaminant, but by its in creased resistance to inspiration. When this resistance becomes uncomfortable, it is not uncommon for the wearer to relax the fit of the mask, and while he then can breathe more easily, the protection is lost. 4. The character of the work to be done and of the work space. Here must be considered, whether the work is of an emergancy or non-emergency type, the amount and rate of physical exertion that must be done, the movements required in per forming the work, the distance to be covered in the operation, the shape, size, and restric tions of the working space, and the time per mitted for putting on the device. It is essen tial that devices for emergency situations give complete respiratory protection, and that special provision be made against failure of the device and the resultant exposure to an immediately dangerous atmosphere. Em phasis is on complete protection, with com- 46 l 30th National Safety Congress Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 47 fort and convenience important, but secondary. In non-emergency situations it is assumed that the individual could escape from the harmful atmosphere without any protection. Devices for these situations usually give more consideration to the comfort and convenience of the wearer. To illustrate how ore or a combination of the above factors have re quired the modification of standard equip use of a small cartridge absorber type res pirator was giving inadequate protection against the high concentrations of vapors encountered in spray painting the interiors of buildings. The alternatives in supplying additional protecion were to increase the quantity of absorbing material, or to use an air-supplied type. The relatively large vol ume of absorbent necessary to give complete ment, the following examples are given. In one manufacturing operation large quantities of a variety of solvents are evap orated in a completely inclosed apparatus, and the workman, on the outside of the ma chine, has not appreciable exposure. Occa sionally it is necessary for him to place his head inside the machine, with a consequent exposure to high concentrations of hot sol vent vapors. The work inside the machine is of such a nature that it must be started within a few seconds when the need arises, and the exposure may continue from a few seconds to many minutes. The workman must have protection for breathing and for the eyes. Because of the high concentrations, protection for an eight-hour exposure to the high concentration of vapors, required either an inconventiently larger container or fre quent refilling of a small one. A valid ob jection to the standard air-line models was that when it was necessary to move-scaffold ing or to perform other work in the room being sprayed, the painter must, to retain his air source, carry the supply line wherever he went, an inconvenient and even dangerous impediment to climbing on and off scaffold ing and ladders. If he cut loose from the airline .he'was exposed to the residual con centrations of five to ten thousand parts per million, an appreciable cumulative exposure during the course of a day. an absorber type respirator unless supplied An airline respirator was modified to in with a prohibitively large amount of absorb clude a charcoal cartridge and automatic ing material would be quickly exhausted. shutoff valves on both sides of the connection Standard air-line models equipped with a full- between the supply line and the respirator face piece were tried, but required too long line. Thus when the airline connection is a time for the operators to put them on. severed, the intake of air begins automatic Finally one of this type was modified by ally thru the cartridge and continues until attaching the face piece to a spring type the reconnection with the airline again auto head-band in such a manner that the respi matically closes the small valve in the base rator could be put on in a few seconds. The of the cartridge. These modifications fre short hoseline can be plugged in at any one quently require considerable experimentation of the numerous convenient terminals around until a satisfactory result is obtained, but the machine, and the simple insertion ini the protection and safety afforded is adequate tiates an adequtee flow of air. The mask and compensation. hose attachment can be removed as quickly and easily as they were applied. This respi rator has proved to be a very satisfactory S. Other environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity. solution to a difficult problem. Temperature and humidity may influence In this instance the high concentrations en countered favored the choice of the airsupplied mask over the absorber type, but the expense and difficulty in obtaining and maintaining a satisfactory air source seemed to outweigh this first indication. Other factors, the ease and speed of applying and removing the mask determined the final se lection, since the positive pressure of the air-supplied respirator permitted this modi fication much more readily and safely. the selection in at least two ways since (11 they have a definite effect on the capacity of certain types of absorbents, and (2) they affect the comfort of the wearer. The effect of moisture on the life of activated charcoal against gasoline vapors has been shown is studies by the Bureau of Mines. The ca pacity of the dry charcoal (0.35% moisture) was six to twelve times as great as that containing 21 per cent moisture (in equili brium with air at 25 degrees C and 85 per cent relative humidity, and showing no sen In another instance it was found that the sible moisture). The efficiency of hopcalite, an absorbent (actually a catalytic agent for changing carbon monoxide to carbon diox ide) is readily destroyed by moisture. It is frequently difficult to control the temperature and humidity of the air for air-supplied res pirators. The lines carrying the compressed air for general plant purposes even though the latter may be pure for respirator use, frequently parallel steam lines or pass thru hot areas, resulting in uncomfortably high temperatures at the terminals. Otherwise satisfactory compressed air may have had the moisture removed because of certain opera ting requirements, and the relative humidity values below 10 or even 15 per cent may cause discomfort and dryness iq the respi ratory tract. 6. Personal factors: comfort, sex, age, physical condition, intelligence, cooperation, etc. Most of the respirators now available, if in proper working condition, can be worn, even for long periods of time, wjthout appre ciable discomfort if the wearer has become psychologically adjusted to the situation. It b probable that the chief cause of failure of protection in exposures where respirators are provided is the mental and physical discom fort due to faulty operation or maintenance-- the clogging of filters, the unclean condition of the face piece, the unsatisfactory fitting to the contour of the face. Unless the work men are exceptionally enlightened the un comfortable protection will seem worse than the hazard of the exposure. In general omen adapt to the wearing of respirators less easily than men, and this relation in creases with the size of the face piece or cowing and the amount of equipment in volved. Age and physical condition must be considered, especially when devices such as the self-contained oxygen breathing appara tus is to be worn in emergency operations. The intelligence and cooperation of the work men *re obvious factors. 7. Control of personnel exposed--educa!*, supervision. Too^ frequently the employee is merely * the respirator with the order to "go and use it." Instruction as to the rea- for the protection, the exact situations under which he shall wear the respirator, the signs of faulty operation and what he shall do to correct them, and the care and clean ing of the device, must depend upon the par ticular circumstances, but it is better to err on the side of too much rather than too little. The education must include the super vision, and the supervision of the supervision. Rarely, the enforcing of protection cannot be accomplished by securing the cooperation, and altho it should be the last resort, com pulsory measures may be required. 8. Facilities for the care and cleaning. This very important condition to the proper functioning of respiratory protective equipment deserves more consideration than it usually receives. In plants where a num ber of respirators are used, provision should be made for the collection, cleaning, repair, and return of the respirators. In this con nection, it should be stressed that, if possible, each man should have his own respirator, suitably marked, so that it is returned to him after cleaning. If it is impractical to provide each individual with his own res pirator, provision must be made for thorough cleaning and repair if necessary before it is used by another workman. Where an indi vidual is responsible for the cleaning and maintenance of his own mask, there must be systematic supervision to insure its being done. Yant, in the article previously re ferred to, suggests several methods for clean ing and sterilizing different types of equip ment. It is unfortunate that a simple formula cannot be derived which might be applied in every instance to indicate the most effective type of personal respiratory protection. For the majority of hazardous industrial ex posures, the selection of a satisfactory res pirator is a relatively simple one, but the factors discussed above must be recognized and applied if the choice is to be the best one. When the conditions of the hazard are unusual, it may be necessary to examine in considerable detail each of the factors, to weigh the advantages and disadvantages, and to repeatedly modify the device until a practical, safe, and comfortable form of pro tection is obtained. ADJOURNMENT Safety Engineering Exchange FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 10, 1941 Presiding: H. J. Griffith, Manager of Safety and Welfare, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corpo ration, Pittsburgh, Pa. CHAIRMAN GRIFFITH : This meeting h one of the last of this Congress, and it is toing to be your meeting. Probably there are * number of questions that have come up dur ing the conference that you haven't had a dance to discuss with anyone, so we are go ing to give you a chance this morning to dis cuss them. We also have several questions here to start with. If any of you gentlemen bve any particular question that you wish to bve answered, write it down and pass it up bre and we will try to get you an answer. The men whom we have here on the plat: fcm do not profess to be experts. They are ;Jwt common, ordinary folks like ourselves. 11 dull take just a minute to introduce them: C M. Allen, Staff Supervisor of Safety, Ihe American Rolling Mill Company, Midletown, Ohio. C N. Rakestraw, Secretary, General Safety dwnittce, Cleveland Illuminating Company, Cleveland, Ohio. G. A. Kuechenmeister, Personnel Manager, bwnion Forge & Stamping Company, Walkrville, Ontario, Canada. 1. Howard Myers, Director of Safety and he Prevention, The Atlantic Refining Corn ier. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Paul C. Lamb, Safety Engineer, Lever fcethers Company, Cambridge, Massaiaetts. K. P. Blake, Senior Safety Engineer, fcted States Department of Labor, Washl*n,D. C. Mow, gentlemen, we are going to start out Hfe the questions listed in your program. We will ask the men on the platform here to give their answers to these questions. We will then go on to any other questions that may be asked from the floor. Now then, to get started, here is the first question : ``What Types of Pre-Employment Eyesight Examinations Are Most Effective? Why?" Mr. Blake, would you mind expressing yourself on that? Types of Eye Examinations R. P. BLAKE: I am not quite sure what the question means. What is most effective? If I may change that to "What type of ex amination is needed?" I should say it de pends entirely upon the kind of work the person is doing. For instance, in a mechanic, acuity is the first thing to consider. If in some other job he is required to do very close work, that will determine the type of test needed. In other words, determine the sight qualities needed on the particular type of job and have the examination put particu lar emphasis on that. Can someone else add something more to it? One of the most important reasons for preemployment examination, particularly in a plant where there is considerable eye hazard, is to determine the need for prescription lenses in goggles. I find that one of the most frequent reasons many men object to wearing goggles is that they hate to put on the glasses. It is a human failure. You hate to admit that your eyes are failing, that your vision is failing enough so that you need glasses; and the result is that in any group of workers you will find a large percentage 207 American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--F. W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Vice-Chairmen--H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Willis Maclachlan, Hydro-Electric Power Commission, Toronto, Ont., Canada . Secretary, G. E. Burns, National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, III. Chapter Representath'es--E. W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) R. M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) E. R. Granniss, National Conservation Bureau, New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chap ter) C. L. Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. (Gulf Coast Chapter) Everett F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Roston Chapter). G. M. Kintz, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Dallas, Texas (Southwest Chapter). G. G. Oldham, Lake City Ordnance Plant, Independence, Mo. (Kansas City Chapter). C C. Ruddick, H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Chapter). James L, Shores, Alabama Power Co., Birmingham, Ala. (Alabama Chapter). Thomas W. Thorpe, Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Co., Jersey City, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter). J. B. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter). Members at Large-- George J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Cyril Ainsworth, American Standards Assn.. New York, N. Y. H. R. Bixler, Industrial Relations, Union Carbide 8: Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. W. Dean Keefer, Safety Engineering Dept., Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chi cago, 111. T. E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Koppers Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. J. E. Long, The Delaware & Dudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. W. P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. General Chairmen-- 1.1. Banash, Chicago, III. S. W. Beck, United States Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. - B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. IE. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of California, San Francisco, Calif. 1. MeA. Keown, Wisconsin Industrial Commission, Madison, Wis. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., Hartford, Conn. k S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N. Y. Dll Royer, Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. ELE. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. tW. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago 111. 1. S. Smith, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. LF. Thalner, Buick Motor Co., Fint, Mich. It. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. 263 264 30th National Safety Congress Officers 1941-1942f General Chairman--1\. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairmen--Wills Mam.achi.an, Hydro-Electric Power Commission, Toronto, Ont., CaHna.da.R. Bixler, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., E. 42nd St., New York, N. Y. Secretary--R. L. Forney, National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago. Chaffer Representatives--E. W. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San FraRn.cMisc.oGCoohdawptienr,).Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter). E. R. Granniss, National Conservation Bureau, New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter). Chas. A. Mili.fji, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. (Gulf Coast Chapter). Everett F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter). S. R. Bumann, Atlantic Refining Co., Dallas, Texas. (Southwest Chapter). G. G. Oldham, Lake City Ordnance Plant, Independence, Mo. (Kansas City Chapter). J. P. Leonard, Blaw-Kuox Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Chapter). E. M. Niblf.tt, Stockham Pipe Fittings Co., Birmingham, Ala. (Alabama Chapter). H. E. Wright, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Bloomfield, N. J. (New D.JGer.sWeyeClchha,pStearf)e. ty Engineer, Curtiss-Wright Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter). Members at Large-- George J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Cyril Ainsworth, American Standards Assn., New York, N. Y. K. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. W. Dean Kf.efer, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago. J. E. Long, The Delaware fii Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilminglon, Del. W. R. Smith, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. W. P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Past General Chairmen-- J. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago. E. W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. F. W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. R. F.. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. R. McA. Keown, Wisconsin Industrial Commission, Madison, Wis. W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., Hartford, Conn. A. S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N. Y. D. L. Royf.r, Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co, Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. R. F. Thalner, Ruick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston. tA elected by delegates at the Congress. A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section 26S The Nature and Properties of Polarized Light By DR. MARTIN GRABAU Director of Technical Sales, Polaroid Corporation, Cambridge, Mass. The most important fact about light waves is that they are tranversc. The meaning of this expression nmst lie explained in some detail, and in this connection a simple me chanical analogy that of a rope wave--is very instructive. Imagine, for example, a rope agitated hy hand at one end and tied to post at the other. As the end of the rope is agitated with a 'to-and-fro motion, crosswise tp itself, a wave travels along it lengthwise. the originally complicated mixture. Since th palings of the second fence are also vertical, the vibrations transmitted hy the first will also pass through the second, slots between them. Consequently, the ver tical vibrations of the rope wave are brought to a dead stop when they reach it. We are led to conclude that two mechanical polariz ers whose slots are crossed are "opaque'' to a rope wave wc might try to send through them. ' In order to emphasize the crosswise, or , Polarized Light transverse, nature of this wave, imagine a knot tied anywhere in the rope. As the wave travels along, the knot moves to and fro in sidewise direction. It obviously does not ove lengthwise along the rope. Polaroid glass is a transparent material that pfilarir.es light maves, just as the picket fence, polarizes rope waves. When ordinary uttpolarized light, with its helter-skelter ar rangement of vibrations in all crosswise A light wave is made lip of such crosswise directions, comes through a piece of Polaroid tnbrations having some sort of an electric glass, tiie transmitted light comprises vibra d magnetic character; and the central tions in only one crosswise direction. Fur one of this survey concerns tfie control of thermore, as you rotate the piece of Polaroid e directions of these crosswise vibrations, glass, the direction of vibration of the trans respective of the direction of travel of the mitted light rotates likewise. *ht Except in the rarest of cases, the unaided Ordinary light radiation, such as we re human eye does not distinguish between polar ran* from the sun or an incandescent lamp Wb. comprises an amazing and bewildering enure of vibrations lying in all possible ions crosswise to the beam of light, many crosswise directions of vibration ized and unpolarized light. This explains why, prior to the availability of commercial light polarizing materials and development of their application, we remained unaware of much polarified light round about us. represented by the many different direc(vertical, horizontal or inclined) which person agitating the end of the rope may ; for the motion of his hand. Most Polaroid light polarizing materials are made with Polaroid J-sheeting, a flexible polarizing material only 0.003 inch thick. To protect it from damage, Polaroid J-sheeting | Polarized Wave* is always bonded between protecting layers of either glass, to form polaroid J-glass or Afun suppose the rope is fed through ml picket fences. Let the end of the rope llgitated with a rather complicated motion, sheets of clear cellulose acetate safety-film, to form polaroid--J-film. Polaroid J-sheeting is also a film of cellu Mring vibrations in several directions flat with one another. A similarly comfbkd wave will travel along the rope, Mi it reaches the first picket fence. lose acetate, hut it has imbedded in it in numerable little needle-shaped polarizing crystals. These crystals are invisible, even in an ordinary microscope: their girth diam tlk slot between the palings of the first ha k vertical. Consequently, only vertical Swim pass through. The fence sifts all htmtical components of vibrations from eter is approximately one wavelength of vis ible light. They are also so numerous that they lie in many overlapping layers; no clear spaces can be seen among them, even under a powerful microscope. Finally, and most Automotive and Machine Shop Section Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--V. I. Trotter, Plymouth Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman--PAtn. S. Strecker, Gr;ind Rapids Stamping Div., General Motors Corp., Grand Rapids, Mich. Secretary--C. E. Woomf.vf.ij, Buick Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. hews Letter Committee--Ii. B. Duffus (Chairman), Westinghcwse Electric & Manufac turing Co., Springfield, Mass. < W. T. Buckf.ridge, Nash-Kelvinator Corp., Detroit, Mich. W. H. Marshall, Yellow Truck & Coach Co., Pontiac, Mich. Engineering Committee--David Mould (Chairman), General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. R. R. Bozell, Whitehead & Kales Co., Detroit, Mich. J. E. Moore, Cadillac Motor Car Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. G. B. Tybring, International Business Machines Corp., Endicott, N. Y. Health Committee--Dr. A. L. Brooks (Chairman), Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Dr. John W. Hilbert, The Studebaker Corp., South Bend, Ind. Dr. S. F. Mf.ek, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Hembership Committee--L. B. Loomis (Chairman), Ternstedt Mfg. Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. E. E. Greene, The Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. K. N. Searles, American Car & Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. 'trier Committee--L. C. Roberts (Chairman), Nash-Kelvinator Corp., Detroit. Mich. P. V. Bailey, Remington Rand, Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. Ben Munyan, Jr.. De Soto Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. kjnmi Committee--O. F. Lehman, (Chairman), Jefferson Plant, Chrysler, Corp., Detroit, Mkh. Edward Mandry, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Frank F. Rathmell, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Lester, Pa. Meredith Spear, A. C. Spark Plug Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. fcMirily Committee--H. A. Zachar (Chairman), Henry Vogt Machine Co., Louisville, Ky. , Cto. L, Eaton, The Singer Manufacturing Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Committee--C. B. Cornell (Chairman), Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. & P- Hatch, United Shoe Machinery Corp., Beverly, Mass. S Cborge W. Starling, Harrison Radiator Div., General Motors Corp., Lockport, N. Y. prtrj at Large-- 4LE. Averiix, Chicago Eye Shield Co., Detroit, Mich. JW. A. Bechill, Chrysler Corp., I)e Soto Div., Detroit. Mich. *C. Bower, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacluring Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. JtA. Clark, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Jfcrt L. Fracher, Detroit Steel Products Co,, Detroit, Mich. iA. Kuechenmeister, Dominion Forge & Stamping Co., Walkerville, Out., Canada. RtJ. McCarthy, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. `0 $ RVe*ml Chairman 269 270 30th National Safety Congress Harry L. Sain, Industrial Commission of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. *R. A. Shaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit. Mich. *R, F. Thai.ner, Ruioic Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. *C. T. Winroar, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Officers 1941-1942f General Chairman--Paul S. Strf.ckf.r, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. Vice-Chairman, Machine Shop Division--H. B. Duffus, Westinghouse Electric & Manufac turing Co., Springfield, Mass. Vice-Chairman, Automotive Division--C. E. Wooi.iever, Aviation Engine Plant, Melroee Park, III. Secretary--O. F. Lehman, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. News Letter Committee--W. T. Buckf.riixie (Chairman), Nash-Keivinator Corp., Detroit, Mich. Geo. L. Eaton, The Singer Manufacturing Co., Bridgeport, Conn. J. E. Moore, Cadillac Motor Car Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Engineering Committee--W. M. Nelson (Chairman), General Electric Co., Schenectady, n.Ry. .E. Frederick, International Business Machines Corp., Endicott, N. Y. Edward Mandry, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Frank F. Rathmell, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Lester, Pa. Health Committee--Dr. Stuart F. Meek (Chairman.), Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Dr. A. L. Brooks, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Dr. John W. Hilbert, The Studebaker Corp., South Bend, Ind. Membership Committee--L. B. Loomis (Chairman-), Temstedt Mfg. Div., General Motoit CoWrpm., .DJe. tBroairt,cMlaiych, .Campbell-Wyant & Cannon Foundry Co., Muskegon, Mich. Pat W. Howard, Nash-Kelvinator Corp., Grand Rapids, Mich. K. N. Searles, American Car & Foundry Co., New York City, N. Y. Poster Committee--C. H. Bechill (Chairman-), DeSoto Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Midk R. R. Bof.ell, Whitehead & Kales Co., Detroit, Mich. '' H. A. Zachari, Henry Vogt Machine Co., Louisville, Ky. Program Committee--*G. A. Kuechenmeister (Chairman), Dominion Forge & StamjJn'il Co., Walkerville, Ont., Canada. J J. G. Bower, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. C. B. Cornell, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Publicity Committee--J. C. McDonald (Chairman), Fisher Body-Pontiac Div., General' tors Corp., Pontiac, Mich. C. A. Df.Monge, Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Corp., Detroit, Mich. R. P. Hatch, United Shoe Machinery Corp., Beverly, Mass. * Statistics Committee--Albert Vuii.leumif.r (Chairman), New Departure Div., General 111 tors Corp., Bristol, Conn. J Geo. W. Starling, Harrison Radiator Div., General Motors Corp., Lockport, N. YJ Members at Large-- *L. E. Averill, Chicago Eye Shield Co., Detroit, Mich. *W. A. Bechill, Chrysler Corp., De Soto Div., Detroit, Mich. *M. A. Clark, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Hoyt L. Fracher, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. *M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mkfc Past General Chairman. tAs elected by delegates in Congress Session. Automotive and Machine Shop Section Harry L. Sain, Industrial Commission of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. *R. A. Shaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. R. F. Thai.ner, Biiick Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. V. I. Trotter, Plymouth Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. *C. T. Winegar, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Past ficnrral Chairman 271 MONDAY AI'TNRNOON SESSION October f>. 1941 Presiding:--General Chairman V. I. Trotter, Supervisor of Safety, Plymouth Division, Chrysler Corporation, Detroit. What Contribution Can the Plant Protection Man Make From the National-Defense Aspects? By E. T. ADAMS fcperintendent. Plant Protection, Linden Division, General Motors Corp., Linden, N. J. h few days ago I received a call from an dktr in the army. He wanted me to recom- BKnd to him all the men I knew about with lint protection qualifications. I attempted to pit the names of several fine appearing Hlicants from my files, but as I read their Ifctories and other qualities he would stop M; saying "Sorry, hut that man does not Met our qualifications." , 1 asked him what the qualifications were, fte replied: "Wie would like them to have EM army or navy experience, although that MM as essential as having been a member m organized police force. If possible they HMd have had plant protection experience Mil eome company which gives a good train- ing, total 3,429, at a total cost of $3,930,000,000. Figures have come to mean little, hut the fact is that every one of those plants must be protected against all manner of in fluences and forces that could lessen their productivity. This does not take into con sideration any of the thousands of existing plants now being operated for the govern ment or producing other necessities. They also have to he guarded. A moment's consideration of the foregoing allows the deduction that there is soon to be a greatly increased demand for trained and experienced plant protection men, and a corresponding shortage of them. $ Above all they should be fine investi- It follows that the qualified plant protec fcn and be able to write full and compre- tion men of existing industry can and must prta reports." make contributions to further national de jWrowfulIy I told him that all men such lit described were on steady payrolls at figures with which he could not hope rith his offer of $1320 per year, Enention intelligence and loyalty, se two very essential qualities I within the framework of the e desired men. fense activities. Such contributions may take two main forms: one, the training of thous ands of new men for the job; and, two, the assistance in the planning of plants to permit the job to be done with fewer men. An axiom of training plant protection men which has been forcibly impressed on me, is that only a plant protection man can train another one in all the many phases of the job. You may get better safety training from good safety engineers; you may get better fire prevention training from good firemen, and employee relations training from per sonnel men, but only the experienced pros Post has an article by Caret hich he states that new plants in States financed by the U. S. the British government and tal, now built, building or pend 30th National Safety Congress 286 adopt all of our safety clothes or appliance* to us that we can have a safe department only by constant vigilance and instruction. In our class-room work, early lessons are devoted to safety. The cause and effects of accidents are thoroughly discussed, and our jiertaining to the particular job. We discourage the use of gloves except i very necessary cases, such as leather glow* in welding, or rubber gloves in washiaf factory rule bonk is thoroughly studied, and machines. tests are given on them to make as sure as Health is another phase that should te we can that the safety rules are understood. given careful consideration at all time*. I We also use numerous safety posters from think that it is one of the foundation* the National Safety Council and have talks safety, as no one with a chronic ailment M on safety hy our various safety engineers ailing in any way can he one hundred Ml who give the apprentice a thorough talk on cent alert nor safety-minded. If in M the different phases of their own jobs. apprentice school the youth shows sign* M sickness or complains, he is immediately MM We also have talks by our firemen on fires to our hospital, and the doctor's report M and their extinguishment, how to prevent cidcs whether he stays on the job or Ml fires, the different types of fires, the different home. M types of extinguishers and how to use them. We see that every apprentice know* (M All of our apprentice instructors are carefid to point out accident hazards to new and old apprentices. They make constant in spections to see that loose sleeves are rolled up and other loose garments are fastened securely. The instructors also warn em ployees about the wearing of finger rings. They check the floors for spilled oil and try at all times to maintain a clean and orderly department which is in itself a stride toward safety. Our apprentices are advised to wear safety shoes at all times. These shoes are on display and can lie purchased within our shop'. location of the hospital and insist that MM injury, however minor, be treated by < doctors or nurses. The. inexeprienced or new apprehtk* confronted with many now and sometiM confusing problems. He may have a l*dq| scif-confidence, or on the other hand hell he over-anxious. We have found thMI times it is necessary to curb the speed MM which some of our hoys work, for in Ml desire to please their instructor or sell fUjfl selves they become careless in their atKMI to gain speed and lose sight of the Ml The use of goggles, the different types, are angle which we are trying to impfMn demonstrated and their use explained. The them. 9 apprentices arc told how easy it is to obtain goggles for any purpose, and it is explained to them how hard it is to try and replace lost We carry our safety into the intcffll held when selecting our future apprM| watching for the alert, snappy type. Well vision, or partial lost vision. Dovetailing safety in the apprentice di vision of the youth of America is discipline. If discipline is maintained we have found that the safety measures are more easily controlled. rejected applicants S feet 7 inches tall,MM ing over 200 pounds from the safety^! alone. JH I mentioned the Chrysler Library ofilH This is exactly what the name implMKiJ a library of tools where boys betRMH ages of ten and sixteen, sons of ewfMM Safety with discipline can be applied effec may check tools out to take home MM tively with kid gloves. I do not think it the same as they would a hook frMjl necessary to say "put on your goggles", hut library. S sell them on the idea that it is to their ad vantage to wear them. Tell them that our best airplane pilots carry parachutes not be cause they are expecting accidents, but being prepared in rase they do have an accident. And for the same reason, they should use and This library of tools was started *MM years ago with approximately 23141 Classes for instruction ari held fhfaH per week and Saturday morning, * struction period being two hour* Cement and Quarry Section Chairman--R. A. Dittmar, Universal Atlas Cement Co., Hudson, N. Y. Chairman--O. M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. Chairmatt--W. M. Poweix, Medusa Portland Cement Co.. Cleveland, Ohio. rfory--A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, 111. Letter Editor--Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal, P. Q., Canada. 'erring Committee Chairman--F. R. Hunt, Dewey Portland Cement Co., Davenport, la. ership Committee Chairman--HIenry A. Reninger, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., tntown, Pa. itn Committee Chairman--H. F. Yottf.r, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. fv Committee Chairman--David Adam, Lawrence Portland Cement Co., Northamp- Pa. 'lies Committee Cltatrman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington. D. C. trs at Large-- W. H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. E. D. Barry, Universal Atlas Cement Co., New York, N. Y. J.R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Inc., Washington, D. C. *P. N. Bushnfxl, Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Mo. If. B. Hunt. Dewey Portland Cement Co., Davenport, Iowa. S. W. Stauffer, National Lime Assn., Washington. D. C. L P. Warner, Jr., Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. *A. L. Worthen, The New Haven Trap Rock Co., New Haven, Conn. B. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. tut General Chairman Officers 1-94 -1-1942If Chairman--W. M. Poweu.. Medusa Portland Cement Co., Cleveland, Ohio. ~man--H. F. Yotter, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. "man--David Adam, Lawrence Portland Cement Co., Northampton, Pa. _ -A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, 111. Letter Editor--Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd,, Montreal, P. Q., Canada. -Vriij Committee Chairman John Norvig, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Naza- Pa. __________ ww< Aipji C/-ommittee Chairman--F. L. Maijs, Alpha Portland Cement Co., Easton, Pa. Committee Chairman---L. P. Warner, Jr., Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Committee Chairman--+P. N. Bushneix, Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. *t Large-- D. Barry, Universal Atlas Cement Co., New York City, N. Y. 1. Boyd,'National Crushed Stone Assn., Inc., Washington, D. C. adjournment by delegates in Congress Session. 287 288 30th National Safety Congress F. J. BurFiNr.TON, New York Trap Hock Corp., New York City, N. Y. A. B. Cox, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa, *R. A. Dittmar, Universal Atlas Cement Co., Hudson, N. Y. *0. M. Cravf.s, The General Crushed Stone Co., F-aston, Pa. J.J. Kelly, Marquette Cement Manufacturing; Co., La Salle, 111. *H. A. Rentnof.r, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Allentown, Pa. S. W. Staiiff.r, National Lime Assoeiation, Washington, D. C. A. Wortiif.n, The New Haven Trap Rock Co., New Haven, Conn. Pjst General Chairman WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 8, 1941 Presidittff--Gf.nkrai. Chairman R. A. Dittmar, Plant Manager, Universal Atlas Company, Hudson, N. Y. Cement and Quarry Accident Experience By IVAN F. LeGORE Cement and Quarry Section, NSC, October 8, 1941 Last year in this meeting we discussed the place of industrial safety work in the national Organizations that heeded the slot* nals lost no time in reviewing their M programs and in perfecting their metM defense program and the effect the national selecting, placing and training employ** defense program might have on safety work. We spoke of the magnified problems of labor turnover and shifts of personnel within the plant organization to be expected, and of the much greater attention that would have to be given to the placement, training and edu cation of new workers, transferred workers, safe job performance. These plants got ready for the || period also by putting more indviAal work on the numerous details of tb*l program, and they tightened up tiMl spections of physical properties. Drfl environment cause almost as many m| and old-timers. as personnel faults, and this factor pi As anticipated, the period has been one of importance when operations are tpt tremendous readjustment. Well under way Old equipment and old sources of tt is migration of labor to defense centers. It is said not to be as broad as World War RerTatkv' i-M is not yet drawing heavily terials returned to service after disuse require especially caret*! ard. where necessary, these weft Ml Trents tl-- ra ard ~r r-~de-'en<e centers. ?- sateTT searvlards. But the movement is growrne and n is es timated that industry must recruit 500/KK) Plants that moved tardily to t workers in the next 12 months from outside uation suffered adverse safety r* local areas to forestall shortages. Added to our problem is the problem of priorities which confronts maintenance and repair groups with the necessity of utilizing substitute materials in place of those with which they have been familiar for years. Careful thought and planning will be needed in instructing workmen in the use of sub most part. While accepting i** tion work as "a good thing" to take steps to detect and , environmental and personnel accidents could occur. Whfcf safety program lip service; failed to make use of ac" ' tools which are available. stitutes, including the use of lumber in some cases for lack of steel and iron. It is hard to believe that years of campaigning many industrial execu tives, supervisors and workmen still do not kraiw or do not believe that accidents can be prevented, but that seems to be the case. And this despite the fact that a great num ber of companies in their own industries have demonstrated that accidents are un necessary to production and have been per fectly willing to share with anyone their experience and knowledge of how accidents os be stopped. National Safety Competition tnent plants were accident-free during the year. Data for all the contests conducted by the Bureau of Mines are compiled annually; consequently no figures for 1941 are avail able. On the other hand, the accident ex perience of cement plants is followed closely month by month by the Cement Association's Bureau of Accident Prevention and Insur ance, and it is from the picture of what is happening in our industry that we may all get an idea of what is taking place this year. According to data supplied by W. W. s, supervising statistician of the Em- Experience in 1941 *nt Statistics Section of the U. S. u of Mines, there were 8 per cent fewer hours reported for quarries enrolled in National Safety Competition than in . The 143 quarries enrolled experienced 4 per cent increase in injury frequency - 1939 and reduced injury severity alxiut Production and shipments of portland ce ment are up sharply, approximately 30 per cent greater than last year, while accidents have increased about 22 per cent. A month ago we predicted that at the end of the third quarter of this year the percentage increase in accidents would almost balance the per cent Seventy-three quarries operated centage increase in mill activity, making the --i a lost-time accident. frequency rate about the same as it was last TWwty-seven mines participated in the #Underground-Nonmctallic-Mine contest i Wicked 10 per cent more man-hours Ik hi the previous year. Accident fre- year at this point. While the reports of Sep tember accidents are not all received, it is evident that the forecast was pretty accurate --possibly a bit on the conservative side. >*y increased 3 per cent over 1939; sever- Severity of injuries is slightly greater for |l*|coved 20 per cent. Six of the 27 the nine months this year, with an average were accident-free during the year. of a fatality and three permanent injuries per crushed stone plants enrolled in the 4 Crushed Stone Association Safety on of 1940 saw man-hours operated only slightly but accident frequency tent greater than in 1939. Severity l*t> was reduced 15 per cent, how- month this year compared with eight deaths and slightly fewer permanent injuries in nine months of 1939. It is clear that the final quarter-year will determine whether 1941 will be as safe as 1940. Mactcen of the 50 crushed stone plants Quarries, mines and clay fields have so far M accident-free. this ' year contributed to the cement indus IlUtional Lime Association contest, try's total a slightly smaller proportion of Smiked 14 per cent more man-hours injuries than last year or the year before, IketB worked in 1939, while acci- although these operations still top the list a**y increased 22 per cent. Acri- of departments in number of accidents re advanced a whopping 77 per ported. There is no improvement in severity, lime plants reported no lost- two fatalities and three permanent injuries having been reported each year. talented by 129 plants partici4fcnt studies made by the Portj Association were 6 per cent MM than in 1939. Injury frequen- 15 per cent, and the severity I 22 per cent greater than it I year before. Forty-seven ce- The greatest reduction in percentage of total injuries has been in the Raw depart ment, from 22 per cent of all accidents re ported in eight months last year to only 7 per cent this year. The entire raw side has contributed about 36 per cent of the total accidents this year compared with 52 per cent of the total last year. Chemical Section Officers 1940-1941 Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--F. W. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Secretary--S. W. Gurney, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. News Letter Committee--James J. Duggan (Chairman), Carbide & Carbon Chemicals ' Corp., South Charleston, W. Va. R. S. Mackie, Incandescent Lamp Dept., General Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio. J. H. Taylor, Procter & Gamble Co., Ivorydale, Ohio. Engineering Committee--D. S. McEachern (Chairman), American Cyanamid Co., New York, N. Y. Harold W. Baker, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. F. W. Jurick, Westvaco Chlorine Products Corp., Carteret, N. J. *S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Dla Sheet Committee--S. M. McCutcheon (Chairman), The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Hich. `Ralph O. Kf.f.ff.r, Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. Betlth Committee--Dr. Leonard Greenrurg (Chairman), N. Y. State Department of Labor, ! New York, N. Y. John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Membership Committee--C. E. Sf.vrens (Chairman), Monsanto Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. W. L. Hammf.rsi.ey, Electric Storage Battery Co., Philadelphia, Pa. jlWtrr Committee--II. R. Bixi.er (Chairman), Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York, ! N.Y. John Clements, Michigan Alkali Co., Wyandotte, Mich. Ralph L. Rogers, Jr., Tennessee Eastman Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. 'tWicity Committee--S. D. Kirkpatrick (Chairman), Chemical & Metallurgical Engineer*t, New York, N. Y. A. L. Watson, Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Clarence Wigle, Niagara Alkali Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Instruction Card Committee--E. F. King (Chairman), Lever Brothers Co., Cam bridge, Mass. John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton, N. J. K. E. Roof, Willard Storage Battery Co., Gcvcland, Ohio. ' tics & Contest Committee--R. C. Stratton (Chairman), The Travelers Insurance Co., Ikrtford, Conn. *H. L Miner, E. I. dt* Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. *fat General Chairman Officers 1941-1942f Chairman--F. W. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. hoirmon in Clutrge of Program--James J. Duggan, Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Or*, South Charleston, W. Va. dbeted by delegate.* in Congress Session. 301 302 30/It National Safety Congress Secretary--S. W. Gurney. I.ihorty Mutual Insurance Go., Boston, Mass. News Letter Committee--R. C. Stratton (Chairman), The Travelers Insurance Co., Hart ford, Conn. F.. F. Kino, I^vcr Bros. Co., Cambridge, Mass. VV. C. Shaw, Procter ft Gamble Defense Corp., Wolf Creek Ordnance Plant, Milan, Tenn. Engineering Committee--H. F. Gilbert (Chairman), American Cyanamid Co., New York City, N. Y. *S. F.. Whitino, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Data Sheet Committee--*R. O. Kf.f.fer (Chairman), Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. John W. Sawyf.r, Procter ft Gamble Co., Ivorydale, Ohio. A. L. Watson, Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Health Committee- *Dr. Leonard Greenrhrg (Chairman), N. Y. State Department of Labor, New York City, N. Y. S. M. McCutciieon, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Membership Committee--C. F.. Sf.verns (Chairman), Monsanto Chemical Co., Boston, Maw. W. L. Hammerst.f.y, Electric Storage Battery Co,, Philadelphia, Pa. James II. TIayf.s, National Fireworks, Inc., West Hanover, Mass. , Poster Committee--H. R. Bixi.er (Chairman), Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York City, N. Y. Ralph L. Rogers, Jr., Tennessee Eastman Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. Publicity Committee--S. D. Kirkpatrick (Chairmani), Chemical and Metallurgical Enghj neering, New York City, N. Y. ; V. K. Anderson, Agfa Ansco Corp., Binghamtom, N. Y. I Safety Instruction Card Committee--R. S. Mackie (Chairman), General Electric Co., Clew- land, Ohio. R. C. Hamilton, The Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N. Y. John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton, N. J. Statistics and Contest Committee--Alien L. Cobb (Chairmmt), Eastman Kodak Co., RochW ter, N. Y. *H. L. Miner, E. I. dn Pont de Nemours ft Co., Tnc., Wilmington, Del. B. H. Schenk, The Visking Corp., Corp., Chicago, III. Chairman MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 6, 1941 Presiding--John S. Shaw, Director of Safety, Hercules Powder Company, WilntiBgl Del. f How Research Can Assist in Accident Prevention 1 By R. W. CAIRNS | Director, Hercule* Experiment Station, Hercules Powder Company, Wiliniin>^if Is There are a number of institutions estab- Bureau of Mines of the Department f C lished for the express purpose of conducting research on causes and conditions leading to accidents in various hazardous occupations or merce. In many instances, where haa4l particularly troublesome, cooperatit* tf have been made involving a numbtr rf) industries. These are well exemplified by the viduals or groups. Cooperative effoitttl -ji>e nave been frciiuently encouraged by the National Safety Council and related organi zations. - ,n us take a specific example, in order to emphasize the distinction between positive However, the fact remains that the great and negative research objectives. The com bulk of safety problems connected with Amer bustion of flammable vapor provides the ican industry fall right in the lap of the engi neer or operating manager who is charged with maintenance of safety in a given opera tion. Every plant and every process repre motivating force for the internal combustion engine. As such, this subject has received widespread attention in many laboratories. Chemists and engineers have sought to im sents a combination of circumstances which prove the efficiency of the process, so as to b specific to it alone. The advice and counsel get more powerful engines and lower operat of the experienced technical staff of institu ing costs. Certain basic principles have been tions devoted solely to research on accident developed relating to ignition and burning, prevention is frccpicntly of the greatest value, which have aided greatly in fuel manufacture nd should lie sought in,every possible in and engine design. On the whole, the picture stance. However, the great majority of cases of this research effort can be straightforward involving the study of potential hazards must and readily grasped. The objectives are posi le handled by safety engineers and research tive, and it is easy to tell when and how welt en within the industry in which such haz- they have been obtained. rds ! speoack.cur, and it is primarily these to whom Contrast with this the study of the pre vention or suppression of combustion in flam As a first step, perhaps I had better define mable vapors. Outside of the fact that we What I mean by safety research. The usual ^notation of research simply means to in stigate the unknown. As applied to safety lems, research has the initial objective finding out potential causes of accidents re they happen, and developing ways to 2 such accidents without seriously affectthe useful processes or operations in- J. It is the antithesis of the method by usually have certain specific vapors to deal with, there are no other well-defined limita tions. One might be specifically concerned with a given process or operation, and thus might be tempted to set up arbitrary limita tions of one sort or another, such as tempera ture and pressure ranges. The application of such limitations is apt to lead to difficulty. . ..... ... icaa to difficulty. It is easy to get off on the wrong foot i safe practices are developed directly safety research, for the reason that we are nt experience. looking for the expected occurrence. Whs --C application of research to safety work we want to know is what the unexpected cir ' to the control of hazards differs from cumstance will lead to; what is the wors that can happen. It is necessary, therefore research rather markedly. As usually to keep our objectives general and to resist research is pointed toward a rather fined objective; whether it be a any tendency to narrow down our channel ol thought. While a careful analysis of the a product, or a new use, the accom- whole problem is generally required, there is t of the desired end is pretty dean t know what we are looking for, we )kn a logical program to seek it; and a great need for imaginative thinking. In this type of thinking we are merely setting tip important of all, we know when we laboratory experiments in our minds. Al though the results are not necessarily correct, wccessfully obtained it. We have only they are certainly unlimited in scope and are certain missing links in the chain ting circumstances leading from filled wants to the wished-for goal. easily obtained. Thus, imaginative thinking is a very vital supplement to actual experi mental work, both at its inception and during ': research, on the other hand, we the progress of the investigation. Although :ibly handicapped by the absence we may frequently suffer from misconcep objective. Perhaps it would be tions at the start of a project, the experi c to say that what we want is !`e result, but the absence of some desired result--a purely negative mental clarification of such errors will fre quently lead to new ways of thinking, which in turn should be explored and will lead to additional experiments. This habit of thought is practically second I Construction Section Officers 1940-1941 Central Chairman--R. J. Rf.igfxuth, C. W. Blnkeslce &iSons, New Haven, Conn. Vice-Chairman for Heavy Construction--W. A. Hazard, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Vice-Chairman for Highway Construction--S. E. Anderson, Harrison Construction Co., . Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman for U. S. Engineer Department--Lieut. Col. W. E. Lorence, Corps of Engi, neers, War Dept., Washington, D. C. Vice-Chairman for Building Construction--F. L. Hurlbutt, The Patent Scaffolding Co., Chicago, 111. Secretary--*W. A. Snow, Associaton General Contractors of America, Inc., Washington, D.C. lews Letter Editor--*Epgar N. Goldstine, 232--30th Ave., San Francisco, Calif. embership Committee Chairman--Samuel E. Edge, New Haven Gas Light Co., New Haven, Conn. Committee Chairtnan--James A. Burbank, Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Sktistics Committee Chairman--F. J. Crandeix, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston. Mass. final Education Committee Chairman--S. M. Lauderdale, Civilian Conservation Corps, Washington, D. C. hfineering Committee Chairman--C. H. Black, Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., Boston. Mass. Officers 1941-1942f Chairman--W. A. Hazard, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. hairman for Heavy Construction--G. W. Maxon, Maxon Construction Co., Dayton, .Otio. Chairman for Higlne/ay Construction--S. E. Anderson, Harrison Construction Co., Kaburgh, Pa. hairman for Bttilding Construction--Lloyd A. Blanchard, War Department, Wash- , D. C. hoirman for Federal Construction--Lt. Col. W. E. Lorence, Corps of Engineers, War hfartment, Washington, D. C -*W. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Washington, He Letter Editor--*Edgar N. Goldstine, 232--30th Ave., San Francisco, Calif. ~ng Committee Chairman--*R. J. Reigeluth, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, il Chairman d by delegates in Congress Session. 325 326 30th National Safety Congress Membership Committee Chairman--G. O. Griffin, Neville Island Branch, Dravo Corp, PrPogitrtsabmurCgho,mPmai.ttee Chairman--E. A. Blanpikd, Kansas City Bridge Co., Kansas City, Mft. Statistics Committee Chairman--C. H. Black, Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., Boston,' ViMsuaasls.Education Committee Chairman--II. H. IIayf.s, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chat* tanooga, Tenn. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7, 1941 Presiding Gf.nf.ral Chairman R. J. Reigeluth, Vice-President, C. W. Blakeslee & Inc., New Haven, Conn. The Safety Engineer's Problems in Construction By J. E. JACKMAN Safety Director, McCrady-Rodger* Company, Pittsburgh, Pa, We come here annually, not merely to be told that accident prevention work is impor tant, but to find, if possible, some answer to our problems. It is my opinion that the most important problem is HOW TO GET COM PLETE COOPERATION IN THE AC CIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAM and I do all I can to keep from ge hurt." Then we will talk to the foreman, will probably answer, "I do all that I to keep the men from getting hurt, but erally I don't get very far because the are just careless. They don't do what I from tbc top to tbe bottom of the organiza them." tion. Another problem is HOW TO ENCOUR AGE AND ASSIST IN KEEPING THIS COOPERATION ACTIVE. If we safety engineers GET and KEEP this cooperation it seems to me that we will have solved most of our accident prevention Now, we will ask the superintendent he thinks about accident prevention, cost accidents, etc., and probably he will : "As long as our insurance rate doe*rt too high, I don't think we have worry about." He will probably add ; is very busy and that his foremen are, responsible for the safety of their me. problems. We, of course, must assume that some interest in our accident prevention work has been shown by the management. Just how much is shown will depend to a great extent upon the ability of the safety engineer to SEEL the idea. To properly consider the problem of GET TING cooperation, we must first consider what the general attitudes of the average organization are. First, we ask the laborer. Ilis answer will nrohahly he, "No one wants to get hurt Then, we will ask the president company what he thinks about this ^ he will probably answer that he doesaft' anything about the costs of accidental the secretary or treasurer takes cate insurance--"GO ASK HIM ABOUT He may add that he has hired a safety neor and that this whole problem il There is something radically wrw_ all this reasoning, and it's all becuK misunderstanding of the problem ipA need for complete cooperation frost 1 borer to the president. Construction Section 327 ...____ .....,u,,,vu mai some interest lias Wen shown by tbc management of tbe com- |iny, and one problem of the safety engineer to sell the management first. I have often Ward safety engineers say that they were Aigusted with the lack of support from the sanagement. What is the most likely cause of this lack l support? It stems to me, the answer is that it is %iibly a lack of salesmanship on the part t( the safety engineer. When a good sales- is about to approach a tough prospect, t is the first things he does? He be" thoroughly familiar with his product, is thoroughly sold 'himself, and ap'es his job with logic and enthusiasm. Tbe safety engineer must follow exactly same method. The management generally interested in the exact way that their men do their jobs. They are interested in results. Conversations with the boss the problems of the safety engineer a useful purpose in getting his interest rariiy, but the best results seem to from written reports, recommendations, __ v'ooiv atiu hut SEE that the boss gets them. We are still considering methods oi get ting cooperation. When someone in the organization has an idea that he thinks will save the company money, he doesn't lose any time in getting to the boss. When something important happens in the production end, the boss is told about it; and as an accident interferes with the production plan, it also should be repotted to the boss at once. When some recommendation is to be made to the boss for expenditure for accident pre vention, send a written memorandum, ex plaining the request, why it is necessary and what it will accomplish. Be sure that you are convinced that the suggestion will accomplish what is intended. Don't forget that you are promising some thing to the boss. If the written recommendation does not accomplish the purpose, then see the boss personally and give him further information to enable him to decide. ... example, I make a written report to embers of the Board of Directors of company, showing the number of acci`. severity of accidents, cause of acci- , and cost of accidents, making compariwith previous years. All the charts and are easily read and understood. They ade that way because executives are *n and cannot take the time to figure Heated reports. ALWAYS remember that it is our job to make the boss SAFETY CONSCIOUS. We cannot do this in one day or one month; it will require considerable time and effort, but if we try hard enough, the job can be done. Many safety engineers proudly boast that their boss is COMPLETELY SOLD on accident prevention work, when actually the boss may be only VERY MUCH INTER ESTED, hut not COMPLETELY SOLD. st that the safety engineer make a of his work to the boss. Tell what accomplished during the year, but give due credit to the management. ` record must be shown and the cause in plain language. This report very impersonal. an accident occurs on the job the executive should receive a report of las happened, how the accident oc- and most important WHAT has -- to prevent a similar accident. * every accident that requires a doc- tion should be reported and these Aould go DIRECT to tbe boss. icessary data should he kept off the When we are trying to sell the boss, let's remember that he doesn't have the same "pic ture" of the job that we have. He has many production problems, and our problem is only one of many. Our problems will be just as important as we make them appear to the boss. Ninety-five per cent of our human failures are caused by a lack of cooperation. Co operation of the boss is absolutely necessary. Shortly after starting on my present job, f heard about the WHITE ELEPHANT to he given to the department with the worst accident record, and if tio accident occurred for two months, to be given to the president to keep until an accident occurred. I re member how proud our president was of that 30th National Safely Congress up to the other department I am under the . MR. RUDDICK: Thai is a question which will never he completely answered. supervision of the other foreman. I believe that you must establish a policy to begin with and make it well known to MR. RUDDICK: That isn't true. CHAIRMAN WURMAN: Yes, it is Marine Section everyone in your organization. You will al true. When I get to this department, which ways have cases that are in disagreement is a fairly safe department, I ttse a bit of with that policy, whichever side you choose. equipment which on the surface is absolutely Our policy in our plant is that we charge safe but which turns out to be defective. Officers 1940-1941 Ctnrral Chairman--Frank E. Amf.s, Manager, Safely Dept., I.ykes Bros. S. S. Co., Inc., the accident to the department of the man who is hurt. We operate on the basis that MR. RUDDICK: To which department New Orleans, La. the supervisor of that man is responsible docs it belong? Mvisory Committee (Past General Chairmen)-- for his actions, no matter where he is in the CHAIRMAN WURMAN: To the de Byron O. Pickard, Waterfront Employers' Association of the Pacific Coast, San Fran plant. partment to which I went. Who is respon CHAIRMAjN WURMAN: Suppose., Mr sible for that accident? cisco, Calif. Captain Edward C. Hoi.den, Jr., United States P.&I. Agency, Inc., New York, N. Y. Captain E. W. Fiske, Jr., Socouy-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc., New York, N. Y. Ruddick, that I work in a department and (The audience said that Department X John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pa. I am transferred to another department. was responsible.) Captain Frank H. Cogan, Manager, Marine Dept., The Delaware, Lackawanna, and I am a very good, safe worker, and the department from which I come has an en viable safety record. The department to which I go has a pretty fair safety record. I use a bit of equipment which on the surface CHAIRMAN WURMAN: That is not * what you told me a few minutes ago. Yo* i people out there said "A." j (From the audience, "You transferred.''):* Western R.R. CovHoboken. N. J. Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Engineer, New York, N. Y. ant General Chairman (Executive)--Frank J. Tayi.gr, President, American Merchant wine Institute. Inc., N. Y. appears to be safe, but I have an accident. To whom would you charge the accident? CHAIRMAN WURMAN: I was tratwl 'ant General Chairman (Membership)--Cornemus H. Cau.aghan, Manager, The Maritime Association of the Port of New York, New York, N. Y. ferred for a day. I think that we are getting* slant General Chairman (Industrial & Public Relations)--T. E. Buchanan, General HR. RUDDICK: You are from Depart the problem mixed up. M Manager, Marine Dept., The Texas Co., New York, N. Y. ment A and you are working in another department-- A man from Department R was ridinga home in a truck driven by an employe*3 ' `ant General Chairman (Programs, Meetings)- -Cam. K. Holmes, Claims Dept., Marsh McLennan, Inc., New York, N. Y. CHAIRMAN WURMAN: I am in De from Department A, a company truck. Thet* iry--Harold M. G. Wick, Asst, to the President, American Bureau of Shipping, partment A and I am a good, safe worker. truck was in an accident, and in the M&jfl York, N. Y. My boss is a good,; safe foreman and we have a very fine record. I am transferred to the eighth floor, which is Department X. On a temporary basis. MR. RUDDICK: You mean that you dent an employee from Department B *w| hurt. To what department would you charggl that accident? A How many would charge it to A? HMjfl many would charge it toB? ^ Marine News Letter--Captain Henry Blackstone, United States P. & I. Agency, , San Francisco, Calif. fly <$ Maritime Counsellor--Henry Eidenbach, New York, N. Y. m, Coastal Regions--Rear Admiral R. R. Waesciie, Commandant, U. S. Coast I. Washington, D. C. are still under the supervision of your fore man in the regular department? CHAIRMAN WURMAN: When I go (A larger number ofpeople indiaftn that they would charge it to Department kfl `or, Atlantic Region--Willard F. Jones, General Manager, Marine Dept., Gulf Oil p, New York, N. Y. Gulf Region--L. B. Pate, Vice-President, Mississippi Shipping Company, New ns, La. adjournment , Pacific Region--P. J. McGowen, President, Waterfront Employers' Association of Calif., Long Beach, Calif. % Great Labes Region--W. C. Garbutt, Casualty Manager, Pittsburgh, S. S. Co., "d, Ohio. , Ohio River Region--G. O. Griffin, Safety Director, Dravo Cor|>onilioo, Neville Pittsburgh, Pa. .All Inland Waterways--Lif.ut. Col. W. E. I-orence, Safety Officer, Corps of EngiWar Department, Washington, D. C. , Committee American Merchant Marine--Rear Admiral Emory S. Land, U. S. (Rtd.), Chairman, United States Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. ~. Committee Liners and Cargo Vessels--Captain Logan Cresap, Marine SupL, S. S. Co., New York, N. Y. Stevedoring Committee--Captain H. P. Patterson, V.P., The Jarka Corpora ls York, N. Y. Statistics and Contests Committee--Benjamin H. Sfj.f, Manager, Safety EngiDepartment, The Travelers Insurance Co., New York, N. Y. 369 .VO \ Iflth National Safely Congress Marine Section Chairman, Poster Cnmmittci--John Wright, Manager, Claims & Insurance I lent., American j I Secretary- -Harold M. G. Wick, American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. 371 ChEaxirpmoartn,I.iPneusb,liIcnitcy., JCeormsemyitCteiety,-HNa. rJo. ld J. Harding, Editor, "Marine Progress," New Editor, Marine Nexos Letter Captain Hf.nry Blackstunf., United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. ChYaoirrmk,anN, .EYng. ineering Committee- -A. J. Smith, Marine Engineer, Marine Office of Amer Admiralty and Maritime Counsellor--Henry F.idf.nbach, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Coastal Regions--Rear Admiral R. R. Waf.sciie, U. S. Coast Guard, Washing Chicaair,mNaenw, TYaonrkke, rNs .CYo.mmittee II. N. Bi.akeslf.f, Manager, Dept, of Accident Prevention, ton, D. C. Director, Atlantic Region--VIua.smi I1'. Jonf.s, Gulf Oil Corp., New York, N. Y. ChAamirmeraicna,nRPaielrtoroaldesum&InLsigtihtutetera, gNeeCwoYmomriktt,eeN--. CY.aptain Frank II. Coc.an, Manager, Ma rine Dept., The Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western R.R. Co., Hoboken, N. J. Chairman, Maritime Associations Committee--Frank C. Gregory, Waterfront Employer^ Association of San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. Special Maritime Adtnsor--Professor H. L. Seward, Yale University, School of Engineer*; dlrijtaiif Director, Atlantic Region--M. J. Hanlon, Black Diamond Steamship Corp., Wce- hawken, N. J. I Director, Gulf Region--A. H. Schroder, Freeport Sulphur Co., Port Sulphur, La. |4wii/rmf Director, Gulf Region--E. P. Richard, Mississippi Shipping Co., New Orleans, I k- Director, Pacific Region--Edward J. Baird, Waterfront F.mployers Assn, of Southern CaliI forma, Long Beach, Calif. Chinagir,mNaen,wNHaavvael nC,oCmomnintt.ee for Safety in National Defense--Captain C. W. Fishf.r, U. S' littiilaiil Director, Pacific Region--Captain J. A. Hazelwood, Waterfront Employers' Asso- Navy, Director of Shore Establishments, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. I tiation of Portland, Oregon. Chairman, Nnv Ship Design & Construction Committee--Commandf.r II. L. Vickery. U. S.. |Krector, Great Lakes Region--W. C. Garbutt, Pittsburgh Steamship Co., N. W., Cleve- Navy, Commissioner, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. I bud, Ohio. Chairman, Technical Committee- Jamf.s L. Pates, Director, Technical Division, U. S. Malt*1 I4uistaf Director, Great Lakes Region--A. B. Kern, The M. A. Hanna Co., Cleveland, time Commission, Washington, 1). C. ; I Ohio. Chairman, Ship Inspections Committee & U. S. Government Bureaus--Commander R. Sw; fcwtor, Ohio River Region--G. O. Griffin, Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pa. Fif.i.d, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), Director, Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, Dtjfc' wJmriant Director, Ohio River Region--J. E. Jackman, McCrady-Rodgers Co., Pittsburgh, of Commerce, Washington, D. C. -j h. Chairman, Committee on Education & Training of Licensed Personnel--Captain J. SJ Tomb, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), Supt., New York State Merchant Marine Academy, FwO Dfofftor, All Inland IVatenoays--Lieutenant Col. W. E. Lorence, Corps of Engineers, Schuyler, Bronx, New York, N. Y. M War Department, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Committee on Education & Training of Unlicensed Personnel--GommaiOM W. M. Derby, U. S. Coast Guard, Chief of the U. S. Maritime Service, Washington, D.(9 Y*rman, Committee for the Advancement of the American Merchant Marine--Rear Ad- liraAL Emory S. Land, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, gkC. Chairman, minimum Safety Standards Committee--E. P. Heroes, U. S. Employees' CMJ PRonan, Committee on Operations of Liners and Cargo Vessels--Captain Logan Cresap, pensation Commission, Washington, D. C. Ubfonian Steamship Co., New York, N. Y. ppRion,Stevedoring Committee--John W. McGrath, Ir,, John W. McGrath Corp., New |Y*k, N. Y. Officers 1941-1942f General Chairman--Frank E. Ames, Lykes Bros. Steamship Co., Inc., New Orleans, L~ ^ Vice General Chairman--Cari. E. Hoi.mf.s, Marsh & McLennan, Inc., New York, N. Y. w Advisory Committee (Past General Chairmen)--Byron O. Pickard, Waterfront Eugilipjj Association of the Pacific Coast, San Francisco, Calif. J Captain Edward C. IIoi.den, Jr., United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., New York, HJ Captain E. W. Fiske, Jr., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. jj Jj Captain Frank II. Cohan, The Delaware, Lackawanna Sr Western R. R. Co., HomH N.J. ^ Arthur M. Todf., Consulting Eng., New York, N. Y. 4 Assistant General Chairman (Executive Committee Activities)--Frank J. Tayu, M can Merchant Marine Institute, Inc., New York, N. Y. J Assistant General Chairman (Membership)--Cornelius H. Callaghan, The iUt/t Association of the Port of New York, New York, N. Y. |a Assistant General Chairman (Marine Industrial and Public Relations)--T. E. BuCMjfl Marine Dept., The Texas Co., New York, N. Y. Jl Assistant General Chairman (Programs, Meetings and Conventions)--E. P. HnCMh^f Employees' Compensation Commission, Washington, D. C. 5 tA. elected "t>y deletes in Congress Session. [iwon, Statistics and Contests Committee--Benjamin H. Self, The Travelers InsurBW Co., New York, N. Y. Poster Committee--John Wright, American Export Lines, Inc., Jersey City, BmmI Chairman, Poster Committee--A. T. Johnsen, American Export Lines, Inc., JergrCty, N. J. jwwan. Publicity and Publications Committee--Harold J. Harding, "Marine Progress," p York, N. Y. PnMn, Engineering Committee--A. J. Smith, Marine Office of America, New York, BY. Tankers Committee--H. N. Blakf.si.ee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, BY. P*mi, Railroads and Lighterage Committee--Captain Frank H. Cogan, The Delakt; Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co., Hoboken, N. J. P--, U. S. Navy Yards Safety Committee--E. B. Landry, U. S. Navy, Washington, PW,Maritime Associations Committee--Frank C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers' HNoation of San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. pi Maritime Advisor--Professor II. L, Sf.ward, Yale University, School of Engineerplfat Haven, Conn. m. Naval Committee for Safety in National Defense--Captain C. W. Fisher, U. S. V Navy Department, Washington, D. C. *) New Ship Design and Construction Committee--Captain H. L. Vickery, U. S. , U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. 372 1 }0(h National Safety Congress Chairman, Technical Committee (Design and /tccidcnt Prevention Measures)--James L. ChBaairtmesa,n,US. hSi.pMInasrpiteimcteionCsoCmommismsiiottne,eWaamsihUin.gSto.nG, oDv.eCrn.ment Bureaus--Commander R. S. Field, U. S, Navy (Rtd.), Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, Dept, of Com Chmaeirrmcea,nW, Casohminmgittotene, Don. CE.ducation and Training of Licensed Personnel--Captain J. H, Tomb, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), New York State Merchant Marine Academy, Fort Schuyler, ChNaeirwmaYno, rCkc,rmNm. Yitt.ce on Education and Training of Unlicensed Personnel--Captain W. N. Derby, U. S. Coast Guard, U. S. Maritime Service, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Minimum Safety Standards Committee--J. R. West, Waterfront Employers of Washington, Seattle, Wash. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 6, 1941 j j Marine Section ) 373 of safety committees. They have been used successfully for many years. Back in 1932 Posted on the wall is a chart which you we found them very helpful. The normal can examine at your leisure, showing the lock crew was 12 men divided into three frequency rate of the engineer department shifts of four men per shift. One man on Two years ago a goal of 6 for frequency was each shift and the lockmaster constituted the set. This chart shows that from January lt local Safety Committee. The lockmaster was 1941, to July 31, 1941, 8 units had a perfect the head of the committee and personnel was score; 28 had less than 6 frequency and rotated monthly so that everyone had a were under the mark and 27 above it. chance to serve. From experience I can testify that pres I am not claiming that this is a cure all. It does, however, increase the interest which the men take in the work. And if one does fad a hazard or a new way of doing his wqrk more efficiently, that man's morale is mediately built up. And the! other men begin to look around more critically so that (hey may offer some new plan, or some im- sure must be used with caution. After two years with troops in Panama I was ordered to the Upper Mississippi Valley Division as assistant to Colonel Malcolm Elliott, the Division Engineer. After getting oriented I looked into the safety record and found that our division was at the bottom of the list. This was a challenge to us. Presiding--General Chairman Frank E. Amf.s, Manager, Safety Department, Lyle**J frovement. The Committee plan costs noth Having had some previous experience with in. Why not try it? safety I felt that I was on the spot and I Bros. Steamship Company, Inc., New Orleans. ij j: There are numerous "Why's" of Safety. had to make good. There were four district |Bnman nature being as it is, carelessness engineers in our division. I made several The Why of Safety Ittceps into all of our work. Interest drops trips to the districts and to my mind the Rtf, morale weakens and work becomes a safety conditions were growing worse in By LT. COL. ELLIOTT VANDEVANTER Executive Assistant, Upper Mississippi Valley Division, Corps of Engineers, Efag instead of a pleasure. And it can be a W**ute under proper conditions. A few will fAnqrs take a chance because they know no stead of better. So I began writing letters, requiring reports of investigations, etc. Fi nally the district engineers came to me and U S. Army, St. Louis Safety work was started about 1910, pos sibly somewhat earlier. We have been stead ily working and earnestly trying to prevent accidents for 31 years. We have made prog ress, yes, but are any of us satisfied with our results? Why, I ask you, must we fight continually to protect our workers? Why must we coddle them, display posters, have frequent safety meetings on their employers' time, and pay them for lost time injuries, tomed to oiling this unguarded gear Ml should have realized his danger. Hi* fM| slipped and it was badly mashed by % tftM in the gear wheel. Not one of the MM visory force had reported this hazard M did the injured man. It could not be Mj from the superstructure and the InfoMl is that not even the foreman had ever Mj up on top of the crane. After the acdlM occurred, of course guards were instilMj raUtr or because they want to show the eMrid how brave they are. Always take a Ince if necessary but be sure it is absoBtdr required. As a rule, chance taking (Mn't pay. EVwt of us have had enough athletic exlience to know that teams cannot go on ^finitely as the pressure continually inMni Eventually they go stale--they are And too fine and what was formerly a vic)has team goes to pot. said, "Van, we know you're on the spot with this safety business and consciously or un consciously you're putting the pressure on us. If you will give us a chance to show what we can do we'll do our best, if you'll lay off the high pressure." I accepted their suggestion with the ap proval of the division engineer and by the end of that year we were at the head, instead of occupying the cellar. So sometimes too much pressure can be used. many of which have been caused by their But why 1 Oh why 1 must we wait W same thing happens in safety work, We now have a division inspector who own carelessness, lack of obedience and of interest? Why shouldn't our personnel have enough interest in their own welfare and in their family's welfare to learn all they can about how to protect themselves? It seems to me that were I in their boots I would first of all learn how to take care of myself. And certainly our supervisors, who have been with us for many years, should accept their responsibility and really make an effort to protect the men under them. the accident to lead us to the danger MM Why should we not have frequent thttMl inspections of all installations, made Ijf sponsible men who are well acquainted M| the situation, and have the ability to hazard and to make the necessary chM subject, of course, to the approval Mfgfl local supervisor? In case funds are NfM request should he made to the DistrfcttfM I feel that every "Brass Hat" at headquarters, when making a trip field, should look into the safety tfcMH As an example, a number of electric cranes addition to attending to the partSaMg are operated on many of our dams. For sev which is the cause of his visit. ^ eral years no injury occurred. Then one man There is nothing new in the oniil grew careless. He was thoroughly accus have your ups and downs. The personnel Male. Perhaps some of your men get fitters and lose their enthusiasm. KRtually you shake off "Old Man AcciSP and everything goes well. The few in- P* you gather up are all non-lost time Ijw decide that you've got the "jinx" pMtd. Now is the time for you to get on Bm Don't wait for a serious injury. Hi immediately to tighten up your de- M Check up on your safety effort. The Hfaverages is hard to heat, but by stren- PjM*rt you can reduce your accident rate My it falling. makes the rounds of the four districts. He has had a great deal of construction work and handles men very well. I find I can work through him and so far excellent work has resulted. The Engineering Department now con sists of 55 districts, each headed by a district engineer, II divisions, each in charge of a division engineer, and all under control of the chief of engineers. An officer located in the office of the chief of engineers, is directly charged with safety operations. He heads up the safety activities and all safety reports and correspondence are forwarded by the district office, through Metals Section Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman--H. J. Spof.rrr, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., East Chicago, Ind. Vice-Chairman--R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary and News Letter Editor--John P. O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Md. Contest Committee--E. A. Etxis (Chairman), Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. J. M. Brooks, Miehle Printing Press & Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. .Homer L. Rogers, Sheffield Steel Corp., Kansas City, Mo. Engineering Committee--). E. Cui.unf.y (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pla. J. P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. F. R. Henderer, Camegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. C. S. Philups, Revere Copper & Rrass, Inc.., Rome, N. Y. Foundry Committee--J. H. Holzrog (Chairman), Grain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. H. S. Simpson, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, 111. Health Committee--Dr. T. Lyle Hazlf.tt (Chairman), Westinghotise Electric & Manufac turing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. Dr. J. H. Chivers, Crane Co., Chicago, 111. Dr. A. G. Kammer, Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor, Ind. Membership Committee--Frank W. Kelsey (Chairman), Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Aliquippa, Pa. T. O. Armstrong, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Springfield, Mass. Reese B. Lloyd, Republic Steel Corp., Birmingham, Ala. htter Committee--N. B. MacHose (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. F. J. Conroy, Union Carbide Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. C. D. Dorworth, Alan Wood Steel Co., Conshohocken, Pa. W. J. Hoofe, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Gevcland, Ohio. am Committee--Jacob L. Ridinger (Chairman), Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. B. T. Dye, Republic Steel Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. H. H. Henry, Otis Steel Co.. Geveland, Ohio. John P. Leonard, Blaw-Kivox Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Ukity Committee--W. A. Jarvis (Chairman), Chase Brass & Copper Co., Waterbury, Conn. C. A. Bianchi, H. H. Robertson, Ambridge, Pa. J. F, Collins, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. -y Car Builders Committee--P. J. Brand (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car Manufctturing Co., Pullman, Chicago, 111. '~s Committee--Earl Flyer (Chairman), Camegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Gary, Ind. E. E. Greene, The Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. D. V. Medalie, Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, III. H.L. Rebrassier, Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. rs at Large-- C.M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. T. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio, t F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1 A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. J. A. Coltrin, The National Radiator Co., Johnstown, Pa. General Chairman 435 436 30th National Safety Congress { H. M. Crogha n, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Iml. *H. W. Darr, Rethlchem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Dunikwe, Beloit Iron Works. Beloit, Wis. John P. Ejb, American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, 111. George T. Fonda, Weirton Steel Co., Wierton, W. Va. *H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laugh!in Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Ta, S. E. Hawker. Macwhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. *H. G. Hf.nsf.i., Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Chicago, 111. *F. A. LaUfrman, Republic Steel Corp., Chicago, III. P. M. McMahon, Superior Steel Corp., Carnegie, Pa. *J. A. North wood, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Md. *J. A. Oartf.i., Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Robert I.. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel & Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. *JF.rAed. VE.osWs,arRre,pCubalricneSgtieee-lIllCinoorips.,SCteleevl eClaonrdp,.,OHhoimo.estead Steel Works, Munhall, Pa. Metals Section 437 I Publicity Committee--E. A. F.i.i.is (Chairman), Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. M. W. Dundosf., Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. ' W. J. Hoofe, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Cleveland, Ohio. ' Homer L. Rogers, Sheffield Steel Corp., Kansas City, Mo. Radway Car Builders Committee--P. J. Brand (Chairman). Pullman-Standard Car Manu facturing Co., Pullman, Chicago, 111. I StofiifirJ Committee--II. II. Henry (Chairman), Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. I J. M. Brooks, Miohle Printing Press St Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. I J. A. Coltrin, The National Radiator Co., Johnstown, Pa. I Umbers at Large-- I *C. M. Au.bn, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. 1 *R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. I *F. G. Bf.nnett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. I *E. F. Blank, Jones & laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. I 'Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. B J. E. Cui.liney, Rethlchem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. 'H. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. 'John P. Eib, American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, III. 'George T. Fonda, Wcirton Steel Co,, Weirton, W. Va. B *H. J. Griffith, Jones 8t laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Officers 1941-1942* S. E. Hawkes, Macwhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. 'H. G. Hf.nsf.l, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Chicago, 111. General Chairman--H. J. Spoerer, Youngstown Sheet Sc Tube Co., East Chicago, Ind. *F. A. Lauerman, Republic Steel Corp., Youngstown, Ohio. Vice-Chairman--R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. 'J. A. Northwood, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Md. Vice-Chairman--John P. O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Maryland Plant, Sparrows Pott ' 'J. A. Oartel, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. 'Robert L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel & Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. SeMcrde.tary and News Letter Editor--P.kki. Fyt.f.r, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Gary, Ind. 'J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Contest Committee--W. A. Jarvis (Chairman), Chase Brass & Copper Co., Waterboc H 'Pot General Chairman CoDnn. .V. Mf.pai.if., Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. P. R. McMahon, Superior Steel Corp., Carnegie, Pa. EngiHne. eLri.ngRfC.bormasmsiiftt.re,e--WJhaeceolibngL.StReeidl inCgoerpr.,(CWhhaeiermlinagn,),WIn. laVnad. Steel Co., East Cn'iCH IndJ,. P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. F. R. Hendeder, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. C. S. Ph n.ups, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. Foundry Committee--J. H. Holzbog (Chairman), Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Health Committee--Dr. J. H. Chivers (Chairman), Crane Co., Chicago, IH. Dr. T. Lyi.e Hazlett, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsttg MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 6, 1941 j:--General Chairman Irvin A. Brinkman, Personnel Director, Mackintoshbill Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. DrP.aA. . G. Kammer, Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor, Ind. - Membership Committee--N. B. MacHose (Chairman), Bethlehem Steet Co., LackatMM N.TY. .O. Armstrong, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Springfield, Mu*. PostJe.rNC.omMmaihtteaen--, CFornatninkenWta.l KSteelesleCyo(rCph.,aKiromkaonm)o, J, oInneds. & Laughlin Steel Corp., Alarf PaC. . A. Bianchi, H. H. Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. F. J. Conroy, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Reese B. LijOyd, Republic Steel Corp., Birmingham, Ala. Program Committee--John P. Leonard (Chairman), Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, J. F. Collins, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. C. D. Dorworth, Alan Wood Steel Co.. Conshohocken, Pa. E. E. Greene, The Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. tAi elects by delegates in Congress Session. f i Housekeeping Program and How to Keep It Effective By M. W. DUNDORE Production Manager, Beloit Iron Work*, Beloit, Wi*. d housekeeping in the plant, as in the l ku often been summarized by the t "A place for everything and every- * iti place." If management fails to It the ``place," the employee finds ad it to this principle impossible. Pro|*t "place" should be carried out in Mat sense. The start of a good is an analysis of physical plant fakto determine the adequacy of existiMent, such as shelves, bins, storage rooms, working places, and the like. Tech nically, therefore, management has the first responsibility in the good housekeeping pro gram, the employee plays a continuously important role. The purpose of an industrial good house keeping program is to promote order and cleanliness throughout the organization. Such a program should accomplish three objec tives; first--the elimination of accident and fire hazards; second--the conservation of 480 ifllh National Safety Congress hlining Section 81 headings covering (he complete cycle of operations. A record is kept of each rock heading on which is noted location, kind of rock encountered, silica content, dust counts for each operation, length of time required by each operation, types of drills, respirators, fan and dust prevention methods used. A rec ord is also kept of each uwn working in rork which sets forth number of shifts worked, lo cation of the working place and reference is rmdo to the rock data sheet covering condi tions in that place. From these records, the total exposure in rock of any employee is readily available for correlation with his physical findings. ing on the crusher floor wear respirators. Many of the miners change houses at* equipped with fans, filters and exhaust pipinf systems to remove dust from locker roots which is produced by the men when changing between shifts. Dust counts taken at ths period are surprisingly high when not con trol laL T-alxiratory crusher rooms are equr with dust collectors, fans and suction h` at crushers, rolls, pulverizers and bu ' boards. Fans and suction hoods are installed in: shop welding rooms to carry away fume*. Surface Operations Mine service roads and streets in i housing locations are oiled or macadam5 Dust hazards in surface operations have had attention. The dust produced by crushers located in the head frames is removed by suc tion fans. As an added precaution men work The generally accepted standard call* a dust count of not over 5 million par** per cu. ft. of air in ore or rock. Most i meet this standard without difficulty. TABLE 1 210 Random Compensation Cases in Ontario Mines during 1937 and 1938 Operational Causes and Occupational Classes Affected Operational Cause Surface Employees Steel Shop < )thers SMjjini? rock IWin* rock Starting hole frilling hole Sampling Staling Marking Catling hitches fm particles impended in air ftt scale meting steel * %Xtt\ chisel imp chute ' 'Img material ?ng out n of liquid pressure ng bearings in* ,, , otherwise classified Total 45 Runner 19 H 18 14 7 9 I 6 4 -- 5 -- -- 4 3 --. -- 7 105 Underground Employee!* Helper Murker Chuteman Other* 6 2 9 3 -- 1 9 --_ -- --- l 2 _ _-- -- ... _ ._ __, 1 2 ~** 1 2 --_. ---- __ _3 ... -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 -- -- --, __-- -- -- -- -- -- -- --i --. 2 -- -- --. -- -- --_ __ __ 2 2---- 29 19 2 3 Total 40 10 27 17 7 11 3 8 12 11 14 4 4 5 4 4 7 2 2 2 16 210 TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7, 1941 NOTE: "Not otherwise classified** includes blowing holes, threading pipe, cement in eye, dumping muck, eye caught on a nail and eleven other different causes. Samplers are included with runners tor brevity. Symposium on Problems in Mine Safety Presiding--L. C. ('ampbf.u, General Manager of Mines, Koppers Coal Company, Pitt Pa. How to Induce Men to Wear Goggles c.By e. Mcknight Safety Director, Lake Shore Mines, Limited, Kirkland Lake, Ont., Canada TABLE 2 Time Lost Due to the Above Accidents accidents lost time time per accident 193 7 Surface Underground 28 447 16.0 85 1,802 21.2 19 3 8 Surface Underground 22 423 14.7 75 1,091 14.05 in audition to tile lost time, four of these cases a pensions ranging from $6.00 to $20.00 monthly. Total 210 3,763 17.9 The first question to he answered is, of course, "Are goggles needed in mining, and if so, how much protection should they give?" Through the courtesy of the Ontario Min ing Association I have been able to study the records of eye accidents in Ontario Mines during 19,17 ami 1918. For 210 random com pensation cases the operational causes and occupational classes affected, have been put down in Table 1. The points I wish to make are these; that the causes are many, and the classes affected include almost everyone around the mine. It is not just the man with the sledge hammer who has eye trouble; he is expecting it and in fact is less troubled than the man who believes he is safm. third point is that these accidents *r* pensive. Table 2 shows the time lost due to 210 accidents, and in studying this we remember that these are "Comper cases, or those in which the injured off work seven days or more. Far more occur in which the time lost is le** seven days. Tables 1, 4 and S show the complete injury picture for the Ontario Mining ' try in 1918; Table 3 giving the ratio ( injuries to total injuries reported; giving the compensation cost of tho*e ies, and Table S showing the of those injuries. The statistics shown convince the greatest skeptic that gog- needed in mining, as by their use ol these accidents would have been r major question which will arise *A the goggles comfortable and easy -?" This will depend to a large cx the style of goggle used and the care fitting the goggle to the individual, in mine decided to install a spectaclemie and issued around 1000 pairs fitting them. About ten days later d a call from their safety engineer about the goggles and saying that their men were very much dissatisfied. I asked if the goggles had been fitted when issued, and suggested that individual fitting might eliminate most of their trouble. The 1000 pairs of goggles were called in, and reissued properly, whereupon the complaints immediately declined to a low level, and this mine is now having very good results. A third major question is "Will the gog gles hurt the vision?" A satisfactory answer to this question must be found before it is asked by the workers. It may be necessary to issue prescription lenses to various indi viduals in some cases. This will be governed by the service required of the goggle and t ( a Mining Section 1 Officers 1940-1941 al Chairman--Cadwau.aber Evans, Jr., The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. Vice-Chairman--W. D. Hasfxton, Pickauds Mather & Co., Duluth, Minn. Vice-Chairman--*N. P. Rhinehart, West Virginia State Department of Mines, eston, W. Va. Vice-Chairman--John Trfaveek, Homestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. ary and News Letter Editor--Daniel Harrincton, U. S. Bureau of Mines, WashingD. C. (ring Committee Chairman--M. L. Coulter, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., In, Pa. k Committee Chairman--Dr. A. L. Murray, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. ship Committee Chairman--*L. C. Campbell, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. and Slide Committee Chairman--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Rureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, ; Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. 'nment Committee Chairman-- m Committee Chairman--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. ss at Large-- W. Alt, Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich, f. M. Arthur, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee. Mascot, Tetin. J. Barrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. IttD E. Bedale, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. John L. Boardman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte, Mont. Reus D. Campbell, McIntyre Porcupine Mines Ltd., Schumacher, Ont., Canada. . H. Com ins, Baroid Sales Div., National Lead Co., Texarkana, Texas. . L. Coulter, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. M. Fellman, The Montreal Mining Co., Montreal, Wis. W. Gibbs, Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Dawson Hall, "Coal Age," McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. T. Harper, Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhill, Tenn. -CHenrie, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbee, Ariz. Romas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. he Martinson, Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. CR McKnight, Lake Shore Gold Miners, Ltd., Kirkland I.ake, Ont., Canada. uuam G. Metzger, The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. ID. Moffat, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. t.0. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyoming. IH. Seip, The New Jersey Zinc Co., Franklin, N, J. IT. Sicka, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. aid I. Young, American Zinc Lead & Smelting So., St. Louis, Mo. Genttnl Chairman 477 478 30th National Safety Congress Officers 1941-1942f ---- vnwuo General Chairman--W. D. Haselton, Pirkands Mather & Co., Duluth, Minn. Fist Vice-Chairman--N. P. Rhinehart, West Virginia State Dept, of Mines, Charleston Operations W. Va. Second Vice-Chairman--John Trewrek. Homestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. By C. M. FELLMAN Safety and Ventilation Engineer, The Montreal Mining Co., Montreal, Wia. Third Vice-Chairman--M. L. Coulter, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Daniel Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Wuk* ington, D. C. Engineering Committee Chairman--E. W. R. Butcher, Republic Steel Corp., Iron Mich. Entertainment Committee Chairman--J. T, Ryan, Jr., Mine Safety Appliances Co., burgh, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. A. L. Murray, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, P*. Poster and Slide Committee Chairman--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Rureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Membership Committee Chairman--*Cadwallader Evans, Jr., The Hudson Coal Scranton, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, IX. Program Committee Chairman--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Members at Large-- J. W. Alt, Calumet St Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. *P. M. Arthur. American Zinc Company of Tennessee, Mascot. Tenn. G. J. Barrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. Fred E. Bedai.e, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. , John L. Boardman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte, Mont. Angus D. Campbell, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Ont., Canada 3 *L. C. Campbell, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. W. H. Comins, Baroid Sales Div., National Lead Co., Texarkana, Texas C. M. Fkllman, The Montreal Mining Co., Montreal, Wis. *C. W. Gibbs, Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *R. Dawson Hall, "COAL AGE" McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York, H. T. Harper, Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhill, Tenn. *H. C. Henrie, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbee, Ariz. Thomas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. George Martinson, Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio C. E. McKnight, Lake Shore Gold Mines, Ltd., Kirkland Lake, Out., Canada William G. Metzger, The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. D. D. Moffat, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah V. O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyoming R. H. Sf.ip, The New Jersey Zinc Co., Franklin, N. J. L. T. Sicka, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. Howard I. Young, American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co., St. Louis, Mo. Thet ssoouurrccee ooff ffrreesshh aaiirr wwhheetthheerr iitf is ftr-o--m-Rparate ventilation shaft, hoisting shaft or her mine openings connected with surface, Aoold furnish clean fresh air, low in dust oat. The amount of fresh air furnished per Mn underground varies considerably in dif- rent mines but it should not he less than -J! C.F.M, and it will be found distinctly ad- WRtogtous to provide two or three times this T:_it. in direct proportion to the amount of fresh air delivered to the breast. If the return air current from these headings contacts other workers, the provision of a pair of water curtains or a water blast to settle dust and fumes has proved effective. During drilling' and mucking the miners wear approved res pirators. In some properties air line respira tors are used during drilling. To settle dust Distribution of the air currents through and gases produced by blasting, a cross con ' Riine should he carefully planned. In the ore mines, the fresh air current is usucarried in on the lowest tmin-lovei, nection between the air and water line is used. Muck piles, breast, back and walls are wet down with water. to the mining sub-levels and stupes through timber raises, ore raises, man General Procedure Under Ground or separate ventilation raises. The used from these working areas then passes All drilling is done wet, including ore. *h special rock ventilation raises driven t footwall or other openings connecting the abandoned level above, from where routed to surface through ventilation or -Lry shafts. h mines which have ore bodies of consid- Everyone going under ground including captains, bosses and officials are furnished with approved respirators. Clean filter pads are furnished daily as required. The men wear respirators during drilling, mucking and on entering working places after blasting. length, it is possible to divide the ore Shaft stations, hauiageways, travelways into blocks for ventilation purposes, and air passages should be kept clean and if t*ch block having its own fresh air supMd return air outlet, which prevents the of dust and air contamination the entire territory. there is a tendency to dry out, such places should be wetted down periodically. Daily inspections are made to check on matters pertaining to ventilation and dust `iary fans varying from 2 to 15 H.P. mi in mining- and development places * cannot be ventilated by primary fresh Rents. The air is carried to the work(hce through 12 or 16 inch galvanized prevention itKluding changes in working places, use of respirators and condition of equipment. Inspection and close contact with the work plays an important part in the dust prevention program. " |ipe or ventubc. Past (tfnfral Chairman IDecea^efl tAa Hectnl by delegate.* in CongreM Session. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 6, 1941 Presiding--General Chairman Capwallader Evans, Jr., Vice-President & General ger, The Hudson Coal Company, Scranton, Pa. Rock Work s for alloying dust are of prime imin the rock development headings of I* ore mines, due to the fairly high content. These headings are usually by 10 or 15 H.P. fans set in a fresh ' with 12 or 16 inch metal pipe and rried within 20 or 25 feet of the It has been found that dust counts in during drilling and mucking arc Dust Samples Dust samples covering every phase of the operations are taken periodically, using either the standard or the midget impitiger as the collecting medium. The samples are counted by the method recommended by the U. S. Public Health Service. The dust counts have pointed the way for improvements in the ven tilation systems and dust prevention methods and provide a constant check on dust condi tions. Samples are taken periodically in all rock 504 Mtlh Notional Safely Cmu/rcxs company heads arc "safety-conscious," the played and constructive ideas offered along I heads of larger <<>ui|>aiiics being considered this line. more (generally so than the hearts of smaller Mr. P. A. Grady, in his reply, points out OIK'S. something which I consider to be particu The last question. No. IS, was probably the most important of all. ft asked for sug gestions as to how the National Safety Coun cil might reach and influence those executives who arc not "safety-conscious." larly fundamental. He admits that the Coun cil stimulates interest among head officials who are already safety-minded, but deplores the lack of up-to-date material for stimulat ing interest among the workmen, I think he is voicing a very real need, because to be Broadly summarized, the replies stress the of the highest quality and sufficiently varied, need for two things; namely, missionary work among those organizations which are not safety-conscious, ami help in the form of ideas, literature, etc., for executives who are posters and slogans must be produced 'on an industry-wide scale. I suggest that the Coun cil could profitably sponsor an annual poster and slogan contest for workmen, assistant safety-conscious. foremen, and safety inspectors who are the The ideas suggested for missionary work persons in close daily touch with our hazard run along the line of having a representative ami should, therefore, he best able to supply of the Council personally contact non-mem- such ideas. Ivers, one reply even suggesting a paid repre If each member conq>any would contribute sentative who would spend all of his time on one good idea--slogan, poster, or briefly missionary work. One reply suggested what written article--each year, that alone would would appear to necessitate an organized provide a large supply of timely items from campaign of coercing to break down the which busy safety engineers and safety mag lethargy that surrounds some--calling on azine editors could make selections Mai State Mine Inspectors and others to use their influence to get the unregenerate and recalcitrant to meml their ways and bit the sawdust trail. This savors too much of com pulsion and I doubt its effectiveness in achiev ing the desired end. It seems to me that the services of the Council must be of such a quality that they can be sold on their merits, if they are going to accomplish their pur pose. I think that an organized campaign on the latter basis will he profitable. The suggestions on how the Council can help those who are already "safety-conscious" point the way to improvement in the quality of our service. The replies received from the Southern Appalachian coal mining men were particularly commendable for interest dis adaptations for their own use. Another suggestion is embodied in a rejflf what I want to quote: "You cannot bring tire Congress to the men, but the men wba go to the Congress can certainly bring son*thing back to the men under them." It come* from an executive who sends a number of hil foremen, as well as safety inspectors, to tkt Congress each year. It is, I think, one of **"" most effective ways of benefiting from m bership in the Council. Another suggestion implicit in one of replies was that the Mining Section profit from a study of the activities of of the other sections of the National ` Council. Paper and Pulp Section Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman- -D. B. Chant. Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safely Assn., Toronto, Onb, Canada. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership--Clayton O. Braatz, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Rothschild, Wis. Secretary and Program Committee Chairman--Roland W. Richardson, The GardnerRidiardson Co., I.ockland, Ohio. News Letter Editor--J. F. Berry, Alton Box Board Co., Alton, 111. Contest Committee--A. Scott Down (Chairman), Fritz Publications, Inc., Chicago, III. B. D. Rogers, Bird & Son, Inc., East Walpole, Mass. F. H. Rosebush, Nekoosa-F.dwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. Datasheet Committee--R. G. McGivney (Chairman), Oswego Falls Corp., Fulton, N. Y. D. C. Brown. J. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich, D. T. Meanv, New Brunswick International Paper Co., Dalhousie, N. B., Canada. B. J. McCloskey, Hoberg Paper Mills, Green Bay, Wis. W. B. Place. Kieckhefer Container Co., Delair, N. J. James W. Towsen, West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co., New York, N. Y. Engineering-Safe Practices Committee--Julius A. Draper (Chairman), Consolidated Paper Corp., Ltd., Grand'Mere, P. Q., Canada, M. W, Dundore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. James j. Hanks, American Paper & Pulp Assn., New York, N. Y. C. O. Holmer, Minnesota & Ontario Paper Co., Minneapolis, Minn. D. A. MeAlary, Fraser Companies, Ltd., Edmundston, N. B., Canada. E. A. Page, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. G. R. Vaughan-Evans. ^Health Committee Chairman--Dr. Lours H. Frechtltng, Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. !Statistics Committee Chairman--Frf-d W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. jjNWiYify Committee--Walter E. Strong (Chairman), Menasha Products Div., Marathon r Paper Mills Co., Menasha, Wis. R. P. Almovir, Fibrcboard Products, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. ADJOURNMENT J. C. Fitzgerald, Bovvater's Newfoundland Pulp & Paper, Ltd., Corner Brook, New foundland. 0. R. Hartwig, Crown Zellerbach Corp., Portland, Ore. LUety Instruction Card Committer--R. W. Croucher (Chairman), Minnesota & Ontario Paper Co., International Falls, Minn. Ernest Augustus, The Mead Corp., Chillicothe, Ohio. G. J. Bienvenu, Gaylord Container Corp., Bogalusa, I,a. H. P. Heubner, The Flintkote Co., New York, N. Y. John M. Lavin, St. Croix Paper Co., Woodland, Maine. C. J. Munk, Racquette River Paper Co., Potsdam, N. Y. A*thur E. Winslow, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co., Waterville, Maine. ImIEducation Committee--L. R. Simpson (Chairman), The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., fcmroe, La. (L S. Cook, Quebec Pulp & Paper Safety Assn., Quebec, Canada. 505 506 30th National Safety Congress D. S. Garber. Hummel & Downing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. J. W. Kuebler, Dixie-Vortex Co., Easton, Pa. J. R. Latter, Anglo-Canadian Pulp & Paper Mills, Ltd., Quebec, Canada. Don E. McDowell, Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co,, Parchment, Kalamazoo County, Mich. B. L. Wood, American Coating Mills, Inc., Elkhart, Ind. Past Central Chairmen-- George J. Adams, Internatonal Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Robert M. Altman, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Rothschild, Wis. Kenneth L. Faist, The Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. Walter A. Gleason, Hammermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa. E. E. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, Ohio. M. G. Hoyman, Kimberly-Clark Carp., Neenah, Wis, G. W. Phillips, The Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Canton, N. C. J. J. Plzak. Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuel Pruyn, Finch, Pruyn & Co., Inc., Glens Falls, N. Y. S. F. Shattuck, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. George E. Williamson, Strathmore Paper Co., West Springfield, Mass. Paper and Pulp Section 507 G. J. Bienvenu, Gaylord Container Corp., Bogalusa, La. J. C. Fitzgerald, Bowater's Newfoundland Pulp & Papare Co., Ltd., Corner Brook, .Newfoundland. John M. Lavin, St. Croix Paper Co., Woodland, Maine. C. J. Munk, Racquctte River Paper Co., Potsdam, N. Y. Arthur E. Winslow, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co., Waterville, Maine. iPisiw! Education Committee--H. P. Heubner (Chairman), The Flintkotc Co., New York I City, N. Y. I D. S. Garber, Hummel & Downing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. I J. R. Latter, Anglo-Canadian Pulp & Paper Mills, Ltd., Quebec, Canada. I D. T. Meany, New Brunswick International Paper Co., Dalhousie, N. B., Canada. I D. A. McAlary, Fraser Companies, Ltd., Kdmundston, N. B., Canada. 1 Don E. McDowell, Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co., Parchment, Kalamazoo Co., i Mich. I B. L. Wood, American Coating Mills, Inc., Elkhart, Ind. tat General Chairmen-- 1 I George J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. K Robert M. Altman, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Rothschild, Wis. I D. B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Assn., Toronto, Ont., Canada. I Kenneth L. Faist, The Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. Officers 1941-1942f Walter A. Gleason, Hammermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa. ft E. E. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, Ohio. General Chairman--Clayton O. Braatz, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Rothschild, Wis. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership--Roland W. Richardson, The Gardner-Richard- SecornetCaroy.,aLnodcPklraongdr,amOhCioo.mmittee Chairman--J. Fred Berry, Alton Box Board Co., Alton, PrIoIIg.ram Committee--Ernest Augustus, The Mead Corp., Chillicothe, Ohio. M. G. Hoyman, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. G. W. Phillips, The Champion Paper ft Fibre Co., Canton, N. C. ft J. J. Plzak, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. ft Samuel Pruyn, Pruyn & Co., Inc., Glens Falls, N. Y. ft S. F. Shattuck, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. ft George E. Williamson, Strathmore Paper Co., West Springfield, Mass. O. R. Hartwig. Crown Zellerbach Corp., Portland, Oregon. J. W. Kuebler, Dixie-Vortex Co., Easton, Pa. E. A. Page, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. News Letter Editor--L. R. Simpson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., Monroe, La. Contest Committee--A. Scott Down (Chairman), Fritz Publications, Inc., Chicago, 111. B. D. Rogers, Bird & Son, Inc., East Walpole, Mass. F. H. Rosebush, Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. Datasheet Committee--B. J. McClosky (Chairman), Hoberg Paper Mills, Green Bay, Wll,; A. S. Cook, Quebec Pulp & Paper Safety Assn., Quebec, Canada. J MONDAY MORNTNG SESSION October 6, 1941 di"9-' D. B. Chant, Secretary-Engineer, Ontario Pulp and Paper Makers' Safety Assofion, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and General Chairman, Paper and Pulp Section, NSC. J. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. W. B. Place; Kieckhefer Container Co., Delair, N. J. L. C. Smith, Thilmany Pulp & Paper Co., Kaukauna,Wis. Engineering--Safe Practices Committee--Julius A. Draper (Chairman), Consol* Paper Corp., Ltd., Grand 'Mere, P. Q., Canada. E. G. Amos, American Paper & Pulp Assn., New York City, N. Y. M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. C. O. Holmer, Minnesota & Ontario Paper Co., Minneapolis, Minn. James W. Towsen, West Virginia Pulp & Paper Corp., New York Cty, N. Y. E. F. Troop, P. H. Glatfelter Co., Spring Grove, Pa. H. H. Yoder, Gulf States Paper Corp., Tuscaloosa, Ala. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. Louis H. Frechtling, Champion Paper ft Fibre SAIRMAN CHANT: I am happy to Mmany of you present at this Thirtieth M Safety Congress. W program this year is somewhat less tad complete than in previous years. We Ifch that we have at previous Congresses Ip tried to accomplish too much as a ta and that because of the number of ta and the number of papers, many of jjfcttkm members were prevented from Iftg proceedings of other Sections or of ings. One of those is especially set up for members who are interested in paper prod ucts and paper specialties manufacturing; the other is for those interested in pulpwood log ging operations. Wednesday is a completely open day. On Thursday we have our annual Section Luncheon, followed by the final ses sion. The presentation of the trophies for the Section's safety contest will, as usual, be made on Thursday afternoon following the luncheon. StHataismticilstoCn,oOmhmioit.tee Chairman--Frf.d W. Braun, Employers Mutual, Wausau, Wt*. Safety Instruction Card Committee--R. W. Croucher (Chairman), Minnesota ft Ol Paper Co., International Falls, Minn. tAi elerte<l by delegates in Congress Session. MMcil as a whole which they would It'd to attend and from which they lw* obtained great benefit. So this (The General Chairman then presented his ``Progress Report of Section Activities," fMr program is shorter. Tomorrow jta we have two separate group meet briefly reviewing the year, and mentioning the good work of the many Sectional Com mittees.) Petroleum Section Officers 1940-1941 Ctneral Chairman--Ciias. A. Mh.ier, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. Vice-Chairman for Production--II. T. Marker, Phillips Petroleum Co., Rartlesville, Okla. Vice-Chairman for Pif>e Lines--J. L. Manes, Suii Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. Vice-Chairman for Manufacturing- -J. Howard Mvers, The Atlantic Refuting Co., Phila delphia, Pa. Vice-Chairman for Marketing--V. R. McI.ean, White Star-Ohio I)iv., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Detroit, Mich. Vews Letter Editor--George A. Lexander, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Boston, Mass. tyineering Committee Chairman--J. W. Welch, Cities Service Oil Co., East Braintree, Mass. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. J. W. Long, Gulf Oil Corp., Port Arthur, Texas. itlrial Data Sheet Committee Chairman--J. L. RisinGer, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., ' York, N. Y. fitgram Committee--J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. H. T. Marker, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. F. R. McLean, White Star-Ohio Div., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Detroit, Mich. . Howard Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ty Committee Chairman--R. S. Huffman, Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., Tulsa, Okla. Education Committee Chairman--T. S. Maffitt, Jr., Houston Oil Co. of Texas, Houston, Texas. ic Division Chairman--A. H. Vineyard, Sheii Oii Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Lakes Division Chairman--J. W. Atkins, The Texas Co., Lockport, 111. Division Chairman--Harvey B. Wili.iams, Pan American Refining Corp., Texas City, Texas. Continent Division Chairman--Hadley H. Myers, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. England Division Chairman--J. J. Reilly, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, Hass. fc Coast Division Chairman--Barton Cater, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. ' General Chairmen-- K. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. J. H. W. Boggess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. S. S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., New York, N. Y. A.W. Breeland, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York, N. Y. IE. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C L Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. 10. Lockwood, Continental Casualty Co., Tulsa, Okla CJ. Nobmann, Shell Oil Co., Inc., Sacramento, Calif. Wouct F. Prussing, La Crescenta, Calif. B. Roaper, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. J. Senne, Baldwin, N. Y. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. H. N. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. 563 564 { 30th National Safety Congress Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--F. R. McLean, White Star-Ohio Div., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co* fat*% Detroit, Mich. j Vice-Chairman far Production--H. T. Marker, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, OUfc Vice-Chairman for Pipe Lines--J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. Vice-Chairman far Manufacturing--J. Howard Myf.rs, The Atlantic Refining Co., Vidccel-pChhiaa,irmPaa.n far Marketing--J. J. Rf.h.ly, Title Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, News Letter Editor--J. B. Harris, Arkansas Natural Gas Corp., Shreveport, La. Engineering Committee Chairman--Crymes Pittman, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Hepaolrtth, LCao. mmittee Chairman--Dr. V. M. Brian, The Texas Co., Lawrenceville, III. Industrial Palo Sheet Committee Chairman--J. L. Risingf.r, Socony-Vacuum Oil Ca, PrNogerwamYoCrko,mNm.itYte.e--H. T. Marker, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. J. Howard Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. J. J. Reili.y, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, Mass. Publicity Committee Cluiirman--R. S. Huffman, Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., Tulsa, ( Visual Education Committee Chairman--F. M. Russell, Standard Oil Co. of Calif* AtFlarannticcisDcoiv,isCioalnif.Chairman--A. J. Gorand, Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pa. Great Lakes Division Chairman--Alexis df. Tarnowsky, The Pure Oil Co., Chicago^! Gulf Division Chairman--Thomas F. Brown, Gulf Oil Corp., Houston, Texas. Mid-Continent Division Chairman--C. I.. Barrett, Gulf Oil Corp., Tulsa, Okla. Nero England Division Chairman--Eugene Swanson, Colonial Beacon Oil Co., E* PaMcaifsics.Coast Division Chairman--W. E. Lovf.joy, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Taft, Past General Chairmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. J. H. W. Roc.f.ss, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. R. S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. A. W. Brf.fj.and, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York, N. Y. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C. L. Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. G. O. Lockwood, Continental Casualty Co., Tulsa, Okla. Chas. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. C. J. Norm ann, Shell Oil Co., Inc., Sacramento, Calif. George F. Trussing, La Crescenta, Calif. R. B. Roaff.r, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. Sf.nnf., Baldwin, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. D. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Secretary--H. N. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7, 1941 Presiding:--General Chairman C. A. Miller, Assistant to Manager, Personnel merit, The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. Petroleum Section 565 Why Company Executives Are Interested in Safety By J. G. SINCLAIR Division Manager, Shell Oil Company, Incorporated, Chicago executive is interested in safety may he prized as follows: Be is interested in the welfare of his men and believe in their company and its future, the organization cannot realize its full possi bilities. Primarily, employee morale depends being interested in them, obviously upon conditions of employment, salary and them to perform their work without wage scales, quality of product, equipment feels an obligation to the community pally obviously, wishes his employees eperate as not to bring unnecessary risk 4 community in which they wprk. provided the men, and general working con ditions. But in addition, it is necessary that thought lie given to safety as a builder of morale. When consideration is given to the records of faridenlally, this makes for good customer corporations with good employee morale, almost invariably it is found that these com panies have good safety records. It seems to to equipment or personnel through follow that a high morale among employees results in added costs. He is iuter- results in a good safety record. k profits. Usually, a safe worker is found to be an employee who is interested in o]>erat- employee with interest and pride in his work. My is also interested in operating effi- Whether the man is driving a truck, han J The employee who is interested in dling or dispensing gasoline, building, re if efficiently is interested in his equip- pairing, and installing equipment, or working The man who is interested in his equip- in an office, safe performance of liis job is athe man who will offer suggestions as part of his duties. If lie has pride in his job, faprovements. Improvements mean in it naturally follows that he will perform the profits as well as increased safety. work in as fine a manner as possible, which first I became interested in safety, in addditiou means as safely as possible. anual insurance costs were rather ap, as a result of having had our insur- frtmiums doubled. In the following five costs have been reduced well below the figure. Over the same period, our 'le accidents have been reduced from r.tely one a vehicle per year to onei accident a vehicle per year. Compen- 2. Economic Welfare An executive is interested in safety be cause it has a very important hearing on the economic welfare of his employees. This questions has two sides: the humane and the financial. In spite of what our men some times think of us, we are still human and we injuries for the same length of time been reduced until they are about one- what they were. Although we are liavBe-half the accidents today, our insur ants have only been reduced one-third, Me reductions of insurance premiums "ifned by a certain minimum beyond no more wish to see our men hurt than they do themselves. We have all suffered some form of disability at one time or another, and it is never a pleasant thing in retrosiiect. If through our adherence to safe practice, we can prevent injuries we feel that almost any expense incurred would be well repaid. charges cannot lie reduced, we must "e look further afield for otliere bcnc`iare the result of safer o]ieration. In addition, there is the economic loss to the employee. No money was ever made out of a compensation accident. Not only are accidents costly in dollars, time, medical bills 1. Employee Morale and physical fitness, but also they affect a yte morale is of primary concern to etecutive. Low morale goes further to iking of a concern than any other factor, for unless employees are loyal man's standing in his community, with his fellow employees, and with his employer. The man has lost wages--the company has lost his services. Almost invariably this results in the hiring of a temporary workman to fill his Petroleum Section Officers 1940-1941 I Central Chairman--Chas. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. I Vice-Chairman for Production--H. T. Marker, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. I Vice-Chairman for Pipe Lines--J. L. Manes, Sim Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. Ifkt-Chairman for Manufacturing--J. Howard Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Phila delphia, Pa. yice-Chairman for Marketing--F. R. McLean, White Star-Ohio Div., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Detroit, Mich. Iltw Letter Editor--George A. Lexander, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Boston, Mass. \tngineering Committee Chairman--J. W. Welch, Cities Service Oil Co., East Braintree, Mass. lith Committee Chairman--Dr. J. W. Long, Gulf Oil Corp., Port Arthur, Texas. istrial Data Sheet Committee Chairman--J. L. Risinger, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., [Hew York, N. V. rram Committee--J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. H. T. Marker, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. F. R. McLean, White Star-Ohio Div., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Ittc., Detroit, Mich. J. Howard Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. city Committee Chairman--R. S. Huffman, Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., Tulsa, Okla. I Education Committee Chairman--T. S. Maffitt, Jr., Houston Oil Co. of Texas, |Hwston, Texas. ' Division Chairman--A. H. Vineyard, Shell Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. t Lakes Division Chairman--J. W. Atkins, The Texas Co., Lockport, 111. fDivision Chairman--Harvey B. Williams, Pan American Refining Corp., Texas City, |T(xas. Continent Division Chairman-- Hadley H. Myers, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. i England Division Chairman--J. J. Reilly, Title Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, Coast Division Chairman--Barton Cater, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, I General Chairmen-- 1L W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. J. H.W. Bogcess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. [R.S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., New York, N. Y. [A.W. Brf.eland, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. [J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York. N. Y. [IE. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. (C L. Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. IS.0. Lockwood, Continental Casualty Co,, Tulsa, Okla. jCJ. Nobmann, Shell Oil Co., Inc., Sacramento, Calif. [Swwe F. Prussing, La Crescenta, Calif. |1B. Roaper, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. TJ. Senne, Baldwin, N. Y. iW. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. \J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. -H. N. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. 563 564 ^ 30th National Safety Congress Petroleum Serlion I 565 Officers 1941-1942 General Chairman--F. R. McLean, White Star-Ohio Div., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc, Why Company Executives Are Interested in Safety By J. G. SINCLAIR ViDcee-tCrohiat,irmMaicnh,fnr Production--H. T. Marker, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Division Manager, Shell Oil Company, Incorporated, Chicago Vice-Chairman for Pipe Lines--J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. Vice-Chairman for Manufacturing--J. Howard Myf.rr, The Atlantic Refining; Co., Phila Vidcel-pChhiaa,irmPaa.n for Marketing--J. J. Reilly, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, Maw. ! News Letter P.ditor--J. B. Harris, Arkansas Natural Gas Corp., Shreveport, La. | Engineering Committee Chairman--Crymes Pittman, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreve Hepaolrtth, LCao. mmitter Chairman--Dr. V. M. Brian, The Texas Co., Lawrenceville, 111. Industrial Data Sheet Committee Chairman--J. L. Risinger, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., InCJ New York, N. Y. Program Committee--H. T. Marker, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. J. Howard Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ; . j j J. J. Reilly, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Boston, Mass. Publicity Committee Chairman--R. S. Huffman, Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., Tulsa, Okfa Visual Education Committee Chairman--F. M. Russell, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Sw AtFlarnanticcisDcoiv,isCioanlif.Chairman--A. J. Gorand, Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pa. Great Lakes Division Chairman--Alexis de Tarnowsky, The Pure Oil Co., Chicago, BL Gulf Division Chairman--Thomas F. Brown, Gulf Oil Corp., Houston, Texas. Mid-Continent Division Chairman--C. L. Barrett, Gulf Oil Corp., Tulsa, Okla. Nero England Division Chairman--Rugf.nf. Swanson, Colonial Beacon Oil Co., Everll PaMcaifsics.Coast Division Chairman--W. E. Lovejoy, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Taft, Cattfc Past General Chairmen-- R. W. Buck, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. J. H. W. Rogers, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. R. S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. A. W. Breei.and, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil C6., New York, N. Y. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C. L. Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. G. O. Lockwood, Continental Casualty Co., Tulsa, Okla. Chas. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. C. J. Nobmann, Shell Oil Co., Inc., Sacramento, Calif. George F. Prussing, La Crescenta, Calif. R. B. Roapf.r, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. Sf.nnb, Baldwin, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. D. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Secretary--H. N. Blakeslee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7, 1941 Presiding:--General Chairman C A. Miller, Assistant to Manager, Personnel mHil ment. The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. ; An executive is interested in safety may he nmmarized as follows: He is interested in the welfare of his men td, being interested in them, obviously wishes them to perform their work without iury. He feels an obligation to the community *d, equally obviously, wishes his employees " so operate as not to bring unnecessary risk the community in which they work. and believe in their company and its future, the organization cannot realize its full possi bilities. Primarily, employee morale depends upon conditions of employment, salary and wage scales, quality of product, equipment provided (he men, and general working con ditions. But in addition, it is necessary that thought lie given to safely as a builder of morale. When consideration is given to the records of Incidentally, this makes for good customer ' tions. Damages to equipment or personnel through results in added costs. lie is intcr- in profits. The employee who is interested in ojicratsafely is also interested in operating effily. The employee who is interested in ting efficiently is interested in his equipThe man who is interested in his equip corporations with good employee morale, almost invariably it is found that these com panies have good safety records. It seems to follow that a high morale among employees results in a good safety record. Usually, a safe worker is found to be an employee with interest and pride in his work. Whether the man is driving a truck, han dling or dispensing gasoline, building, re pairing, and installing equipment, or working in an office, safe performance of his job is ts the man who will offer suggestions as improvements. Improvements mean in- 1 profits as well as increased safety. When first I became interested in safety, part of his duties. If lie has pride in his job, it naturally follows that he will perform the work in as fine a manner as possible, which in adddition means as safely as possible. annual insurance costs were rather ap", as a result of having had our insurptemiums doubled. In the following Five costs have been reduced well below the 1 figure. Over the same period, our He accidents have been reduced from imately one a vehicle per year to onoan accident a vehicle per year. Compcn- injuries for the same length of time keen reduced until they arc about oneI what they were. Although we are have-half the accidents today, our insur ants have only lieen reduced one-third, Ke reductions of insurance premiums iaremed by a certain minitmmi beyond charges cannot be reduced, we must "c look further afield for othcre bcnc- 'i are the result of safer operation. 1. Employee Morale morale is of primary concern to wcutive. Low morale goes further to --ig of a concern than any other factor, for unless employees are loyal 2. Economic Welfare An executive is interested in safety be cause it has a very important hearing on the economic welfare of his employees. This questions has two sides: the humane and the financial. Tit spite of what our men some times think of us, we are still human and we no more wish to see our men hurt than they do themselves. We have all suffered some form of disability at one time or another, and it is never a pleasant thing in retrospect. If through our adherence to safe practice, we can prevent injuries we feel that almost any expense incurred would be well repaid. In addition, there is the economic loss to the employee. No money was ever made out of a compensation accident. Not only are accidents costly in dollars, time, medical bills and physical fitness, but also they affect a man's standing in his community, with his fellow employees, and with his employer. The man has lost wages--the company has lost his services. Almost invariably this results in the hiring of a temporary workman to fill his 30th National Safety Congress 586 him and ask him if he has prescribed it, and, allow them back on the job. because accord if so, how long. After I clear that point, I ing; to the late releases from the American O.K. him to go back to work. Medical Association, it is disastrous to turn CHAIRMAN HIGHTOWER: I wantto a man loose on the job who is full of sul thank the members of the panel for their fanilamide. time and for the contribution they have made MR. LYONS: My practice has been to to this discussion, and I thank the group for make them bring a certificate from the phy sician that treated them, and then I phone your attention. adjournment Power Press Section Officers 1940-1941 -tneral Chairman--V. G. Pendleton, West Lynn Plant, General Electric Co., West Lynn, Mass. ice-Chairman- -E. C. Schultes, Jr., C. Hager & Sons Hinge Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. rcretory--G. H. Berry, Western Electric Co., Hawthorne Works, Chicago, III. 'avs Letter Editor--N. V. B. Zif.Gler, Aluminum Co. of America, New Kensington, Pa. ngineering Committee--I-oms Boraks (Chairman), Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. F. W. Fiske, The rewer-Titchener Corp., Cortland, N. Y. A. O. Olson, Koehring Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Mbit Committee--E. F. Ardahl (Chairman), John Deere Harvester Works, Deere & Co., East Moline, III. Harry H. Davis, Johnson Bronze Co., New Castle, Pa. C. J. Kolb, Colonial Radio Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. th Committee--Dr. R. J. DeMotte (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Co., Pullman, Chicago, 111. Dr. R. L. Nichols, American Can Co., Chicago, 111. trial Data Sheet Committee--*W. J. Graves (Chairman), Michigan Mutual Liability Co., Detroit, Mich. R. W. Hobson, Gorham Manufacturing Co., Elmwood, Providence, R. I. C. H. Krantz, Reeves Steel & Manufacturing Co., Dover, Ohio. ership Committee--B. A. Grainger (Chairman), Bendix Products Div., Bendix Aviai Corp., South Bertd, Ind. J. G. Frederickson, The Chicago Hardware Foundry Co., North Chicago, III. 'tr Committee--J. B. Kapp (Chairman), Fisher Body Cleveland Div., General Motors Cleveland, Ohio. R. H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. H. A. Zachari, Henry Vogt Machine Co., Louisville, Ky. Committee--W. C. Baker (Chairman), Whiting Corp., Harvey, 111. M. J. Feldman, General American Transportation Corp., Chicago, 111. G. B. Tybring, International Business Machine Corp., Endicott, N. Y. i(y Committee--N. V. B. Ziegler (Chairman), Aluminum Company of America, New sington Works, New Kensington, Pa. H. A. McDonald, Erie Forge Co., Erie, Pa. CS. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. Instruction Card Committee--C. A. DeMonge (Chairman), Kclsey-Hayes Wheel Co., it, Mich. R.EE. Greene, Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. C.F. Herbert, Bituminous Casualty Corp., Rock Island, III. H. Pfeiffer, Harnischfeger Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. r Committee--J. D. Berman (Chairman), Western Electric Co., Hawthorne Works, o, 111. s at Large-- J. Brand, Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Co., Pullman, Chicago, HI.. 587 588 30tli National Safety Cotigress *H. C. Howsam, Hubbard S|kk>I Co., Chicago, III. *P. G. Hunter, Motor Wheel Corp., Lansing, Mich. G. A. Kueschf.nmeister, Dominion Forge 8c Stamping Co., Ltd., Walkerville, OnL, Canada. *T. O. Meisner, American Can Co., Chicago, 111. *B. E. Rockhoff, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. *S. H. Siaymaker, Fairbanks Morse & Co., Beloit, Wis. *E. J. Wai.i.man, American Brake Shoe & Foundry Co., Chicago, 111. *R. M. Zeldkr, Edison General Electric Appliance Co., Chicago, 111. Officers 1941-1942f General Chairman--E. C. Schultes, Jr., C. Hager & Sons Hinge Manufacturing Co., St Louis, Mo. Vice-Chairman--W. C. Baker, Whiting Corp., Harvey, 111. Secretary--J. D. Berman, Western Electric Co., Chicago, III. Nerve Letter Editor--N. V. B. Ziegler, Aluminum Co. of America, New Kensington, Pa. Engineering Committee--Louis Boraks (Chairman), Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston Mass. F. T. Munch, Vultee Aircraft, Inc., Nashville, Tenn. A. O. Olson, Koehring Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Exhibit Committee--B. A. Grainger (Chairman), Bendix Products Div., Bendix Aviation Corp., South Bend, Ind. C. J. Kolb, Colonial Radio Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Charles Leyrf.r. The Black Clawson Co., Hamilton, Ohio. I Health Committee--Dr. R. J. Df.Motte (Chairman'), Pullman-Standard Car Manufactory Co., Pullman, Chicago, 111. y Dr. R. L. Nichols, American Can Co., Chicago, Hi. | Industrial Data Sheet Committee--R. W. Hobson (Chairman), Gorham Manufacturing Chi Elmwood, Providence, R. I. C. H. Krantz, Reeves Steel & Manufacturing Co., Dover, Ohio. Carl State, Sunbeam Electric Manufacturing Co., Evansville, Ind. Membership Committee--E. F. Ardahl (Chairman), John Deere Harvester Works, Dedtfl Co., East Moline, 111. J. G. Fredrickson, The Chicago Hardware Foundry Co., North Chicago, III. H. E. Johnson, Rockford Drop Forge Co., Rockford, 111. Poster Committee---). B. Kapp (Chairman), Fisher Body Cleveland Div., General Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. A. B. Rousch, R. G. LeToumeau, Inc., Peoria, 111. H. A. Zachart, Henry Vogt Machine Co., Louisville, Ky. ^ ij Program Committee--G. H. Berry (Chairman), Western Electric Co., Hawthorne Wm Chicago, III. R. E. Frederick, International Rusiness Machines Corp., Endicott, N. Y. j N. S. Miller, Stewart-Warner Corp., Chicago, 111. j Publicity Committee--C. S. Phillips (Chairman), Revere Copper & Brass Co., lot,* N. Y. Ford Charlton, Edison General Electric Appliance Co., Inc., Chicago, III. H. A. McDonald, Erie Forge Co., Erie, Pa. P jfi *3 Safety Instruction Card Committee--C. A. DeMonge (Chairman), Kelsey Hu*) Co., Detroit, M ich. E. E. Grf.ene, Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. A. H. Pffjfff.r, Harnischfeger Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. i1 *PI General Chairman tAa elected by delegate* in Congress Session. Power Press Section J 589 B. J. Hine, Scovil.l...M-a.n..u..f..a..c..t.u..r..ing Cio...,mWoramtorrnbju,rjye,neCrosnonn. Llectric Co., Bellwood, 111. M. A. Junn, Lyon Metal Products, Inc., Aurora, III. Uembers at Large-- *W. J. Graves, Michigan Mutual Liability Co., Detroit, Mich. *H. C. Howsam, Hubbard Spool Co., Chicago, III. *P. J. Hunter, Motor Wheel Corp., Lansing, Mich. G. A. Kuechenmeister, Dominion Forge & Stamping Co., Ltd., Walkerville, Ont., Canada. *T. O. Meisner, American Can Co., Chicago, III. *V. G. Pendleton, West Lynn Plant, General Electric Co., West Lynn, Mass. *B. E. Rockhoff, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. *S. H. Slaymakfji, Fairbanks Morse & Co., Beloit, Wis. *E. J, Wallman, American Brake Shoe & Foundry Co., Chicago, 111. *M, R. Zeldkr, Edison General .Electric Appliance Co., Inc., Chicago, 111. Past General Chairman October 7, 1941 htsuKng--General Chairman V. G. Pendleton, Safety Engineer, West Lynn Plant, General Electric Company, West Lynn, Mass. tecting the New Operator in the Power Press Industry-- Effective Training Methods By R. J. GREENLY Chief, Training Division, Camegie-Illinois Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. Are accidents really a serious problem in lower press industry? You know the u to that question or you would not be today. Last year industrial accidents six hundred and fifty million dollars in ' cash outlay. The additional cost due This is not surprising in view of the many studies which usually show that accident rates during first year of employment are at least twice the rates for subsequent years. We must conclude, therefore, that our new, inexperienced men are largely responsible time and to the removal from producil skilled workers would add greatly to Igure. It is undeniable that a large for the recent disproportionate rise in indus trial accidents. This conclusion suggests that substantial results can be obtained from con of this unnecessary loss is due to acci- centrated safety promotion among this high- anolving new employees. The figures accident group of workers. it During the last year, accidental i industry have been increasing at a A clue to the answer to this problem lie* fcke is fast as should be expected from in a recent study by the National Safety --ug number of employees. During j were up 10 per cent over 1939, Wgloyment in manufacturing indus- Council. In one industry--the only one for which figures are available--the principal cause of accidents among experienced men cd only 6 per cent. Lost-time was found to be the disregard of instructions. . followed the same pattern as Among new employees, however, the prin TW inexperienced employees clearly cipal causes were (I) deficient knowledge of a major source of accidental cost safe practices and (2) lack of skill. This suggests that the new men were not prepared to be safe workers. 598 { 30th National Safety Congress 6. Have your safety supervisor or foreman at hand and the cooperation of the produc in authority sign the inspection blanks after tion department. 4. All materials going into the repair of a punch press must be of the best, making sure that the proper grade of bronze is used for the foreman of the machinery maintenance department has signed them. Inspection and maintenance of punch presses is too impor tant to take any chances on not having it bearings and determine whether a part done properly. should be hardened or not. 7. Have all electrical work done by quali 5. Check over the lubrication system and in places where there are rapidly moving parts or where there is a doubt as to the proper lubrication, change over and use oil. It has been found beneficial in many cases to install one-shot lubrication systems which have proven to be very effective. fied electricians. 8. Try out the punch press after it has been repaired and have the foreman and assistant foreman satisfied that the machine is in good, safe working condition and is ready to be used. adjournment Public Utilities Section Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--Charles S. Bowden, Ohio Public Service Co., Alliance, Ohio. Vice-Chairman--P. L. G. Hasskarl, Pennsylvania Power & Light Co., Allentown, Pa. Secretary--D. C. Duncan, Appalachian Electric Power Co., Bluefield, W. Va. Ssffweering Committee-- H. H. Berman, Consolidated Gas, Electric Light & Power Co., Baltimore, Md. W. P. Binks, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, Tenn. E. C. Bookman, Virginia Electric & Power Co., Richmond, Va. Paul R. Kuhn, Pennsylvania Edison Co., Altoona, Pa. A A. Rall, Kansas City Power & Light G>., Kansas City, Mo. P. K. Stiles, Ebasco Services, Inc., New York, N. Y. J. M. Strike, St. Joseph Railway Light, Heat & Power Co., St. Joseph, Mo. Dito Sheet Sub-Committee--J. T. O'Brien (Chairman), Jersey Central Power & Light Co., Asbury Park, N. J. J. G. Dickinson, Wisconsin Electric Power Co., Milwaukee, Wis. E. L. Fitzgerald, Ohio Edison Co., Springfield, Ohio. W. H. Kussmaul, Northern Indiana Public Service Co., Hammond, Ind. tty Instruction Card Sub-Committee--W. Briley Wright (Chairman), Eastern Shore Public Service Co., Salisbury, Md. H. E. Crain, The Ohio Power Co., Canton, Ohio. J. E. O'Brien, North Penn Gas Co., New York, N. Y. D. E. Woods, Central Power & Light Co., Corpus Christi, Texas. hibit Committee--J. B. Porcher (Chairman), Ohio Edison Co., Akron, Ohio. J. D. Hall, Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic City, N. J. B. A. Thornton, Indiana & Michigan Co., South Betid, Ind. Strip Committee--L. P. Hoffman (Chairman), Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, Florida. J. L. McNealf.y, Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric Co., Nelsonvillc, Ohio. th Committee--Dr. Hart Fisher (Chairman), Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago, OL *worship Committee--J. O. Speed (Chairman), Alabama Power Co., Birmingham, Ala. W. L. Smith, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power Co., Birmingham, Ala. D. W. Prairie, Northwestern Electric Co., Portland, Oregon. D. A. Fleming, Rural Electrification Administration, Washington, D. C. Letter Committee--J. M. Orts (Chairman), Public Service Corp., Newark, N. J. W. H. Adams, The Manufacturers Light & Heat Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. A. A. Klinge, Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver, Colo. P. J. McMahon, Sanitary District of Chicago, Chicago, 111. J. J. Steuerwald, Indianapolis Power & Light Co., Indianapolis, Ind. :.Vr and Safety Kinks Committee--E. M. Chase (Chairman), Central Vermont Public Wvfce Corp., Rutland, Vt. , Raymond Rollins, Missouri Public Service Corp., Warrensburg, Mo. J. E. Scott, Georgia Power Co., Atlanta, Ga. J. L, Weeks, South Carolina Electric & Gas Co., Columbia, S. C. w-im Committee--E. S. Miner (Chairman), American Telephone & Telegraph Co., New fak, N. Y. P. A. Alberty, The Ohio Fuel Gas Co., Columbus, Ohio. George G. Waldrop, City Light & Water Utilities, Fort Wayne, Ind. 599 600 30th National Safety Congress Public Utilities Section 601 Publicity Committee-- J. P. McCann (Chairman), New England Power Service Co., Poston, Mass. E. R. Kropp, Union Electric Co. of Missouri, St. Louis, Mo. Statistics Committee--E. A. Rust (Chairman), Erie County Electric Co., Erie, Pa. J. P. McCann, New England Power Service Co., Boston, Mass. W. Briley Wright, Eastern Shore Pubic Service Co., Salisbury, Md. hkib'it Committee--George G. Waldrop (Chairman), City Light & Water Utilities, Fort Wayne, Ind. W. L. Cone, Utah Power & Light Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. John MacLeu.f.n, Ontario Hydro Power Commission, Toronto, Ont., Canada. H. G. Pruett, Electric Power Board of Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tenn. Film Committee--C. N. Rakf.straw (Chairman), The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., T. S. Shinn, Carolina Power & Light Co., Raleigh, N. C. Cleveland, Ohio. Members at Large-- H. J. Burton, Consumers Power Co., Jackson, Mich. C. II. Davis, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, III. C. H. Dinsmorf., Wisconsin Power & Light Co., Madison, Wis. EL P. Durff-e, Consolidated Edison Co. of N. Y., Inc., New York, N. Y. C. N. Rakf.stkaw, Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., Cleveland, Ohio. G, C. Brooks, New York State Electric & Gas Corp., Binghamton, N. Y. Robert M. Hutchison, Houston Natural Gas Co., Houston, Texas. E. H. Lehman, Interstate Power Co., Dubuque, Iowa. Ralph J. Young, Public Service Co. of Indiana, Indianapolis, Ind. Smith Committee--Dr. Hart E. Fishf.r (Chairman), Chicago Rapid Transit Co,, Chicago, III. Councilors (Past General Chairman)-- John J. Baraka, The Laclede Gas Light Co., St. Louis, Mo. E. S. Rf.aumont, The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chicago, 111. C. B. Boui.f.t, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. G. A. Dofj.i.f.r, Dayton Power & Light Co., Dayton, Ohio. J. B. Douc.i.as, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Smbership Committee--D. A. Fleming (Chairman), Rural Electrification Administration, Washington, D. C. D. W. Prairie, Northwestern Electric Co., Portland, Oregon. oes Letter Committee--J. B. Porcher (Chairman), Ohio Edison Co., Akron, Ohio. t W. L. Smith, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. R. R. Conn, Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. H. E. Crain, The Ohio Power Co., Canton, Ohio. EL J. Krf.h, Philadelphia Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Wills Maclauhlan, Electrical Engineer, Toronto, Ont., Canada. B. B. McCuli-ough, Bureau of Safety, Inc., Chicago, III. R. S. Metzger, Toledo Edison Co., Toledo, Ohio. A. A. Klinge, Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver, Colo. D. E. Woods, Central Power & Light Co., Corpus Christ!, Texas. f*ter arid Safety Kinks Committee--P. A. Ai.berty (Chairtnan), The Ohio Fuel Gas Co., Columbus, Ohio. Gf.orgf. Opr, Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Mich. H. A. Ptolemy. Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, III. C. J. Rutland, Texas Power & Light Co., Dallas, Texas. H. F. Wf.bb, West Penn System, Pittsburgh, Pa. SpecHia.l RAe. pPrteoselnetmatyiv, ePsu--blic Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, 111. (A.G.A.) W. R. Smith, Public Service Electric & Co., Newark, N. J. (E.E.I.) W. P. Binks, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, Tenn. Raymond Rollins, Missouri Public Service Corp., Warrensburg, Mo. J. E. Stott, Georgia Power Co., Atlanta, Ga. tgram Committee--J. T. O'Brien (Chairman), Jersey Centra! Power & Light Co., AsjWry Park, N. Y. L. P. Hoffman, Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, Fla. J. 0. Speed, Alabama Power Co., Birmingham, Ala. Sicily Committee--B. A. Thoridn (Chairman), Indiana & Michigan Electric Co., South i, Ind. Officers 1941-1942f General Chairman--P. L. G. Hasskarl, Pennsylvania Power & Light Co., Allentown, PlL r. L. Cone, Utah Power & Light Co., Salt Lake Gty, Utah. T. S. Shinn, Carolina Power & Light Co., Raleigh, N. C. liilitj Committee--E. M. Chase (Chairman), Central Vermont Public Service Corp., (Inland, Vt. Pice-Chairman--D. C. Duncan, Appalachian Electric Power Co., Bluefield, W. Va. Secretary--E. S. Miner, American Telephone & Telegraph Co,, New York City, N. Y. Engineering Committee--J. M. Orts (Chairman), Public Service Corp., Newark, N. J. H. H. Bf.rman, Consolidated Gas, Electric Light & Power Co., Baltimore, Md. E. C. Bookman, Virginia Electric & Power Co., Richmond, Va. Paul R. Kuhn, Pennsylvania Edison Co., Altoona, Pa. John MacLeii.an, Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Ont J. M. Strike, St. Joseph Railway Light Heat & Power Co., St. Joseph, Mo. Data Sheet Suit-Committee--E. L. Fitzgerald (Chairman), Ohio Edison Co., Sprii OhJi.o.G. Dickinson, Wisconsin Electric Power Co., Milwaukee, Wis. W. H. Kussmaul, Northern Indiana Public Service Co., Hammond, Ind. J. J. Steuerwald, Indianapolis Power & Light Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Safety Instruction Card Sub-Committee--E. A. Rust (Chairman), Erie County Electric ErWie,. PHa.. Adams, The Manufacturers Light & Heat Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. tA elected by deleuates in OinRress Session. K. Stiles, Ebasco Services, Inc., New York City, N. Y. rs at Large-- H. J. Burton, Consumers Power Co., Jackson, Mich. C. H. Davis, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, 111. C K. Dinsmore, Wisconsin Power & Light Co., Madison, Wis. E. P. Durfee, Consolidated Edison Co. of N. Y,, Inc., New York City, N. Y. Motors (Past General Chairmen)-- John J. Barada, The Laclede Gas Light Light Co., St. Louis, Mo. E. S. Beaumont, The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chicago, 111.. C B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. Chas. S. Bowden, Ohio Public Service Co., Alliance, Ohio. G. A. Doeller, Dayton Power & Light Co., Dayton, Ohio. J.B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co., Philadelphia, Pa. lev M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. t J. Kreh, Philadelphia Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Wills Maclachlan, Electrical Eng., Toronto, Out., Canada. IB. McCulloch, Bureau of Safety, Inc., Chicago, 111. 1S. Metzger, Toledo Edison Co., Toledo, Ohio. G*ge Opp, Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Mich. 602 30th National Safety Congress Public Utilities Section 603 H. lA. r'Tot.F.MY, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, 111. C. ). Rutland, Texas Power & Light Co., Dallas, Texas. H. F. Webb, West Penn System, Pittsburgh, Pa. Sf'"t G"' E"c,ric' u`h` *Powcr Co" The cost of colored slides is considerably higher than for the previous type of slides. A roll of film containing IK exposures will cost nred slides and therefore, although the wall can tie used, a screen is recommended. approximately $2.50, which price, however, Now we have briefly given you the idea of " includes all processing and mounting in slides. film slides and equipment required. Let us H. H. Berman, This makes each slide cost approximately 14 see what the total minimum cost will he for c(iAA.SGG.DAi.r)..iu., Pennsylvana Water & Power Co.. Baltimore. Md. (E.E.I.). cents, which, considering the superior prod you to start illustrating your safety talks uct, is well worth the cost. with pictures of your men, your working con TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION Now let us consider the equipment that will be required. October 7, 1941 The first piece of equipment needed will be t camera. Good cameras can be purchased fer as little as $15 and up to as high as you Presiding:--(Ieneral Chairman Charles S. Bowden, General Safety Chairman, Ohio teire to go, $200 or more if you wish to go Public Service Company, Alliance, O. fat far. For example, the camera that I use tost $35. It has a reasonably "last" lens and The Use, Cost and Preparation of Film Slides for Safety Work sufficient dials and knobs to cause me to stop w) think just how to use it each time I at.lonpt to take a picture. It's a well built camjw*. plain American throughout, but if it is By J. L. McNEALY Purchasing Department, Columbua & Southern Ohio Electric Co., Columbus, Ofefc I am going to discuss film slides, not glass slides. I intend to give you a brief idea of a simple and inexpensive way whereby any or ganization, he it large or small, can effec tively transmit hy means of pictures any safety idea to any group regardless of its size. This method is well within the means of the smallest organization and requires no elalxi- rate or expensive equipment. First, let us consider the physical aspects of these slides. They are prepared from 35 mm. film, and are cut to size and mounted in card board holders approximately 2 inches hy 2 inches. Some are prepared in black and white and some in color. The first typo is the simplest and most in expensive. It is nothing more than a nega The second type of slide is a positive bli and white slide. In this case the blacks ` whites are not reversed but are in the co relationship with one another. This is somewhat better when there L. persons in the scene. In many cases the ! pie are recognizable and this always additional interest to the scene. The ctfst of this slide is approximate 7 cents each. The same base material is tr as in the case of the negative slide, plus a I amount of material required to convert negative into a positive film. From black and white positives slides, < next step is toward a more finished jht"1 This finished product being slides in Colored slides have many advantages, grain is absent, there is inclined to be i "1 right it will give good results. : with yo_ ur camerwa tshuevrlCe 4a1reC many asories that are available: flash guns, I* finders, tripods, light meters and other Ipts too numerous to mention. However, rou are just starting, leave the gadgets : and stick to picture taking; gadgets come later. ! next piece of equipment required is a ictor. Projectors range in price from 4 to $65, and I presume you can go r if you care to do so. like next piece of equipment required will I ween. Screens range in price from $6 BO. Ten to twelve dollars will purchase a 1 beaded screen. I ween is desirable, yet if necessary the tetes can be projected on the wall. How ie wall coloring will detract from col- ditions, your hazards and your ideas of right and wrong ways of doing work. First, a camera Second, a projector Third, a screen $15.00 12.50 8.00 Total $35.00 Now let us assume, for sake of argument, that you will have 24 safety meetings per year. Then the spread of your equipment cost over the year would be approximately $1.48 p, er meeting. aLwevti uits assume you will shhoow ten sclitidrinees np*er* meeting. 'TrLhi!s- wou*ld4 be $1.40 for slides, making a total cost of $2.48 per meeting. And I believe $2.48 is within the reach of every company. Now do I hear murmurs going around the room to the effect that I have neglected to take into consideration the time involved ? That is true, I have not included the time involved because, as in my case, you will se cure your pictures while around on your reg ular duties. You will see an unsafe condition here, a hazard there, and you will snap them. You will then have the slide prepared and ready for the next safety meeting, together with an exhortation on the evils of connect ing t.h..e. the "hot unwise line" to p--r-a--c--tice the of b..o...t.t.o..m. of a, not using cutout; rubber goods; and many others too numerous to mention. And what is more it will "get over" because you will be showing your men condi tions that they will recognize as their own. tive projected on the screen. In this case the eroptical effect which enhances the pe~ image is reversed, the blacks arc white and five and gives an effect of solidity or rt the whites are black. This type is consider ably limited in scope and when projected to any size, its clarity is lost through the inher ent grain of the film. However, in cases where persons are not included in the film it will suffice to illustrate the point that you de sire to get across to your men. This film can tie purchased for approxi mately 90 cents for 36 exposures, develop mmeanktinagnmdal mneot ucnotisntgofa- papprporxoimximatae.tlye-Ily-554A c--ceennt*sts,,, per slide. In this case the persons are easily nizable, the wires are clear and distinct I also the absence of rubber protective "* ment is clear. Many are unfamiliar with poison iv this case you can show them what it like without fear of becoming poisoned. Or you may want to stress the value fi taining your eyesight. Use your goggfateP lparioiutencgt yyuomur eyes so t.<ha-.t --you---c---a--n--.S-t-;ittti ^ pictures such as these. Home-Made Movies in Public Utility Work By JOHN M. ORTS Director of Safety Education, Public Service Corporation, Newark, N. J. are large numbers of men--and -whose sales resistance to the acciIfrwention idea has yet to be broken E Their reaction to the lecture, to the L, board, to the poster, to the patn- "1 the classroom, is one of general in- difference. They just don't carel And it is this group, who, in the main, are responsible for our accidents and to whom we have to devote particular attention and personal treat ment. Mhh Notional Safety Congress 624 1. It provides protection to the worker in case of accidental contact by isolating the worker from ground. 2. It offers additional insulation on poorly insulated or grounded structures. it is felt desirable on the higher voltages now being worked with rubber protective devices. 4. It offers the possibility of establishing at a higher voltage the dividing line between lines which can be worked with rubber pro tective equipment and those requiring wood .1. It provides additional insulation where insulated tools. ADJOURNMENT Refrigeration Section Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--A. R, Rall. Kansas City Power & Light Co., Kansas City, Mo. Iice-Chairnum--F.hrr S. Lusk, Peter F.ckrich & Sons, Inc., Kalamazoo, Mich. Secretary--Emerson A. Braniit, National Association of Ice Industries, Chicago, 111. Heivs Letter Committee-- A. A. Rail. J. F. Nickerson, American Institute of Refrigeration., Chicago, 111. W. H. Senyarp, Louisiana Power & Light Co., New Orleans, La. Engineering Committee--H. L. Lincoln (Chairman), The Union Ice Co., San Francisco, Calif. Votaw Harrison, Gulf Oil Corp., Port Arthur, Texas. L. P. Reiss, Southwestern Gas & Electric Co., Marshall, Texa'. Health Committee--D. E. W<x>ns (Chairman), Central Power & Light Co., Corpus Christi, Texas. C. A. Linder. Booth Fisheries Corp., Qiicago, 111. C. H. Meyer, Public Service Co. of Oklahoma, Tulsa, Okla. Membership Committee-- T. A. Adams, Jr., Union Terminal Cold Storage Co., New York, N. Y. Trogram Committee--T. W. Roues (Chairman), Carbide & Carlton Whiting, Ind. R. H. Brandow, City Ice & Fuel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Don T. Lacey, Central Illinois Public Service Co., Springfield, 111. Chemicals Corp., fnblicity Committee--E. C. Barnes (Chairman), Wcstinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. John Burke, Westinghousc Electric & Manufacturing Co., Sharon, Pa. ' s Committee Chairman--T. S. Shinn, Carolina Power & Light Co., Raleigh, N. C. Education Committee--R. B. Oakley (Chairman), Chicago Ice Producers Mutual Lability Co., Chicago, 111. H. G. Henriksen, California Consumers Corp., Los Angeles, Calif. H. D. Sanford, Peoples Ice Co. of Syracuse, Syracuse, N. Y. General Chairmen-- L W. Dawley, Southern United Ice Co., Jackson, Miss. CH. Harper, Southern United Ice Co., Jackson, Miss. Officers 1941-1942f Chairman--Eber S. Lusk, Peter Eckrich & Sons, Inc., Fort Wayne, Ind. Emerson A. Bbandt, National Association of Ice Industries, Chicago, IU. -R. H. Brandow, City Ice & Fuel Co., Cleveland, O. tletter Editor--Bruce Dodson, Casualty Reciprocal Exchange, Kansas City, Mo. bri*? Committee Chairman--Harold M. Toombs, The Stevens Hotel, Chicago, IU. by delegates in Congress Session. 625 626 30th National Safety Congress \ Health Commune--K. C. Barnes (Chairman), Westinghousc Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. F. D. Kino, Kailway Ice Co., Chicago, 111. Membership Committee--D. E. Woods (Chairman), Central Power & Light Co., Corpus Christi, Texas. W. J. Vii.es, E. J. Brack & Sons, Chicago, III. Program Committee -T. W. Roofs (Chairman), Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp., Whit ing, Ind. Simeon T, Price, Terminal Refrigerating & Warehousing Corp., Washington, D. C. Publicity Committer--W. F. Leonard (Chairman), Southland'Ice Co., Dallas, Texas Frank A. O'Hara, Union Terminal Cold Storage Co., New York City, N. Y. Statistics Committee--J. T. Janda (Chairman), Booth Fisheries Corp., Chicago, III. W. H. Senyard, Louisiana Power & Light Co., New Orleans, La. Visual Education Committee--Vi. A. Kai.uster (Chairman), Peoria Service Co., Peoria, IB- H. D. Sanford, Peoples Ice Co. of Syracuse, Syracuse, N. Y. Past General Chairmen-- C. H. Harper. Southern United Ire Co., Jackson, Miss. A. A. Ram., Kansas City Power & Light Co., Kansas City, Mo. Refrigeration Section Table 1.--List of Common Refrigerants , Name Ammonia.................. Carbon dioxide ...................... Methyl formate ........................ Sulfur dioxide ................................... Ethane......................... Propane......................... Butane.................... bohutane....................... Methyl chloride................................ Ethyl chloride .......................... 1 Dkhloromethane (Carrene No. 1)........ Dkhloroethvlene.............. Formula 627 Mol. wt. 17 At 44.01 An nz AA C\A otnU.AU7/ AA no 84 94 TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7, 1941 Kchloromonofluoromethane (Freon-21) .. Dichlorodifiuoromethaiie (Freon-12) ... Trichloromonofluoromethane (Freon-11) Kchlorotetrafluoroethane (Frcon-114) 102 93 12092 13738 170.93 Presiding:--General Chairman A. A. Rall, Safety Supervisor, Kansas City Power k j Light Company, Kansas City, Mo. Safe Use of Refrigerants By H. H. SCHRENK Chief Chemist, Health Division, Bureau of Mine*, Pittsburgh, Pa. The properties of refrigerants may be broadly classified into three main groups: (1) Those important for refrigeration; (2) those significant from the standpoint of con fining the refrigerant; and (3) those that be come important if the refrigerant escapes from the machine or container. the toxicity, fire, and explosion hazards controlled as long as the refrigerant is c fined. Some properties of this group are (I) ' stability, (2) corrosiveness, (3) boiB^lj point, (4) pressure developed in the sy (5) warning odor or irritation, and (6) of detection. The first group of properties, such as latent heat of vaporization, specific heat of vapor, specific heat of liquid, etc., is not considered to be directly related to safety and is not dis cussed here. The second group--those properties im portant in confining the refrigerants--has particular significance because it relates to "built-in" safety. This is emphasized because it is believed that the soundest procedure in designing equipment is to give due considera tion to both the health and safety hazards likely to be associated with it. Furthermore, The third group includes such as toxicity (of compound and deco products), irritating action, and exp Many substances have been suggested I tried as refrigerants, but the number r" more or less extensively is limited. (T-* gives a list of refrigerants that are ' in the American Standard Safety ( Mechanical Refrigeration B9-1939.) The compounds are listed in (amt groups: (1) Miscellaneous, (2) *""* bons of the methane series, (3) iWrocarbons, and (4) chlorofluorohydrocar[Wa compounds. Molecular weights are given because of *ur relationship to weight of gas per unit Lme. The molecular weight of air calcu! upon the basis of its composition is apwimately 29. Any gas having a molecular fht less than this is lighter than air, and i gas with a higher molecular weight is nrier than air. Expressing it another way, higher the molecular weight the less gas jhbrmed per unit of weight; that is, 1 pound ^ammonia will produce about 23 cubic feet Ifu at 25 C. and 760 mm, while 1 pound (Freon-114 will produce 2.3 cubic feet of t 2 gives some properties of refrigerat are significant in connection with ; them in a mechanical system. : refrigerants listed are arranged in bnce with decreasing boiling point, l in general, tends to parallel the presSdoped in the system. Materials suit- withstand such pressure must be lu the greater the pressure the greatlyonibility of leaks, as well as rupture Naand joints. Compounds having low | pointi operate at pressures exceeding atmospheric on both high-and low-pressure sides, and all leaks are outward. Those with high boiling points may operate on a nega tive pressure on both high and low side, or only on the low side. Should leaks occur, the escape of refrigerant would be much slower than for those compounds that have a low boiling point and are gases at ordinary room temperature and pressure. Prevention of leaks is necessary, not onty because of hazard to health and safety but also to overcome operation difficulties. Corrosiveness is one of the most important properties of refrigerants, not only from the standpoint of safety but also of operation. It is not surprising, therefore, that virtually all the common refrigerants are non-corro sive, particularly in the absence of moisture. Ammonia will attack copper and brass, but apparently even these metals will stand up in piston rings, rods, and bearings that are pro tected by an oil film. Aqua ammonia has virtually no effect on steel or iron pipe. Al though noncorrosive when dry, sulfur dioxide is quite reactive in the presence of moisture. The halogenated hydrocarbons containing either chlorine or fluorine, or both, in gener al have low corrosiveness even in the pres ence of moisture, the fluorine derivatives 634 30th National Safely Congress keep in step. Particularly they should learn to respect the "point of application" of the cutting elements of the machine that is doing the work. Typical machine accidents from our own experience with these machines confirm the statistics already quote*!: namely, the per centage of permanent injuries is the greatest when accidents involve machines. An analysis was made to determine the contributing causes of twelve typical acci dents involving 462 days of lost time and, in addition, heavy penalties because of the loss of a hand and one and one-half fingers. Of slight interval to permit a condition to de velop in which he could work safely. These dangerous habits can be eliminated; the acci dents resulting from the normal hazards of the work can be reduced to a minimum; and the men save themselves from painful and many times disabling injuries by keeping in mind and following these instructions: 1. Do not operate any power-driven ice processing machine unless you have been in structed in its use. 2. See that all safeguards are in plate. Wear the proper protective clothing, and use all the protective equipment provided. these accidents 7--were in connection with the regular operation of the machine. S--while adjusting or repairing it. 2--resulted from improper tool used. 3--from an improper method. 1--included a dangerous procedure. 2--the block of ice was broken. 3. When handling ice into the machine, use the proper tools. It is dangerous to kick or shove ire blocks into a machine with your feet or hands. 4. Never put your hands into a saw-type cubing machine: never attempt to remove cubes with your hands while the saws are ie motion. 5. Always stop any machine before remov ing refuse ice; then use a stick or an ice pick 3--the man slipped. 4--failure of the process. 8 out of 10 injuries could have been avoided if the man who was hurt had paid atten tion to what he was doing. In 12 of them the machine was running. to clear away the ice. 6. Before oiling a power-driven machine and before making adjustments or repair^ always lock the disconnecting switch in the electric circuit. When the work is complete!, before removing the lock, see that all toots have been removed from the machine M! In each case no accident would have oc curred had the injured kept in mind the sim plest of instructions and acted accordingly. In each case the machine and its saws or picks were still running which definitely increased the seriousness of the accident. Possibly the single cause would be heedlessness. Even if the machine were not properly guarded and even if it had not stopped run ning, the workman might easily have avoided being hurt if he had paid attention to the con ditions around him even if that meant a that all safeguards are in place. 7. Keep the floor about the machine free <4 loose ice and stumbling hazards. 8. Before leaving a power-driven mac always turn off the power and wait until has stopped running. These instructions are available on Instruction Gird No. 490 published by Safety Council. Hand them to the men upon to do this work when they are assigned to the job. adjournment Rubber Section Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Co., Providence, R. I. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--Ralph Farnum, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Secretary & Engineering Committee Chairman--D. G. Wf.i.cii, Curtiss-Wright Corp., Air plane Div,, Pant No. 2, Buffalo, N. Y. Hews Letter Editor--John L. Gridf.r, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N. J, Health Committee--Dr. W. S. Ash (Chairman). U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Dr. J. Newton Shirlev, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Newton, Mass. Membership Committee Chairman--K. C. Loomis, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. Publicity Committee Chairman--R. M. Weimer, The Dayton Rubber Manufacturing Go., Dayton, Ohio. Members at Large-- *E. W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. *R. A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. *C. F. Horan, Hood Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass. J. J. Lock, The General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. J. E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Co., Passaic, N. J. W. H. MaoKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Urban L. Moler, Inland Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. *R. W. Moesf., The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. William Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. C. W. Upford, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. Paul Van Cleee, Van Geef Brothers, Chicago, 111. v/mcers iyff-l-iy4ZT Chairman--Ralph Farnum, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Chairman in Charge of Program--John L. Grider, American Hard Rubber Co., fctler, N. J. elary--K. C. Loomis, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, O. Letter Editor--J. E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Co., Passaic, N. J. erring Committee Chairman--J. J. Raytkwich, U. S. Rubber Co., Mishawaka, Ind. Ik Committee--Dr. W. S. Ash (Chairman), U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Dr. J. Newton Shirley, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Newton, Mass. 'ership Committee Chairman--J. J. I.0C.E, The General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, O. ily Committee Chairman--Paul Van Cleef, Van Geef Bros., Chicago, 111. ' j Committee Chairman--Roland Kastell, U. S. Rubber Co., New York City, N. Y. rs at Large-- E.W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Co., New York Citiy, N. Y. 'll A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Diner Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Co., Providence, R. I. C.F. Horan, Hood Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass. Yltt General Chairman tti elected by delegates in Congress Session. 635 63C i 30th National Safety Congress W. II. MacKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Urban L. Moi.f.r, Inland Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, O. *R. M. Morsf., The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, O. William Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron. O. R. M. Weimer, The Dayton Rubber Manufacturing Co., Dayton, 0. "Past General < hatrntati MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 6, 1941 Presiding:-^General Chairman Oliver Hopkins, Supervisor of Safety, U. S. Rubber Company, Providence, R. I. Lest We Forget By M. A. CLARK Manager, Industrial and Public Relations, U. S. Rubber Company, Detroit As I look bark a quarter of a century and review our attitude toward safety, I find there are four periods. The first was the very in definite and small amount of interest and thought of safety developed only by those few brave souls who had the crusader spirit. The next period undoubtedly was that of the definite crusaders, and we went out with a lot of enthusiasm and hope and desire to save our fellow man from injury and death be cause we believed, or at least gave appear to the whole economic system, because of re duction and elimination of production through accidents, and because of compensation cost* which might have been avoided. There, agaia. a sound contribution was made by those de* voted people, who in spite of every setback, still worked for men. In approaching tht situation today, I have used as the subject <1 my short address to you, "Lest We Forget," that in a new era of safety we are mindful (4 all types of preceding safety efforts. ance of belief, that we were interested in him as a human being. At that time, every speaker portrayed the husband and father leaving for work in the morning with the wife and children waiting on the doorstep, waving goodbye with the prayer that he come hack to them in the same condition that night. He musn't come back with mangled limbs or be brought home on a stretcher. Of course, it was all exaggeration. No wife and children ever waved Dad off to work on a cold winter morning. Perhaps they were all glad he was gone, "the old crab." Let us forget the value of the first and t ond, and not be unmindful of the results <4t the third. I am wondering, as I talk to ym if we haven't possibly, in the last phase t this situation, been devoting too much time I statistics and too little time to the real fact! and doing something about it? I realize if * there must be an accounting and I realize I that there must be some sort of proof to j tify expenditures for safety work, but I w der too, if we haven't erred a little in statistics in side-stepping and being a bit on the dishonest side. But the very exaggeration was intended to I am well aware of the splendid create emotion which would cause people to that have been made all over the country rise up and develop this great mission of acci the great reductions in lost time are: dent prevention, and it was worthwhile. but I am wondering if we have not bw Then came the next period, the rational one. when we began to preach accident pre vention on the basis of the economic loss through lack of safety. We used figures and statistics to show the cost of insurance, the terrible loss in industry, to the wage earner, together too prone to call the lost time " dent only that accident which compels th dividual to be absolutely away from hit ; of employment. We have not faced the that the lost time accident is the accidmi prevents a man from carrying on hit Rubber Section | work in a normal way. The fact that wc may take an individual, who has met with an acci dent on a particular machine, and have found a one-handed job for him, does not absolve us Irom the moral untruth which we are so willing to accept. Have we not, in most cases, accepted sta tistics and figures as being the goal rather than merely a guide? I am inclined to think that from here on, whether we like it or not, the basis that this is a crusade. This is not a clock watching job. This job is never fin ished. I can't possibly understand how we can do a safety job if we never get back to the plant at the odd times of night or Sun days when the equipment is not operating as well as when the thing is in full blast and everyone is tumbling over the other and it is hard to find out what is wrong. we must lie guided in our safety work, not Do a Better Job wrely by the thing that happened, but by all the conditions which caused the happening. We must recognize that when an individual eannot continue to work in a regular way at fe regular job, it is as much a lost time acci dent as if we were paying compensation. Let * admit that, at least to ourselves. Industry of itself has created an active Frankenstein, a monster which frequently I agree that human beings must have va riety. Otherwise, the mental activities will atrophy. I agree that all work and no play certainly can make Jack a dull boy. So too, I can agree that this constant application of our minds to safety can become routine and monoton >us. But if we can accept our safety responsib lities in the same light that we ac cept our l'aith in our Maker, (and I am as lets out of control, and within tliat Franken stein in our own particular industry, we have de juggernauts of production still getting out if control. Apparently we have not faced the let that we created these conditions, and it moral responsibility to see that these jug- Itmauts are controlled and that wc cannot ape our responsibility by attempting to ve that individuals suffer their accidents lom their own carelessnesses. suming that we are always conscious of Divine Presence) we can accept it in the spirit then that we are always conscious of safety. We are conscious that we must do a better job than we are doing today and, "Lest We Forget", keep before our minds at all times the one golden rule, "Do for the other fellow about what you would expect him to do for vou." Can we not always carry in cur Sometimes, I am inclined to believe that I thoughts too, that our fellow worker is a man pnonally, as an example, have been too pone to compare our statistical findings with lose of others and have been satisfied that chave made progress in comparison, rather o taking the other point of view, never fing what the other fellow has, never created in God's own image, and that you and I must recognize that our lack of ac ceptance of responsibility for him can be definitely a sin of omission, which may be great or greater than the sins of commis sion ? ding how honest or dishonest the statismight be. Let us find out what everyone Take the best and put it in operation. The time lias long gone by when we can pass the buck and say, "I placed an order covering this job," or "I told the foreman to 24 Hours of Safety Again, do we accept this safety job when ring the card at 8:00 in the morning, and relinquish the safety job when we leave 5t00 at night ? Possibly we all know, but do it." We cannot evade the responsibility which carries the authority with it that we must get things done, although in the doing of them sound judgment, sound common sense, much cooperation and tact must be used. ally I think we forget, that a safety is operating 24 hours a day, 7 days and when we accept an assigned relity as a safety supervisor, or in any of safety work, we must accept it on I sincerely trust that in your deliberations throughout this entire safety conference, you and I and all others will be conscious of the fact that we have a definite responsibility to safeguard our fellow workers. 654 30th National Safety Congress I if is sometimes necessary to make substitu tion* for solvents formerly used. Also, en tirely new processes or applications of sol vents may require the attention of the safety engineer. If the plan of use comprises a number of units for either hand or machine should be provided for removing this vapor. The speaker has found that 10 per cent of the total exhaust, including all local ventila tion, should be at the floor ievel. Safety in the use of solvents requires a knowledge of the vapor concentration in Steam Railroad Section Officers 1940-1941 application the construction of an experi workroom air. You are probably familiar mental unit is recommended prior to the with the combustible gas indicator for testing . - -.......... , ,v,aiyuiiki jsiiuway C.O., Hagerstown, Md. Vice-Chairman--O. F. Gnadinger, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, Co., Joliet, 111. design of complete ventilation equipment. manholes, tanks, etc., to determine if an ex The experimental unit can be cheaply con plosive mixture is present and if it is safe for Secretary and News Letter Editor--J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. structed, using such materials as wallboard, etc., to control the air currents. A damper or other control should be used for varying the amount of exhausted air. Using an in strument for measuring the vapor concentra tion, such a unit can be thoroughly tested under actual operating conditions. Variables workmen to enter the tank. The indication , Program Committee--P. F. Buckle (Chairman), Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. Co., on the dial of this instrument is a warning Chicago, 111. only concerning a possibility of acute poison- F. A. Boc.ue, Chicago, Rock Island St Pacific Co., Chicago, III. ing which is a narcosis or asphyxiation. J. M. Guiu>, Union Pacific Railroad, Omaha, Nebr. For chronic poisoning, the vapor concentra- ; tions are far too low to be indicated on the . combustible gas indicator. A more sensitive f UmSership Committee--Robert mington, N. C. Scott (Chairman), Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Co., Wil such as air velocity, volume of air, location form of this instrument is the M.S.A. Ben- i A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railw, y Co., Duluth, Minn. and dimensions of inlet slots or openings can zol indicator having a full scale reading o( j Statistics Committee--T. H. Carrow (Chairman), The Pennsjlvania Railroad, Philadelphia. be determined. 1,000 P.P.M. and indicating 20 P.P.M. per 9 It is recommended that the ventilation of division. When Benzol is used, this instr*"9 F. R. Bradford, Boston & Maine Railroad, Boston, Mass. D. G. Phillips, Wabash Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. the experimental unit be such that the max ment is extremely valuable for determining lerf Committee--C. L. LaFountaine (Chairman), Great Northern Railway Co., St. imum vapor concentration breathed by the the vapor concentration in workroom air. It ] Paul, Minn. workmen does not exceed 50 per cent of the has also been used with special calibration farjffl accepted maximum safe concentration. For vapors such as Toluol and Cyclohexane anil L. G. Bentley, The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co., Richmond, Va. G. W. Elste, Jr., Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co., Baltimore, Md. example, the maximum safe concentration for can probably be used for any combustible* Benzol adopted by the American Standard vapor. The instrument is very useful tel L. R. Palmer (Secretary), Equitable Life Assurance Society of U. S., New York City. J. J. Snavely, New York, New Haven & Hartford Railway Co., New Haven, Conn. Association is 100 P.P.M. If the experiment testing totally enclosed systems for inciptertf al unit is designed so that the vapor concen leaks around pipe flanges and pump gaskets. Mer Committee--L, J. Benson (Chairman), Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific R. R. Co., Chicago, III. tration breathed by the worker does not ex ceed 50 P.P.M. that leaves a safety factor to allow for unforseen variables. Even with well designed local ventilation near the place of evaporation some of the vapor will probably leak past the exhaust in let. Exhaust inlet openings at the floor level In the prevention of chronic poisoning, it is extremely important that periodic tests he made of the workroom air especially during, various stages of operation and when Mpj changes are made in the ventilating equip ment or method of application of the solvent,) C H. Blakemore, Norfolk & Western Railway Co., Roanoke, Va. W. R. Lofgren, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway Co., St. Paul, Minn. t Practices Pamphlet Committee--T. K. Gage (Chairman), Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. Co., Chicago, III, W. J. Flannigan, Northern Pacific Railway Co., St. Paul, Minn. G. C. Jefferis, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway System, Chicago, III. 'nations and Elections Committee--H. A. Daakf. (Chairman), Erie R. R. Co., Cleveisd, Ohio. adjournment M. T. Fulton, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. E. L. Henry, Chicago & North Western Railway Co., Chicago, 111. ih Committee--Dr. I. S. Cutter (Chairman), Chicago & North Western Railway j)., Chicago, III. Dr. Harvf.y Bartle, The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. Officers 1941-1942f oJ Chairman--O. F. Gnadingfh, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet, 111. 'hdrman--F. A. Bogue, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co., Chicago, 111. (ary and News Letter Editor--H. A. Daake, Erie Railroad Co., Cleveland, Ohio, sni Committee--F. A. Bogue, (Chairman), Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. Chicago, 111. P. F. Buckle, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. C. W. Elste, Jr., Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co., Baltimore, Md. fctltd'by delegates in Congress Session. 655 656 ( 30th National Safety Congress Membership Committee--Robert Scott (Chairman), Adamic Coast Line Railroad Co., WAilm. iVng. tRono,hwNe. dCe.r, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Minn. Statistics Committee--T. II. Carrow (Chairman), The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, PaF. . R. Bradford, Boston & Maine Railroad, Boston, Mass. D. C. Phillips. Wabash Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. Contest Committee C. li. Hiu. (Chairman), New York Central System, New York, N. Y. L. G. Bentley, The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co., Richmond, Va. L. R. Palmer (Secretary), Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. S., New York, N.J.YJ. . Snavei.y, New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Co., New Haven, Conn. Poster Committee--W. R. Lofgrbn (Chairman), Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha RaGil.wMay. CDoe.m, pSst.eyP, aCuhl,icMaginon, .Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. O. Ashworth, The Alton Railroad Co., Bloomington, III. Safe Practices Pamphlet Committee--W. J. Flan nigan (Chairman), Northern Pacific Rail wJ.ayR.CTo.e, nSnt.ePy,auWl,eMstienrnn. Maryland Railroad Co., Hagerstown, Md. R. C. Hei.wio, The Delaware & Hudson Corp., Oneonta, N. Y. Nominations amt Elections Committee--E. L. Henry (Chairman), Chicago & Norik WeMs.teTrn. FRualiltwoany, CKoa.n, sCashicCaigtyo, S1o11u. thern Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. M. A. Leahy, Chicago, West Pullman & Southern Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. Health Committee--Dr. I. S. Cutter (Chairman), Chicago & North Western Railway Co, ChDicra.gHo,aIrIIv.ey Bartle, The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7, 1941 Presiding:--General Chairman J. R. Tenney, Superintendent of Safety, Western MaiJ End Railway Company, Hagerstown, Md. Grade Crossing Accidents Presiding:--Chas. E. Hill, General Safety Agent, New York Central System, New City. The Highway Grade Crossing Accident Situation as Vi< by the Railroad Claim Department By WM. J. HOLDEN DUtrict Claim Agent, New York Central System, Cleveland, O. In 1940 over 1,800 people were killed and 4,500 injured in grade crossing accidents and for the first six months of 1941, 880 were killed and over 2,200 injured. There are approximately 250,000 highway grade crossings in the VUVnit.edJ St tates, i a potential accident hazard. The c* there is one, and we believe there primarily in education and law enfor and education must always begin with I Steam Railroad Section . V 657 mentals. It is fatuous to believe that preach ing alone will solve the problem. We may delude ourselves with statistics, slogans and platitudes ami we may plead with the mo torist to cross crossings cautiously, but it will avail us little unless we have a basic understanding of grade crossing accidents ind face the problem with an open mind, willing to admit that the cure involves a dual obligation in which the railroad, as well as the highway traveler, must play its part. train, is potentially as dangerous as his less fortunate brother. Now what about the railroad? It, too, has certain duties and obligations. There must he a co-ordination of effort between the railroad and the highway traveler in order to obtain satisfactory results. First and foremost is the duty of the railroad to sound proper and effective engine bell and whistle signals for the highway crossing. Almost invariably in crossing accidents it is contended that this duty was not complied The problem is to so regulate the conduct with. Experience shows that the occasion is of the automobile driver and the operators comparatively rare when proper crossing of the railroad train that each onay have signals are not sounded, and yet it is difficult d* privilege and opportunity to occupy the to tmderstai/ why we are met with so much crossing without contest from the other. testimony /o the contrary in crossing acci It is a basic principle of law that where a dents. Tne necessity is such that those tailroad train ami a person traveling on the charged with the responsibility should in highway each approach a crossing at the sist upon a strict adherence to the obliga sine time, it is not the duty of the operators tion and see that crossing signals are of the train to stop the train, hut in keeping sounded so that the last blast of the whistle with the custom of the country it is the duty is drawn out until the crossing is reached. of the traveler on the highway to stop ami The continuous signal extending up to the M attempt to pass in front of the train. crossing is a vast improvement over the The violation of this duty and the resultant old two long and two short blasts of the attest for priority at the crossing is an whistle which were usually finished a long :rlying cause for grade crossing acci- distance before the engine had reached the ts. Motorists must be brought to the crossing. A study is suggested with a view nation of their obligation and responsi- to improving the tone and penetration of and the campaign of education must the. engine whistle and the possible use of be a fiash-in-the-pan sporadic one. It sound directors and whistle shields. ' acquire its effectiveness from constant ation and follow-up. The rights and "i of the highway traveler and the railare reciprocal; each owes a duty to other. I every question of doubt at the railroad ing were to be resolved on the side of and the chance-taker who contests right of occupancy of the crossing with tailroad train could be made to appre- the futility of his course, the railroad crossing problem would be one of rather than of fact. This statement carry particular weight with those * living in the middle western states we realize that for the past few years records of the Interstate Commerce 'ssion show that the four leading in automobile grade crossing acciixe Illinois, Ohio, Indiana and MichiThe chance-taker who is fortunate not to be struck when he contests the of occupancy of the crossing with the In the same connection, the practice of locating engine headlights in the center of the engine boiler or even lower rather than on top of the boiler as is still the practice on some railroads, is recommended. Then there is the duty to protect cross ings by proper and adequate means con sistent with the local situation and the nature and volume of the railroad and high way traffic. Opinions vary as to the pre ferred type of crossing protection. There are those, well versed in the crossing acci dent problem, who have a predilection for the manually operated crossing gates, op erated from a tower located at the crossing. There is a definite favoritism for the me chanical type of protection. One perti nent observation is that there is too much variety in the type of mechanical crossing devices and a lack of standardiza tion in locating the devices at the cross ing. In the course of a hundred miles one may encounter a half dozen or more 1 Safety Exposition Exhibitors Alphabetical List of Exhibitors of Industrial Safety Equipment Acme Protection Equipment Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Gas Masks, Hose Masks, Supplied Air Respirators. A. S. Aloe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Manufacturers of Surgical, Hospital and Laboratory Equipment and Supplies. American Abrasive Metals Co., Irvington, N. J. Safety Flooring, Treads,`Stair Treads, Abrasive rVnt. American-LaFrance-Foamite Corp., Elmira, N. Y. / Fire Protection Equipment. ^ American Optical Co., Southbridge, Maas. Head and Eye Protection Products, Safety Clothing. American Safety Tank Co., Kansas City, Mo. Automotive Fuel Supply Tanks. Aratzen, Inc., Chicago, 111. Emergency Ambulances and Stretcher Equipment. Automatic Canteen Co. of America, Chicago, 111. Confection and Bulk Carbonated Beverage Dispensing Machines. latter ft Black, Chicago, 111. Manufacturers of First Aid Kits and Dressings. lunch ft Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. Safety Goggles and Safety Goggle Lenses, letr Manufacturing Co., Rock Island, 111. Motor Vehicle Inspection and Correction Equipment. Dm Boyer-Campbell Co., Detroit, Mich. Industrial Safety Equipment. Iradley Waahfountain Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Washroom Equipment. Blown Shoe Co., St. Louia, Mo. Industrial Safety Shoes. thwart R. Browne Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. Milo Fire Appliance Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Fire Extinguishers. X.H.Buhrke Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Equipment for Construction and Maintenance. ID. Bullard Company, San Francisco, Calif. Personal Protective Equipment. Ikmogha Wellcome ft Co. (U. S. A.) Inc., New York, N. Y. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. ~e Rubber Co., Taneytown, Md. Safety Soles for Shoes. 719 720 30th National Safety Contjress Cardox Corp., Chicago, 111. Fire Extinguishing Systems. Chicago Eye Shield Co., Chicago, 111. Head and Eye I'rotcction Equipment. H. Child* ft Co., Inc., Pittiburgh, Pa. Industrial Safety Shoes. Ths Cleveland Overall Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Safe Industrial Work Clothing and Uniforms. Coca-Cola Co., Atlanta, Ga. Beverage Dispensing Equipment. Columbu* McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonawanda, N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety Hoists. C-O-Two Fire Equipment Co., Newark, N. J. Portable and Wheeled Type Fire Extinguishers. M. E. Cunningham Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Steel Stamps and Tools. Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Inc., Newark, N. J. First Aid and Industrial Safety Equipment. A. B. Dick Co., Chicago, I1L Mimeograph Duplicators and Mimeograph Brand Products. Dockaon Corp., Detroit, Mich. Head and Eye Protection Equipment. The C. B. Dolge Co., Westport, Conn. Floor Finishes, Disinfectants, and Hand Soaps. Dugaa Engineering Corp., Chicago, 111. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. Duo-Safety Ladder Corp., Oahkoah, Wis. Safety and Fire Ladders, and Ladder Shoes. E.I. du Pont de Nemours ft Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. Neoprene, Hand Cream and Cellulose Sponges. Elliott Service Co., New York, N. Y. Promotion of Safety and Efficiency. J. H. Emerson Co., Cambridge, Mass. The "Iron Lung." Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co. of Wisconsin, Wausau, Wis. Workmen's Compensation, Fire and Casualty Insurance. Kx-Cell-O Corp., Detroit, Mich. Pure Pak Paper Milk Containers. Fairway Laboratories, Inc., St. Louis, Mo. Salt Tablets and Dispensers. Finnell System, Inc., Elkhart, Ind. Electric Floor Maintenance Equipment and Compounds. Ford Good Drivers League, Dearborn, Mich. Good Driving Educational Campaign. Franklin Research Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Floor Maintenance Materials. The General Fire Truck Corp., Detroit, Mich. Fire Extinguishers and Allied Products. Safety Exposition. Exhibitors Great Stuff Products Co., Inc., West New York, N. J. Industrial Hand Soaps, Protective Creams, Dispensers. Hanovia Chemical ft Manufacturing Co., Newark, N. J. Sun Lamps and Ultraviolet Quartz Lamps for Every Purpose. Harley Davidson Motor Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Police Motorcycles and Related Equipment. Holcomb Safety Garment Co., Chicago, 111. Protective Clothing. Hoof Products Co., Chicago, 111. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors and Brake Eyes. Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Md. Mercurochrome First Aid Antiseptic. Industrial Gloves Co., Danville, 111. Industrial Safety Clothing. International Business Machines Corp., New York, N. Y. Electric Accounting Machines, Time Recording Devices. International Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Hy-Test Safety Shoes. Jnnldn Safety Appliance Co., Louisville, Ky. Safety Devices for Power Presses. ' Jostrits Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Cans and Fittings, Electric Safety Lanterns. Juvenile Wood Products, Inc., Fort Wayne, Ind. Automobile Seats for Babies. Xirel First Aid Supply Co., Chicago, IIL Industrial First Aid Supplies, Hospital Equipment. Xejntone View Co., Meadville, Pa. Industrial Visual Testing Equipment. Writer Kidde ft Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. The Kimball Safety Products Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Industrial Safety Products. t Writer G. Legge Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Floor Polishes and General Floor Maintenance Compounds. Lehigh Safety Shoe Co., Inc., Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Industrial Safety Shoes. Uberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Compensation and Public Liability Insurance. Ufhtfoot Schultz Co., New York, N. Y. Toilet Soaps for Industrial Washroom Use. ' 1W Lima Cord Sole and Heel Co., Lima, Ohio. ? Non-Slip Soles and Heels. LIbcwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. 1 Wire Rope, Braided Wire Rope Slings, and Allied Products. Kj-lirks and Fuller, Inc., Rochester, N. Y. p Identification Cameras and Equipment. 722 30lli National Safety Congress 1 The Martin<Uo Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Stretcher Cots, Safety Road Signs, Respirators for Non-Toxic Dusts. Maeury-Young Co., Bocton, Maw. Materials for Finishing and Maintaining Safe Floors. Thom McAn Safety Shoe Co., New York, N. Y. Thom McAn Safety Shoes. B. F. McDonald Co., Lo Angelei, Calif. Industrial Safety F.quipment. Medical Supply Co., Chicago, 111. First Aid Kits, Refills, Surgical Dressings and Pharmaceuticals. Melfiex Product* Co., Akron, Ohio. Industrial Safety Flooring, Steps Treads, Mats and Matting. Mer-Kil Chemical Products Co., Chicago, HL Disinfectants, Germicides, Deodorants and Fungicides. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York, N. Y. Life, Health, Accident, Pension and Group Insurance. Milburn Co., Detroit, Mich. Protective Creams for the Prevention of Occupational Skin Diseases. Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Appliances and First Aid Materials. Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Reflective Sign Material. Mir-O-Lite, Inc., Lincoln, Nebr. Reflecting Traffic Signs. National Conservation Bureau, New York, N. Y. Safety Education, Traffic Enforcement and Industrial Material. National Highway Supply Co., Chicago, III. Reflectorized Highway Traffic Signs. National Photo Identity Corp., Chicago, I1L Monroe Double Action Identification Camera. National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, IU. Posters, Bureau of Information, Research and Education Division. ' National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, Inc., New York, N. Y. Services and Education Materials on Preventing Industrial Eye Injuries. Onoz, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Prevention of Athlete's Foot. Owens-Coming Fibergla* Corp., Toledo, Ohio. Glass Insulating and Sound-Absorbing Wools, Air Filters, Glass Textile Fiber* O. H. Packwood Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. Safety Hand Soaps for Industrial Plant Use. Panther-Paneo Rubber Co., Inc., Cheleea, Mas*. Safety Soles and Heels. The Patent Scaffolding Co., Chicago, IIL Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. The Pbiater Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Fire Extinguishers and Allied Equipment. The Prosperity Co,, Inc., Syracuse, N. Y. Valves, Cylinders, Air Controls, Safety Controls for Presses. \ Safety Exposition Exhibitors Protectoseal Co., Chicago, IU. Safety Cans, Drum and Barrel Fittings. Pulmoaan Safety Equipment Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Industrial Safety Equipment. Pyrene Manufacturing Co., Newark, N. J. Fire Protection Equipment. Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Co., Columbus, Nebr. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes, Boots and Sandals. Ro*e Manufacturing Co., Denver, Colo. Industrial Safety Products. iuiu u^ui|/uicfl[ VrVt) ytlto. ' Industrial Safety Clothing, Equipment and Supplies. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Best & Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. Safety First Shoe Co., Hollitton, Mass. Safety Shoes. Stfway Steel Scaffold* Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Scaffold Equipment and Safety Ladders. W. H. Salisbury ft Co., Chicago, 111. Linemen's Rubber Protective Equipment. The Sanitary Institute of America, Chicago, IU. Sterilized Industrial Wiping Cloths. A Schrader's Son, Brooklyn, N. Y. Pneumatic Power Press Safety Control Devices. Scotch Flasher Display Co., Wichita, Kans. Animated Direct Light and Reflectorized Warning Signs. A* Sealtex Co., Chicago, 111. Self-Sticking Bandages. Nbtrom Manufacturing Co., Chicago, IU. Industrial Safeguards for Head and Eye Protection. A8mith ft Son, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. Hospital and Ambulance Cots. At Spencer Turbine Co., Hartford, Conn. Industrial Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collection Equipment. 17 Top-Sider Footwear Divition, U. S. Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. Safety Footwear. rd Safety Equipment Co., Chicago, IU. Industrial Safety Equipment. ' Scaffolding Co., Inc., Evansville, Ind. Steel Scaffolds, Trestles, and Accessories. c*e Signs, Inc., Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. Surty Manufacturing Co., Inc., Chicago, IU. Point of Operation Machine Guards. I Tennant Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Equipment and Supplies for Dry Cleaning Industrial Floors. :i'. Manufacturing Co., Roxbury (Bocton), Mas*. , Sefety Steel Pipe Tools. 724 30th National Safety Congress U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. Univis Lens Co., Tulca Division, Dayton, Ohio. Eye Protection. WagHnyedr rEaluelcictricInCdourspt.r,iaSl t BLroidugise, MBora.ke, Explosion-Proof Type Motors, Sangamo Tachograph. Weaver Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. Vehicle Inspection Equipment. West Disinfecting Co., Long Island City, N. Y. Products for the Promotion of Sanitation. F. H. Wheeler Manufacturing Co., Chicago, IB. Industrial Safety Clothing. Wiseman Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. Power Press Guards and Guide Pin Covers for Die Sets. Willson Products, Inc., Reading, Pa. Personal Protective Devices. INDEX Accident Statistics: Accident Cause Code in Petroleum Industry. Panel Discussion, 583-585. Accident Records--Essential to Effective Acci dent Prevention (Forney), 253-256. Charging Accident Responsibility. Discussion, 367-368. Compensation for Lost Time. Discussion, 558*559. Discussion on Accidents to New and Old Em* ployees, 694-696. Fundamental Causes of Accidents. Panel Dis cussion, 77-95. Prevention-Minded Records (Immel). 108*111. Records to Keep and How to Use Them (John son), 172-175. Safety Blue Prints (Meinke), 644-645. Absenteeism: What the Nurse Can Do to Combat Absenteeism Caused by Illness and Injury (Brehm), 176-180. Afani, E. T.: What Contribution Can the Plant Protection Man Make from the National De fense Aspects? 271-273. Aeronautical Section: Minutes, 253*261. Officers, 253. Aeronautics: Accident Records--Essential to Ef fective Accident Prevention (Forney), 253*256. Safety Begins on the Ground (Curtis), 256-258. Safety in Ground Operation Session, 253-261. Safety Through Fire Prevention--in the Shop Hangar, and at the Airport (Scarritt), 258*261. See also Construction Industry. Albers, E. B.: The Small Plant Does a Big Safety ,, Job, 705-709. Affnrd, R. L.*. Our Methods of Promoting Safety 1 in Shoe Manufacturing, 431*433. lift, Capt. J. U.: Airport and Cantonment Con struction, 33S-339. AJaminum: Methods-of Preventing and Extinguish ing Metallic Fires (Borum), 65*66. Ventilation and Exhaust Equipment (Harrold), 37-38. . A&S.E.-Engiiteering Section: Minutes, 263*267. Officers, 263-264. Aaniat Meeting of Members, 13*27. Atfbtax, See Health Hazards. Amstroiig, T. O.: The Nurse's Part in the Indus trial Relations Program. 165-168. Astomobile Industry, See Motor Vehicle Industry. Automotive and Machine Shop Section: Minutes, 369*286. Officers, 269*271. B .R.J.: United Safety Co-operation by Ameri Shipowners, 396*398. -- J, I.: Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in the Rubber Section Safety Contest, 646-647. r, 29*34. Capt. J.: Enforcement of Safety in the rm of New York, 408-410. _:~t, E. S.: Presentation of National Safety Csmcil Awards in Public Utilities Section fcfety Contest, 612-614. Bentley, L. G.: An Effective Type of Safety Meet ing, 670-672. Bigler, D. I.: Employee Health Education, 159-163. Blakeslee, H. N.: The Petroleum Section Con* test, 574. Rorum, W. H.: Methods of Preventing and Ex tinguishing Metallic Fires, 65-68. Bouton, E. M.: Safety in the Design and Con struction of Elevators, 55-58. Boy Scouts: What the Boy Scout Organization is Doing to Prevent Trespassing Upon Railroads (Mills), 665-666. Brandabur, Dr. J. J.: Effective Industrial Health Education, 149*151. Braun, F. W.: Review of Paper and Pulp Acci dent Experience, 508*510. Breathing Apparatus: Getting Workmen to Wear FRF.xooe^uus-.nnp,.ddi.rirra^yyvt..oorrs7Ts\_\/nAn.*.el.\l Day in Hnqoit WTvecaitnher Discussion, 451-452. in a Personal .respiratory Protective Equipment Brce(lSterner,, 4i-47. ...eland, A. W.: Employee Inspections, 617-618. Qualifications of Welders, 617-618. Brehm, Dr. P. A.: What the Nurse Can Do to Combat Absenteeism Caused by Illness and Injury, 176-100. Brekelhatim, E. C.: Safety in the Training of Elec tric Welders, 52-54. Brown, J. T.: How to Interest the Employee in Your Safety Program, 676*678. Bullock, R. A.: Handling Equipment, 638*639. Buohl, C* R.: The Turnpike Serves the Nation, 330-332. Bush, A. J,: Industry's Responsibility in the Pre vention of Trespassing on Railroad Property, 662-665. Cairns, R. W.: How Research Can Assist in Acci dent Prevention, 302*307. "A Call to Action," 13-14. Callaghan, C. H.: National Defense--Maritime Safety Problems, 398*400. Carbon Monoxide: A Carbon Monoxide Problem with Gasoline Propelled Lift Trucks. Discussion. 557-558, 561. Carrow, T, H,: What Part Should Safety Rules Play in the Safety Organization and Program of Steam Railroads, 666-669. Cement Industry: Cement and Quarry Accident Experience (T^eGore), 288-291. Executives Look at the Safety Program (Porter), 297-299. Ex2e9c5u-2ti9v6e.s Look at the Safety Program (Young), How to Get and Keep Safety Interest. Panel Discussion, 291-292. How to Reach the Man on the Job. Panel Discussion. 292, Cement ana Quarry Section: Minutes, 287-299. Officers, 287-288. Checking Plans for Safety. Panel Discussion, 580-581. 725 726 MUh National Safety Comjrcss l Chemical Indu. , \ How Research Can Assist in Accident Prevention (Cairns), 302 307. See alto Chemicals. Chemical Section; Contest (Stratton), 320*321. Minutes, 301*323. OPrfefisceenr*t,at3io0n1-3o02f . Awards tn Chemical Section ChemCoicnatelsn;tT(hHeePllrmevuethn)ti,on32a1n-3d23E. xtinguishment of Chemical Fires (Renner), 72-75. Olivers, Dr. J. H.: Physical Fitness As An Aid to Increased Production, 466-468. Clark, M- A. (Monte): Lest We Forget, 636-637, Safety aa an Approach to Good Employee Rela Clothtioinngs:, 2D7e3r-m27a5t.itis from Wearing Apparel, Its Causes, Diagnosis and Prevention (Schwartz), Ho6w83-6S8a6f.ety Shoes Are Sold in the Plant Pe(rLsoonvaals)P, r6o4t5e-c6t4iv6e. Equipment. Panel Discus in the Metal Section Safety Contest (Sttl- well), 443-445. Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in Public Utilities Section Safety Contest (Beaumont), 612-614, Prevention-Minded Records (Immel), 108-111. CoRnutrboblser foSrecMtioanc,hi6n4e6s*6: 47S.afety in the Design of Hydraulic Controls on Machine Tools (Mackin), 279-283. Costs and Money Savings: Accident Control As a Phase of Operation in the Paper and Pulp Industry (Robertson), 512. The "Hidden" Costs, Discussion, 362. How Much Money for Safety? Panel Discus Cranseios:n,A3r6e2. Crane Operators Required to Wear Goggles? Discussion, 526. Crowell, K. P.: Apprentice Training in Industry* Curt2is4,3-J2.4:9.Safety Begins on the Ground, 256-258. Prsoitoenc,tiv5e81C-Sl8o3t.hing Against Skin Irritants, 312. Safety Shoe Problems. Panel Discussion, Sh2o1u2l-d21O5,ffi7c0e1-7M0e2n. and Non-Productive Super visors Wear Safety Shoes? Discussion, 359. Should the Company Insist on Employees Wear ing Safety Apparel? Discussion, 353-354, 357. Ue of Rubber Finger-Tips or Gloves as Pro tection in the Paper Industry. Discussion, W5h2a8t-5T2y9p. es of Footwear Are Most Effective in Combatting Slipping Accidents? Panel Dis Colachuasns,ioKn., 2A1.5, . Sr.: Safety in the Operation and Use of Industrial Elevators, 62-64. Colleges and Universities: University Instructions in Safety (Beese), 238-243. Commercial Drivers, See Drivers and Driving. Committees: Debate: Resolved That Safety Com mittees Are A Vital Part of the Plant Safety Program, 225-234. Should Safety Committee Meetings Be Held on Employees* Time or on Company Time? Dis Shcouuslsdiotnh,e35S5a-3fe5t6y. Committee Be Made Up of Other than Foremen and Supervisors? Dis cussion, 356-357. Compressed Air: Use of Air Hose for Cleaning Clothes, 247-248. D Darr, H. W.: Safety Meetings--Group Meetings--- Personal Contacts, 461-464. Defense, See National Defense. Dentistry. See Teeth. Derby, Capt. W. N.: Training of Marine Per* sonnel for Safety, 414-417. Dermatitis, See Health Hazards. Discipline: Considered a Serious Offense with Severe Penalties to Violate or Disregard Any Safe Work Practice (Kirk), 619-620. Definition of the Word "Discipline", 364. Safety Meetings -- Group Meetings -- Person*! Contacts (Darr), 463-464. Should Employees Be Penalized for Not Promptly Reporting Accidents? Discussion. 361 Should the Company Insist on Employees Weil* ing Safety Apparel? Discussion, 353-354, 3S7. , What Type of Discipline? Discussion, 555-556. Dowd, A. Scott: Data on the 1940-41 Paper In* 1 dustry Safety Contest. 548-549. Drivers and Driving?: Applying Psychology to A* cident Prevention (Haven), 341-344. Safety Blue Prints (Meinke), 644-645. Selection and Training of Tank Truck Driven!* Confer*nces, See Employees* Meetings. Conrad, J, F.: Electrical Safeguards and Prac- , rice* in Mechanical Mining, 487-489. Construction Industry: Airport and Cantonment Construction (Alien), 335-338. Development of Safety by the U. S. Army F.ngineers (Lnrence), 375-379. The Safely Engineers' Problems in Construction (Jackman), 326-330. Safety in Tunnel Construction (Gunlock), Th3e32 T33u5r.npike Serves the Nation (Ruohl), 569-570. Dundore, M. W.: A Good Housekeeping Progra** and How to Keep It Effective, 437-440. Durfeet E. P.: Sabotage Prevention from the View* point of Industrial Management, 202-205. Dusts: Fire and Explosion Hazards in the Wow* Products Industry (Meiter). 715-717. Methods of Allaying Dust in Underground M*M Mine Operations (Fellman), 479-480. Ventilation and Exhaust Equipment (HarroMJk . 36-38. * Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors Session, 35-47. 330-332. Construction Section: Minutes, 325-338. Officers, 325-326. Contests; Chemical Section (Stratton), 320-321. Contests in the Pulpwood Logging Fietd. Dis cussion, 543-545. How to Instruct the Employee in Your Safety E Program (Brown), 676-679. Maintaining Interest in a Contest. Discussion. Ou5t5s2ta-5n5d3i.ng Facts in the Public Utilities Safety Contest (Rust), 612. Paper and Pulp Section, 548-551. Petroleum Section, 574-576. Presentation of Awards in Chemical Section Contest (Heltmufh), 321-323. Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in the Marine Section Contest (Holden). 422-423. Presentation of National Safety Council Awards Eaton, L. L,: Ten Most Frequent Causes of Aofcdents in Textile Mills, 6/8-680. Economics of Safety: Accidental Control . Phase of Operation in the Paper and Industry (Robertson), 512. The `'Hidden" Costs. Discussion, 362. How Much Money for Safety? Panel sion, 702-704. See also Costs and Money Savingss; Education of Workmen, See Training. Efficiency: Industrial Twins--Efficiency and (Sobey), 275-279. Index 727 Electric Welding Session, 49-54. Electrical Equipment: Electrical Safeguards and t 4P8r7a-c4t8ic9e. s in Mechanical Mining (Conrad), What is Done to Eliminate the Possibility ,of cFuaslslsionf,ro5m26. the Top of Roll Piles? D** Safe Use of Portable Equipment in the Rubber Industry (Bullock), 639. Training Safe Workers for Electrical Industry (Richards), 235-238. Electrical Industry, See Public Utilities. Electricity: Methods of Preventing and Extin guishing Electrical Firest (Maclachlan), 69-72. Elevators: Safety in the Design and Construction Elevators (Bouton), 55-58. Safety in the Inspection, Maintenance and Re pair of Industrial Elevators (Lex), 58-61. Safety in the Operation and Use of Industrial Elevators (Colahan), 62-64. Elevators Sessions, 55-64. Emergency Campaign, See National Defense. Employees: How to Reach the Man on the Job. Panel Discussion, 292. What Types of Footwear Are Most Effect** in Combatting Slipping Accidents? Panel Discussion, 215. Fatigue: Discussion on Recent Study of Acci dents, 695. Faust, J, T.: Factory Inspection, 105-108. Federal Departments: Development of Safety by the U. S. Army Engineers (Lorence), 375-379. Federal Compensation and Accident Prevention (Pillsbury), 380-384. The Why of Safety (Vandevanter), 372-375. Fellman. C. M.: Methods of Allaying Dust Underground Metal Mine Operations, 479-480, Field, Com. R. S.: Safety at Sea in War Time# 410-411. Film Slides, See Visual Education. Fire Control and Prevention Session, 65-75. Safety as an Approach to Good Employee Rela- ' tiona (Clark). 273-275. , Who is Careless--Men dr Management? (Pick ard), 384-386. Fire Protection: Fire and Explosive Hazards Hi the Wood Products Industry (Meiter), 715-71A Fire and Sabotage Prevention (McElligotO, 400-404. Employees* Meetings: An Effective Type of Safety Meeting (Bentley), 670-672. The Handling of Explosive and Incendiary Bombs (Scott), 315-320. Em57p7lo-5y8e0e. Safety Meetings. Panel Discussion, Methods of Preventing and Extinguishing Elec trical Fires (Maclachlan), 69-72. How Many Meet on Company Time and How Methods of Preventing and Extinguishing Many Meet on a Voluntary Basis on the Part of Employees? Discussion, 558. Importance of Departmental Conferences in the Safety Program, 186-188. Safety Meetings -- Group Meetings -- Personal Contacts (Parr), 461-464. Metallic Fires (Borum), 65-68. The Prevention and Extinguishment of Chem ical Fires (Renner), 72-75. Sabotage Prevention from the Viewpoint of Fire Protective Authorities (Mullaney), 198-202. Safety in the Use of Solvents ^Gumaer), 651-654. Should Safety Committee Meetings be Held on Safety Through Fire Prevention--in the Shop* Employees Time or on Company Time? Dis cussion, 355-356. Value of Motion Pictures for Employees* Meet ings (Kirk), 618-619. What Are the Advantages of Employee Safety Meetings? (Larson), 669-670. Enforcement: Enforcement -- Control Measures, Safety Instructions and Regulations (Pisle), 464-466. See also Discipline. Hangar, and at the Airport (Scarritt), 258-261. First Aid: Problems in First Aid. Discussion, 553-554. Should First Aid Kits be Located in Operating Areas to Avoid the Necessity of Going to the Dispensary for Minor Scratches? Discus sion, 361. Fisher, Capt. C. W.: Safety Engineering at Naval Shore Establishments, 404-407. Sagiiteers: Qualifications of a Safety Engineer Flammable Liquids: Health ZSjards of Handling (Ruddick), 348-351. Solvents (Shirley), 647-651. V The Safety Man's Qualifications. Discussion, 556-557. Should a Plant Safety Engineer be Responsible to the Production Superintendent, to the Plant Manager Alone? Discussion, 35H-359. Kraus, C., Jr.: What the National Safety Council Can Do as Regards Safety, 502-504. Executives, See Management. Exhaust Systems, See Ventilation and Exhaust Systems. fehtbits: Safety Exposition Exhibitors, 719-724. Explosions: Fire and Explosion Hazards in the Wood Products Industry (Meiter), 715-717, plosives: The handling of Explosive and In cendiary Bombs (Scott), 315-320, Storage and Handling of Explosives Under- ground (McNeil), 484-486. plosives Industry: How Research Can Assist in Accident Prevention (Cairns), 302-307. : Eye Accidents in Ontario Mines, 480-484. Eetults of Eye Examination, 432. What Types of Pre-Employment Eyesight Ex aminations Ate Most Effective? Panel Dis cussion, 207-210. Jtt alio Goggles. .Might Examinations, See Eyes. Safety in the Use of Solvents (Gu>*aer), 651-654, Floors: Treatment of Floors to Prevent Slipping. Fanel Discussion, 216. Food Industry: Applying Psychology to Accident Prevention (llaven), 341-344. Best Method of Insuring That Proper Tackle^ Slings and Chain Are Used on Rigging and Lifting jobs. Discussion, 365-366. Dermatitis Problems Discussion, 365 Diseases Barring Employment, 359-360. How Do You Instill Safety into the Mind* of New Employees? Who Are Employed on Short Notice? Discussion, 354-355. Keeping the Interest of Employees (Smith), 347-348. Safety Information, Please -- Food Industrie*. Discussion, 351-368. , Selling Safety to Mauagement (Scates), 344-347. Serving Industrial Chains. Discussion, 362*363. Should a Plant Safety Engineer Be Responsible to the Production Superintendent, to the Plant Chief Engineer or to the Plant Manager Alone? Discussion, 358-359. Should Office Men and Non-Productive Super visors Wear Safety Shoes? Discussion, 359. Should the Company Insist on Employees Wear ing Safety Apparel? Discussion, 353-354, 357. Use of Stevedore Hook. Discussion, 357-358. Weight-Lifting By Women, 360*361. Food'Section: Minutes, 339-368 Officers, 339-341. Pping. PaTner*l *D`"is'*cnu`ss?iofn,Fl2o1o6.r, to Prevent Foot Protection, See Clothing. Foremen: An Educational Safety Program for Foremen (Perry), 468-471. 728 30th National Safety Congress Enforcement--Control Measures, Safety Instruc tion* (Pule), 464-466. Set tlto Supervisors, Forney R. L.: Accident Record*--Essential to Effective Accident Prevention, 253-256. Foundries. See Metal Industrie*. Frecker, r. W.: Our Most Valuable Safety Pro cedure, 622*624. Frederick, R. E.: Safety in Power Press Set-Up and Maintenance, 595-598. Fumes, See Gases. Fume*, Case* and Vapors, and Dust* Session, 35-47. Fundamental Causes of Accident* Session, 77-95. G Ga* Industry: Employee Inspections (Rreeland), 617-618. Qualification* of Welders (Rreeland), 617-618. Gases: Gas Hazard* in the Leather Industry, 430. Ventilation and Exhaust Equipment (llarrold), 35-36. Gases and Vapor*. Fumes, and Dusts Session, 35-47. Gasoline: Safe Transportation of Gasoline by Tank Truck* (Harper), 567-570. Gtrdler, T. M.: Address (Safety One of Indus try** Biggest Jobs Today), 490-492. Gloves, See Clothing. Goggle*: Are Crane Operators Required to Wear Goggles? Discussion. 526. Are Goggles Required When Scraping Pressure Rolls or Corrugator Rolf*? Discu*sion, 526-527. Eye Accident* in Ontario Mines, 480-484. Goggle* for Worker* on (he Rater. Discus* ^ aton, 529. Types of Goggle* Rest Suited for U*c in Foun dries. Panel Discussion, 452-454. What Type* of Goggles Should Re Worn By Men Handling Molten Metaf? Panel Discus sion, 208. See also Eye*. Goldhorn, Dr. R.: Dental Infection* and the Indus trial Worker, 16H-I72. Gove, L. P.: Control of Hazards in Unfired Pressure Vessels, 640-643. Governmental Safety Service in Industry Session, 97-115. Grabau, Dr. M.: The Nature and Properties of Polarized Light, 265*267. Grade Crossing Accidents Session, 656-661. Grade Crossings, See Railroads. Greenly, R. J.: Protecting the New Operator in the Power Press Industry--Effective Training Methods. 589 592. Guilhert, H.: Experience in Preventing Accidents in Defense Industries. 97-99. Gumaer, P. W.: Safety in the Use of Solvents, 651-654. Gunlock, V. E.: Safety in Tunnel Construction, 332-335. Gurney. S. W.: Measuring Concentrations of Toxic Substances, 39-43. H Haller, J. A.: Merit Service for State Safety Per sonnel. 113-115. Handling Material: Handling Equipment (Bul lock), 638.639. How Do You Prevent Stacks of Rolls from Toppling Over or Having the Bottom Roll Slip Out and Spread the Pile? Discussion, 523 526. Hands: Protection for Hands of Girls Working on Taping Machines. Discussion, 527*528*529. Protection of Employee* Working with Hot Paraffin. Discussion, 529. Harper, A. B., Jr.: Safe Transportation of Gaso* line by Tank Trucks, 567-570. Harrold, G. C.: Ventilation and Exhaust Equip* ment, 35*38 . Hart, Capt. J. E.: Safety at Sea, 391-392. Haven, R. C.: Applying Psychology to Accident Prevention. 341-344. Hayes, R. P.: Ideas on Safety Education, 283-285. Peacock, B. C.': The Value of Safety to Industry and the Country, 17-20. Health Hazards: Anthrax in the Leather Indus try, 428-429. Atmospheric Contaminants in Industrial Plants, 153-155. A Carbon Monoxide Problem with Gasoline Pro pelled Lift Trucks. Discussion, 557-558, 562. Dermatitis from Wearing Apparel, Its Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention (Schwartz), 683-686. Dermatitis in the Wood Products Industry. Panel Discussion, 704-705. Dermatitis Problems. Discussion, 365. Diagnosis. Prevention and Treatment of Occu pational Dermatoses (Schwartz), 308-315. Doping of Pipe Lines. 572-573. Essentials of Healtful Industrial Environment (Snell), 152-158. Gas Hazards in the Leather Industry, 430. Health Hazards and Their Correction in th# Leather Industries (Meiter), 428-431. Health Hazards of Handling Solvents (Shirts?)* 647-651. Measuring Concentrations of Toxic SubstaneM (Gurney), 38-43. Methods of Combating Industrial Health Ha> ards. A Symposium, 35-47. Personal Respiratory Protective EquipmeM (Sterner), 43-47. Preventing Dermatitis in the Wood Product* Industry. Panel Discussion, 700. Protection of Employees Working with HM Paraffin. Discussion, 529. Skin Troubles in the Leather Industry, 429-4JA Use of Rubber Finger Tips or Gloves as Pr* . tection in the Paper Industry. Discuss!Wh 528-529. Ventilation and Exhaust Equipment (HarroMfr 35-38. _ What is a Safe Atmosphere in a Foundry! Panel Discussion, 448-450. When Is a Foundry Safe from a Health SIMM1 point? Panel Discussion, 447-450. Health Supervision: Dental Infections and Industrial Worker (Goldhorn), 168-172. Effective Industrial Health Education (8raM' ahur), 149*151. Employee Health Education (Bigler), 159-163. Industrial Nursing and Community Resource' (Kessler), 163-165. Man's Reaction While He is Taking Sulfv mide Compounds, 585-586. National Defense Brings an Improved Ind ` Hygiene Program (Selby), 145-149. Participation of Company with Employed Their Doctor and Hospital Bills, 432-4JJ._ Physical Fitness as an Aid to Increased auction (Chivers), 466*468. The Relation of Illumination to Health Safety in the Textile Industry (P" 680-683. What the Nurse Can Do to Combat Abt~ Caused by Illness and Injury (B~ 176-180. See also Physical Examinations. Hellmuth, G. T.: Presentation of National Council Awards in Chemical Section Contest, 321-323. Henderer, F. R.: An Educations Safety for Employee*, 471-475. I .Unrv, E. L.: What is the Rest Type of Safety Organization? 672-674. Herges, E. P.: Direction and Correction of Unsafe Practice* and Conditions, 417-419. Hoists: Best Method* of Insuring That Proper 1 Tackmle, Saulinggs* and Chain Hoists Are Used o36n5-3R6i6g.ging and Liftingir JToubb*. nD:is.*c--ussio--n, Maintaining Chain Hoists in the Rubber Indus try (Bullock), 638-639. Holden. Capt. E. C., Jr.: Presentation of National Safety Council Award* in the Marine Section Contests, 422*423. Holden, W. ).: The Highway Grade (Trussing Accident Situation as Viewed by the Rat!* road Claim Department. 656-661. Honolulu, Hawaii: Longshoremen'* Safety in Honolulu (Schmitz), 386*389. Hooks: Use of the Stevedore Hook. Discussion, 357*358. Housekeeping: A Good Houskeening Program and How to Keep It Effective (Dumlore), 437-440. Hofferd, W. G.: Teaching Safety t> the Youth .of America, 285-286. Human Engineering and Safety., (lectures) (Short), 117-143. Humidity, See Temperatures. 729 K Kahlcr. W. V.: National Defense Steps in tb* Telephone Industry, 609*612. Karabaz, V. S.: The Importance of Personnel Training in the Safety Program, 709-712. Karash, J. I.: Die Design for Inclinable Presses? 592-595. Kauffman, P. C.: Environment -- Management's Responsibility, 455*458. Kearns, T. P.: Experience in Preventing Acci' dent* in the Defense Program, 99-101. Kent, W. I.: Safe Procedure in Applying Pro- tective Material on Pipe Lines, 570*573." Kerrigan, J. M.: Training Roll Release Emergency messCierre, wis/r,.6n38.. J I.: Industrial Nursing and Com- Kessmleur,niDtyr.RHe.soIuTrc.:esI.nd1u63s-t1ri6a5l. Nursing and Com Kirkm, uWni.tyTR.:esoOuurcresM. o1a63t -1V6<aluable Safety Pro- *cc,edWur.e,T6.1:8-6O2u0.r ....... ......... *iV- *** '**cedure, 618*620. Knill, R. R.: Training Personnel in the Problems oinfgM, e49c2h-a4n9i4c.al Mining--Bituminous Coal Min KnoxS,afHetoyn, .30F-3ra4.nk: The Significance of National kt, See Refrigeration Industry. Izatl, H, D.: Prevention-Mincfed Records, 108*111, Mistrial Health Session, 145-148. Wustrial Nursing Session, 159-180. Wastrial Relations: The Nurse's Part in the In d16u5s-t1r6ia8l. Relations Program (Armstrong), Safety as an Approach to Good Employee Relations (Clark), 273-275. Mpection: Employee Inspections (Rreeland), 617. fictory Inspection (Faust), 105-108. Federal Meat Inspection and Safety (Reed), 426*428. Mine Safety Through the Eyes of an Insurance Intpector (Winning), 499-502. I.adders: The Question of Painting Ladders. Panel Discussion, 702. Larson, C. F.: What Are the Advantages of Employee Safety Meetings? 669-670. Leather Industries: Health Hazards and Their 4C2o9r-r4e3c1t.ion in the Leather Industries (Meiter), Our Methods of Promoting Safety in Shoe Manufacturing (Alford), 431-433. Leather Industries Section, See Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. 1-eGore, I. F.: Cement and Quarry Accident Experience, 288-291. rDainsceues: sHioon,w70M2-u7c0h4. Money for Safety? Panel : Mine Safety Through the Eyes of an Insurance Inspector (Winning), 499-502. Present Assessment Kate in the Pulpwood Log- ling Field. Discussion, 531-543, Instigation of Accidents: Fundamental Causes of Accidents. Panel Discussion, 77-95. Mind Steel Industry, See Metal Industries. tenance 58-61. Lifting: Weight-Lifting by Women, 360*361. Lighting: The Nature and Properties of Polarized Light (Grabau), 265*267. The Relation of Illumination to Health and 6S8a0f-e6t8y3. in the Te>*.ile Industry (Palmer), Lime Industry: Execut ve's Look at the Safety Program (McNulty , 293-295. Lincoln, H. L.: Safe Operation of Ice Processing Machines, 632-634. an, J. E.: The Safety Engineers Problems a Construction, 326*330. Analysis: An Educational Safety Program for Employees (Henderer), 472-473. J*b Analysis--Its Relation to Safety (Johnson), 458-461. Vaplifying and Streamlining Safety Funda mentals (Moore), 441-443. SafetyH, .45W8-.4:61J.ob Analysis--Its Relation to cz^J. M.: Records to Keep ami How to Use Them, 172*175. D. C.: Training Personnel in the Problems 4 Mechanical Mining-- Anthracite Mining, 495-498. Logging: Contests in the Pulpwood Logging Field. Discussion, 543-545. How Can We Get Proper Safety Supervision in sSicoant,te7r0e4d. Woods Operations. Panel Discus* Present Assessment Rate in the Pulpwood Log ging Field. Discussion, 531*543. Prevention of Accident* on a Gang of Slasher Saws. Discussion, 559-561. Pulpwood Loggers Group Session, 530-546. See also Wood Products. Long, J. E.: Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in Paper and Pulp Section Safety Contest, 549-550. Management Cannot Sit on the Side Line# Lorence, Lt Col. W. E,: Development of Safety by the (J. S. Army Engineer*, 375-379. Lovas, J. E.: How Safety Shoes Are Sold in the Plant, 645-646. 730 <<)lh National .'uijety Lont/ress Direction and Correction of Unsafe Practice 'M and Conditions (Merges), 417-419. Enforcement of Safety in the Port of New tfacBrayne, L. E.: Preventing Accidents in the Defense Program, 101*105. McElligott, J, J.: Fire and Sabotage Prevention, York (Baylis), 408-410. Federal Compensation and Accident Prevention t(Pillsbury), 380-384. Fire and Sabotage Prevention (McElligott), Ifcln4n00i**,404J.. F.: A Bridge of Ships--National Safety. 412-414. McKnight, C. E.: flow to Induce Men to Wear Goggles, 480-484. MeNealy, J. L.: The Use, Cost and Preparation of rilni Slides for Safety Work, 602-603. McNeil, E. D., Jr.: Storage and Handling of Explosives Underground, 484-486. McNulty, R. L.: Executives Look at the Safety Program, 293-295. Macdonald. A. W,: Mine Safety Under War Conditions. 498-499. Machines: Safety in the Design of Hydraulic Control* on Machine Tools (Mackin), 279-283. Mackin, F. L.: Safety in the Design of Hydraulic Controls on Machine Tools, 279-283. Maclachtan, Wills: Methods of Preventing and Extinguishing Electrical Fires, 69-72. Magnesium: Methods of Preventing and Extin guishing Metallic Fires (Borum), 65-69. The Prevention and Extinguishment of Chemical Fires (Renner), 74. Ventilation and F.xhaust Equipment (ffarrold), Main3t7a-i3n8i.ng Interest in Safety: How Can Safety lie Promoted by Appealing to the Patriotism of the Workers? Panel Discussion, 189-190. How to Get and Keep Safety Interest. Panel Discussion, 291-292. How to Interest the Employee in Your Safety Program (Brown), 676-678. Keeping the Interest of Employees (Smith), 347-348. Our Most Valuable Safety Procedure (Frecker), 622-624. ' Our Most Valuable Safety Procedure (Kirk), Gr4e0a0t-40L4a.kes Contribution in National Emer gency (Wood), 389-390. Longshoremen's Safety in Honolulu (Schmitz), Na3t8io6*n3a8l9. Defense--Maritime Safety Problems (Callaghan), 398-400. New Concepts of Safety---Facing Facts (Self), 394-395. Safety at Sea (Hart), 391-392. Safety at Sea in War Time (Field), 410*411. Safety Engineering at Naval Shore Establish ment* (Fisher), 404-407. Stevedoring Operations, 417-419. Training of Marine Personnel for Safety (Derby). 414-417. Transporting Workers Safely by Boat (Schroder), 392-394. United Safety Co-operation by American Ship owners (Baker), 396-398. Who Is Careless--'Men or Management? (Pick ard), 384-386. The Why of Safety (Vandevanter), 372-S75. Marine Section: Content, 422-423. Minutes, 369-423. MaOrfkfisc,erWs.. 3G69.-:37S2e. rvice by the National Commit tee for Conservation of Manpower in Defensf Industries, 686-689. Meat Packing Industry: Federal Meat Inspection and Safety (Reed), 426-428. Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industrial Section: Minutes, 425-433. Officers, 425-426. Meetings, See Employees' Meetings. Meinke, A. W.: Safety Blue Prints, 644-645. Ou61r8M-6o20s.t Valuable Safety Procedure -- Water Utility (Webb), 620-622. What Are Best Incentives to Use for Safety for Immediate Results in Rapidly Expanded Or- famratinns, Working Under High Pressure? 'anet Discussion, 181-185. What Methods Will Get Safe Procedure and Snfety Rules Across Most Effectively to the Greater Number in a Rapidly Expanded Meiter, E. G.: Fire and Explosion Hazards to the Wood Products Industry, 715-717. Health Hazards and Their Correction in tM Leather Industry, 428*431. Mercantile Establishments: Serving Industrie Chains. Discussion, 362*363, Metal Industries: Address. (Safety One of lade* try's Biggest Jobs Today) (GirdlerL 490-491 An Educational Safety Program for Employee! Organization? Panel Discussion, 185-189. Maintaining Safety Interest in Defense Industries (Henderer), 471-475. An Educational Safety Program for Foref Seasion, 181-1R4. Maintenance: Equipment and Plant Maintenance (Reid), 712-715. Management: Acci<lent Control as a Phase of En(fPorecrerym)e, n4t6--8-4C71o.ntrol Measures, Safety I* structions and Regulations (Pisle), 464-466. Environment -- Management's ResponsiNIMj Operation in the Paper and Pulp Industry (Robertson), 511-519. Environment '-- Management's Responsibility (Kauffman), 455-458. Getting Workmen to Wear Respirators All Itog in Hot Weather in a Foundry. Panel Disc** (Kauffman), 455-458. Executives Look at the (McNulty), 293-295. Executives Look at the (Porter), 297-299. Executives Look at the Safety Safety Safety Program Program Program sion, 451-452. A Good Housekeeping Program and How Keep It Effective (Dundore), 4S7-440. How Can You Interest a Foundryman tot Safety? Panel Discussion, 446-447. Job Analysis -- Its Relation to Safety (Jd (Young), 295-296. Management Cannot Sit on the Side Lines son), 458-461. Physical Fitness at an Aid to Increased (Webb), 620 622. Sabotage Prevention from the Viewpoint of duction (Olivers), 466-468. Simplifying and Streamlining Safety Industrial Management (Durfee), 202-205. Selling Safety to Management (Scates), 344-347. Who Is Careless--Men or Management? (Pick Wahryd),Co38m4p-3a8n6y. Executives Are Interested in Safety (Sinclair), 565*567. Marine Industry: A Bridge of Ships--National Safety (Mclnnis), 412*414. Coast Guard Activities in Relation to Safety mentals (Moore), 441-443. Types of Goggles Best Suited for U*4 Foundries, Panel Discussion, 452-454. Use of Salamanders in a Foundry. Pawl cussion, 448-449. , What is a Safe Atmosphere in a Foundry? < Discussion, 448-450. When is a Foundry Safe from a Health point? Panel Discussion, 447-450. (Waesche), 419-422. Metals: Methods of Preventing and Ex Development of Safely by the U. S. Army ing Metallic Fires (Borum), 65*68. Engineers (Lorence), 375-379. Index 731 Metals Section: Contest, 443-445. Minutes, 435-475. Officers, 435-437. Mills, F. C.: What the Boy Scout Organization is Doing to Prevent Trespassing Upon Rail roads, 665-666. Mining Industry; Electrical Safeguards and Prac tices in Mechanical Mining (Conrad), 487-489, Eye Accidents in Ontario Mines, 480-484. How to Induce Men to Wear Goggles (Mc Knight), 480-484. Methods of Allaying Dust in Underground Metal Mine Operations (Fellman), 479*480. Mine Safety Through the Eyes of an Insurance Inspector (Winning), 499-502. Mine Safety Under War Conditions (Mac donald), 498-499. Storage and Handling of Explosives Under ground (McNeil), 484-486. Symposium on Problems in Mine Safety, 480*489. Training Personnel in the Problems of Mechan ical Mining -- Anthracite Mining ((ones), 495-498. Training Personnel In the Problems of Mechan ical Mining--Bituminous Coal Mining (Knill), 492-494. What the National Safety Council Can Do as Regards Safety (in the Mining Industry) (Evans), 502-504. Mining Section: Minutes, 477*504. Officers, 477-478. Molds: Safe Way to Handle Molds in the Rubbef Industry (Bullock), 639. Holer, U. L.: Training New Employees in Safety, 643-644. Moore, E. E.: Simplifying and Streamlining Safety Fundamentals, 441-443. Motion Pictures, See Visual Education. Motor Vehicle Industry: Safety in the Design of Hydraulic Controls on Machine Tools (Mackin), 279-382. Teaching Safety to the Youth of America (Hufferd), 295-286. Training New Employees in Safety (Moler), 643-644. Ventilation and Exhaust Equipment (Harrold), 35-38. What Contribution Can the Plant Protection Man Make from the National Defense Aspects? (Adams), 271-273. Midbar, Lieut. H.: Sabotage Prevention from the V19ie5-w19p8o.int of the Law Enforcement Authority, Mallaney, A. J.: Sabotage Prevention fromt the Viewpoint of Fire Protective Authorities, 198-202. ............... ^ & mmiiuicii uy /\ppeani,K` the Patriotism of the Workers? Panel Dis cussion, 189-190. 4 The Importance of Personnel Training id the Safety Program (KaTabaaz), 709-712, Mine Safety Under War Conditions (Mac donald), 498-499. c. National Defense Brings an Improved Indus trial Hygiene Program (Selby). 14S-149. National Defense -- Maritime Safety Problems (Callaghan), 398-400. National Defense Steps (Public Utilties Indus try) (Parker), 608*609. National Defense Steps in the Telephone Indus try (Kahier), 609-612. The Nation's Job -- Guarding Its Manpower (Wiley), 20-27. The President's Call, 14-16. The President's Proclamation, 17. Preventing Accidents in the Defense Program (MacBrayne), 101-105. Public Utilities and the National Defense Pro gram (Olds), 605*607, Retraining of Skilled Workers (Robertson), 249*262 Safety at Seat in War Time (Field), 410-411. Safety in the Defense Program Session, 97-105. Service by the National Committee for Con servation of Manpower in Defense Industries (Marks), 686-689. Th3e0-3S4i.gnificance of National Safety (Knox), Small Plant Safety Problems. Panel Discussion, 216*218. ' The Value of Safety to Industry and the Country (Heacock), 17-20. What Are the Best Incentives to Use for Safety for Immediate Results in Rapidly Expanded Organizations, Working Under High Preasure? Panel Discussion, 181-185. What Contribution Can the Plant Protection Man Make from the National Defense Aspects? (Adams). 271-273, What Methods Will Get Safe Procedure and Safety Rules Across Most Effectively to the Greatest Number in a Rapidly Expanded Organization? Panel Discussion, 185*189. What Safety Instruction Should Be Given at T19im0-e193.of Employment? Panel Discussion, See also Sabotage. National Safety Council: Board of Trustees, 5-6. Directors, 6-8. Executive Committee, 4-5. Honorary Members, 4. Nominating Committei Report, 16. Officers, 4, 29. Purposes and Program 11-12. What the National Safety Council Can Do a Regards Safety (in the Mining Industry) (Evans), 502-504. N .Stkul Committee for Conservation of Man power in Defense Industries (Marks), 686-689, '^al Defense: Address. (Safety One of Indusy*s Biggest Jobs Today} (Girdler), 490-492. wrpoTt ana Cantonment Construction (Allen), 335-338. itonaal Address (Stilwell), 14-16. Call to Action," 13-14. fcreement of Safety in the Port of New .York (Baylis), 408-410. acriente in Preventing Accidents in Defense ' fiMastries (Guilbert), 97-99. penance in Preventing Accidents in the De- Program (Kearns), 99-101. nw and Sabotage Prevention (McElligott), 4*404. Tat Handling of Explosives and Incendiary -. Iambs (Scott), 315-320. New Employees: Accidents to New and Old Employees (Henderer), 472-473. An Educational Safety Program for Employees (Henderer), 472-473. How Do You Instill Safety Into the Minds of New Employees Who Are Employed on Short Notice? Discussion, 354-354. Training New Employees in Safety (Moler), 643-644. What, If Any, Should Be the Difference in the Handling of a New Employee's Accident and sainonO, l3d44E. mployee's Accident? Panel Discus What Safety Instruction Should Be Given at T19im0-1e93.of Employment? Panel Discussion, Nurses: Employee Health Education (Bigler), 159-163. Industrial Nursing and Community Resources (Keasler), 163-165. 732 K. 30th National Safety Congress The Nur*e' Pert in the Industrial Relation* Program (Amstrong). 165-168. Record* to Keep and How to Use Them WhaMhe'h/urle Can Do to Combat Absenteeism Caused by Illne** and Injury (Brehm), 176-180. Nurses' Session, See Industrial Nursing Section. How Many Have Meetings on Company Time and How Many Meet on a Voluntary Basis on the Part of Employees? Discussion, 558. Instructions to Operators When Feeding Strawboard into Corrugator Roll. Discussion, 527. Maintaining Interest in a Contest. Discus sion 552-553. Problems in First Aid. Discussion, S53-SS4. Protection for Hands of Girls Working on Taping Machines. Discussion. 527-528*529. Protection of Employees Working With Hot Paraffin. Discussion, 529. o Removal of Chips from Chip Bin Without Man Having to Go Down into Bin to Punch the Off-tbe-Job Accident*: Industry's Responsibility in the Prevention of Trespassing on Railroad Property (Bush), 662*665. The Relationship of Off-Duty Injuries to a Sound Safety Performance (Williamson), Chips Loose. Discussion, 561. Review of Paper and Pulp Accident Experience (Braun), 508*510. Safe Practices in the Operation of the Paster. Discussion, 529. Safety in the Manufacture of Paper Products 661-662. Olds. L.: Public Utilities and the National De- rente Program, 605*607. Organisation: Accident Control as a Phase of Operation in the Paper and Pulp Industry (Cashman), 521*523. The Safety Man's Qualifications. Discussion, Us5e56o-5f 5R7.ubber Finger Tips or Gloves as Pro tection in the Paper Industry. Discussion, (Kobertton), 511-519. The Fundamentals of an Industrial Safety Or* ganizatton (Riin*cr), 219*225. Our Methods of Promoting Safety in Shoe Manufacturing (Alford), 431-433. Our Most Valuable Safety Procedure Adopted in the Last Two Years Session (Public Util* ides), 617*624. What la the Best Type of Safety Organization? (Henry). 672-674. See also Small Plants. Organization and Program Session, See Safety Organization and Program Session. Orts, J. M.: Home-Made Movies in Public Utility W5h2a8t-5i2s9.Done to Eliminate the Possibility of Roll Piles? Discussion, 526. What Type of Discipline? Discussion, 555*556. See also Logging. Paper Products Plants Group Session, 520*530. Parker, J. C.: National Defense Steps, 608-609. Pennsylvania Turnpike: The Turnpike Serves ths National (BuonI), 330-332. Perry. V. E.: An Educational Safety Program for Foremen, 468*471. Personal Factors: An Educational Safety Program for Foremen (Perry), 468*471. Applying Psychology to Accident Prevention Work. 603-605. (Haven), 341*344. Getting Along with the Other Fellow. Lecture No. IV. (Short), 136-143. Human Beings Control Our Destiny. Lecture No. 1 (Short), 117*124. Human Engineering and Safety (Short), 117*143. p Human Failure Problems, 366-367. The Importance of Remembering. Lecture Not Palmer. R. A.: The Relation of Illumination to II. (Short), 124-129. Health and Safety in the Textile Industry, Know Thyself. Lecture No. III. (Short),129*135. Pape6r80a*6n8d3. Pulp Section: Data on the 1940-41 Paper Industry Safety Contest (Dowd), 548-549. NMoinmutineas.tin5g05C*5o6m1. mittee Report (Dowd), 519-520. Personal Protection Equipment, See Breathing Apparatus* Clothing. Petree, Judge J. D.: Alabama's Accident Preven tion Program, 111-113. Petroleum Industry: Accident Cause Code. Pans! Officers. 505-507. The Paper Industry Trophy. 550*551. Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in Paper and Pulp Section Safety Contest Discussion, 583*585. Checking Plans for Safety. Panel Discuttto% Em58p0lo-Sy8e1e. Safety Meetings. Panel Discussing (Loiif), 549-550. Resolution of Sympathy on Death of W. J. Pe5r7s7o-n5a8l0.Protective Equipment. Panel Disea* Peacock. 520, 546-547. Review of Paper and Pulp Accident Experience sion, 581-583. Safe Procedure in Applying Protective Material Braun), 509-510. What Would You Do?--Safety Exchange. Dis on Pipe Lines (Kent), 570-573. Safe Transportation of Gasoline by Tank Truck! cussion, 552-561. Paper Industry: Accident Control as a Phase of Operation in the Paper and Pulp Industry (Robertson), 511*519. Are Crane Operators Required to Wear Goggles? Discussion, 526. Are Goggles Required When Scraping Pressure Rolls or Corrugator Rolls? Discussion, A 52C6a*5rb2o7n. Monoxide Problem with Gasoline Propelled Lift Trucks. Discussion, 557-558, 561. Compensation for Lost Time. Discussion, 558*559. Goggle* for Workers on the Baler. Discus W5h7y6-5C8o6.mpany Executives Are Interested ti Safety (Sinclair), 565-567. Petroleum Section: Contest, 574-576. Minutes, 563*586. .< *4 PhOyfsfiiccealrs,De56fe3c*5ta6:4. Diseases Barring EmployMBl^l 3>)5J97*`<376U0V.. Physical Examinations: Effective Industrial Hu Education (Brartdabur), 149-151. Physical Fitness as an Aid to Increased I sion, 529. Guard for Stitching Machines. Discussion, 527. How Do You Prevent of Rolls from Toppling Over or Hiving the Bottom Roll Slip Out ana Spread the Pile? Discussion, 523-5z6. auction (Chivers), 466-468. See also Eyes. Pickard, B. O.: Who is Careless--Men of M agement? 384*386. Index 733 Piling Material: How Do You Prevent Stock* of Rolls from Toppling Over or Having the Bottom Roll Slip Out and Spread the Pile? Discussion, 523-526. Pillsbury, W. 11.: Federal Compensation and Accident Prevention, 380-384. Pipe Lines: Safe Procedure in Applying Protective Material on Pipe Lines (Kent), S70-573. Pisle, R. T.: Enforcement--Control Measures, Safety Instructions and Regulations, 464-466. Porter, J. J.: Executives Look at the Safety Program, 297*299. Potassium: Methods of Preventing and Extinguish ing Metallic Fires (Borum), 65. Power Press Section: Minutes, 587-598. Officers, 587-589. Power Presses* Die Design for Inclinable Presses (Karash), 592-595. How Can Large Power Presses Be Equipped to Effectively Protect Operators When Two The Highway Grade Crossing Accident Situation as Viewed by the Railroad Claim Department (Holden), 656*661. .. industries Responsibility in the Prevention of Trespassing on Railroad Property (Bush), 662*665. The Relationship of Off-Duty Injuries to a Sound Safety Performance (Williamson)* 661-662. ,,. What Are the Advantages of Employee Swety Meeting*? (Larson), 669*670. What is the Best Type of Safety Organization? (Henry), 672-674. What Part Should Safety Rules Play in the Safety Organization and Program of Steam Railroads (Carrow), 666-669. What the Boy Scout Organization is Doing to Prevent Trespassing Upon Railroads (Mill*), 665-666. o21r0*M21o2r.e Are Required? Panel Discussion, Recent Development* in State Industrial Safety Service Session, 105-115. * Protecting the New Operator in the Power Press Industry--Effective Training Methods (Greenly), 589*592. Safety in Power Press Set-Up and Maintenance (Frederick), 595-598. Reed, W. G.: Federal Meat Inspection and Safety, 426*428. Refrigeration Industry; Safe Operation of Ice Processing Machines (Lincoln), 632-634. The President's Proclamation, See National Safe Use of Refrigerants (Schrenk), 626-631. Defense. Refrigeration Section: Minutes, 625-634. Pressure Vessels: Control of Hazards in Unfired Officers, 625-626. Pressure Vessels (Gove), 640-643. Psychology See Personal Factors. Public Utilities: Adoption of Overshoes and Spur Guards Most Valuable Procedure During Past Two Years (Frecker), 622-624. Reid, H. L.: Equipment and Plant Maintenance, 712-715. Renner, A.: The Prevention and Extinguishment of Chemical Fires, 72*75. Home-Made Movies in Public Utility Work Research: How Research Can Assist in Accident (Orts), 603-605. Prevention (Cairns), 302*307. National Defense Steps (Parker). 608-609. Our Most Valuable Safety Procedure (Frecker), 622-624. Public Utilities and the National Defense Pro Resolutions: Resolution of Sympathy on Death of W. J. Peacock, 520, 546-547. Respiratory Equipment, See Breathing Apparatus. gram (Olds), 605*607. Responsibility: Charging Accident Responsibility. Sabotage Prevention from the Viewpoint of Discussion, 367-368, Industrial Management (Durfee), 202*205. What, if Any. Should Be the Difference in the Training Safe Worker* for Electrical Industry Handling of a New Employee's Accident and (Richards), 235-238. an Old Employee's Accident? Panel Discus The Use. Co*t and Preparation of Film Slides sion, 354. for Safety Work (McNealy), 602-603. See also Gas Industry; Telephone and Tele graph; Water Works. Puhlic Utilities Section: Contest, 612*614. Minutes. 599-624. Resuscitation: Report on Pole Top Resuscitation Developments (Smith), 615-616. Richards, E. L.: Training Safe Workers for Elec trical Industry, 235*238. Officers, 599-602. Risinger, J. L.: The Fundamentals of an Indus Our Most Valuable Safety Procedure Adopted trial Safety Organization, 219*225. in the Last Two Years. Discussion, 617-624. Publicity: What Forms of Safety Publicity and Robertson, D, C., Sr,; Retraining of Skilled Workers, 249-252. Education Are Practical and Effective? Panel Discussion, 193-194. Wpwood Loggers Group Session, 530-546. Pinch Presses, See Power Presses. Robertson, R. B., Jr.: Accident Control as a Phase of Operation in the Paper and Pulp Industry, 511*519. fitcbasing: Purchasing Safety Equipment. Dis Rubber Industry: Contiol of Hazards in Unfired cussion, 361-362. Pressure .Vessels (Gore)* 640*643. Handling Equipment (Bullock), 638*639. He6a4l7t*h65H1.azards of Handling Solvents (Shirley), Q Qttrry Industry; Cement and Quarry Acciden Experience (Le Gore), 288-291. finny Section, See Cement and Quarry Section How Safety Shoes Are Sold in the Plant (Lovaa), 645-646. Lest We Forget (Clark), 636*637. Safety in the use of Solvents (Gumaer), 651-654. Training Roll Release Emergency Crews (Ker rigan), 638. Rubber Section: Contest, 646*647. Minutes, 635-654. Officers, 635-636. Ruddick, C. C.: Qualifications of a Safety Engi neer, 348-351. Mkosdi: Effective Industrial Health Education (Bnndabur), 149-151. A* Effective Type of Safety Meeting (Bentley), <70*672. Rules: Enforcement -- Control Measures, Safety Instructions*and Regulations (Piile), 464*46$, What Part Should Safety Rules Play in the Safety Organization and Program of Steam Railroads (Carrow), 666*669. Rust, E. A.: Outstanding Facts in the Public Utilities Safety Contest, 612. 734 1 30th National Safety Congress S Sabotage: Sabotage Prevention from the View point of Fire Protective Authorities (MulUney), 198-202. Sabotage Prevention from the Viewpoint of Industrial Management (Durfee), 202-205. Sabotage Prevention from the Viewnoint of the Law Enforcement Authority (Mulbar), 195-198. Sabotage Prevention Session, 195-205. Safety Committee, See Committees. Safety Directors, See Engineers. Safety Engineering Exchange. Panel Discussion, 207-218. Safety in the Defense Program Session, 97-105. Safety Information, Please--Food Industries. Dis cussion, 351-368. Safety Information, Please--Petroleum Industry. Discussion, 576-586. Safety Movement: Industrial Twins -- Efficiency and Safety (Sobey), 275-279. Lest We Forget (Clark), 636-637. The Nation's Job -- Guarding Its Manpower (Wiley), 20-27. New Concepts of Safety---Facing Facts (Self), 394-395. The S:gnificance of National Safety (Knox), 30-34. The Value of Safety to Industry and the Country (Heacock), 17-20. Safety Movement -- States: Alabama's Accident Prevention Program (Petree), 111-113. Experience in Preventing Accidents in the Defense Prevention Program--Ohio (Kearns), 77`IVI. Factory Inspection -- Illinois (Faust), 105-108. Merit Service for State Safety Personnel (Haller), 113-115. Preventing Accidents in the Defense Program -- Massachusetts (MacBrayne), 101-105. Prevention-Minded Records -- Pennsylvania (Immel), 108-111. Recent Developments in State Industrial Safety Service Session, 105-115. Safety Organization and Program Session, 219-234. Safety Training Session, 235-252. Salamanders: Use of Salamanders in a Foundry. Panel Discussion, 448-449. Saws: Prevention of Accidents on a Gang of Slasher Saws. Discussion, 559-561. Saw-Mills: Prevention of Accidents on a Gang of Slasher Saws. Discussion, 559-561. The Safety Engineer's Problems in Construc tion (Jackman). 326-330. Selling Safety to Management (Scales). 344-347. Shapers: Safeguarding tne Shaper in the Wood Products Industry. Panel Discussion, 699-700. Shipyards: Fire and Sabotage Prevention (Me- Elligott), 400-404. . , ,, Jt. Shirley, Dr. J. N.: Health Hazards of Handling Solvents, 647-6S1. Shoe Industry: Our Methods of Promoting Safety in Shoe Manufacturing (Alford), 431-433. Shoes, See Clothing. Short, Dr. V. L.t Human Engineering and Safety (Lectures), 117-143. Signs: Ideas on Safety Education (Hayes), 283-285. Sinclair, J. G.: Wry Company Executives Art Interested in Safety, 565-567. Skin Affections, See Health Hazards. Slipping, See Falls. Small Plants: Help for Small Plants. Discus sion, 698. ,,. The Small Plant Does a Big Safety Job (Albers). 705-709. Small Plant Safety Problems. Panel Discus sion. 216-218. ^ t Smith, A. M.: Keeping the Interest of Employees, 347-348. .. Smith, W. R.: Report on Pole Top Resuscitation Developments, 615-616. ., Snell, M. A.: Essentials of Healthful Industrial Environment. 152-158. Sobey, A.: Industrial Twins -- Efficiency ana Safety, 275-279. Solvents, See Flammable Liquids. Splitters: Splitter Problems in the Wood Products Industry. Panel Discussion, 700-701. State Safety Programs, See Safety Movement -- States. Steam Railroad Section: Minutes, 655-674. Officers, 655-656. Steel Industry, See Metal Industries. Sterner. Dr. J. H.: Personal Respiratory Protec tive Equipment, 43-47. Stevedoring, See Marine Industry. Stilwell, Col. John: Annual Address, 14-16. Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in the Metals Section Safety Contest, 443-44$, Stores, See Mercantile Establishments. Stratton, R. C.: The Chemical Secion Annual Safety Contest, 320-321. Street Traffic: The Turnpike Serves the Nation (Buohl), 330-332. . Strikes: Comparison of Man-Days Lost Through Strikes and Industrial Accidents, 33, Scarritt, D. de R. M.: Safety Through Fire Pre vention-- in the Shop, Hangar, and at the Airport, 258-261. Supervisors, See Foremen. States, W. H.: Selling Safety to Management, 344-347. Schmitz, A. F.: Longshoremen's Safety in Hono lulu. 386-389. T Schrenk, H. H.: Safe Use of Refrigerants, 626-631. Tank Trucks, See Motor Vehicles. Schroder, A. H.: Transporting Workers Safely by Boat, 392-394. Schwartz, Dr. L.: Dermatitis from Wearing Apparel, Its Cause, Diagnosis, and Preven tion, 693-686. Diagnosis. Prevention and Treatment of Occu pational Dermatoses, 368-315. Tanks, See Pressure Vessels. Tanning Industry: Health Hazards and Their Cor* rection in the Leather Industries (Meiter), 428-431. Tanning Section, See Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. Teeth: Dental Infections and the Industrial Worker (Goldhorn). 168-172. Scott, Hon. W. J.: The Handling of Explosive Telephone and Telegraph: National Defense St#a and Incendiary Bombs, 315-320. tit the Telephone Industry (Kohler), 609411. Selby, Dr. C. D.: National Defense Brings an Improved Industrial Hygiene Program, 145-149. Self, B. H.: New Concepts of Ssfety--Facing Facts. 394-395. Our Most Valuable Safety Procedure (Kirk)c 618-620. ,,_ Temperatures: Temperature and Humidity, 156-15#* Textile Industry: Dermatitis from Wearing Ap parel, Its Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention (Schwartz). 693-686. _ Selling Safety: How Can You Interest a Foundry* How to Interest the Employee in Your SaMF man in Safety? Panel Discussion, 446-447. Program (Brown). 676-678. How to Reach the Man on the Job. Panel Dis The Relation of Illumination to Health Mt cussion, 292. Safety in the Textile Industry (PalMfli Ideas on Safety Education (Hayes), 283-285, 680-683. / ndex ) 735 ......-- .........mice lur v-on- lervation of Manpower in Defence Industries .(Marks), 686-689. Ten Most Frequent Cnnses of Accidents in Textile Mills (Raton), 678-680. Tattle Section: Minutes, 675-689, Officers. 675-676. Teels: Safe Use of Hand Tonis in tiie Rubber Industry (Ilullnrk), 6.19. Tinning: Apprentice Training in Industry (Crowell), 263-249. An Educational Safety Program for Rmployees (Henderer), 471-475. Ideas on Safety Education (Hayes), 281-285. Tne Importance nf Personnel Training in flie Safety Program (Karahasx), 709-712. rrotecting the New Operator in the Power Press Industry--Effective Training Methods (Greenly), 589-492. draining of Skilled Workers (Robertson), 249-252. Selection and Training of Tank Truck Drivers. 569-570. , Simplifying and Streamlining of Safety Funda mentals (Moore), 441-441. Inching Safety to the Youth of America (Hufferd), 285-286. T"jmng New Employees in Safety (Moler), 043644. Training Personnel in the Prnhlema of Meclian- 495 49SI -- Anthracite Mining (Jones), Training Personnel in the Problems of Mechan i(cK1n.i.l.l.), ln4'9n28-49--4. Bituminous Coal Mining Training Safe Workers for Electrical Industry (Richards), 235-238. When Does Safety Education Stop or Start? .Panel Discussion, 454-455. tag Session, See Safety Training Session, "-tions: Use, 9-10. ng, See Railroads. : A Carbon Monoxide Problem with Ga.eohne Propelled f.ift Trucks. Discussion, 557558, 561. * Tank, See Motor Vehicles. "Is, See Construction Industry. u T. Government, See Federal Departments. W-wT' Lien, `to1- E-: The WhP of Safety, w Waesche. Rear Adm. R. R,: Coast Guard Activities hi Relation to .Safety, 419-422. Waeachle, A.: Safety in the Operation of Electric Resistance Welding Machines. 49-51. Water Works: Our Most Valuable Safety Pro cedure-- Water Utility (Webb), 620-622. Wax: Protection of Employees Working with Hot Paraffin. Discussion, 529. Webb, II. F.: Our Most Valuable Safety Pro cedure-- Water Utility, 620-622. Welding: Qualifications of Welders (Breeland), 617-618. Safety in the Operation of Electric Resistance Welding Machines (Waeschle), 49-51. Safety in the Training of Electric Welders (Brekelbaum), 52-54, Welding Session, See Electric Welding Session. Wiley, Hon. A.: The Nation's Job -- Guarding Its Manpower, 20-27. Williamson, J. T.: The Relationship of Off-Duty Injuries to a Sound Safety Performance, 661-662. Winning, W. T.: Mine Safety Through the Eyes of an Insurance Inspector, 499-502. Wood, A, T.: Great I^akes Contribution in National Emergency, 389-390. Wood Products Industry: Dermatitis in the Wood Products Industry. Panel Discussion. 704-705. Discussion on Recent Study of Accidents in the Industry, 694-698. Equipment and Plant Maintenance (Retd). 712-715. Fire and Explosion Hazards in the Wood Prod ucts Industry (Meiter), 715-717. How Can We Get Proper Safety Supervision in Scattered Woods Operations? Panel Dis cussion, 704. How Much Money for Safety? Panel Discus sion, 702-704. The Importance of Manpower Protection in the 2^ Wood Products Industry (Zimmer), 692-698. Knotty Problems in the Wood Products Indus try, Panel Discussion, 699-705. Preventing Dermatitis. Panel Discussion, 700. Safeguarding the Shaper. Panel Discussion, 699-700. Safety Shoe Problem. Panel Discussion, 701-702, The Small . Plant Does a Big Safety Job (Albers), 705-709. i Splitter Problems. Panel Discussion, 700-701. The Treating of Wood Against Swelling, Rot and Decay. Panel Discussion, 707. Wood Failures. Panel Discussion, 702. See also Logging; Saws. Wood Products Section: Minutes, 691-717. Officers. 691-692. Workmens Compensation: Compensation for Lost Time. Discussion, 558-559. Federal Compensation and Accident Prevention # (Pillsbury), 380-394. Wright, R. V.: Presentation of National Safety Council Awards in Petroleum Section Safety Contest, 574-576. See Gases. and Gases, Fumes, and Dusts Session, 'Miami Exhaust Systems: Ventilation and Khauit Equipment (Harrold), 3S-38. Education: Home-Made Movlea in Public Work (Ortl), 603-605. --.respatsing, Please" Technicolor Motion ntre Shown at Steam Railroad Section .gMrtiag, 666. T1 oljjlotion Pictures for Employees' MeetH (Kirk), 618-619. .... Control of Hazard in Unfired Pres Vessels (Gove), 641-643. Y Young, J. S.: Executives Look at the Safety Program, 295-296. z Zimmer, V. A.: The Importance of Manpower Protection in the Wood Products Industry, 692-698. ' Zinc: Methods of Preventing and Extinguishing Metallic Firea (Bonim), 65-66. TRANSACTIONS 30 th NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS GENERAL SUBJECT AND INDUSTRIAL SESSIONS CHICAGO OCTOBER 6-10, 1941 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago Copyright, 1941, National Safety Council, Inc. Pmutd is the U. S. A. 34 30th National Safety Congress ployees to observe safety rules when offthe-job just as they do when at work. Try to influence a reduction in traffic accidents, the nation's number one killer and the prob able cause of the loss of forty thousand American lives in 1941 long before we ring in the New Year less than three months from nowl We must intensify our efforts to get people' to drive at reasonable speeds. We must bear in mind that a skilled employee is just as much dead and just as much a loss to America if he is killed on a Saturday night or a Sunday afternoon in a traffic accident as if he is killed in the shop. Actually he is two men lost--for in addition to our loss of production due to his acci dent, the Nazi egoists are relieved of the necessity of keeping some man over in tyranny-ridden Europe or at work to offset his production. Let's remember that. The President's proclamation was a pk for cooperation. The National Safety Com cil's acceptance of the task assigned to i| Dusts, Fumes, Gases and its call upon you to assist, also parted of the same nature; it was a plea for m sistance. In the procedure that has bee and Vapors set up, in the free cooperation that has ben asked and that will be forthcoming, we m an example of democracy working at its best We see exemplified the principles of unit] in dependence and independence in unit] THURSDAY MORNING SESSION that made this nation the greatest and th freest civilization that ever evolved on th October 9, 1941 face of this earth--a civilization which, witlB your help, will endure long after the blofi of Naziism has been wiped forever trow Methods of Combating Industrial Health Hazards A Symposium the face of Europe and even the threat (S any future dictatorship of a few mad mind Prttiding:--Walter S. Paine, Manager, Engineering & Inspection Department, Aetna over all the earth rendered an absolute anS Casualty & Surety Company, Hartford, Conn., and Vice-President for Industrial Safety, an eternal impossibility. National Safety Council. ADJOURNMENT Ventilation and Exhaust Equipment By GORDON C. HARROLD, Ph. D. Industrial Hygiene Laboratories, Medical Department, Chrysler Corporation, Detroit It is difficult to give details on the many phases of ventilation and exhaust equipment which are applicable to the problems of pro tecting the workers' health. Some general principles of every day usage an be covered however, as well as specific OKS. Thus for gases, less pipe velocities are needed than for fumes, mists or dusts. The lower specific gravity of gases leads to various modifications for their handling. Carbon monoxide gas which is slightly light er than air could be taken upward. However, when mixed with automobile exhaust gas the apparent specific gravity of the mixture is raised so that it is much more feasible to remove the gas by means of staggered floor grills. Even more important than specific ; gravity is the temperature of the gas mass M increased temperature causes the heated air to rise. i For this reason numerous exhaust systems are built without forced draft and are suit able particularly in smoke removal where high toxicity is not encountered. Gases such ai hydrogen chloride or hydrogen cyanide are of such toxicity that a totally enclosed hood with up-draft exhaust is preferable. The factors of concentration and relative toxicity play an important part in the choice of exhaust systems. Of further interest is the question of whether any cumulative poisons or those leading to chronic illness may be present. The older up-draft exhaust systems have in many cases been replaced with back or side draft ventilation even for gases lighter than air because of the danger of carrying the hazardous material through the breathing zone of the worker. Only in such cases as result from the gas being gen erated above the breathing zone of the worker should canopy and other types of overhead hoods he used. A combination of back and up-draft will take care of all such situations and should a canopy be open on all sides a solid partition can usually be built in the center of the operation to pro vide a back wall for both sides of the ex hausted operation. Liquids which give off vapors or mists are both simpler and more difficult to treat. Since the liquid is usually confined in a tank, the focal source only need be considered to pre- 35 36 30th National Safety Congress Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 37 vent local spreading of the contaminant. The difficulty conies in devising simple and inex pensive systems which will not interfere with the worker. Recent tank studies have shown a number of facts which either have not been generally understood or have not had experi mental proof offered to substantiate the be lief of individual experimenters. It seems necessary to caution against care less use of formulae. Thus the formula de veloped by Brandt seems to indicate that as the tank becomes wider the amount of venti lation required per unit becomes less. The author points out that the work of Battista, Hatch and Greenberg proves that increased width results in increased power losses and inefficient operation. Silverman empha sizes the importance of flanges which in crease tank velocities from 20 to 33 percent. When the height of the flange is equal to the width of the tank the ventilation requirement is reduced 20 percent While this is not al ways practical it is shown through his cal culation that maximum efficiencies are ob tained as the flange angles are increased and tanks. Also of interest is an efficient mair fold system to deliver equal quantities of a' to all parts of the slot. Silverman has sho that ventilation requirements vary with physical characteristics of the liquid su stance in the tank. Thus in one instance ` shows that flange slots increase efficiewith decreasing depth of liquid hut that hi ly volatile liquids will be lost through trainment and evaporation so that the dep would have to be increased for efficient eration with such substances. A case of this kind is thoroughly discus' by Witheridge et al in regard to the v tilation of trichlorethylene degreasers. Th showed that vertical slot ventilation cau' the lowest solvent loss increase but was lea efficient in reducing solvent exposures, round hole system caused the highest solv loss increase and required qpproximat twice as much power as the horizontal s type to reduce solvent exposures to 100 p.p. The maximum solvent loss increase due ventilation during continuous use of this greaser was 2 gallons per 9-hour day or 1 Cloth or bag filters will collect these small , particles but the maintenance costs are high. ; Electrical precipitation is also very efficient i bat is often too expensive to install and wintain. The velocity of air in the pipes should be j sufficient to prevent deposition. This velocity ! aoy be as high as 4500 linear feet in the case j of lead dust. Since too great a velocity is !wasteful and results in excessive pipe losses the system should be so designed as to elim| irate the need for excessive'velocity. Short i distances to collectors, coupled with straight ; sections of pipe with no sharp bends, are aids i in this endeavor. When sections of branch pipe are joined to a main pipe the joining I angle should be 30 degrees or less. A corollary of Dalla Valles work is that E the exhaust hood should be as close as pos[sible to the source of dust formation. The [ideal would lead to a total enclosure to re- i openings to a minimum and thus cause Itbe resultant face velocities to be much [higher. that the ideal situation is found when a com gallons per square foot of tank area per 1' Often gases and fumes are collected to- pletely closed hood may be used. hours' operation. No significant relation f (ether and usually the limit of air require- The width of slot openings is not very important where we have flanges. This is not true of unflanged hoods where the reduc tion of slot width will give lower velocities at the remote corners. As shown by Dalla Valle and Brandt, the slot velocity exerts rapidly decreasing influence as the distance from the face of the exhaust hood increases, and that two slotted openings, one on each side of the tank, are more efficient than the one slot due to the higher velocity obtainable tween ventilation rate and solvent loss w shown. A ventilation rate of 615 c.f.m. around t 20' perimeter of the tank using the horizon slot or round hole system reduced the aver trichlorethylene concentrations in the ope ator's breathing zone from a maximum 400 p.p.m. without ventilation to below 1 p.p.m. The vertical slot system required ventilation rate of 1400 c.f.m. to accompli the same result. [Mnts is set by the velocity needed to keep [the pipes from plugging up. In some cases l in foundry operation, back draft exhaust is Imorted to in order to collect the airborne I dost. Then a separate downdraft system [Imps dust from getting into the air. Welding of various kinds produces iron [lime, fumes from the flux and gases such as laitrogen dioxide and ozone. The iron fume |app*rently is only a nuisance dust but the anganese, fluorides, etc. resulting from the at the most remote part of the tank from the exhaust slots. It is pointed out in nearly all Dust [welding flux are harmful. The gases noted lire harmful when in sufficient concentration. these papers that disturbances of work opera tions, extraneous air currents, and vapor turbulence must be overcome by a sufficiently high velocity at the most remote portion of the tank. For this reason, the formulas are not a true criterion unless all outside condi tions are evaluated. When solids in the form of dust must Work performed in the Chrysler Labora- removed, considerable attention must be gi ei indicated that this situation would not en to the collector system, the velocities ' harmful in open spaces unless heavily the pipes, and the design of the piping s' ated rods were used. In tanks and closed tem. In addition, the face of the exha Ftpares, dangerous concentrations of both hood should be so designed as to be close IglKt and fumes could be predicted. Various the source of dust generated. (types of exhaust systems have been devised. It was pointed out that with flanged slots, 1. While great emphasis is now being 1 (The most common one depends on a hood decreasing the depth of the liquid below the on wet collector systems it should be und [attached to flexible metal pipe so that the slot reduced the air required by about IS to stood that such systems will not remove lar ice of the hood may be placed in near prox- 20 percent. This is probably due to decreased amounts of the dust sizes which are signi [baity to the work. Other types range from turbulence as an unflanged hood is not af- cant from the health standpoint. Cycl.on or grills to hood canopies, each type being feettd by the depth of liquid. It is also point unless of the micro variety, which will bpted to the kind and size of the pieces ed out that a single long tank suitably par handle the larger volumes of air often |ta be welded. titioned is more efficient than several small countered, suffer from the same handica In closed tanks, the "Airbooster" as made by M.S.A. provides a means of readily ex hausting air from each tank or closed space, or if desired, a large volume of air at rela tively low velocity may be introduced into the closed space. These units are portable and provide a good answer to jobs which change or move about frequently. Personal Protection Another means of providing safety when toxic substances are present is the use of individual air supplied hoods either open about the eyes or closed depending on the efficiency desired. In paint operations, the open type is satisfactory and vision is not obstructed while for more rigid control with more toxic substances the closed eyepiece type is more desirable. The numerous res pirator, canister, and self contained breath ing types, need no mention here except that the purpose they serve is well understood. Light Metals A new problem is now confronting safety and ventilation engineers in the growing use of magnesium and aluminum alloys. These metals are in themselves non-toxic--so much so that wounds inflicted by sharp articles will become infected much easier than those inflicted by heavy metals. They are haz ardous in finely divided form due to the fire and explosion hazard. The various hazards and precautionary measures are receiving attention in various periodicals but we wish to emphasize certain aspects relating to ex haust and ventilation systems. Ordinary type dust collectors should not be used for removing magnesum or aluminum dust. A special dust collecting system which utilizes a water spray nozzle to knock out the dust so that it may be carried away as a sludge is demanded. Good ventilation is necessary to remove the hydrogen which is formed. All piping should be in straight line with no sharp turns and should be smooth on the inside so that no dust remains in the piping system. The sludge should be col lected in drums and disposed of at frequent intervals either by mixing with 5 parts by weight of sand and burying in a dump, or covered with oil and burned. It should he noted that this is one of the few cases where magnesium, in particular, can be wetted with water hut it should he noted th"` 'he sludge 38 30th National Safety Congress Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 39 should not b allowed to become half wet but should be thoroughly flooded at all times. The parts of the system where work is done should be of non-sparking material. It is not safe to collect this material in filter screen or cyclone collectors, nor should sparking type metals be allowed to get into the ven tilation system. We have pointed out some of the specific items involved in ventilation in connection with health and safety hazards. Some of the limiting factors in a large scale ventilation program should also be dealt with. Indis criminate installation of exhaust ventilation without a careful evaluation of the extent of the need will lead to extremely high first costs of installation. The engineer who in stalls a system three or four times as elabor ate as needed to control a given complaint may "control" a situation but at an excess cost of thousands of dollars. The next step after this excess air has been exhausted from the plant, must be to supply fresh air which in the industrial north must be heated for eight months of the year. Even with closely controlled systems, this factor of heated air is a real limitation. In many instances, power houses have had to be greatly enlarged be cause of such programs. The power needed to run motors and auxiliary equipment is also a limiting factor. A system which is too small will not be criticized on the above score but if its purpose is not fulfilled, the entire layout may have to be scrapped. Always to be considered is whether installation is to serve the purpose of remos ing toxic materials or those which may classified as nuisance contaminants. Bod are legitimate requirements but it should i clearly understood that one system is to pro tect health directly and the other to provid comfort. Proper consideration can then b given to the question of "how much" an "what kind" of ventilation is to be installed A common sense program will include a haust ventilation as one very important but only as related to other possible method of solving the problem involved. When sub stitution is feasible and economical, or vision of process if possible, these may prt vide a cheaper, more satisfactory answer, times, personal protection will best serve purpose and in some instances a few simp! rules of operation and maintenance may be i that is needed. Ventilation ohen proves only answer, but indiscriminate ventilation i the poorest and most costly answer that c be devised. A system should be complete! designed at one time with no additions with out a complete revision of all parts of system. It is, of course, permissible to con pletely design a system in such a way thi units may be added from time to time bs this should be a part of the original consid eration. Conversely systems well designs and installed to meet the condition encous tered in the degree necessary are major aid in any health program. Measuring Concentrations of Toxic Substances By S. W. GURNEY Laboratory Director, Liberty Mutual Inaurance Company, Boston, Maas. Frankly, on this subject of industrial health hazards we do not know as much in a precise way as we do about guarding belts, gears, points of operation, and the like. That industrial health is an important subject is attested by the fact that we now have a relatively new profession called Industrial Hygiene, which might be defined as a study of working environments including all of the air contaminants as well as abnormal condi tions of temperature, humidity and even now of atmospheric pressure. The criterion is the effect upon the health of workers, either immediate or delayed. A few technical schools have started courses in industril hygiene and the number of chemists I medical school graduates who are go! back and taking these courses is a furthi measure of the increasing importance of tU general subject of industrial health. Not many plants have experienced indts trial hygienists on their staffs; in fact would be impossible for them to do so there are not enough of them to go aroun I believe that there are very few in tb meeting this morning who would call th selves industrial hygienists. With this u Mmption in mind I have tried to plan this paper for the ordinary safety engineer and foe safety committee man who doesn't re member his chemistry too well--but who does feel that he should know more about the possible health hazards in his plant. lie ay also be somewhat worried about claims for alleged health damage that have been submitted and may wonder if there is any thing he can do about it himself. It certainly would be fine if every plant large enough to have even one man wholly interested in safety could arrange to have one trained as well as interested in the fundamental prob lems of industrial hygiene. However, this would take a long time to accomplish and for foe present we shall have to get along with what we have. I should like this morning to try to tell plant safety men what they can do along this foie without the benefit of specially trained Industrial hygienists. I am assuming that you know the names of, and are familiar in some way with the materials used in connection with the operations in the plants where you are. This includes the dusts, fumes, vapors and gases, the solvents and other chemicals that are used, produced as necessary by products of, or enter at all into the manu facturing processes in any way. If you do ot you certainly should find them out--and ixrhaps this is the first thing you can do. We are safe in saying that wherever a toaic substance is used an exposure exists. Far example, if you haw in >*>w plant a process using benzol you undoubtedly have a benzol exposure. If somewhere in your plant you are melting lead or a lead alloy for any purpose, an exposure to lead exists in that part of the process. This does not can necessarily that a health hazard to benzol or to lead exists, but we can say that we do have the exposure. Now over the years by means of animal experimentation, and by the results of human experience, it has been shown that low dotages of these toxic materials which exist M air contaminants are pretty well taken of by the healthy human organisms. High dosages in the time factor as well as foe concentration are not well handled and dunage to various organs and tissues may mult from continued exposure. Further, these same studies, both animal experimentation and industrial experiences have shn,wn that the principal way the toxic material gets into the body is through the respiratory system. It is true that some in dustrial poisoning takes place through swal lowing and some through direct absorption through the skin. However, the important thing we have to remember is that most of the toxic materials used in industry get into the system where they can produce their damage through the common process of inhalation. For some time a number of important com mittees have been working on the problem of establishing what we might call a thresh old dosage of these industrial toxic materi als. A number of individual experts have defined threshold concentrations as those be low which health damage is very unlikely. State code committees have drawn up ten tative thresholds covering most of the wellknown industrial solvents and chemicals and suggested that these limits be used to meas ure the dividing line between what on one hand constitutes a safe exposure and on the other one that may produce definite health damage. The American Standards Associa tion has appointed a sectional committee of well known experts to correlate all of these data and to establish threshold limits or max imum concentrations which we can use as guideposts or benchmarks in determining whether or not our own plant is a safe one to work in. 11 owcxri. tl-'C iltorslioM d.c*|i' do ov'l mean that if you maintain a win krooni air always below that concentration figure no one possibly can have any harmful health effects at all nor does it mean that if the concentrations are always above that figure that everyone is going to show symptoms of poisoning. They simply mean that below such concentrations most workers will not be measurably affected and that above it some health damage may be expected, given sufficient time. Behind some of these sug gested exposure concentrations there is a wealth of experience and an impressive amount of factual data. Behind other figures there is very little in the way of experience and such figures represent what we might call an intelligent guess on the part of people whose intelligent guesses we respect. Thresholds need precise measurements. Because we need to know what degree of 40 30th National Safety Congress exposure exists in our plant some reliable way of actual measurement becomes, a neces sity. Otherwise how are we to know whether these exposures constitute health hazards or do not Of course, if we have an industrial hygienist in our plant, the answer is easily obtainable. He will proceed to use known techniques of sanitary air analysis, a spe cialized chemical job usually involving quite a bit of time and fussy analysis. In any event, the job is not impossible no matter what the particular air contaminant may be. Before this section in past congresses ex cellent papers have been delivered on sam pling methods and analytical procedures for the various air contaminants, I believe by Mr. Warren Cook and again by Dr. E. G. Meiter. There is no particular point in going over that ground again. From many sources anyone interested can secure detailed information on procedures for the measuring of any of the common air contaminants. Many plants which have not felt that they had enough of a problem to warrant the hiring of an industrial hygienist have pro vided their safety engineers with some of the newly developed measuring instruments which, with a little experience, can be operated by almost anyone. I refer to such devices as the Carbon Monoxide Indicator, the Flammable Gas Indicator, the Mercury Vapor Detector, and certain dust counters. There are a number of such devices on the market which do a perfectly swell.job of distinguishing between exposures which may be dangerous and those which are not, for specific contaminants; and you don't have to be a chemist to operate one and inter pret the results. A number of instrument manufacturers are working on the problem of extending the application of such instru ments to different contaminants. I have no doubt that the next few years will see on the market simple instruments for many more of the air contaminants you are likely to see in industry. Some of these are made automatic in their operation and give contin uous readings--or sound a gong, flash a light or turn on additional ventilation when a dangerous concentration is reached. Where we can get such instruments we find them a great help to the safety engineer in pro viding him an answer to his problem. However, there are a large number of air contamina-*' that we cannot yet measure by these simply operated instruments. M of the safety engineers have to depend u their own ingenuity to provide the answ By far the majority of our plant safety have no industrial hygienist to lean u neither have they been able to pr~ simply operated instruments which will them the answer they want for the partic air contaminant or exposure that exists their plant. Such safety engineers are entirely without recourse and there is q a lot they can do to get some measure estimation of some of their plant expos" without outside help. For example, take visual inspection, w' ' is simply the intelligent use of the sense sight. Dusts, which have given us cases, probably than all of the other contaminants combined, are usually perfec visible things. Considerable stress has laid upon the point that it is necessary know the size distribution of such dust s pended in the air before we can t measure the hazard that exists. In this has been my experience that wherever t` have been big particles which can easily seen there are always plenty of smaii which are deeply respirable which cannot seen. I have never yet made any dust stu in plants where it was obviously dusty sight that there were not many times fine particles well down in the so-ca respirable range than there were big o Conversely you seldom find fine dust wit large ones along with it which can be particularly near the source of the dust' question. If your plant is a dusty one evidence of dustiness is visible, even if have to climb up on the rafter to look it as settled dust. I can recall one safety engineer haul' me half way across the continent to dust counts at a brushing machine in radiator foundry. So much dust was thr off into the air by this operation that it difficult to see from 25 feet away the men who were operating it. It was obvi to anyone that so much dust could possibly be beneficial regardless of silica content and common sense should h told him that here was a situation aL which something should be done promptly. As a matter of interest the d counts ran up into several billions per cu foot and the free silica content as qu Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 41 somewhere between 10 and 15 per cent, information may be helpful in getting nts but it seems to me that any- tsldng the trouble to view this operation have immediately recognized the hazard. have often been asked to define or dcby appearance what constitutes too dust. I'm afraid I have no precise to that question. I have often replied nwh questions that if you actually can clouds of any dust produced or dissemi- into the air of a working area from process it is a good idea to enclose and ste it, or at least to try to control the source in some way. I has been my experience that most inI commissions and accident boards not particularly impressed with dust and analyses and discussions of Id dosages as such. If testimony that a plant is dusty, and anyone can that it is so, the plant is pretty likely have to accept any claims for respiratory > damage as an industrial case. The acid vapor which arises from hot acid tanks may not be visible but the that accompanies it usually is. You see where it is coming from and get an where it is going. The etched or rusted ranee of metal work in the room with pickle tanks is also visible evidence acid vapors have escaped into the room. The fumes from arc welding are perfectly --and the 25 mgs. per cubic meter ted as a limiting dosage in Massachuis a very dense cloud. One investigator !bes it as so thick you could cut out a with a knife and wrap it up and take home. Again, by watching the rebound of spray a spray painting operation you can tell 'ty accurately if the operator is well pro- and if the booth has sufficient air to care of the fumes. The human nose is probably not a parrly precise measuring device and no different people's noses differ widely their ability to detect and estimate air _..linants by this means. However, many our industrial vapors and gases do have and characteristic odors and much be done by a safety engineer by the lirent use of the good old nose. In our laboratory in Boston we are for tunate in having a large gas tight chamber for experimental work. In this chamber we can set up easily and quickly almost any concentration of any of the commonly en countered industrial gases, solvent vapors, or dusts. Some time ago as a matter of interest only we started some rather crude human experi mentations. From time to time we would put up in this chamber concentrations of the common industrial toxic volatiles. For one trial we would take the suggested threshold dose. We would then try other concentra tions to see how low a concentration could he detected and identified by smell. With six men in the laboratory we acted some what as a committee entering the chamber as a group and reporting our reactions indi vidually after varying periods of exposure. This work is not completed and probably never will be as new things are coming into industry constantly. However, it is impor tant to know that the suggested threshold dosages for ammonia, benzene, the acetic acid esters, carbon bisulfide, carbon tetra chloride, in fact all of the chlorinated hydro carbons, formaldehyde, ether, gasoline, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen cyanide, hydro gen sulfide, methyl alcohol, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, toluene and xylene are all easily detectable by the human nose and can be identified with a little experience. In fact the 200 ppm. of trichlorethylcne, the common degreasing solvent, suggested as the threshold is distinctly uncomfortable after fifteen or twenty minutes exposure. Personally, I would hate to work in 200 ppm. of trichlorethylene for an eight-hour day. With formaldehyde at 20 ppm. the degree of discomfort is extremely high and I doubt if anyone who was able to escape would remain in that concentration for more than a very few minutes. The irritating acid gases, hydrochloric, sulphur dioxide, are very uncomfortable at the suggested dosage. In fact, I don't believe that it is good policy to ask anyone to work in such concentrations even though no particular health damage below or at it has been proved. It is interesting to know that most of us can smell benzol or toluol well below the threshold dosage and some of us are able to go down as low as 15 or 20 ppm. With almost anyone of the chlorinated hydro- 42 30th National Safety Congress Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 43 carbons such as carbon tetrachloride, trichlorethylene, and the like, most people have no trouble in recognizing the contaminant as a chlorinated hydrocarbon as a general class down to around 10 to 25 ppm., although it is difficult to distinguish them apart. I be lieve that the safety engineer who is willing to do a little sniffing around the plant is going to find out a lot about some of the air contaminants as to their source location and where they go to. There is one thing about the chlorinated hydrocarbons that I should like to mention and that is the fact that nasal fatigue enters into the picture very shortly and after a few minutes in the exposure your nose loses much of its ability to distinguish these solvents. The sense of smell is recovered by a few minutes in the fresh air. The same thing is very true of concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. There is no need to point out that the very toxic carbon monoxide and the very common carbon dioxide gas in the pure state have no odor. However, carbon dioxide in a brewery around the fermenting vats has a peculiar tickling sensation to the nose which is quite characteristic and after a few minutes around 500 or 600 ppm. in that process you begin to have a feeling that all is not quite as it should be. I know of several instances where the sense of smell has been used as a practical measuring rod. The foreman of a large plating shop doing much cyanide plating uses and has demonstrated the fact that a hydrogen cyanide smell is a sure sign that the electrical system or the plating bath concentration needs attention. Although hydrogen cyanide is extremely toxic it can be detected by smell well below the sug gested threshold dosage of 20 ppm. Many of the solvents and mixtures such as the lacquer solvents in industry are not particularly toxic and exposures constitute more of a nuisance than they do a real health hazard. Nuisances, however, can be real and we do not want to remain com placent just because no real health hazard can be proved. There is also the very real danger of getting into the explosive range with some of these lacquer solvent mixtures of low toxicity. There is another way of estimating con centrations and I can recommend it to you if you are in doubt as to whether or not some process should be further enclosed ( ventilated or otherwise protected to Icq down the concentration. It should be uq with caution and understanding. Safety q gineers often ask me whether or notj coating process or a mixing process or eq such things as vapor degreasers should a have something done about them. To n| inquiries I frequently ask the safety q gineer to go out and stand alongside of tl operator of the process in question for I much of the day as the operator does hh self. I further ask him to tell me just ho he feels at the end of this period. It i remarkable how often after going throq this the safety engineer comes to the cot elusion that further protection is necessat] at least very desirable. Now you know th there are lots of smells, irritating gases ai the like that workers finally get used to and they will probably affect you much mot violently than they do the experiem operator. On the other hand I wonder 1 we are right in asking people to work I disagreeable atmosphere where they hat to "get used to it" before they become rq sonably reconciled to their job. There is one other way we have of eai mating exposure that is probably not l good as the three I have mentioned h nevertheless it has its uses. I refer to cat plaints on the part of the workers that selves. Safety engineers should be clot enough to workers in the departments wha toxic materials are used so they will f verbal reports of any complaints or ol jective symptoms that arise. I recall two fatalities this year alleged caused by high exposure to carbon tetn chloride vapor. There may have been oth cases but these two were such that I hi access to the reports of the investigatiol They were both rather simple jobs of cleat ing metal objects with carbon tetrachlorii and the whole operation was by hand. Bill operations had been performed occasional for a number of years, but as a result l large defense orders the time spent at the operations had increased considerably. Bfll men are on record as having complaint considerably. They had been nauseated m eral times. They complained of feeling tin and restless for quite some time before tin finally became really seriously sick. ' A alert safety man nosing about the pla 'ng for trouble might well have picked up and-recognized it as a measure of isive exposure. Both cases terminated lly and in the medical picture at autopsy ed about what one would expect in an e case of carbon tetrachloride poisoning, it interesting to know that afterwards nmples were taken in a number of posi- around the operation and coticentra"t well over 100 ppm., the suggested rcshold dosage, were found. I think if we investigate our plants tlior"hly we will find that there are a number processes and operations involving toxic terials or at least materials with some degree of toxicity that have for years been carried on safely without complaint or * ptoms or any other evidence of health age. The reason for this was the in"uency of the operation or the small ntity used or the short time of exposure, ith increase in production a number of processes have speeded up so that uaily the weekly degree of exposure the dust, fume, vapor or gas has been reased. As a result of defense orders esses that used to take place every Thursday are now being carried out every day. What used to be a short time job of 15 or 20 minutes now stretches out over two or three hours. Complaints do not al ways mean that a serious health hazard exists, but they should be red flags to any safety man that since his original investiga tion conditions may have changed to render the exposure much more serious than it was. From years of experience in this business I am of the opinion that the average worker does not complain about dust or fume or irritating vapors unless he had a good reason to do so and the wise safety engineer will recognize this and at least investigate. There are a number of air contaminants that can only !>e measured by the accepted methods of sanitary air analy'sis and cer tainly precision measuring can be done only by such means--but taken all together the safety engineer himself, using reasonably his sight, sense of smell, his own sense of feeling when exposed as the workers are plus a knowledge of what the workers on some of these unpleasant jobs are saying and feeling has at bis command several use ful measuring rods with which he can evaluate the health hazard in his plant. Personal Respiratory Protective Equipment By DR. J. H. STERNER Director, Laboratory of Industrial Medicine, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. The need for personal respiratory protec tion in many types of industrial operations Is now well recognized, but the problem of determining in a specific instance whether reipirator is required, and what type is t indicated, is sometimes not a simple one. Every type of respirator places some re striction on the wearer, and although it may Ic only a slight inconvenience and insigaificant compared with the protection it pro vides, it must be recognized as a comproauie. Ideally, all operations would be con ducted so as not to contaminate the air rhkh must be breathed, or the degree of (lamination, would be kept at safe levels If ventilating devices. Only after the pri mary effort to achieve this ideal has proved to be impossible or impractical should the i of personal respiratory protective equip ment be considered. Too frequently the apparent simplicity and the immediate eco nomic advantage in merely providing res pirators are the deciding factors in the choice of this type of protection. An understand ing of the purposes, operations, and limita tions of respirators is essential if respiratory protection is to be safely and intelligently applied to the varied types of hazards which exist. There are, however, many industrial situa tions where the use of a respirator is spe cifically indicated for the protection of work men ; situations where it is impossible or impractical to secure a safely respirable at mosphere by other means. The definition of an irrespirable or unsafe atmosphere is ad mittedly sometimes difficult. A discussion of the methods for determining if the air is safe 44 30th National Safety Congress Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 45 for breathing is beyond the scope of this sidered in selecting a respirator for a sped paper, but mention should be made of the hazard? recently increased impetus toward establish ing safe threshold values--the Maximum Allowable Concentrations which are being determined in increasing numbers for po tentially toxic materials which may be vola tilized in industrial processes. For this dis cussion, it is assumed that a respiratory hazard exists, that circumstances make it im practical to eliminate the hazard by other means, and that some form of personal respiratory protective device must be worn to permit the individual to safely carry on his work. In many instances .the actual selection not require a step by step examination each of these factors--the choice will more or less obvious and made by sim "inspection," but if the selection is to be best possible one, these principles must examined, recognized, and applied. In m cases, a standard model of one of the c` mercially available devices will be satisf tory, but not infrequently the circumstan of exposure are such that some degree modification gives a more adaptable and u ful protection. How these individual fact Many types of respirators have been found useful, and since many are commercially available, it is logical to examine them before investigating the factors which should de may influence the choice of a particular of respirator, or require a modification due the peculiarities of the exposure, will considered in some detail. termine the selection of a respirator for a 1. The oxygen content of the contaminat specific hazard. Schrenk of the Bureau of atmosphere. Mines has classified personal respiratory Normal air contains nearly 21 per c protective equipment as follows: oxygen, but this oxygen content may (1) Those that afford protection by re moving atmospheric contaminants ("Air purifying"), and (2) those by which a res pirable atmosphere from an uncontaminated source is supplied to the wearer ("Airsupplying, or air-supplied"). greatly reduced in covered tanks, in vaul or cellars without ventilation, and in otl confined areas, particularly where fires explosions may have consumed the oxy or where large quantities of gases or va~ may have been generated. Although an r vidual may not l>e in serious danger as 1 The question as to the efficiency of res as 12 per cent oxygen is present, a respira pirators is satisfied in part by the arrange giving an adequate supply of oxygen m ments for testing and approval setup by the be used in all situations where there is Bureau of Mines of the U. S. Department of danger of an oxygen deficiency. the Interior. For some years this organiza tion has given an official approval to certain types of respiratory protective devices which pass the rather rigid requirements specified. There are, however, useful respirators which are not included in the approved list and which give adequate protection for many types of exposures. In the opinion of the writer, it is better to choose a respirator with a Bureau of Mines Approval, if a respirator of the types eligible for approval is indicated in the specific exposure. This is particularly pertinent when the opportunity and facilities in the plant for checking the efficiency of respirators are limited. In lieu of official approval, the integrity and recognized qual ification of the manufacturer must rank high in the considerations for accepting the speci fications given with a particular respiratory protective device. 2. The exact nature of the specific cont inants. It is extremely important to know exact nature of the contaminating materia not only tf\e chemical properties, but all physical forms in which the materials, be encountered in the particular exposu In addition to the respiratory protection, may be necessary to prevent contact with eyes and skin, hence the nature of the taminant also determines the type of piece or covering which is to contain respiratory device. Of the two gene classes of respirators, it has greater im~ in the selection of the air-purifying t" A particular absorbent may have a relativ high restraining capacity against one type physical state of a contaminant and ha little or no value against others. For' ample, a filter which gives effective protect' What are the factors that should be con against lead fume may permit the passage significant amounts of lead in a gaseous form. Or a canister which will satisfactorily re strain the vapors of a chlorinated hydroearbon solvent may be much less effective against gases accidently generated by the combustion of this solvent, such as phosgene. increase gradually and thus may not give an adequate warning. In such cases, the ab sorber type of respirator must be used with caution, and the exhaustion of the absorbing capacity controlled by limiting the time of There are a variety of absorbing materials which are used to "filter out" the contami nants in air-purifying respirators. There is no one "universal absorbing material." Since there is a direct relationship between the amount of the specific absorbent and the quan tity of material absorbed, it is desirable to have as great a quantity of this specific ab sorber as possible. Occasionally, because of ncertainty as to which type of canister is indicated, the use of an "all-service" type respirator is recommended. This respirator afords protection against practicaiiy all types of gases, vapors, fumes, or smokes en countered industrially and would give pro tection by absorbing the contaminant in one ar two of its layers, but its capacity for absorption would be much less than if the container were completely filled with the ^ecific absorber. In contrast to the airfarifying respirator, the air-suppiied type gives respiratory protection against all types f contaminants. 3. The concentration of the contaminants and the duration of exposure. These two factors are considered together, far the concentration and duration are both Important functions of the total capacity or "life" of a given amount of absorbing ma terial. Theoretically, the air-supplied respi rators afford effective protection against any concentration of contaminant as long as the tr supply continues. The concentration and the duration of exposure impose very definite limitations upon the air-purifying types. Very little information is available concerning the absolute capacities of the varied types of ab sorbing materials for the variety of conteminants--even those against which they are *t effective. In practice, the point of exition of a given amount of absorbent is obvious if the odor of the contaminant is aoted (it is assumed that the face piece is wdl fitted). Unfortunately some very toxic terials are odorless, for example, carbon monoxide, and other substances vary greatly i to their tendencies to fatigue the olfactory as the concentration of the gases or vapors passing thru the exhausted absorber Concentration alone places a definite limi tation upon the use of air-purifying respira tors. The Bureau of Mines has approved canister masks for protection against 2 per cent by volume of acid gases, organic vapors, and- carbon monoxide, and 3 per cent of ammonia, and such approval indicates the effective life of the absorber at this level is at least 30 minutes. No published data could be found which gave the absolute upper limits of protection either as to concentration or capacity. If the respirator has a Bureau of Mines Approval, the efficiency for a given concen tration and a given time has been tested. For lower concentrations than the upper ap proval limit it is probably safe to assume a straight line relationship for the effective life. Thus, a canister effective against 2 per cent vapor for 30 minutes can be assumed to give protection against 1 per cent for 60 minutes, against 0.1 per cent for 600 minutes. Since the efficiency of the air-purifying (mechanical filter) respirator for dusts, fumes, and smokes increases with use, the effective life is determined not by its failure to restrain the contaminant, but by its in creased resistance to inspiration. When this resistance becomes uncomfortable, it is not uncommon for the wearer to relax the fit of the mask, and while he then can breathe more easily, the protection is lost. 4. The character of the work to be done and of the work space. Here must be considered, whether the work is of an emergancy or non-emergency type, the amount and rate of physical exertion that must be done, the movements required in per forming the work, the distance to be covered in the operation, the shape, size, and restric tions of the working space, and the time per mitted for putting on the device. It is essen tial that devices for emergency situations give complete respiratory protection, and that special provision be made against failure of the device and the resultant exposure to an immediately dangerous atmosphere. Em phasis is on complete protection, with com 46 30th National Safety Congress Dusts, Fumes, Gases and Vapors 47 fort and convenience important, but secondary. In non-emergency situations it is assumed that the individual could escape from the harmful atmosphere without any protection. Devices for these situations usually give more consideration to the comfort and convenience of the wearer. To illustrate how ore or a combination of the above factors have re quired the modification of standard equip ment, the following examples are given. In one manufacturing operation large quantities of a variety of solvents are evap orated in a completely inclosed apparatus, and the workman, on the outside of the ma chine, has not appreciable exposure. Occa sionally it is necessary for him to place his head inside the machine, with a consequent exposure to high concentrations of hot sol vent vapors. The work inside the machine is of such a nature that it must be started within a few seconds when the need arises, and the exposure may continue from a few seconds to many minutes. The workman must have protection for breathing and for the eyes. Because of the high concentrations, an absorber type respirator unless supplied with a prohibitively large amount of absorb ing material would be quickly exhausted. Standard air-line models equipped with a fullface piece were tried, but required too long a time for the operators to put them on. Finally one of this type was modified by attaching the face piece to a spring type head-band in such a manner that the respi rator could be put on in a few seconds. The short hoseline can be plugged in at any one of the numerous convenient terminals around the machine, and the simple insertion ini tiates an adequtee flow of air. The mask and hose attachment can be removed as quickly and easily as they were applied. This respi rator has proved to be a very satisfactory solution to a difficult problem. In this instance the high concentrations en countered favored the choice of the airsupplied mask over the absorber type, but the expense and difficulty, in obtaining and maintaining a satisfactory air source seemed to outweigh this first indication. Other factors, the ease and speed of applying and removing the mask determined the final se lection, since the positive pressure of the air-supplied respirator permitted this modi fication much more readily and safely. In another instance it was found that the use of a small cartridge absorber type pirator was giving inadequate protec'' against the high concentrations of va~ encountered in spray painting the inte-' of buildings. The alternatives in suppl additional protecion were to increase quantity of absorbing material, or to use air-supplied type. The relatively large ume of absorbent necessary to give comp protection for an eight-hour exposure to high concentration of vapors, required ei an inconventiently larger container or f quent refilling of a small one. A valid jection to the standard air-line models that when it was necessary to move scaff ing or to perform other work in the r being sprayed, the painter must, to r his air source, carry the supply line wher he went, an inconvenient and even dange impediment to climbing on and off scaffing and ladders. If he cut loose from airline ,he was exposed to the residual centrations of five to ten thousand parts million, an appreciable cumulative ex during the course of a day. An airline respirator was modified to elude a charcoal cartridge and auto shutoff valves on both sides of the connec'' between the supply line and the respira line. Thus when the airline connection severed, the intake of air begins automa'' ally thru the cartridge and continues the reconnection with the airline again a~ matically closes the small valve in the of the cartridge. These modifications f quently require considerable experimental' until a satisfactory result is obtained, the protection and safety afforded is adeq' compensation. S. Other'environmental factors, such temperature and humidity. Temperature and humidity may influ the selection in at least two ways since (1 they have a definite effect on the capacity certain types of absorbents, and (2) t" affect the comfort of the wearer. The eff of moisture on the life of activated charagainst gasoline vapors has been shown studies by the Bureau of Mines. The parity of the dry charcoal (0.35% moisture was six to twelve times as great as containing 21 per cent moisture (in equil' brium with air at 25 degrees C and 85 cent relative humidity, and showing no s* sible moisture). The efficiency of hopcalit absorbent (actually a catalytic agent for itlf carbon monoxide to carbon diox- ) is readily destroyed by moisture. It is itly difficult to control the temperature humidity of the air for air-supplied res. The lines carrying the compressed for general plant purposes even though hitter may be pure for respirator use, itly parallel steam lines or pass thru areas, resulting in uncomfortably high tures at the terminals. Otherwise ory compressed air may have had the e removed because of certain operarequirements, and the relative humidity below 10 or even 15 per cent may discomfort and dryness in the respitract. Personal factors: comfort, sex, age, ' at condition, intelligence, cooperation. Most of the respirators now available, if proper working condition, can be worn, for long periods of time, without apprediscomfort if the wearer has become logically adjusted to the situation. It probable that the chief cause of failure of ction in exposures where respirators are 'ed is the mental and physical discomdne to faulty operation or maintenance-- (logging of filters, the unclean condition the face piece, the unsatisfactory fitting the contour of the face. Unless the work- are exceptionally enlightened the unortable protection will seem worse than hazard of the exposure. In general adapt to the wearing of respirators easily than men, and this relation in- with the size of the face piece or 'ng and the amount of equipment in- Age and physical condition must be idered, especially when devices such as self-contained oxygen breathing apparais to be worn in emergency operations, intelligence and cooperation of the workare obvious factors. 7. Control of personnel exposed--edxtcasupervision. Too frequently the employee is merely ed the respirator with the order to "go and use it." Instruction as to the reafor the protection, the exact situations under which he shall wear the respirator, the signs of faulty operation and what he shall do to correct them, and the care and clean ing of the device, must depend upon the par ticular circumstances, but it is better to err on the side of too much rather than too little. The education must include the super vision. and the supervision of the supervision. Rarely, the enforcing of protection cannot he accomplished by securing the cooperation, and altho it should be the last resort, com pulsory measures may be' required. 8. Facilities for the care and cleaning. This very important condition to the proper functioning of respiratory protective equipment deserves more consideration than it usually receives. In plants where a num ber of respirators are used, provision should be made for the collection, cleaning, repair, and return of the respirators. In this con nection, it should be stressed that, if possible, each man should have his own respirator, suitably marked, so that it is returned to him after cleaning. If it is impractical to provide each individual with his own res pirator, provision must be made for thorough cleaning and repair if necessary before it is used by another workman. Where an indi vidual is responsible for the cleaning and maintenance of his own mask, there must be systematic supervision to insure its being done. Yant, in the article previously re ferred to, suggests several methods for clean ing and sterilizing different types of equip ment. It is unfortunate that a simple formula cannot be derived which might be applied in every instance to indicate the most effective type of personal respiratory protection. For the majority of hazardous industrial ex posures, the selection of a satisfactory res pirator is a relatively simple one, but the factors discussed above must be recognized and applied if the choice is to he the best one. When the conditions of the hazard are unusual, it may be necessary to examine in considerable detail each of the factors, to weigh the advantages and disadvantages, and to repeatedly modify the device until a practical, safe, and comfortable form of pro tection is obtained. ADJOURNMENT 152 30th National Safety Congress Essentials of Healthful Industrial Environment By MYRON A. SNELL Supervising Engineer, Hartford Accident ft Indemnity Co., Hartford, Con^ In 1940 occupational accidents were re sponsible for 17,000 killed, 16,000 perma nently disabled, and 1,350,000 temporarily disabled. Although the recognized diseases of occu pation are responsible for only a compara tively small proportion of these industrial injuries, many other factors in industrial environment are partly responsible for them. The personal habits of the individual as well as the nature of his home environment must also be charged with their share of this responsibility. It is known that the incidence of the com mon diseases of life which are not due to the occupation is higher among industrial work ers than among the balance of the population. Consequently, the life expectancy of the in dividual employed in industry is approxi mately eight years less than for the non industrial worker. There is no doubt but that considerable improvement would result through the elimination of all of the unsatis factory conditions to which workers are ex posed in industry. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Com pany conducted a study which revealed that approximately 2 per cent of all workers are incapacitated all of the time on account of illness. This means that the estimated 50 million workers in the United States lose four hundred million days annually on ac count of injury and illness, resulting in an average direct loss of wages at $5.00 per day of two billion dollars. The Air Hygiene Foundation of America are engaged in a study of "Sick Absenteeism in Industry." Their records show that more than eight days are lost per male wage earner per year and more than twelve days per female wage earner per year because of sickness. A considerable proportion of this cost is assumed by the employer through lower production and poorer earnings. Many companies have already discovered that a large proportion of the employees with poor health records also had poor safety records. These employers are spend ing money to improve the health of the em ployees through the elimination of a. ful conditions at home as well as on 1 They receive a large return on thef ment, not only through the reduction j lost from the job through sickness bt from the reduction in the cost of ind accidents and diseases. Industrial Health Although progressive employers reco| the importance to them of healthy, employees, it is unfair and unjust to : upon them the legal liability for any or diseases among the employees thatil not actually caused by the employment,^ cupational disease laws should be car enacted and justly administered so that^j employer will not be expected to pr general health insurance for his emplo The industrial environment is actuallyjfj sponsible for only a small proportion o']p time lost from the job by employees. Every employer should, of course, be te quired to provide his employees with a s*f and healthful place in which to work. S*d an environment can be achieved only throqj a study of every condition of industrial Mf followed by an adjustment of these coaft tions to the health requirements of the indai trial worker. ^ Atmospheric Contaminanti Employees should not be subjected to tb inhalation of atmospheric contaminants i sufficient concentrations to cause disease e poisoning, nor even in concentrations sufl cient to cause any marked degree of comfort. Polluted air is undesirable ere though the foreign material in the air is ix present in harmful quantities. Workers wh are satisfied and contented with the worlrin environment are not only happier and root efficient but healthier as well. Many ind viduals imagine all sorts of ill effects ere from trivial industrial exposures, and ma even worry themselves into an actual ca: of illness which was not caused by the ei vironment but from the mental attitude of tl worker. Industrial Health 153 Atmospheric contaminants in industrial ants may consist of solid dispersoids, liquid spersoids or gases or vapors. Solid dis;rsoids may be divided into dusts, fumes ad smokes. Liquid dispersoids may be diided into mists and fogs. Dust* Industrial dusts are mechanically generated y many different processes and operations, ypical examples are drilling, blasting and rushing in mining and quarrying; polishng, buffing and grinding in metal finishing nd stonecutting, polishing and abrasive 'lasting in the granite and monument indusr7- The dust generated in every case is of he inorganic or mineral variety. Animal and 'egetable dusts are known as organic dusts "od are generated by such operations as the >rocessing of cotton, the working of wood, * *be polishing of skins. cosis Conference in 1937 suggested that the maximum permissible concentration should be found by multiplying the percentage of free silica by the total dust count. If the result is under five million, the condition may be considered permissible. If the result is over five million, the condition may be considered too high. California, Connecticut and some other states allow no more than five million par ticles of dust running high in free silica. New York State, in the Industrial Code adopted September 1, 1941, for the control of silica dust in the stonecutting and stone fin ishing industry, allow five million particles if the dust contains more than 70 per cent free silica, 10 million particles if it contains from 10 to 70 per cent, and 100 million par ticles if it contains less than 10 per cent free silica. The State of California has established a permissible limit of S million particles per cubic foot of air for asbestos dust. From the health standpoint, industrial 1ast* of above ten microns in size are of no *P*tance because they are too large to be into the lungs themselves. Dusts "Sow tea microns in size are not visible to "aired eye but can be seen with a micro>eoPp down to about two-tenths of a micron ** size. Dusts containing sufficient percent- i free silica and asbestos may cause ******* known as silicosis and asbestosis if sizes below ten microns in suffihigh concentrations over a great period of time. Other dusts, with the of the metallic dusts, do not re st JZJ****' hut many of them do result TshnM* ^lan8es in the lungs whicli are of great importance. Never- Jj^T^Joairers should not be allowed to inr^^P-Wocentrations of any kind of dust, its composition. limits or maximum allowable for these dusts have been esvarious organizations, but as been no complete agreement Ions in workroom atmosStandard Safety Code of Heads, Eyes and Resreconunends "that no ly subjected without a phere containing any in quantity exceeding cubic foot of a size The National Sili Metallic dusts may also be generated me chanically in such operations as weighing and mixing red lead and litharge in the manufacture of paints or storage batteries. The permissible limits for such toxic dusts are the same as for the fumes of these metals. Fumes and Smokes Inhalation of the freshly formed fume of any metal in sufficient concentrations may cause the condition known as "metal fume fever," also known as zinc chills or shakes. Although this condition causes a great deal of discomfort and may be alarming to those who are not familiar with it, it is actually not a disease and has no permanent effect on the individual. The inhalation of the dusts or fumes of the toxic metals can also cause systemic poisoning if inhaled in sufficient quantities. As yet there are no definite standards established for most of the toxic metals. The American Standards Association's Sectional Committee on Allowable Concentrations of Toxic Dusts and Gases is developing stand ards for cadmium, chromium, lead and mer cury. They also propose to develop standards for antimony, arsenic, manganese and zinc. All of these standards will probably be avail able in the near future. The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology in the June, 1940, issue published 154 30th National Safety Congress a "Code for Safe Concentrations of Certain Common Toxic Substances Used in Indus try." This code was prepared by a group of five expert industrial hygienists and con tained a list of suggested permissible limits to be used as a guide until the time that the American Standards Association's committee had completed the standards for the sub stances mentioned. The maximum allowable concentrations for certain of the toxic metals were as follows: Cadmium 0.1 mg. per cu. meter; Chromium 0.1 mg. per cu. meter; Lead 0.15 mg. per cu. meter; Mercury 0.1 mg. per cu. meter, and Zinc 15.0 mg. per cu. meter. Very little work has been done on maxi mum concentrations of smoke which can be tolerated without impairing efficiency or causing marked discomfort, and no limits have as yet been established. Mists and Fogs Mists are formed by the mechanical dis integration of a liquid by such processes as spray coating of paints or vitreous enamels. They usually range in size from about 50 to 100 microns. Fogs are formed by the condensation of vapors'. They vary in size from 5 to about 50 microns. Wherever hot alkaline cleaning or pickling vats are operated in a workroom in which the temperature is quite cool, the water vapor is apt to condense in the form of a fog in the room in the same manner that ordinary fog is formed in the outdoors. A mist which may be inhaled in spray coating operations may be rather complex in nature. In the case of spraying paints, it usually consists of a mixture of organic solvents of a varying degree of toxicity together with solid matter in solution or in suspension. These fine droplets in the form of mist may hold in suspension lead oxide as a pigment or other particulate matter of a toxic nature. In the spray coating of vitreous enamels a water vehicle is used but the particulate mat ter in suspension may contain toxic metals in the form of oxide, such as cadmium, lead and manganese. In addition, they sometimes contain finely divided particles of free silica in the form of quartz or flint. The maximum allowable concentration in inspired air containing mist is the same as that for the vapors, fumes or dusts of the substances contained in the mist. Vapors and Gases While vapors are composed of phase of substances which us: the form of liquids under ordii tions, gases exist only in the gw under ordinary conditions. Vapors and gases are frequently ba rectly termed "fumes." For examp trous fumes" instead of nitrogen o: A liquid organic solvent such as tetrachloride will evaporate from tank in a workroom and the vapors bon tetrachloride collect in the si atmosphere. Thus the carbon tei can exist under the ordinary coi the workroom either as a liquid or a On the other hand, the oxygen and dioxide gases in the air of the wi cannot exist under such normal com any other state. There are a vast number of organic^ vents in use in industry and the m `' increasing each year through the of new and better solvents in the chemical laboratories. The extent of to the health of workers through the tion of the vapors of many of these soha is not known. American standards have been estabi^ this year for benzol of 100 parts per od| parts of air, carbon disulfide' 20 part*] million, carbon monoxide 100 parts per | lion and hydrogen sulfide 20 parts per i lion. The American Standards Assodali Committee on Allowable Concentratioai1 at present engaged in the deve' y) standards for acetone, carbon te * diethyl ether, formaldehyde, hydrofla acid, methanol, nitrous gases, detrachli thane, tetrachlorethylene, toluol, trick ethylene and xylol. Tentative suggri standards for these as well as for aboil additional gases and vapors are given ia June, 1940, issue of the Journal of Indus Hygiene and Toxicology, as already tioned. Atmospheric Pollution The only definite method of detertni whether or not a concentration of alt pheric contaminants exists in the work: that constitutes a health hazard is by m of collection and analysis of air sam Industrial Health 155 These atmospheric pollution studies require paratively rare and most of the known toxic the services of trained industrial hygienists substances do not readily enter the blood and the use oi proper field and laboratory stream by skin absorption. equipment. Many private companies as well as individuals are equipped to do this work for themselves or for others. Approximately two-thirds of all occupa tional disease claims, however, are for derma titis and other skin affections. Industrial In addition, there are at the present time employees come in contact with a consider 31 industrial hygiene units located in that able number of substances which invariably siany different states, who are prepared to result in the development of a dermatitis do this work for industrial concerns at their condition. In addition, there are a great request. In all but New York and Massa many other substances used in industry which chusetts these units are operated by State cause abnormal skin conditions to develop in Departments of Health in cooperation with certain few individuals but not in others. U. S. Public Health Service. In addition to This highly specialized subject has been Applying the plant owner with an analysis given a great deal of attention in recent fthe health hazards in this plant, these years and much information has been pub tit* make invaluable suggestions for their lished about it. correction or elimination through the use of *per engineering control methods. There are two methods of prevention available. The first involves the use of skin tests to determine individual reaction to sub Ingestion of Toxic Substances stances which are generally known to cause The vast majority of cases of industrial **yning occur through inhalation of- the substances rather than by ingestion or dermatitis. This is done before employment in the exposure, and employees who show a positive reaction are placed in other jobs. J **orption through skin, for two reasons. The second method consists of preventing first place, the principal exposure to contact between the individual and the harm **nc substances in industry is through in- ful substance through complete enclosure, J**1***1 and not ingestion or absorption. In exhaust ventilation, the use of rubber gloves y second place, in those few cases where ' or other protective clothing, or protective substances are swallowed, they are skin cream. Personal cleanliness also is an entirely eliminated through the ali- extremely important factor in the prevention tract without being absorbed into of industrial dermatitis. **d*tream and a large percentage of KaQ amount absorbed into the blood- Infectious Diseases 11 further eliminated through the jj--*. ^***equently very little of the in^ Poison gets into the general circula- !*J*e damage to the vital organs. A considerable number of industrial cases of anthrax, glanders, undulant fever and tularemia are reported every year. These diseases of animals are invariably contracted f an employee who is working by man through ignorance or negligence on * de in the manufacture of storage the part of the employees or their super i be is inhaling any dust which visors. Industrially they are easily con ate the working area at the tracted through contacts with infected hair each minute during the en- or hides or the diseased animals themselves. i the other hand, he usually eats Practically every such case could have been ^day on the job. In addition he prevented either through sterilization of the ..at other times during the day- animal parts themselves or through the use lead which in itself could not of protective clothing on the part of the employees. Skin Contact .organic liquids such as tetraleaded gasoline and benzol ing by absorption through rcases, however, are com- Miscellaneous Diseases Theie are miscellaneous conditions to which industrial workers may be exposed which are responsible for a considerable number of actual cases of disease. Com 156 30th National Safety Congress pressed air illness or caisson disease results from too rapid decompression after working under pressures greater than one atmos phere. Time and pressure tables have been established for maximum rates of compres sion and decompression which should be fol lowed in all cases. In some states this is required by law. Radiant energy when used in industry may result in serious consequences if adequate safety precautions are not taken. Workers should not be exposed to harmful amounts of radioactive substances or X-rays. In every case tl>e protective measures published by the National Bureau of Standards should be religiously followed. Both ultra-violet and infra-red rays have certain beneficial effects on human beings if they are absorbed by the body in moderate amounts. Light rays produced industrially, however, may have a serious effect upon the health of workers if proper personal protec tion is not provided. Cataract may result from exposure to the heat and glare of molten glass. Serious eye and skin burns may result from undue exposure to the bright arc produced in electric welding. The use of goggles with properly colored lenses, face shields, gloves, and proper clothing afford adequate protection. Pressure, Motion and Shock Synovitis, or tenosynvitis, or bursitis, or cellulitis of any of the joints of the body may result from any occupation involving con tinual or repeated trauma, vibration, pres sure or friction. Examples are the diseases suffered by workers who spend many years in handling pneumatic tools used in such operations as riveting and drilling. If pos sible the employees of concerns engaged in such operations should be rotated so that no one individual is exposed to the harmful ef fects of conditions such as these for long periods of time. Temperature and Humidity The average comfort zone in the winter time is from 63 to 71 E. T. (Effective Temperature). 66 E. T. is the most popu lar effective temperature as adopted by the American Society of Heating and Ventilat ing Engineers for individuals at rest wear- ing cusWr-.iry winter clothes broad geographical belts ac States in which heating of type is generally used during months of the year. It do rooms heated by radiant energy, ^ excessive glass area or those insulated or cold walls. In de spaces somewhat lower temp be necessary. Satisfactory tions for men at work have vary from 40 to 70 E. T. de rate of work and the amount worn. In hot industries 80 E. T.f ered the upper limit compatibles ciency and whenever possible this] reduced to 70 E. T. or less. in tne summertime tne __ zone is from 66 to 75 E. T. with;! as the popular average. This is 4 toi average than in the wintertime. The temperature differential doors and outdoors which should tained depends on a number of drop in temperature of 10 F. or be extremely harmful if it occurred i especially when the skin and wet with perspiration. No standard has been establish proper amount of humidity. It from 30 to 70 per cent without The air should be dry rather The common belief that dry air in : erts a harmful effect on the skin ; membranes has never been proved i vincing evidence, although there numerous investigations on the suhji addition of moisture to the air of i rooms by any practical method has : shown to have any beneficial effe health and comfort. Experiments hav that the respiratory membranes of workers exposed to hot, moist air tinctly more abnormal than those of j exposed to hot, dry air. The maximum air movement shou feet per minute with not less than feet per minute per occupant of taken from an outdoor source. Mr. states that "an air movement of 40 f.p.m. is permissible under present < neering practice, when the temperas** f the air current is 2 F. or less below'* nary room temperature. Current vekdfe as high as 200 f.p.m. may prove derintt Industrial Health 157 in hot industries, but velocities much higher than this are uncomfortable and irritating and may blow dust off the floor." Work in the hot industries may be respon sible for a number of physiological derange ments, foe best known of which is heat ex haustion or heat cramps. The conscientious use of salt tablets by ihe employees in such industries has largely eliminated the dis ability and discomfort which were prevalent a few years ago. Since the amount of rise in body tem perature of employees in hot atmospheres has been shown to indicate disturbances in Physiological equilibrium, the American So ciety of Heating and Ventilating Engineers h** suggested an average "temperature rise of one-half degree in the average worker qualified by physical makeup and experience to work in hot industries, or a one- and oneWf degree rise in an occasional worker" as the Smiting factor. The A.S.H.V.E. state that "the thermal ^rorceanent cannot be properly adjusted to the requirements of human health and com- 5ct without control of all the four basic **ctws concerned--temperature (true air tauterstare free from radiation effects) *OTtn*cnt of the air, humidity of the air, d mean radiant temperature of the sur- romx&ng tones a--re surfaces." Their research laboraat the present time engaged in a fctosrth program with the aim of establish- C minimum requirements for air condi- foe industries which would be acccKbte to everyone concerned. IliaceUaneous Conditions noise levels have a profound industrial workers and may re^j^f^P^fn,c--i-s----oruuotihuerpapuaituhioolgoigcaiclal ear , Jt(Ibe A.S.H.V.E. 1941 Guide con- giving the acceptable noise * various conditions. These noise y^om 10 to 100 decibels depend- and location. Dr. Knudsen exposure to sounds above >.fo 90 decibels or a brief ex intense noises invariably im-- results are vestibular fatigue, loss of effi: nervousness which can ve noise. Some persons : to excessive noise than others, but no one is immune to long con tinued intense sound. Noise has become more than a nuisance--it is a menace impairing the hearing of millions, robbing them of quiet leisure, restful sleep and taking a toll of the general nervous system of mental work ers, neurotics, hospital patients and others who are noise sensitive." Noise reduction at the source may be accomplished by insula tion, absorption or by reducing the noise from machinery and equipment. Most em ployees object to wearing ear stoppers but Dr. Knudsen has devised an ear defender providing an insulation of 35 to 40 decibels which is very effective. Tobacco Smoke and Body Odors, with the exception of toxic atmospheric contaminants, are the principal factors to be considered relative to comfort and efficiency. Such odors are not harmful but nevertheless have a profound effect on individuals. In the same manner other disagreeable odors ad versely affect the efficiency of workers. The amount of outdoor air needed for body odors should be somewhere between 10 and 30 c.f.m. per person depending on age, socioeconomic status, air space in cubic foot per person, outside and inside temper atures and humidity. The minimum air change requirements for tobacco smoke has not yet been definitely determined but prob ably should be in the neighborhood of 5 to 15 c.fjn. per person. These air require ments are in addition to those needed for indoor recirculation in order to maintain the humidity and temperature at the proper levels. Space Allotments for industrial workers are of questionable value and minimum re quirements for them cannot be given at the present time because this factor is so closely associated with many others, principally that of the ventilation problem. Illumination of the proper intensity for the type of work to be performed should be provided for all industrial workers. The equipment providing illumination should be of the proper type and installed so as to give maximum efficiency with a minimum amount of glare, eyestrain, or other adverse effects. Improper lighting may be responsible for ac tual diseases of the eye in addition to eyestrain and eye fatigue. Improper illumi- 158 30th National Safety Congress nation may not only result in poor efficiency but also in a high accident frequency. The number of foot-candles for proper industrial illumination varies up to a point beyond 100. They are published in table form for various occupations in Safe Practices Pamphlet No. 22 on "Industrial Shop Lighting." Other Factors which should be considered in the subject of industrial health are work ing postures._ and the proper kind of floor covering. Standing or walking on concrete or other hard surfaces produce fatigue and may even be harmful to some individuals in prolonged exposures. The Gilbreth Inter national Committee on Industrial Fatigue place great stress on the harmiffuull'-! improper posture among industtriiaal*l The use of proper chairs elimin and greatly improves efficiency. The comfort and efficiency t workers are also affected by the cok* of the environment, the length of tlj ing hours and the rest periods used j nection with them, the general hous conditions and cleanliness of the plan^j washroom, sanitation and eating ' medical facilities, and by proper for recreation. Most of these, howee^| little or no important effect upon the j* health of the industrial worker. ADJOURNMENT