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Xha paioi urtti at * axpottd to a tldt rtaft *( ellatilt Mi Ato tayharla octoitloo*. tot ptmli w* aryand to tot* ftocat 1a ttortil Ato IaIaM at aaa tonne boto itoartritl Ato rural
tot toat ltctilaM, typta to ayaelaaM m Mtoltleot art Itrltdto la tba follovlac ttblt
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totorto
SAjnllt, loi| Xaltto CleTalato, Obit Joplin, XltMtrl It* OrlAna, LoolrUna Saa franclaao, California
Panala tto incite fastIt Naala tto Inyltt
feaala fMtlt
Atltnilt Onto, ton! Inltad(Orttl t iln fYwli Xaltto, feral
Oolf CMi( Indttirltl Pacific Coaei, Xadatirl
TT8T SPICIIgto Qaotral Ptotttoilto
All to tt* pAlst ei'Htot to tto yrajact tott tots ayyllad At tto tiff Uft aitaa to fltt U*iUa cold rtllto ttotl y--It. (ASS 69 W6l, Ctnafto #5). Bn m tart tolyptd to tot eteytratort ItbtriUrlaa to ordnaaoa toft Ato *rappto to f| payar. tot ptaalt ttrt Itot wtff id Mill jwt yrlar to yalntlne tota Uigr ttrt |1m thrtt atotrtl aylrlt tttott to rtAttt tot til flto tto ttotr feral*! aatUr. tottt ^tttotto ttrt tltta ato rati fret ahaa ytltito.
DtoUtott tot railed atraatoral ttotl tytetotta s fc i J/l* > U* Art tayttfd Ai SA/nilt, tone Xaltto tto Jtylto* Mlttttrl. tottt m k* fc* i V* * U* ato tit tit a ttratl mo iM to toll Milt.
tot M|U tyirtoiM ttrt ttlttto tluttd ato tort braitod Jut yrltr to yalatlaf tto cwuitto Ittt Dim 10* ttrrttlaa yraduli.
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bet operlaaa xatilu four tert inu at lUntntti 9mm tm$r
> ft Uii inti xr eiyoiia m Met yuel tad angle Irak
Site* be topooet palate, alnarimea tad la* rlHblllty grey, wt need*
tcb pfiner it expend U pHdnpUeeti ee tagla epeclaone tad &* it^lleato * a flat eportaana.
All ipeelMM are expend oa AS* tact facie facing twill.
autmcAnm
9m paint tart epeirlaawa art Itbelad to Valletta expewe HU,
paint tetter tad eoapodtlea ef topcoat, 9m lettare A tad 1 ilieiyata
elMriiew tad gray topcoat* reepectlvely. 9m tact elto dodgnatioM artt
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9m panel Marked AOQJ-a la eepeeed at Sayvllla, Borrtelnc pH etc
r awber fOJ tod the grtp topcoat.
The panel narked 7015-4 It eepaeed at Saa frandeoo, centalaa prlatr
water US tod the tlwelnea topcoat. Afrucxnat cr nxm
lack act ef uponri cpoctaane nre prepartd at the HU of apeeere.
i All palnU wr* applied tp aprey at a eidfoca dip flla thlckneae ef p
1*5 alia per eott, 9m only eteeptlea *aa the iIh I-- topcoat ddd mm
applied et a flla Utltknoat ef eat all. 9m pelata wre applied ei ;
eelwlaied eproedlag ratee U obtain Um epeelfled flla tMeloimiooe Tbo
r dry flint art ctMcked HUi a Magna Oaage to aanra a anlfara flla ever
tbe entire curfew af Um rpielatni
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9m 1m aalld aeateat prlner and tepeeat far Um Hayl e/etea* aqpanad
a a control, won appUad at 1 1 0.1 aU per eeei. 9m mo * eeel
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aapoMra te pandt thari1i A7U1 af M ptlrt (Um ffPPttffig
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9m fall-lag yt pwwUUo-- m UM la aaah af flaa aMriw. ' (Mm TMIrltt irt AatrlM la 4*tall la a later a>Ha,
>4. lad MM Tnrradiante
M laadf 971 Orate line YalioKZa Chrcaate)
tegnaalsa Silicate Xroa Oadte, 8S( FrjO. Uea, >2$ Mate J 11win-- Stearate
PI--antetloa Bwbara lit, nr IK rUl UF~ nr TCI^
w. 7SI 251 sst
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m 151 m
M L9.55 2J.55
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655 805 525 305 w M te m -91 te 18.51 28.59 2J. SK 27.55 in 289 28* 385 uM M m 0.5* 0.91 U.5* 0.*
M IM Im4 Baaa
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Zlae laUor(Za OirotU) Uad Chrwate, Baala line Oclte Hinaila SUleate Iron Ottte, 655P>,0. Klaa, 325 Hate * *
- ~ WpnUtlon M*r 116 116 119 121 157
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355 m
te 355
te aa 105 105 105 105
205 105 255 255 155 155
555 105 305 505 805 805
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fhaae nhUlu an lndadad alth tkt iflflHi ktalM pals* fwaltUeM la
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Intra&aata
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Sloe lead, SutxlljMd
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Mfaeelui 811lett
Iron Odde, 851 N0.
Iroa Qaida, 761 r*2>{
BMi 325 nut
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SUle* 11 n1 me Steerete nttnltai Dlaxlde, Sttil* fee
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35/65 Co. Tuaad Leaded Uoe Lead Carbonate, Bale
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tlaa Odd* Baa llama
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( i th* following flw rohlolo* aoro rood rltA oocb of th* tort oodela* M
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Oil ocMUUai of a kind of rt> llaaood oil, pole
hoot bodlod Unaood oil, ttionl oplrlt* ood drlor la tho following proportional
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ta timid oil
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Polo Root Bodlod linoood Oil - 15*
Xlaorol Spirit* and Drlor - 35*
Tohjelo
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AUgrd loola Solatia*
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Klaorol Spirit* aad Drlor* - 15.6*
Iho alkpd roala oolotla* la thla oohlelo haa th* fanning proportlooo
* Oil Adda
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flooooltr at 505 BV(0ordaar4Mdt) . 9-M
Add anbor at 505 IT
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A onbiaotlo* of 60* ty wain* of a limoort aodlflod tXycmrfl pbthalato
all^d aad Utf tr nlna of a 13 (*Uoa llnaood-tag oil pan phogyl jihoaalla
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1b* |rajr Ufeott paint u frond to t flaaaa** of ?(
toala) la a ball
Cowrtataaor*
Sadi paint *aa pr*par*4 far **i1pa*al U tk* teat rltea at a MitibMr af
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ft* o c r t of poor Uttar of JO Jiao 1SC8 to tho hijr Itaf trtooot
(copy oddrooood to Mr. LL Uo mo of tMo Oral Shlppard) tad tbo
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tho lottor port ol no, tun booo niittad.
tlaeo thlo knl Shippord ku roeoiood oo laotroetloao froo tho loop Drportoool. rolotlvo to tho propoood tooto, tho oo^ploo art UUc bold ponding ouch laotrwotiano. Iho Soroou of Shift# Sop OoportM*^ lo bolog lofocood of thl MtaitlMi
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Many technical report* and papers haws bean published la rift years an paint* for structural (teal aad other ferrous surfaces evpoaed to various aarlw atmospheres- Itoet of thaee publications, baaed on actual oonprahanalaa test profrn*, clearly indicate the fortaosv position of red lead as a re#V-iittlbitlvu pdgasnt for Tarloua atmospheric exposures. tl) jt ia Mt gar Intention to erltte du or ooetradlct In **y V the well-grounded eoncluslooa reached La thaas reports, rerfowaaac^ la tha field throughout near decados ocuflraa the fact that reA-1eed-la-oll palate ruin uaaurpaaaad as prlswra for tha protection sf atrueturns n*r* It la lepraetlcal or economically not faaalbls to ranovs all of tha SMToalan prodecte-
It should ba realised that tha problana of corrosion protection and paint female11on are artrwlf oonplexj no single paint or typa of paint *111 glv* tha boat posslbla protection under all ooedltlons* Za a a such far laprvvud red lead base prlaer paints for certain types of ataosfhsrlc aad narlns (xpneare, tha led lead Technical Oomdttoo of the Lead Industries Association has carried out ssrsral projects ( bracing tha various types of synthetic vheldas with'a variety of red lead baa# plfertatlon*- The primary objective of tbo project dl(cussed her* *aa the sttalraeat of levered primer* for use In narlao environ 1 ants. A series of aodarn red load baaa prlnar paints is presented- typical practical applications for those prlaer* would ba on all purls of ships above tha water line, docks and docks buildings, cranes, buoys, bridges located along the ooast or over tldsvaters, and machinery la uarlne installations*
Another project on rod lead base prlaer* for lids range and total lanarsden exposure was discussed in a previous paper-(?)
2VKTQB
Za planning aad carrying out this investigation tha following problana war* glvau particular consideration*
a* Tba dateruination of the boat nodiring plgaants for use with gad Lead Baaa synthetic vehicle type paintsIncluded among these Pigiant* wars Iron oxide. Bias aside end tine yellow(alne ehronats)*
b* the affect a* protective performance ef variations la vdtiele oonatltuenty- Included aaong tha vehicles were phenelie, eounsrone-lndane aodlfled phenolic* nd altyds-
Si Tbs effect of variations la plgaant vein** ratios an protective paint perfonaaaos*
4* Tbs avalastlon of nleacoaus pigmti as nodlflars st Bed Usd Bess Prlasrsi
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ftli paper la baaad on exposure results obtained on twenty-an* taat pjgasnuUons, nine Uit vehicle* and two tine yellow specification prlnarm* Bitty asvsn primers, Including standards, vara exposed. The pi (want and vehicle compositions are 1 winded la Table Z on pace J.
The qritau ooaprlsad two coats of mntl-corroslve prlaar with Barman Specification low visibility (ray (52-MC-6) as the finish east.
aesonmoM or t es t
Tbs paints wore all applied by brushing to 6" x 12* 12 gang* law carbew steal panels. These panels vara free fron nut and ear* thoroughly wished with wiaenl spirits prior to palatine* Mill scale was allowed to rrrtla on the panels and : saooth and intact. A period of teoty-foor boors awn allcoed bates an suecesslva coats and before exposure after the finish oost.
The panels vara exposed la a vertical position facing sooth at ape proxies taly thirty inches above the high tide level at the Marlas Basin at Ssyvill*, Long Island. The panels wsre fastened to wooden beans by 3/8" steal bolts througi bolt holes drilled at the two upper oornsrs* The panels ware Insulated fron the bolt hoada and shanks with plastic vaahers and sleeves.
The panel* wrw inspected periodically far corroslon(odg and general), hll staring, and chalking or eroci^. 7h* system war* rated fron aero tn ten in each category, the nuabar 10 daslgnatano observable failure and 0 designating failure of the paint or sere protection for the steal. In the case of corrosion, a panel with a rating of 5 would saw that approximately fifty percent of the surface was rusted*
The test spoduana ware exposed October 13, 1HL
pesaumn or nrosati sin
Tut Marine Basin is located at Sajrrille, Long Island, ahlch la shawl fifty nilas east of Maw fork City on the south shore of long Til--I* in rural area*
The eloee proximity of the panala to the water at this location as earsa an atoosphere high la salinity si all seasons and a great deal of salt spray la sUrv westher and throughout the winter noothe*
rwcarr*no or am
9m nunbers, eonposltloa awl eanplote exposure reeords ef the teat dtovlng very little or no failure are Included In Table ZZ lth daU on the standard or control palate*
Table 111 oontalne the parfomano* ratings after 11 nenthc an all af the teat panale*
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ScTT gxIXoa tertiary butyl pie-ion c--ootaaarooa llnaeod oil Tnd*)
15 eotavrone resin a.p. a 127-137C.
^
let Linseed oil aodifled flycoryl ffcthalata aliyd (Jiit phthalle td^ilrtik.)
6CS 6 Cilioo Urllu7 butyl pneralic - couurrat linseed oil Taralahj 19a ccuaarone re*In a.p. l<5-5 C.
LOt Linseed ell sodlflod (lycqryl phthelata aUtyd (3U phtfaallc anhydride.)
60# 6 gillon tcrtiiry butyl pnenolio-couanrone dcttydrated castor oolil rvmishj
15* couaarone rc:In a.p. a 1P7-UT C. 1/K Llr-soci oil ilflod glyceryl gfctMlato elAyd (3Ut phthill c anhydride.)
l CX 6 jilli.. V-rt'. -ry butyl pr.-.".J.O.c-couuirona <t.-tyiribji castor oil or-iitfij 15c eouaarano reala a.p. a 1,5-55 C.
UQt Llrjejd ell aodl flod glyceryl pothAl.ite alfcyd QIS phthallc anhydride.)
6 6 fallen tartlax7 butyl pionol 1 c-ccruxoo tone ell ramieh| 15d cotsarana raaln a.p. 127-137 C.
ICt Llnsood oil arxHTlod glyceryl phthalato allqrd ()LX jhthallc arfcydrlde.)
6C# 6 gallon tertiary butyl fbaacilc-cooaaroc* tung oil TarmaCf 15# eouacrona raaln a.p. - 15-55 C.
let Llnaood oil sodlflod glyceryl phthalato allqrd (315 fhthallc antydrlde.)
6C# 10 (alloc tertiary butyl phenolic Tarnish vlth equal parts tjr ccl^tt at
UntHd tad dotydintod c\itof oils#
let Llneoed oil codified glyceryl phthalats alkyd (355 (tithalle arhydrlda.)
rt A dehydrated etaior oil codified glyceryl allgrd (305 phthalle anhydride.)
A phenolic codified llneeod-flycsiyl jfethslat* allgrd (U phtnella aSvlrtda| &C paaoUa rest*.)
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The foUovlnf caoclujion* ware reached after careful consideration of th* date In TnhXu JI cantalnlnf the ccnplete Inspection results oo the ten b>t prijMrt la the projvet and Table JT1 eootalniaf the U1 aonths laspeetloa rt suite ea ill of tho paints,
1* Tho u k of llaltad mounts of line yellow(slnc ehroaete,J aa a aodi/1r of rad lxad baso prlaar la admlafooua. Tram those toata approximately 15a of mine yalla>(tine chromate) by t o 1u o j ( approximately 1QJC by weiebt) in Cm total plpsont would aoem to bo the optima. Tho rad load point* codified with aloe yellow woru suporlor, aa a Croup, to tho oontrol palnta la Mulch tbo corroiloo Lnhi* bit!t o pi j&jnt conalatod entirely of tine yellew. Panels 1*S7 and It&S show that era*tar volaws of aloe Arenato tond to clt o oar11or failure*
2 m*h cooeontr-tiwie of dno addo should bo mood with dlacrotlon rlr.cj ouch uao of this pigment In o short oil vehido dton poor performance in two pemls, M aad L73, Aon thoao couc >ntrtlons wero used In lory oil vehicle primers, this xlTerao offoct id not expurienced. See ^ Panel amber h?0.
Tho result 1 alao lndleato tho ao of alee oxide la detri mental Aur. tho Pod 1. d extent la la tho order of 70S, particularly In Aart oil rohlala*. loo pinl numbers Lfil <nd L35. A combination of line oddo(lOS) and a1 no chroedte aa oo-iiflnri in erdar of ICS of aadh, for rad load bur- primers la beneficial In all 'chicles.
3. Iron crioc did not lrprort too performance of thoao prinur paints. It did, of course, contribute to food hidinf pouur.
It. laldo from t wrlr charactorltlcs suspending proportloi and other properties specific to each, tho other inert pi(eonts seed did not contribute alfAlfleantly to primer point performance,
$. Shore lltharfo mao used la one lnatanee ae e modifier of red lead alone with a micaceous plcment, excellent performonce reseller were obtained without the uao of other eodlfylnc plfmonts. Horror, the uao of 11 there# In the proportion employed la this tost paint, would oaks 11 necessary to furnish it separately for adelxture into the point just prior te use,
6, A dehydrated castor oil elkyd was consistently cutetendlag In performance. Jtx of the eevsn beat palnta cool lined thle vehicle. /Me la alee auletantlatod ty work prowlously reported ly the had Lead Technicel Ceanlttee ea group of tide rarye panels.!?)
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7. Another vehicle shoeing good perforaaaes ess an lUgd Modified short linseed oil phenolic- eouaarone varnish. This m superior to the castor oil alk/d Ju*t Mentioned la oel/ cam paint oeapeltlon( Paint No* 193)*
6. Modification of the alk/d nodlflod abort oil phono! la eouaarooe v*rnih(Vhicie l$)dl4 not roaolt la an la* proved prlaer porforaaooe.
9* Variations la eehlcls and pignent oonpoeltloa Monod to aaak the affact of plgaent voluae aarlatlona* A further stud/ of tha problan la indicated.
10* Tba uao of aicaclous plgaenta aa aodlflora of rad load base prlxers haa baan ahtan to bo offactlao la l^roalag tho parforaanco of ouch prlaaro*
11. Jbe failure of tho control palnta aa charoctorlaod tgr relative earl/ appearance of hliaterlng and bp More severe ultimato edge eerrjelon failure. Man/ of the rod load bate palate tested la this investigation aurpaaaed la perforaaneo( tho tl:<t chraoato palate bated on too gaverment epocincatlooa and used aa oootrole*
13. Palnta 1SJ and 116 received the top ratloga waong the aoeea outatandlng rad lead baae primer*. Poeever, before centering on thoee point ccapoeitione, tho uaor ahould aobjaot thao to further itagri
13. In considering LIA Paint 116* containing a riteUntlal quantity of litharte(PbO), tho necaaait/ of introducing the litharge lr.to tho balance of tho paint 3at prior to lta m aut tv * .vvaslaad* This introduce* a practical llal* tail on i*ilch a/ preclude lta general use.
11*. A revive of the aevontast paints, giving due cenelderatlea to eonelatonc/ of performance, leads us to oonclode that L.I.A. Paints 133,340,119, 120 and 139 aU offer tho paint Manufacturer and coneuaer rod load base prlaer* of the highest quail tjr.
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After approxLuatuly thm and one-half j mk Urt upomri to i rt*nroua marine atoospfwre, croup of itwril red laed mixed pignent prlasrs have been proven outstanding. Ihie work haa added to our knowledge of both extender pi posts and synthetic vehicles far rod leed polhto. Xa addition to furnishing fonmlatore, annufaeturers and apeclflar* with auroral foot drying arnthetlc prlner point* tootod undor eowlltlon* -*--i lating actual Mold exposure, It 1* our hop* that Vvla work >H alao supply tho exportoneod paint fonaulator with additional data that sdgbt prora valuable in designing anticorrosive paint* for varloua application* not coworod in thi* paper*
In choosing protoetiro prism for specific ^plications, cood poiw romance In tho t/pe of atassphere encountered la imperative, Wit othar regal runt*, both of a technical and eoonesde nature, out bo consider ed* In thi* paper w bar- >-isavored to danonitrate the uqr poeelbllltlae and aoao of the advantage of rod lead pdpwnutlona In synthetic vehlda paint*. The paint fornulatsr and specifier aust exercise individual Jodgnsnt in choosing the primer ceaposltion for specific applications* J
teen thoui thia aerie* of pair.ta has bean on teat for a sufficient period of tine to permit the cullIn* out of ue nodiocre end poor peinta, such still ranilni to be learned by continuing periodic Inapoctiona of the peinta tbreirg little or no failure* -<e plan to do thia and to n14|ft subsequent papers on thia and other series ten sufficient eddittonol data are available.
weaeg
(1) A ecaperlson of .'liioua Plgnant* and Tchicle* in Rust-Ichlbitlvo Prlaert, Pittsburgh Paint and 7amiah Productive Club, Federation Papers Mo. bfe$ (1913) and No. 1i71(1931).
The Purpoee and Significance of Priadnt Paints, 3. Tan loon, Chandsrti Seeksbled, Tel. 33(1936).
The Practical Problem of Corrosion, Part IX - Pinal Report, S.C.Britton and O.R. Evan*, Journal of the Society of Cheadcal InhiUT, Tel. 55 337 T-3U T(1936).
Protective Coatings For Metals, Borns snd Schh(1939) PP W 1.
The Effects of Different Methods of Pretreating Iron and Itoel bafara Fainting, F. Ptncutt, The Iron and Itoel Institute - apodal Report Mo* II (191-6)
(2) Merino Prinere, l.l. Carrie*, Official Digest, PsdsrtUon of Fdnt and Tarnish Production Clubs,Tel. 267(191-7)
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TABLE HI
LotatloMorrlUtt lI Typ* of Erpo*r*-4toO, XuiM
Dst* Expoood. 10/26/LL ucpoour* rtriod- 1*1 booth*
Vsnlcl* Ft
Inspection D*t*-bl Month*
Uo.
Ko. Blistering
Corrosion
Pm line
EAft OM.
27 1*0
9 ?9
9
28 30
9 35
9
28 35
8 37
8
28 bO
9 b6
9
28 U
b6
19 30
8 27
8
19 35
1b
19 bO
m 25
a*
19 U
8 u7
8
26 30
8 u7
8
26 3S
b7
8
26 UO
8 57
26 u
7 b7
7
19* UO
25
m.^
19b UO
03
19e UO
03
194 uo
* 35
27 uo
9 68
27 uo 19 30 19 35 19 UO 19 U 28 30
28 35 28 UO 28 U 26 30 26 35 26 Uo 26 U
19 UO 19* bo 19b bO 19o UO 196 UO 19 UO
59 13 6 26 6 26 25 8 b7 8 b7 8 b7 8 b7 7 37 3$
15 16
8 b7 8 U7
9 59 8 67 9 68 as f 5
9 6 6
m
8 10 9 9
7
a*
8
9 9 9 8 9
m
27 33 10 8 10
10
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t e s t Lu TTIt H ftcaor.t.tlsii So. So. 1 Ko.
W9 117 170 U8
k7t 119 1*77 120
27 27
26 26
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inspection Jll* - i*i ibr.Vtl
Co. Ka. cliturina
Corrcalon ruling.
19 33
9
*4* 3U 68
9
27 33
79
9
1 I
19 33 27 33
9
6 79
9 9
UJ IZX 32 19 33 t7V 122 32 27 13
5 k6
6 7
k?5 133 33 19 ' 33
3m
1*76 12k
33
27 33
7
57
8
177 125
3k
19 33
7
k7
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476 126
3k
27 33
6
6 7 -*
k79 127 3* 19 33
23
WO 126
39
27 33
9
7 7 -* f
Wl 139
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19 33
02
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1*1
27 J1
9
76
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36
6
7 9 10
fc85 133
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19 33
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36
W6 13k
1*3
27 33
9
66
9
W87 135
1*5
19 33
ft
77
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27 33
6
67
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1*99 137
1*6
19 33
15
WO 136 U6 27 33
79
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k9l 17*
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19 33
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k92 160
30
19 33
6
76
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493 161
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19 33
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