Document a16aX9BDB79bRGbKbp8ZBYQwy

\ PLAINTIFF'S 1934 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated r Sf TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Cleveland, Ohio October 1 to October 5, 1934 The Cleveland, Carter and Statlcr Hotels V Publication Plan THE TRANSACTIONS of the Twenty-third Annual Safety Con* gress, National Safety Council, 1934, are published in two volumes. The first, containing the General Sessions, the Special Subject Sessions, and the Industrial Section Sessions, is presented herewith. It is sup plemented by a smaller volume containing the sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Section, the Child Education Section, and Home ''pafety. . 1 The large volume is being sent automatically to the Industrial mem bers of the Council; the smaller volume is sent automatically to mem bers who are believed to be chiefly interested in those sessions. It may a.so be secured on request by other Council members. ' For the benefit of many members who have1 found it advantageous to distribute copies of these TRANSACTIONS to supervisors, fore men and others among their personnel, who may keep them for contin uous reference, the following quantity prices are quoted: 1 to 10 copier, of the large volume, $1.50 each; 11 copies and over, $1.25 each. Copies of the smaller volume, $.50 each. THE PLAN OF PUBLICATION is the same as that followed for the last three years. It is a condensed record. The papers of' each session or division of the Congress have been assembled, edited with care and discernment to eliminate extraneous matter and abbreviate the less essential portions, and the concise remainder is presented for study and reference. Although not "complete" in the sense that every word is reproduced, it is an interesting and valuable record which em- pha>izes the memorable parts of each paper or address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council Library, available for additional reference as desired. ' . '/ Although the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from d scussion at its conventions matters which arc not pertinent to its purposes or which are contrary to its policies, the Council cannot ac cent responsibility for the views expressed either in the papers pre sented or the discussions thereon. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 20 North VVacker Drive, Chicago * . \. CONTENTS PAGE Council Officers and Directors.......................................... 4 Council Purposes and Policies..................................................................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members......................................................................................... 11 Annual Banquet ............................................................................................................... 21 Subject Sessions-- . Dust in Industry................................................................................. 23 Fire Prevention in Industry................................................................................... 31 Fusion Welding and Cutting................................................................................. 41 Industrial Nursing .............................................. 1............................................... 45 Industry and Its Motor Vehicle Accident Problem...................................... 51 Maintaining'-fntercst in Safety.......................................................................... 59 Mechanical ^Icthods of HandlingMaterials..................................................... 67 New WoricWs .......................................................................................................... 73 Poisonous Fumes and Vapors............................................................................. 79 Safety Equipment ................................................................................................... .85 Safety Organization and Program....................................................................... 93 Safe Use of Chemicals in Industry...................................................................... 99 Safe Use of Electricity in Industry..................................................................... 103 The Injured Worker............................................................................................... 113 Why People Fall..................................................................................................... 121 AH Ohio Day..................................................................................................................... 127 FERA Safety Conference.......... ...............................-................................................. 131 Industrial Safety Lectures-- Selling the Safety Idea........................................................................................... 135 The Psychology of the Safety Movement in Changing Times.............. 140 Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section.................................... 149 Aeronautical Section ........................................................................ 153 A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section.................................. ............................................ 159 Automotive and Machine Shop Section..................................................................... 163 Cement Section1.......................................................... .................................................... 177 Chemical Section .......................................................................................................... 187 Construction Section ................................................... 199 Delivery, Taxicab and Bus Section............................................................................ 209 Food Section .................................................................................................................. 219 Marine Section ................................................................................................................. 227 Meat Packing, Tanning and LeatherIndustriesSection......................................... 245 Metals Section............................... 255 Mining Section ................................................................................................................. 269 Paper and Pulp Section................................................................................................. 289 Petroleum Section ............................ ;....................................... .'................................. 307 Power Press Section........ .............................................................................................. 325 Public Utilities Section........................................ '................... '.................................... 337 Quarry Section ................................................................................................................ 349 Refrigeration Section ..................................................................................................... 357 Rubber Section .........................................................'...................................'................ 365 Safety Section, ARA--Steam RailroadSection, NSC............................................. 383 Textile Section .............................................................. 413 Transit Section'............................................................ '......................................... . 4H| Wood Products Section.... ....................................................................................... 435 ' Index............................................ 445 National Safety Council Incorporated HONORARY MEMBERS A>mh i.viion ur liciN and Steel Klecikicai. Fnmneers > RollKRT \V. CAMPBELL Arthur Williams OFFICERS (1934-1935) John E. Long, President. - Runner I. Catlix, Vice-President for Pniilic Safely. ll. 1). Pennell, Vice-President for Public Relations. I. kw R. Palmer, Vice-President for Safely Councils. Auirier S. Rec.ula, \'ice-Presiilent lor Engineering.- C. \V. S.Miril, \'icc-Presi<Iciit fur Industrial Safety. K. T. Solknstex, Vice-President for Mcmlicrslii|i. Dr. C. H. Watson', Vice-President for Health. A. W. Wiiitnev, Vice-president for education. W. E. Worth, \'ice-President for l-'inancc and Treasurer. W. II. Camtrox, Managing Director and Secretary. ' . EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1934-1935) A. I.. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Company C. It. Auel, Past President. J. I. Banasii, Past President. . C. W. Bkkuoui.st, Past President. !'. W. Braun, Wood Products Section. W. II. Cameron, National Safety Council. Roiiert W. Camprell. Past President. ' T. H. Carlow, American Railway Association. ' Rupert I. Catlin, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company. J. E. Cullines', Bethlehem, Steel Company, I.kwis A. Dr.Bi.ois. Past President. . Marcus A. Dow, Past President. D D. Ff.xmxl. Consulting Engineer. I). I.. Ff.nnei.i., Kansas City Safety Council. Cai-t. E. W. Eiske. Jit., Marine Section. R. B. ''ortuix, Lehigh V'allcy Safety Council. Harry Guii.dert. The Pullman Company. ' Mrio.e C. Hale, Automotive & Machine Shop Section.- G. T. 1 In.i.MliTil, Chicago, \orth Shore & Milwaukee Railroad Co. Hon. Harold G. Hon max, Street ft Highway Traffic Section. Thomas P. Kearns. Industrial Commission of Ohio. . Walter G. Kinc. Past Presidn* . 4 I Officers and Directors Franklin M. Krk.mi., Evanston Safety Council. John E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp. Titos. II. MacDonald, United States Department of Agriculture. K. J. Mkhrkn, Portland Cement Association. I. W. Millard, Accident Prevention Manuf.-iUurers' Section. Harold L. Mixer, E. I. duPoiit de Neimnirs ft Co., Inc. Ainu hr T Morkv, Past President. Lew R. Palmer, Past President. C. E. Petiirone, Past President. C. E. Ralston, Western Pennsylvania Safely Council. Ai.iiert S,,,Rt:r.iiL.\, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. I. t. Col. 11. A. Reninc.eii, Past President. (imuoE l(jf.^>AMTiKii, General JCUtcric Company. K'oleri' L. Sriniirr, l.oiiisvillc Safety Council. Harry A< .Schultz, United States Steel Corporation. Charles Ik Scorr, Past President. I .enter D. Seymour, Aeronautical Section. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company fIndiana). Walter Di:nt Smith, Delaware Safely Council. R. T. Soi.f.XnTEN, Elliott Service Company. Clarence: P. Taylor, Massachusetts Safety Council. C. P. T.ilma.v, Past President. J. A. Voss, Metals Section Ceoiii.e II. Wari-kl, Union Pacific Railroad Company. Dii. C. II. Watson. American Telephone ft Telegraph Company. A. W. Winr.XKV. National' Bureau of Casualty ft Surely Underwriters. W. K. Worth, International Harvester Company. Arthur II. You.no. Past President. ' DIRECTORS (1934-1935) Fiilderick Archer, Child I'.ducal ion Section. William 1\ Aiideiin, Safety Div., Milwaukee Association of Commerce. A. I.. Armstrong. Eastman Kodak Company. William II. Baker, Quarry Section. J. I. Banasii, Consulting Engineer. - II D. Baxta, Paper & Pulp Section. Ernest W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, fnc. W. A. Bexnf.tt, Worcester Safety Council. C. W.- Behc.iiuist, Western Electric Company. In. in S. Bevfh. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. 1C F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. C I'. Biirkeniiagen, Kenosha Safety Couniel. F. -W. Braun, Wood Products Section, i oi..' 1`iiil H. Budckman. St. Loui.- Safety Council. Piu.ston D. Cai.i.um, Baltimore Safety Cinmeil. W-. Hi C.'ami.rox. National Saiety Council. T. J. Carve.v, Chicago Safely Council. . . I. 11. Carlow, American Railway Ass.<iatinn. , \ 6 Tncnty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safely Council Rorert I. Catlin, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. Carl C. Oements, Refrigeration Section. Kuscgk IJ. Conus', Railway Safely Council. . II. Herrkrt Corson, Sat'ety Dept., Nashville Chamber of Commerce. J. E. Cui.liney, Bethlehem Steel Company. Edward Dana, Boston Elevated Railway. . E A. Davidson, Consulting Engineer. Richard M. Daws, Blackstone Valley Safety Council Charles D. Dajvson, Grand Rapids Safety Council. ` l.t.wis A. DeHlois, Consulting Engineer. Jav E. Decker, Mason City Safety Council.. James B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Company. I.ouis I. Duplin, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Charles ii. Fames, Textile Section. I). .Fr.NNi'.i.i., Consulting Engineer. D. ErxNLi.L, Kansas City Safety Council. Don.-.id A. FiNKitriNER, Toledo Safety Council. , ("apt E. W. Fiske, In., Marine Section. ' I low. in, IS. Fonda. Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U. S. A.) Lie. R. IS Foktuin, Lehigh Valley Safety Council. E. N. Ggldstink. Construction Section. . Onto M. Guwr.s. The Goneral Crushed Stone Co. . IIshkv Guii.iii ht, The Pullman Company. lsstut II.m.e, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. Mi.ki'e C. Hale, Automotive & Machine Shop Section. Maior Boi.u.vg II. Hands*. Richmond Safety Council. D ' \ II vriiington, United Slates Bureau of Mines. G. T. Ilrt t.Mi.'Tii. Chicagofi North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. Ciias. E. 11 ill, New York Central Lines. I Ion. Harold G. Huffman, Street & Highway Traffic Section. f'lAitiit: .1. Holding, Albany Safely Council. Julius W. IIouhe. Hudson County Safety Council. ' Harry D. I mm el, Pennsylvania Dept, of Labor & Industry. Lex Jensen, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission. . F. IiGak P. Kadi.e, York County Safety Council. Thomas P. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Ohio. K. T. Keller, Detroit Industrial Safety Council. '' Iiia V. Keener. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. E. J. Kreii, Public Utilities Section. Franklin M. Khexil, Evanston Safety Council. C. L. LaFoontaine, Great Northern Railway Co. Frank J. I.anaiian. Fort l'itt Malleable Iron Co. John Laueu.man, Meat racking. Tanning fir Leather Industries Section. Simon I.ax arts. Safety Council. Columbus (Ohio) 'Chamber of Commerce. Joseph 1.ii.ihm, Rochester Safely Council. Dr. R. if. Little, New York Department of Education. ' . G. O. Lockwood, Petroleum Section. J. F._ Long, The Delaware A Hudson Railroad Corp. W. K. Loyd, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce. I Officers und Directors A. E. Lundsteaiit, Delivery, Taxicab & Bus Section. Titos. H. MacDonald, United States Department of Agriculture. L. T. McArthur, Peoria Safety Council. Miller McClintock, Harvard University. T. If. McKenney, Illiiiuis Steel Company, South Works. A. D. McWhorter, Safety l)iv., Memphis Chamber of Commerce. H. T. Martin, Fisk Rubber Company. J. O. Martin, Employees' Publication Section. E. W. Matson. Minnesota Safety Council. 1C. J. Meiirkk, Portland Cement Association. T. O. Mkisneh, Power Press Section. Wm. G. Min/.r.i.n, Mining Section. I. W. Mii.i..}hd, Aceiileitl Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section. Harold L.'Mixer, E. I. dnPout de Nemours & Co., Inc. Henry J. Mineur, Elizabeth Safety Council. Lawrence Moore, Eastbay Safety Council. R. B. Morley, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations. John A. Oautf.l, Carnegie Steel Company, , George C. A. Opp, The Detroit Edison Company. Lew R. Palmer, Equitable Lite Assurance Society. John C. Parker, Brooklyn Safety Council. David A. Patton, Newark Safety Council. C. E. Pkttiiionk, American Mutual Liability Insurance Company. Gen. George B. Pjllsuuhv, War Department. J. B. Power, Seattle Traffic fit Safety Council. (.'. E. Ralston, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. Aliiekt S.' Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. I. t. Col. Henry A. Reninger, Lehigh Portland Cement Company. Marinos Riter, Paterson Safely Council. G. E. Sanford, General Eletcric Company. IIexiiv G.1 Sellaffntr. Erie Safely Council. T. A. Schendel, Food Section. Roiikkt L. Schmitt, Louisville Safety Council. II. V. Sciikehieh, Transit Section. Harry A. Senui.rz. United States Steel Corporation. Charles B. Scott, Bureau of Safety, Inc. Lester D. Seymour, Aeronautical Section. Earl S. Siiartzer, Utica Safety Council. Ray H. Sheets, Madison County Safety Council. Oil L. A. Siioudy, Bethlehem Steel Company. Ernest L. Simoxds, Neve Haven Safely Council. Li e E. Ski i.l, Cleveland Safety Council. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Indiana). W.m.t|ic Dint Smith, Delaware Safety Council. R. T. SwI.f.n.sifn, Elliult Service Company. K. C. Spring, Lansdalc, Pa. (uiirge'R. Stephens, Safety Bureau, Bulialo Chamber of Commerce. Luiiiis S. .Storks, Uniled Railways fi: Electric Co. 8 Twcnty-lltiril Minimi/ Safely L'anyrcsx--National Safely Louneil Dr. F. M. Suez,van, Troy Safety Council. Alfred H. Swaynf, General Motors Cornoration. Clarence P. Tavlor, Massachusetts Safety Council. Arthur M. Took, Consulting Marine Engineer. W. YV. Trench, Schenectady Safety Council. W. D. Turrkvtlle, San Antonio Safety Council. J. A. Voss, Metals Section. H. A. YValkf.r. Rubber Section. Gf.orc.e H. Wakfel, Union Pacific Railroad Company. Dr. Cassius H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company. Harry' M. Wf.riirr, Illinois Bell Telephone Company. Albert C. White, Jr., Springfield Safety Council. ' S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. YV. YViiitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. W. H. Winans. Union Carbide & Carbon Cnrp. Dr. C.-E. A. YVtNSLOw, Yale Medical School. . ` Harry YY'jsf, Sr., Chattanooga Safety Council. . J. M. YVoltz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. YV. E. YVorth. International Harvester Company. ' E. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Oiainbcr of Commerce. JEarl W. Zimmerman, Safety Div., Syracuse Oiamhcr of Commerce. J. B. Zook, Cement Section. ? 4: ? . .. - '/  '.tucil i:nu to i-'.it uuucil rcuors oi ti.e . to lay be lt developed > d action in rogram for ` legates and i from the 27, 1934 . in session iqs and my .it you are program to -adv taken 'h, because ! with the '.c solution citizens is -mg toll of grim that kway cotn. .sure, and ud disaster, neiid your ...ion with upon our ..LT. ' Hoffman, vistmastcr. is. of New surpassed, America.' dar mono. evening: me Council TIV II NT Y- T II I R I> ANNUAL SAEETV CONGRESS N ATI U N ,! L S A /' ET Y C 0 U N CI L ^& Dust in Industry . FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION - . October 5, 1934 The session devoted to a discussion of Dust in Industry was called to order by Dr. E. G. Mcitcr, Director, Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual Lia bility Insurance Co., Milwaukee, who presided. Dr. Mcitcr briefly welcomed the delegates and then introduced the first speaker. Types of Dust That Cause Occupational Diseases r By LEROY U. GARDNER, M.D. f -jf Director, Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, of the Edward L. Trudeau Foundation, Saranac Lake, N. Y. ' The speaker said in part: Experience has demonstrated that the lung tissues can lolcr.nc very large amounts of most kinds of foreign dust particles without serious interference with function. The lung may be intensely pigmented by colored dusts with no evidence that respiration is impaired. But dusts composed, in whole or in part, of silica have been shown to be dangerous because they stimulate the ; growth of the connective tissues of the lungs and bring about the formation oi scar tissue. This destroys the normal elasticity of the organ which is necessary for respiration and it thickens the dciicatc membranes so that a free interchange ot gasses is impeded. Fortunately, these results only follow the prolonged inhalation of very large quantities of silica. ... ... . Experiments have demonstrated that the injection;of silira into the tissues--it animals kills the cells where the substance lodges ami excites an iufiapmiati..n. When healing takes place a very dense anti characteristic kind of sear tissue forms. Most non-siliccous dusts produce no inflammation and very little scar. It has been shown that such changes do not follow the injection of silica unless the particles arc very fine, three microns or less in diameter, and unless enough of them localize in one area. With larger particles the rate of reaction is so slow that little change occurs within a year. As a general rule, the finer the particles, the more rain'd the cellular response. The reaction to fine silica begins within four or five hours and it continues for a period of years. If the silica is combined with bases in the form of silicates, it rarely produces such active and progressive changes. The silicate of magnesium, asbestos, does cause the formation of scar tissue in experimental animals and in the human In.ig, but most other silicates are not generally rccn'gnizcd as irritating. Recently it has been claimed that a hydrated silicate of aluminum and potassium, called sericile, is responsible for most of the cases of silicosis. This silicate, a transformed feldspar, is often associated with quartz and it has been identified in the lungs of persons suf- " '23 V 24 Twenty-third .`linitial Safc/v Conyresx--National Safety Council ferine; from silicosis. However, ;it least two types of sencitc liavc failed to excite significant chances when injected into animals. Kxpcruucnts with this substance arc still in progress. Kaolin, cm almuino-silicatc of potash, has also produced quite characteristic changes in the lungs of rahhits. lint our present knowledge docs not permit us to assume that silicates as a class will produce serious tissue damage. Most observers now believe that unenmhined silica, or quartz, is poisonous to the tissues because It is slowly dissolved in the fluids of the body. Certainly the majority of the experimental observations suggest a chemical injury, but it is diffi cult to understand how enough of such an insoluble substance as quartz could be dissolved within eight hours to produce a well marked, acute inflammation. If solubility were the only factor one should discover a more active response after the injection of the more readily soluble silicates, but such is not the ease. Formcrly it was held that silica produced its effect mechanically. The hard sharp quartz particles were believed to abraid the lung surfaces and excite the forma tion of scar tissue as a manifestation of healing. This theory is no longer tenable for when animals are injected with other hard, sharp particles like diamond, carborundum or aluminum oxide, there is no inflammation and practically no formation of scar tissue. Ultimately it may he shown that the irritation of silica is due to some unrecognized property possibly related to its atomic structure. When quartz particles are inhaled they produce three specific effects which are not excited by any other type of dust yet studied. They alter the behavior of the pulmonary phagocytes; they stimulate the formation of circumscribed nodules of scar tissue; and they subsequently increase the susceptibility of the lung to infection, espe cially tuberculous infection. Phagocytes that ingest ton many quartz particles are killed by this irritating substance. As the cells die they liberate their burden and several new phagocytes come out to take it up again. Uy a repetition of this process enough phagocytes accumulate so that many of them ingest only a few particles. Under such circum stances the stimulus is not strong enough to kill but merely accelerates'the motility of the cells. They naturally tend to Icavc'thc air spaces, enter the lymphatic ves sels and accumulate in the lymph nodes. This process liecomes more rapid under the inllucncc of the irritating silica and very considerable numbers of particles arc consequently localized in the nodes. After six or eight years the quartz in the unties has caused a marked over growth of the fibrous elements in these structures. Ultimately the reaction develops to such an extent that the untie is entirely replaced by. a mass of coarse, glassy scar tissue fibres, often several limes as large as tlic original node. Such nodules en croach upon anti compress the lymphatic vessels. The drainage system of the lung is clinked anti effective removal of subsequently inhaled dust is gradually diminished. Dust now accumulates around the lymph vessels and sheets of scar tissue develop in this location. These preliminary changes do not constitute the disease, silicosis: liny nvolvc only the lymphatic system. The respiratory tissues arc not appreciabi; affected. In good stem X-ray films these preliminary changes may he visualized as a thickcuing ant! beading of the shadows cast by the Mood vessels together with widen ing of the shallow of the. root of the lung. The blood vessels arc thickened because the most important lymphatic vessels course through their walls. The Mailing is tine to the minute nodules of silicotic scar tissue in the lymph unties within the lung. The root shadow is widened because of the silicotic reaction in the lymph males in this location. If still more dust is inhaled it can no longer Ik- effectively carried off through " the lymph vessels. The phagocytes now carry it into the walls of the air spaces. Often the cells group themselves in nodules hut sometimes they arc scattered. In these locations the silica again stimulates the formation of scar tissue. The result is a general thickening of the septa between the spaces and undulation throughout the functional portion of the long. This change seriously interferes with function as interchange of gas cannot take place through the thickened walls of the air spaces and the tissues lose their normal elasticity. Less involved air spaces dilate and their walls stretch, producing the condition known as emphysema, which is also incom patible with effective respiration. With the formation of silicotic nodules in (lie functioning parts of the lung the  Comii.'! ailed to excite this sul.stance produced quite knowledge does tissue damage. :! poisonous to . Certainly the . but it is diffipiartz could be e animation. If response after the ease. Hor ne bard sharp ire tbe forma longer tenable iarnnnd. cnrlio- .- no formation -ilica is due to *. Tts which are ehavior of the nodules of scar infection, espe- . this irritating "w phagocytes :gh phagocytes r such circuinte$ the motility lymphatic vesv rapid under rs of particles marked overiction develops -e. classy scar h nodules cnm of the lung lly diminished. t'ssue develop : they involve ably affected. - 1 as a tliickwitli a. wiifi-n- : -kened In-cause i lie (leading is les within the in tbe lymph -1 off through :hc air spaces. -cattcred. In -. The result -ii throughout with function lie air spaces blate and their is.also iucom- - i the lung the * > > \ I t * ; \ Ihisl in Iiii/ux/ry 25 disease, silicosis, is said to begin. On (lie X-ray film such imdnlcs cast clear cut, round shadows. As they increase in mimher and size they hint nut the formerly accentuated linear shadows of the hlnod vessels. In a well marked case both lung fields may he thickly seeded with hundreds of such sharply defined, rounded, iindular shadows. Where there is emphysema, often at the bases, no markings arc visible and the film appears black. The condition of silicosis is a progressive one and it continues to develop after a man has lcit his dusty occupation. Serious results only follow, however, when he. leaves with many nodules in tiie lung tissue itself. As such nodules increase in size they replace important functional elements. Obviously the continued growth of only a few nodules situated in the lymphatic system could have little cltect other than to increase the obstruction already present. The serious part of silicosis is its frequent complication by tuberculosis. This may arise from reactivation of a prc-cxistant latent infection or it may result from a new infection from without. The danger of infection increases with the amount of silicosis present. The course of the infection in the silicotic is usually chronic and it often fails to produce characteristic symptoms for months or years after its onset. Many times it is accidentally discovered in routine X-ray examination of groups of active workmen. However, evidences of disability are much more marked in silicotic individuals with infection than in those with uncomplicated disease. Occa sionally tuberculosis may run a very acute course in the silicotic subject but this is also true in other persons. The cansc of the susceptibility of the silicotic lung to tuberculosis is not perfectly understood, but it would seem that the action of tbe silica on tbe tissues creates a medium favorable for the growth of tbe bacteria. The tubercle bacilli multiply and a slowly progressive tissue reaction ensues, but tbe usual clinical symptoms of tuberculosis arc oiten held in abeyance for a long time because the chances for absorption of poisonous products of infection are mini mized by the obstructed lymphatic system. It is also possible that some of these poisons may be absorbed on the silica particles, as Cummins has suggested. Ulti mately the infection gains the upper hand, symptoms develop and death in mi tuber culosis ensues. The only other, type oi dust which is generally recognized as a cause of severe pulmonary injury is asbestos, a silicate of magnesium. This substance is fibrous in character ami is more readily soluble than quartz. Apparently the |Votcctivc upper respiratory mechanisms seem inadequate to prevent the inhalation many such fibres and even quite long ones may penetrate into tbe finer bronchial tulics, Tliee structures have irregularities in their walls which seem to hold the fibrous dusts. fn this location the asbestos particles arc surrounded and ingested by phago cytes. The cells do not seem to be particularly irritates] for they are not espe cially numerous nor do they migrate rapidly into clumps as in tbe case of phago cytes dealing with quartz. Apparently most of them carry their burden of asbestos fraemcnls directly into the walls of the tidies in which they lie. The mildly irri tating {lust sets up a proliferation of the connective tissue cells in the walls result ing in collnr-likc thickening of the tidies. Contraction of the new connective tissue narrows or closes the tube and thereby shuts off the ingress of air to the more peripheral air spaces. These spares then collapse, a condition known as atelectasis. This in itself is a cause of fibrosis or scarring of lung tissue. Tbe result is a fibrosis of numerous relatively small areas in the lung due tu the collar-like constricting fibrosis about many small terminal bronchial tubes. The, lymphatic system seems to play little part in disposing of asbestos dust aiuL.lZ^-/-`uisignilieant amounts of this dust are found in tbe lymph nodes. Xnt a few' eases of asliestosis die of tuberculosis or bronchopneumonia but the prevalence of tbe former infection is probably much less common than in silicosis. Surveys of large groups of asbestos workers fail to reveal such a high incidence of tuberculosis as found in similar studies on silica workers. The inhalation of unusual amounts of non-siliccons dusts apparently fails to pro duce significant alterations in the luuc. It is of course possible that injurious ones may ultimately be discovered, but none arc recognized today. Tbe non-siliccous particles enter the lung ami are ingested by phagocytes ns in the ease of quartz. The cells arc not" stimulated to move very rapidly anil as a consequence many of them remain within the air spaces for a long time. Some, particularly those con- 26 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safely Council tabling relatively few particles, make tlieir way into the lymphatic system and accu mulate in the lymph nodes. In sufficient concern ration, or perhaps because they are mixed with small amounts of silica, they set up a low grade, non-progressive chronic inflammation. 13ut this reaction results only in a little thickening in the lymph nodes and about the lymphatic vessels. The lung tissue may be variously pigmented, black from coal or rctl from iron, hut there is no formation of scar tissue that inter feres with function. The susceptibility to tuberculosis of the person with such pig mentation is not increased but it is apparently rpiite definite that pneumonia is unduly prevalent in coal miners and that chronic bronchitis results from the inhala tion of cement. The X-ray films of men working in nou-siliccous dusts shows cither nothing at all or a more or less marked accentuation of the linear shadows cast by the blood vessels. This, of course, is due to the chronic iullammatory changes about the_ lymphatic trunks in walls of blood vessels. The effects of mixtures of free silica and nou-siliccous materials are less clearly defined and should receive more serious attention. It would seem unwise to assume, as has been done in the past, that the nou-siliccous substances serve only as inert diluents and that only the quartz component of a dust is of significance. Experi mental and clinical data arc accumulating which suggest that at least some other diists may materially modify the action of quartz, both in its capacity to produce nodular fibrosis in the lungs and to increase the susceptibility to tuberculosis. For example, animals inhaling heavy concentrations of a mixture of equal parts of pure silica and hematite dust for eight hours a day over a period of 14 months have shown not even the slightest indication of nodule formation in the lung, whereas pure quartz dust, inhaled for only two hours a day,.produces definite nodulation. It also seems to be true that animals inhaling such a mixture arc much less susceptible to tuberculosis than those exposed to pure quartz. In the case of the human iron miner, some lungs show definite silicotic nodulation, others only a very few nodules awMnanv no nodules at all. All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles with a yccl&hr jSoimcctive tissue reaction. When these findings can lie correlated with chemical "analysis of the lung tissues and the approximate amount of rock work which these miners have performed, some relationship lietwccn the exposure to silica and the fibrous nodule formation may lie established. Tuberculosis in these iron miners is apparently less prevalent and much less severe than in men exposed to pure silica. What has been said of iron miners is also probably true of loumlrt workers and coal miners. It is generally accepted that men in the latter occupation ' have less tuberculosis than the average for the age period: Cummins liclievcs that they have the infection but that it is so atypical and benign in its manifestations that it escapes diagnosis. Mention should also be made of mixed dusts like certain slates anil granite containing large amounts of free silica in combination with silicates. Experimentally these substances behave atypically and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless there is complicating infection. The same may also he true in human beings. Unques tionably such dusts arc capable of producing typical silicotic nodules ami they pre dispose to tuberculosis. From a theoretical standpoint they should receive much more intensive study to clarify our views on the whole subject. At the present time it appears that the action of their quartz component is modified and partially neu tralized by the other substances which they contain. Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust By STUART W. GURNEY and DAVID S. BEYER Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston The speaker said in part: A number of our states have had references to dust elimination in their labor laws for a good many years, but no state lias as yet thoroughly enforced these laws. The codes of live states which we investigated provide that grinding, buffing and polishing wheels should be exhausted, although two of the states exempt from these provisions wheels oil which water is used. -U l wenly-third si muml Safety Congress--National Safety Council taining relatively few particles, make their way into the lymphatic system am! accu mulate in the lymph nodes, fit sufficient eoiteenlration, or perhaps hceatise they aie mixed with small amotmls of silica, they set up a loie );ra<li', iinu-prugrcssivv chronic iiillaiimiatioii. lint this reaction results' only in a little thickening in llui, lymph nodes and ahutit the lymphatic vessels. 1 he lung tissue may lie variously pigmented, ' Mack from coal or red from iron, hot there is no formation *of scar tissue that inter* !vrc> with function. 1 lie susceptibility* (o tuberculosis of the person with such pig mentation is not increased hut it is apparently ipiitc definite that pneumonia is unduly prevalent in coal miners and that chronic bronchitis results from the inhala tion of cement. The X-ray films of men working in nun-siliceous dusts shows either nothing at all or a more or less marked accentuation of the linear shadows cast by the hloud vessels. This, of course, is due to the chronic inllannnatory changes ^Imut the lymphatic trunks in walls of blond vessels. ' The clfccts of mixtures of free silica and nnu-siliccuus materials arc less clearly defined and should receive more serious attention. It would seem unwise'to assume, as has been done in the past, that the uou-silicebus substances serve only as inert diluents and that only the quart* component of a dust is of significance, lixpcri- mciital and clinical data arc accumulating which suggest that at least some other dusts mar materially modify the action of quartz, both in its capacity to produce nodular librosis in the lungs and to increase the susceptibility to tuberculosis. I-'or example, animals inhaling heavy concentrations of a mixture ol ecpinl parts of pure silica and hematite dust for eight hour* a day over a period of 14 months have shown not even the slightest indication of nodule formation in the lung, whereas ` pure quartz dust, inhaled for only two hours a day, produces definite undulation. It also seems to be true that animals inhaling such a mixture are much less susceptible to tuberculosis than those exposed to pure quartz. In the case of the human iron miner, some lungs show- definite silicotic iiodiilaliou, others only a very few nodules anil many no nodules at all. All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles with a cellular connective tissue reaction. When these findings can be correlated with chemical analysis of the lung tissues and the approximate amount of rock work which these miners have performed, some relationship between the exposure to -Mica and the fibrous nodule formation may be established. Tuberculosis in these iron miners is apparently less prevalent ami much less severe than in men exposed to pure silica. \\ hat has been said of iron miners is also probably true of foundry workers ami coal miners. It is generally accepted that men in the latter occupation have less tuberculosis than the average for the age period: Cummins believes that they have the infection but that it is so atypical and benign in its manifestations that it escapes diagnosis. Mention should also be made of mixed dusts like rertain slates and granite containing large amounts of free silica in combination with silicates. Experimentally these substances behave atypically and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless there is complicating infection. The same may also he true in human beings. Unques tionably such dusts are capable of producing typical silicotic nodules and they pre dispose to tuberculosis. From a theoretical standpoint they should receive much niorc intensive study to clarify our views on the whole subject. At the present time it appears that the action of their quartz component is modified and partially neu tralized by the oilier substances which they contain. ' Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposeerto Dust By STUART W. GURNEY and DAVID S. BEYER Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston The speaker said in part: A number of bur stales have had references to dust elimination in their labor laws for a good many years, but no state lias as yet thoroughly enforced these laws. The codes of five states which we investigated provide that grinding, huffing and polishing wheels should be exhausted, although two of the states exempt from these, provisions wheels on which water is used. Dust in Induitry This seems ill-advised, since a study of wet and dry grinding in Connecticut by Winslow and tirccnlmrg lias shown that the application of water does not iy .;ii> means eliminate the dust hazard. . . . It may he remarked that, with everything else equal, a high static suetimi will give a higher velocity at the point of origin of (he diisl, fume or gas than i low one; but this alone is not a measure of the effectiveness of any exhaust s-^-Um Wisconsin has adopted the principle of specifying a limit to the mimbi-r ol+du-l particles of respirable size per cubic fool of air. After all, this is what we are primarily interested in, to keep the dust contamination down to a point where it will not lie harmful. ... , Thcs< variations and conflicting provisions in slate codes merely reflect the gen eral lack ol authoritative standards. It is accordingly fortunate that definite step- arc now being taken by the American Standards Association to develop the propsi basis for such codes. There arc tw o committees working on this problem: the Ventilation Code Committee, sponsored by the American Society of Heating & Ven tilating Engineers, and the Exhaust Code Committee, sponsored by the Inter national Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. It is al-o arranged to appoint sub-committees to take lip five specific subjects: Abrasive cleaning, chromium plating, granite cutting, rock drilling, and spray coating. Id addition, a Sub-Committee on Fundamental Principles of Design ami Operation and Maintenance of Exhaust Systems will lie appointed. The two most important considerations in ail effective exhaust system arc: 1. Velocity of air flow; 2. Arrangement of the inlets (from the standpo'nt i< near ness to the dust source, shape, etc.). Many an installation that is otherwise all right fails to remove the dust s uees-- fully merely because there is not enough air living drawn through the syste. i. In a series of tests that were conducted under actual working conditions by '1 h-"dori F. Hatch, Department of Industrial Hygiene, Harvard School of Public I alih a machine used in dressing stone was employed, and it was noted that with an air flow through the hood of 2.10 cubic feet per minute, there were over one hundred million dust particles in the surrounding air. When the air flow was increased to a little over 250 cubic feet per minute, the dust concentration had dropped to f**i'lv million, a marked improvement. As the air llow was further increased, the drop in dust concentration was relatively slower, and it look a volume of about .iSO cubic feet per minute to bring the dust concentration down to Jen or fifteen million particles per cuhic foot, which was considered reasonably safe for tin's type of dust. It is accordingly possible sometimes to take an installation that is not sati-factory and, if the remainder of the system is well designed, hy merely speeding up the blower or adding a larger one. to bring about the desired results. Another very important consideration is to get the inlets _of the exhaust system as close as possible to the source of the dust. The drop in efficiency as we gel further away from the inlet is really surprising to one who has not studied the prin ciples involved. It should be remembered that if we have the open end of an ex haust pipe or air duct in operation, the air tends to flow in from al' sides, cscn from behind the opening. As we move away from the end of the pipe, the vchcils drops very rapidly, so that even at a distance of five inches from the Imod the velocity may lie less than 10 per cent of that right at the hood inlet. This is the most important consideration to keep in,mind and one which is frrquriitlv lost sight of in designing exhaust systems. It is not uncommon to sec an exhaust inlet a few inches in diameter with which the person making the installation hoped to draw- dust from a distance of several feet, hut the air (low even a foot or two away from the entrance to the inlet may lie negligible. Still another important consideration having to-do with the dc-ign of the in'cl. is the addition of a flange. The effect of this flange is to cut down the air that would flow in from behind the opening, thus draw iug it nearly all from the front. Thus the efficiency of the system is substantially increased ami the scope of the ex haust extended appreciably, without increasing the power consumption or otherwise adding to the expense of keeping up the system. . ^ There arc also other considerations of perhaps lesser importance. For example air cannot he "pulled" from a distance hv merely directing an exhaust pipe toward the point in question, but it can be "pushed" or blown, directionally, for a consider- JS 7 ti-c'iity-third Annual Safety Conyress--National Safety Council il>lc distance. 1 his principle may Ixr used athantugcnu-ly in directing I fie dust ovvard the opening of (lie exhau-t inlit and llms petting the desired icsults with i lower exhaust velocity and power consumption than would In: rci|iiircd i( suction done were depended upon. This principle has been applied cflectiicly in drilling material containing. asbestos, where the exhaust inlet is placed at one side of the drill and a small air jet at the opposite side of the drill, blowing aeross the table, turns tbc particles that wonhl tie out from Ibis side and directs tlicm bac'le into the exhaust system. It is also being applied to foundry shake-nut work. Ollier considerations in designing exbanst systems include tbc elimination nl unnecessary bends or curves, the provision of clcan-ont doors, and tbc proper con struction of joints. \\ here there is a general ventilating installation anil one or more exhaust systems, care must be taken to see that they do not conllict with cach-othcr. After an exhaust system has been installed it slmnld lie tested by taking actual dust counts to see that the dnst is rcallv being cut down to the dcsircij point, and <neh counts should be taken at intervals alter the installation has been made, to see that it is still functioning properly. The fact that the dust particles that cause the trouble tire so small that thev are invisible under ordinary conditions (less than 10 microns or l/J.MKHh of an inch in diameter) oilen makes it hard to convince the practical plant manager that there is any dust present: it also makes it impossible to tell, without the use of spe cial instruments, whether the completed exhaust system is actually removing the dust. ' It might seem Jikc an insult to one's intelligence to say that after an exhaust system lias once been installed it should he maintained in good operating condition. However, the muuerous eases one encounters in the plants where this obvious neces sity is not carried out. indicates that it is really one of the major considerations in connection with the elimination of dust or fumes. Cases are not unknown where the blower has iu some manner become reversed so that tbc air is being ejected anil diffusing the dust, rather than drawing it in: other instances where the cflicieney of the system has been lowered or its value nullified by clogging up. dis connection or wearing out of the piping, etc., arc all too common. One concern, of which the writers have knowledge, has a "U" tube permanently installed in one of its main exhaust systems so that the foreman or safety man can tell at a glance wln-lhcr there are any changes that would indicate a break-down in the system. All such installations should have regular inspections by some compe tent person as a routine part of their upkeep. ' It will be siiflieieut here to discuss respiratory equipment very briefly. The simplest form of this equipment is the filter respirator. Such respirators have a definite value for temporary use such as sweeping up. cleaning out bins, shoveling materials, etc., but they require careful fitting and constant supervision to see that they are being properly used. It is our opinion, after watching the sincere efforts in a number of plants to enforce the use of these respirators, that it is rather impracticable to require them to be used on full-time operation. One notices the men. under these conditions, surreptitiously pit-hing the respirator aside and `'gasping iu free air like a fish Hut of water. Certainly, if they arc to be used any considerable length of time, fre quent rest periods should be allowed where the men can get out into the free air for a few minutes refreshment. There are also the targe air-fed helm Is, with wliiuft most of us are familiar, used for sandblasting, etc., which have been carried to* a high slate of perfection ' for the purposes to which they are adapted. We believe, however, that much more use could be made advantageously of the type of apparatus that lies midway between the filter respirator ami the air-fed helmet, namely, the light, air-fed respirator which covers the nose ami mouth and leaves tbc rest of the face exposed. With a light hose attachment, this device offers considerable freedom of movement, and if air outlets were supplied so the hose rnuld be quickly transferred from one millet to another it would seem to be practicable to use them over a. considerable area. They afford the advantages of a pure air supply without excessive weight and without the restriction to breathing -.that imposed by the filter respirator. Vast tit Industry The Medical Supervision of Workers Exposed to Dust By w. j. McConnell, m d. . ' Assistant Medical Director, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York City The speaker said in part: The barmfulness of dusts varies widely iu accord ance with tbc physical and chemical natures of each individual substance. Certain dusts are soluble or slightly soluble in the body fluids and their hnrmlul effects are proportional to the toxicity of the ............mis formed. I .cad. mercury, and ar-cme are examples of poisonous dust. Other du-t- exert thcii harmful effect- bal.> on the skin and mucous membranes and through irritation to the respiratory pa- age-., Uirnnie. acid and alkalies are examples. Attention recently has been called to the probably harmful effect of dusts arising from radio-active ore*. A fourth group of dusts which are insoluble or very difficultly soluble in the body fluids may muiutc barmful pathological lung conditions. These may be subdivided into mm-lihro-i- and fibrosis producing dusts. The organic dusts, mainly the vegetable blurs such as cotton, jtite, hemp, etc., are noii-fihrn-is producing dusts. ^ I In* hbro-i- producing dusts arc limited, so far ns we have evidence, to a few of the inorganic mineral dusts, such as free silica, crystalline silicon, quartz, ami certain combined situates. Of the fibrosis producing dusts, those having a high percentage of free silica arc admittedly the most important liccatisc exposure over a period of years to siii.li dusts distinctly predisposes the individual to tuberculosis. The effectiveness of dust control measures iu preventing disca-es prodtirid by dusts can be determined only by carrful physical examination of the worker- so exposed under the guidance of competent medical supervision. The benefits which accrue to tbc employer ami employee, alike, tvs a result of the physical examination of all applicants for employment, as well as periodical examination of those already engaged, would indicate very careful consideration by industry of a program for control of sickness. Svich a procedure protects the employer trout engaging an applicant already physically or mentally impaired who later may claim di-al dip for a condition "either not associated with employment or contracted during a pre vious employment. The applicant's physical ami mental condition is established ami by keeping rccorvl of his subsequent illnesses and .accidents, tin: question of re sponsibility for injuries and sickness need never arise. The applicant is protected from engaging in work for which lie is physically ill adapted which, if undertaken, might easily bring about serious impairment of his health. For example, an applicant with an arrested tuberculosis who snl work iu a certain dusty occupation, if allowed to engage in such work might readily convert an inactive tuberculosis into an active one; thereby endangering life or at least seriously impairing the applicant's future efficiency and earning rapacity Whereas tbc same applicant if assigned to a position that involves no such ex posure, might be expected to continue for years as a useful anil productive work man. Tito examination of applicants for employment likewise protects those that arc already employed from the risks of communicable diseases such as tubcrculo-is and various acute respiratory and other infections being introduced into their mid-st by a new applicant. ' # Many of the younger individuals who seek employment have never before re ceived a thorough physical examination ami consequently arc unaware of the de fects from which they suffer. As a result of physical examination-. maiir` debit- are loratcd which may be removed or corrected before they have cati-ed 'V vparable damage, thereby increasing the efficiency of the worker ami often an v ting d< finite and finally chronic disease.-. Furthermore, incipient tuberculosi-. un-ii-pce ed dis eases of the heart, kidneys, ami a bust of other disease- of a similar nal are discovered and the applicant referred for proper medical care and trealimii . which otherwise might have been postponed until tivo late. _ Of even more importance than the initial physical examination of applicants is the periodic examination anil care of old employees by an imlu-try. Suv It a pro cedure serves to check tin: efficiency of preventive measures, designed to prevent occupational diseases. It offers tbc most effective way of controlling the health of 30 Twenty-third Annual Safety Canyress--National Safety Council large groups of workers liy discovering early not only occupational diseases, but many other conditions that go undiscovered until the worker is acutely ill or be comes disabled. If the various contagious conditions go unrecognized others la conic infected, thereby causing serious economic loss, as well as endangering the health of a group of individuals. The information obtained from physical examinations affords the medical super visor the opportunity to make certain that employees are engaged in suitable work out of which they arc getting maximum results, to correct the effects of undue ex posure to harmful environmental conditions, and generally to lessen all occupa tional hazards. As a public health measure, it is impossible to over-estimate the value of periodic examinations in establishing interest in sickness prevention. The set-up of a proper program for medical control of workers exposed to dust depends upon the number of employees involved and individual plant conditions. A series of articles tinder the title of "The Medical Department Manual" by Dr. Hart E. Fisher, appearing in current numbers of "Industrial Medicine." gives a com prehensive account of the organization and operation of a medical department. 1. The establishment of a medical department with adequate facilities and med- _ ical personnel who have qualified in the field of industrial medicine. A process analysis oi all operations in the plant should he made anil the medirat supervisor should list all possible health hazards and familiarize himself with their physio logical effects. If necessary, he should conduct research studies to determine the harmful effects of new' substances introduced into plant processes about which little is known. In cooperation with other departments, he should investigate the extent of the hazards and devise measures of control. 2. The routine examination of all applicants for employment. The procedure should include a detailed history of the applicant's previous illnesses and accidents classified under fa) diseases of childhood, fb) general infectious diseases, fc) respiratory diseases, fd) venereal diseases, and fc) accidents and resulting physical dciects. A detailed history of previous occupations engaged in is very important. A mere statement of the type of industry-in which the applicant was engaged has slight value, if any. The exact duties performed in each occupation should lie noted and information ascertained as to the probable length id exposure to hazard ous substances. After the history has been taken and a photograph for identifica tion purposes fif part of routine) is made, the applicant should be directed to the examining room where he is instructed to remove bis clothing for physical exam ination. This examination should be made as complete as is considered necessary to determine the applicant's physical rondiliou. If the applicant lias been or will he exposed lo dusts which induce lung dis eases. an X-ray picture of the chest is an important part of the examination. This part of the examination may he referred to an experienced roentgenologist, as the value of this method of diagnosis depends upon the type of pictures taken and the experience of the reader who interprets them. The examining physician also may need additional information obtained by laliorntnry analv-ri the blood, sntitmn. and the ttrine. These aids lo diagnosis should lie provided or made avail able when desirable. _ .1. The rating and placement of applicants. In cooperation with the personnel department, the applicant should he rated and placed, not only on his training and [i.-ist experiences, hut also on his physical and mental abilities to fill vacancies occur ring from time to time. The rcrord of his physical and mental examination should he the confidential property of the medical department. 4. Periodical physical examinations. The frequency of periodical examinations neressarily must depend upon individual circumstances according to the need for sttrh examinations as determined he the supervising phvsician. Where physical examinations arc made for the first time, the employees of long standing- should he given ample explanation uf the benefits of such examinations and he given assur ances that I heir jobs are secure. _ a. Provision for the disabled. Employees who develop disabilities during the course of employment should he re-assigned to occupations which wiil not interfere with or aggravate the disability, or they should he provided for in other ways. .IPjnURXMr.XT > T'ciily-lhirtl Annual Safely Congress--National Safety Council r The Dust Hazards in Industry By DR. R. R. SAYERS Medical Officer in Charge, Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation, United States Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. I lie '|>< I.er said ill part: Realizing the iiii|iui'taiicc ui the < 111>t problem ill I'lry. il., I'nilnl Stales 1`iihlie lleallli Service in cooperation with llie Ihireau Mines In c.in ils first study of the lieallh nf workers ill dusty trades in l'JI-1, the mine, of J *|>1 iii, Missouri; and lain', in W2.I. the I'uhlic Ihallli Serriee gm.ilvd . series ni dil't slililies. These later studies were all conducted in the ie manner in order to permit as detailed a eoniparisuii as possible between the 'rent iine-.tignliuns. Ilrielly, these methods of stml\ may he divided as follows: (1) examination to riiiiue the general physical condition of the workers tinder observation; (2) - ial physical e.saiuination to determine the prevalence of specific diseases of thu iratory system and the lime pathology resulting from exposure to the particular t hazard: t.lj record of the nature and severity of the disabling illnesses; (!) lysis and detailed study of the occupational environment; (5) occupational lulily statistics relating to the specific dust; and (6) autopsies. . I'he first six intensive investigations carried out liv the Service dealt with the lih of workers exposed to du-ts in a cement plant, granite cutting industry', iracitc and bituminous coal mining, silverware manufacturing plant, cotton cloth uifactiiriug. and in nginicipal street sweeping. Brief studies were later conducted certain slate, granite, marble yud talc quarries, while more recently a rather nsivc study of the health of anthracite coal miners was completed. flicse six dust studies showed that the workers in the granite cutting plants . were ,\posed to the highest dust concentrations were found to suffer from an css of pulmonary tuberculosis after 15 years or more of exposure and developed osis from 2 to 10 years. In the group exposed to a lesser amount of dust, osis developed only after prolonged exposure, with no excess of tuberculosis. ia> found the' a dose relationship existed between the degree of dust exposure. the extent and severity of the pulmonary damage. Anthracite coal miners ered from dyspnoea and other signs of pneumoconiosis anil experienced a high of respiratory sickness; in addition, an excessive mortality from influenza- inionia and possibly tuberculosis was found. Bituminous coal miners experi- d a generalized fibrosis of the lungs ami an excess mortality from influenza pneumonia. Cement workers showed some signs of early pneumoconiosis with .xccss of diseases of the upper respiratory' tract. On the other hand, workers ic cotton cloth and silverware manufacturing plants and municipal street sweepers - negative for respiratory conditions and other illnesses when compared with general industrial imputation. ,. lock tJiilliihi. For five years, the United Stales Bureau of Mines studied lead zinc miners in the Tri-State District, Oklahoma. The ore here is high in free a. Of the 7.722 men examined, a group of 1,6-17, or 21.3 per cent, was definitely nosed as having silicosis, not including those diagnosed as having tuberculosis, the men diagnosed as having first-stage silicosis had worked an average of Mar>. ` ut those men starling in the mines after -10 years of age worked an age of'only 3 years. fhe wo.k of rock drilling in subway and tunnel Construction in New York is in shine respects similar to that of some of the activities in the hard rock es. at hast in so far as the manner in which dust is, evolved, the type of t and the resultant hazard. Recently the result uf a study nf rock drillers, (ers and excavators was reported by the New York Tuberculosis and Health iciation. An examination of 208 rock drillers, blasters and excavators showed 118. or 57 pec cent of the men had silicosis in various stages oi progression, exposure of most of these men (75 per cent) had been for 20 years or more. 'aiiilhii-iiii'i. Xo study of the health of sandblasters has been reported in the ed Stales; however, a study of the du>t exposure of sandblasters was recently ,>letcd by the United Slates Public Health Service in cooperation with the Quarry Section 351' National Safety Council. This investigation indicated that, judged by the nature of the dust and degree of the exposure, a real hazard exists in this occupation. This slmly also brought out the fact that it is possible to conduct sandblasting with safety, provided properly designed and well maintained equipment is used, llialaiiiaceuus Silica ll'urkers. Most ut the data on silicosis have been gathered from studies made both in industry and experimentally on dusts containing irec silica in the form of qiiuitz. Such studies have been made in the granite industry, pottery trades, hard rock drilling, etc. There are other free silica minerals m existence lb.it are not crystalline in nature but of an amoi plums composition. In Santa Barbara l oiinly. t'aln'ornia. then' cxi-.ts the largest and purest diatnmuvcous silica deposit in the world, j This siibstame rouxi-.ts nl ataml Xa per cenl free silica. Recently an cxaiuiu:/inu was made of 11IX winkers selected among those employed Jcx.xt than 1 year. 1 to 2 years. 2 to 5 years, and more than 5 years. All of the woVkerx were Mexican laborers ami the examinations consisted of x-ray ill li rminalioiis, social and midical bislories, and ilinieal examinations of the chests. I)iis| ik tci iiiiixiy.ms wi le ........... ade but these were no| reported. The outstanding feature revealed by the examination was the splendid physical condition of the men. Fighty-four per cent of the workers were reported in excellent physical condition. It was found 0(1 men showed signs of early pneumoconiosis: 15 were in the moderately advahiced stage and fi in the advanced stage. This latter finding was among workers with a history of exposure of more than 5 years. thill Hazard in the (inutile Quarry huluslry. It is a common belief that granite quarrying is nut so dangerous an industry as granite cutting in enclosed sheds; quarry work is done outdoors and hence may not lie attended with very much dust . exposure. However, certain quarry operations require the use of pneumatic tools, which are usually associated with the formation of considerable quantities of dust. It was thought that a study made in a representative granite quarry might cast some light on our problem. Accordingly, a study oi a cliuico- radiographic nature of 03 quarriers was made and occupational dust exposures were also obtained. The dust determinations show that nearly 38 per cent, of the workers (drillers) were exposed to many times the amount oi dust considered safe at the present time: Drillers were the only persons showing pathologic lung changes. Half of these workers with an exposure of 5 to 19 years had silicosis, and 4 of the 5 men with more than 20 years of such trade life showed this condition. This study suggests that quarry drillers may experience as high a death rate from pulmonary tuberculosis as do pneumatic-tool workers in granite cutting sheds. titled u/ Inhaled Marble JJnsl. The pulmonary fihrntic changes tine to the inhalation of marble dust appear to be slight in comparison with those caused by stonc dust containing a high percentage of silica in the form of quartz. A recent study made by us among marble workers showed that although marble dust, when inhaled' in concentrations averaging about. 25 million particles per cubic foot of air. produced a mild bilateral, linear fibrosis in a certain number of the SO men ' examined, no serious lung changes were noted and there was no disability due to .the dust, even after many years of exposure (more than -40 years in some cases!. The marble dust under consideration consisted of 98 per pent calcilc and 2 per Cent dolemite. with no silica present. I)iisl Hazard in Abrasive Industry. Artificial abrasives arc widely used in industry and for this reason the effect of the inhalation of dusts produced in the manufacture or preparation of these products is oi great importance. In 1925. 1929 and again in 1931. Dr. Clark of the Norton Company at Worcester. Mass., made investigations of workers exposed to aluminium oxide and silicon carbide dust produced in the manufacture of grinding wheels, which showed that during a period of 13 years there were proportionately twice as many cases of pulmonary tuber culosis among those working in the abrasive du-t departments as in departments where no abrasive dust occurred. In 1931. Kessler, oi New Jersey, reported the occurrence of over 100 cases of alleged silicosis in the abrasive powder industry, in which the dust consisted of 99 per cent irec silica. li.rl'aSHre la Silicate Dust. It has been the ta-lief that the inhalation of dusts composed lit silicates (combined silica), in tomparisou with silica (free silica in tin- iorm of quartz), was innocuous. Of recent years many investigators have become cognizant of the hazards of silicate dust exposure. Asbestosis, a fibrosis oi J'wt iily-lliint .linunil Safety ( mii/rcss--National Safety c oimat ( the In iRS caused liy the initiation of asbestos dust, has already been described olb in its clinical and roentgenogranhic manifestations by investigators in other untries. but to date no studies base been reported in the'United Stales. Cement ust. vvhio contains about 22 per cent combined silica, has been studied, and the Heels of the inhalation by workers has been discussed here. In March, 19.13 neessen, of the United States Public Health Service, reported the results of a iudy conducted among treinolite tale and slate workers. The slate dust to which licse workers were exposed consisted mainly of silicates, there being less than per tint of quartz in the dust^ flic talc was a hydrous calcium-magnesium silicatet ciitR 15 per cent talc and -15 per cent treinolite. with no quartz present. The Milts of the study seemed to indicate a relationship lietweeu the amount of dust dialed and the clfcct of ibis dust on the Iiiiirs of workers. .S'/n/i.r/i'inl Xltitlies. Recently, l.an/a and Vane estimated that there arc some iKI.IHltl vvorkvrs engaged in the mining, quarrying and manufacturing industries i tins country in which an exposure to silica dust to a harmful degree is culiled. I heir analysis of mortality experience of twelve life insurance companies r the period l'M5-192fi showed that the actual mortality from respiratory tulier`do'is a.......K the silica exposed persons was about three times that of' a nonlica dust eroiiji. If one considers their data for certain occupations in metal lines and granite and sandstone quarries, occupations known to lie exposed to n.di concentrations of hazardous dusts, then the Comparison is more striking, since c actual dtatlis amoiiR these workers was found to be ten times that of the ex erted deaths. More detailed statistics on occupational mortality as reported hv the ei'trar-fieiieral of l-.ngland and Wales (1921-192.1), and summarized by llritteu. nor the high rate of I..SS9 per lOll.tlrtO for tin and copper miners, while the rate r 'all occupied and retired males'' was only 150. Other occupations with silica spostire showed an excess. IV'uni the evidence just presented concerning the injurious effects produced by IV inhalation of certain dusts, it is apparent that a knowledge of the properties i a given dust which dclermific its capacity to produce pulmonary pathology is M'litiul. Numerous investigations of the industrial dust problem indicate that esc properties are the chemical and miueralogical composition of the dust, its nonlration in the industrial atmosphere, and its particle size. . Jn an earlier portion .of this discussion evidence was presented wdtich indicated at a close relation existed between morbidity and mortality rates from various -piratory diseases and the exposure to certain dusts in industry. In the study the dust hazard in the granite cutting industry, it was definitely proved that ere is a direct ^relation between the magnitude of the dust exposure and sickness nl death resulting from_ tuberculosis. It is quite evident, as a result of these idles, that the remedy of the dust evil lies in the effective removal or suppression the dust to concentration considered sale. However, no set rules may be estab- hed for the mechanical protection to lie instituted in an attempt to control indus- al dust. Specific conditions encountered in a plant will determine the type of 'lection to he employed. , . . I he protection of workers against certain dusts known to he toxic may at nes Ik- accomplished by the substitution ni a non-toxic material for the toxic one. ic cxa. tplc of such a procedure is the possible use of a. metallic or other type artilic al abrasive for sand in the sandblasting process in those operations in licit it s not essential to use sand, a substance high in quartz content. Again. - mcchi 'deal enclosure of the dust-creating process also serves to protect the rker. .in excellent illustration of this type of protection is allordcd by the "Kru sandblast barrel used in the cleaning of small objects. Sometimes it is ^`ilde to protect the worker by the substitution of wet for dry processes, as wet dling instead of dry. In one instance, in the granite cutting study, previously ntioued. an operator using a diamond point tool worked the stone' wet; the -tilling dust amounted to 22 million particles per cubic foot. The same operator is then t>quested to work the stone dry; as a result, the amount of dust reached v hieli figure of *15 million particles per cubic foot. In the weaving of asbestos ih it lias hem possible to reduce the amount of dust in the air by wet weaving lie-fourth of the amount present when the process is conducted by dry methods., oilier example of this procedure in allaying dust is the use of a spray of water in Icyuer and jack-lianuucr drilling in hard rink, although the new- type of Kelly' dust trap is now finding much favor for this kind of work. . The Kelly trap consists of a metal chamber designed to enclose the drijl steel at the rock surface. No attempt is made to secure a mechanical seal with the rock or between the trap and the drill steel. The dust is removed by an air stream ami is carried into an exhaust system connected to the trap. . l-.seapc ol dust particles through openings between the uneven rock surfaces an:l the trap is prevented by the air seal produced by the billowing air. I ests made on this trap under actual working conditions show* that the du-t concentration at thc wvirker's breathing zone may he kept down to less than 10 million particles^ per cubic tool with a fill cubic foot per minute rate of air llow through the hood. Ibis trap is a step-forward in the program of du-l reinoial; however, in underground work, such as in mines and subways, there is still the need to solve the problem of compact dust disposal iquipmeut. In certain cases, such as in the sandblasting of large castings in sandblast rooms, the praclicdk,,safeguard to the worker is to provide him with a mask or helmet ol the p.isiliv'C air pressure type. In the sandblast investigation previously men tioned. it wxlx found that when front 5 to 6 cubic feet of practically dust-free air per minute art- supplied to the helmet, the worker receives ideal protection. How ever. one must always hear in mind that the ultimate criterion of protection should be tile dusti.ilctermiiiatiou of the air within the helmet during blasting ami not the quantity of IlH: air supply itself. ... In must dusty processes, however, the most effective means of dust elimination are by the use of properly designed exhaust' ventilation systems. Since in mail} instances it is difficult, costly, and at limes an unnecessary procedure to remove all the dust in the vicinity of a worker, we need first to determine the minimum amount of a certain'dust which the worker can apparently tolerate w ith impunity. Such information can be made available by the type of studies carried out by the Public Health Service. For example, in the granite study already referred to. it dust at the breathing level of about 10 million particles per-cubic foot 1.15 per cent free silica). .. . Studies of 'dust removal devices used in granite cutting plants at the time this work was conducted showed that a linear velocity ol 1.50(1 feet per minute a measured |iy an anemometer at the face of the dust-removal hood, would keep the dust at the breathing level to an amount less than 10 million particles per cubic u-t. A word should he said concerning personal respiratory protection against dii.-ts. It has already been shown that in the use of positive pressure respiratory devices in sandblasting, it is ini|Hirtant to have a well-designed device supplied with nlmui (i cubic feet of dusl-frcc air |icr minute to give full protection to the worker. With reference to respirators of the filter type, there is still much to be accomplished in the design of an efficient and comioriahle mask for continuous toe. Ol great value arc standard methods for the testing of the efficiency of respiratory pro tection devices. Drinker advocates testing a device against the particular dust which the respirator is to encounter, these tests to be made both in the lahorat'*rv ami under actual industrial conditions. He further suggested that some impartial agency should conduct such tests and certify the devices ior imlustri.il use. the work being done on a cost basis. The U. S. Ilureaii oi Mines has prepared such a schedule for testing and approving respirators. I wish to stress the importance- of good housekeeping in the effort to combat the dust hazard. Hood housekeeping should not only imply the removal of accumu lated dust about a workroom hut should also embrace efficient maintenance ' dust removal devices and respiratory protective equipment. Systematic insperti. i: of all dust suppression equipment should Ik- an axiomatic principle in every di-.stv industry rather than the casual attention which it now receives in many instances. Report of the Nominating Committee The chairman called for the report of the Nominating Committee at this point, and nevy ollicers for the section to serve during the ensuing year were nominawd and elected as follows: l. .// J .1 allowed y satisM embers i Iris arm .lie naked v by Dr. lor days any such i x-ravs. to Rubber an x-ray are used cchnicians sr-fetched c Tll'ENTY-TIl IRf) ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Safety Section, A R A ~ Steam Railroad Section, NSC ^Chairman--C. I.. LaFountaine, Great Northern Railway Co.. St. Paul. Minn. First d'irr-Chairmnn--H. A. Parish. Chicago & North Western Railway. Chicago. Second Ficc-Chuinnnn--W. H. Failing. Central Railroad of New Jersey. Secretary--J. C. Caviston, American Railway Association. New York City. A complete - report of these sessions is published l<y the American Kaihi'ity Association in a booklet entitled, "Frorcedinns of lh,- Fourteenth Annual Meetinti of the Safety Section, Cleveland, Ohio. October 2-4. JQ.V." Copies of the booklet are available from the Association of American Railroads, N. Y. C. The following is a condensed' record. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2,. 1934 The n|icning session of the Safety Section. American Railway Association-- Steam Railroad Section. National Safety Council was called to order by Chairo ..n '.al'ouiilaine. Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minnesuin. who presided. The invocation was delivered by L. G. Bentley, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. The report of the Secretary. J. C. Cavistou, New York City, in which he outlined briefly the activities of officers and standing committees during the last year, was read and approved. The Chairman then presented his annual report. Annual Report of the Chairman By C. L. LA FOUNTAINE ' Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn. The s|ieaker said in part: Let us go hade for a moment to the resolution adopted at our annual meeting in 1024, which set a goal calling for reduction, based on the 1923 record, of 33 per cent in casualties to employees on duty. Class I railroads, by ,Mi .. gave' a ' great llic re tying oil rganized be safety ; downnot know at period. "117 to a that date ' liicli year r accom- in the M'fr. On . 'iinlicr of '*J3 under to speak, .n during analogous the years when imnachincry, ' "it in due lent im- thc acci possihlc :: of the last ten Not- ;-read heting that i-sig the in 1933 as 10.02. '*), the nted "to opinions _ causes :npiuyccs HTvisory is, from vc is to -ible l>er, is not liould he ust first The diffi way to training, and dis eases of :.>ject on i i j jJ ' I; f r I" ! [ . ` . : I t : I ' . _. ' Safely Seel ion, AHA--Shut in Hailroatl Seri ion. fa'SC 3S9 .. . ... which one is to train another. In safety.- it is knowledge of safe practices. These are shown hv the causes of accidents and lie jnh analysis. When safe practices arc reduced to writing they are usually called rules, or at least they are equivalent to rules. Therefore, if all safe practices in any occupation were reduced P> rules and if complete obedience to such rules were secured, it would insure complete immunity from accidents from man failure. This means that the first step in safety is to iwovidc adequate rules; the second step is for local olliecrs and supervisors (the teachers') to know and understand the rules; and the third step is to see that the employees know, understand and oliev the rules. Fn consonance with these ob- servatious, the following items are presented for the consideration of the Safety Section as some of the essential elements in an effective safety program: 1. A comprehensive set of safety rules outlining the safe ways of working. 2. A practical, working understanding of the rules or safe practices by all local officers, supervisors and employees, to he assured by suitable examinations. 3. Invariable obedience to all rules, violations not resulting in accidents repre- senting the same degree of culpability as when accidents do result from such violations. . ' 4. Definite and not perfunctory observations hy local officers ami supervisors to detect violations of safety rules and formal report of violations detected as a requirement of management. S. Formal disciplinary action on proven violations, with entry on discipline Tecord covering every ease. . *>*.6. A monthly and cumulative record of the violations of rules nr unsafe jirac- ticcs detected liv each local officer and supervisor, ami a monthly summary hy dcpartmenti__for divisions and system. 7. .*y{accidcnts. regardless of how trivial, shall he reported and investigated promptly to determine cause, responsibility and disciplinary action to lie taken where responsibility is shown. ' 8. ,.Tnvcstigatipj; should invariable develop an answer to these two questions: fal .tva.Tjjlceidcnt due to the violations of a rule? fl>) If not. should a rule be provided? * '- . TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 2, 1934 The "Green Book" By LEW R. PALMER Secretary, Committee of Award, Railroad Employees' National Safety Contest and Conservation Engineer, Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York City The speaker said in part: The year 1933 ended the ten year period of the Railroad Employees' National Safety Fomcst as set up by the National Safety Council and recorded in tiic respective issues of the "Green Hook.". A constant study of railroad safety contest records during a period of ten years has established what I believe to be a fundamental fact: that it is necessary to break down our entire Class I railroad exposure into a sufficient number ui competing groups so that there will not he too wide a variation between the man-hour cxjiosnre of the largest group contender as compared with the man-hours of the smaller contenders in the same group: otherwise, the larger unit, with its more uniform casualty rate, will be handicapped hv the more. widely fluctuating rates of the smaller contenders: for it is generally recognized that under normal conditions the greater the man-hour exposure the more uniform the casualty rates arc year by year. For that reason, the revised plan suggested ior the 1934 Railroad Employees' National Safety Contest includes six groups for standard Class I railroads ami two groups for switching and terminal roads, it being a matter of record in connection with switching and terminal roads-that a great deal more interest has been developed in our annual contest since these roads were given what was considered a fighting chance for competitive honors. ' intcih tapped lightly , joints may lias been laid die light rail track struc- ' . ilder climates, re is scarcely .touts, some of both laterally nen the frost -..titormly. a hane to the i .-sponsible lor .-dreads, there -tl in a period ban three feet -.on-foot flood. :.vv-ways must A'noden bridge -i;.. Refuse at ,ay. Adequate l>e provided. ; not only to Me of the sub - danger, due denser, mure -Mpixirting top cause of the H of a train. hod of drains. ' faffs, or Uersablc driiting ars off sidings her obstacles ...is. especially from the track jiecial hazard - ccs. oiling of vegetation are - steel hut on :.e to come. In -tal to prevent t away from ,n this item is .11 fire in tics a single panel or to depress : mid lie taken id underneath now. or other due to snow due to vehicles -* Here it com- Safi'ly Section, ARA---Stciun Railroad Section, NSC 3US >. pacts under traffic. as more and more is deposited, until eventually the wheels of a passing train are lifted up and over the rail. Highway repairmen operating road ; scrapers arc sometimes careless or ignorant of these dangers. Track foremen should j . make it their duty to advise all such persons of the-possible consequences of this I dangerous practice. I Mo far very little has been said about inspections. It is, however, by regular and careful track inspections that incipient dangers may best be found and cor rected. The trackmen, the foremen and the supervisors should train most carefully the men upon whom they are to rely. With sections rapidly becoming longer and longer, it is not always possible fur the foreman to supervise his gang and also , patrol his track. The track inspector therefore liecomcs the first line of defense. He must he able to think clearly and rapidly in whatever emergency may arise, 1 always remembering that the safety of the train service rests in his hands. Moreover, the foreman himself must be ready at all times of high wind, heavy j rain, or any unusual weather conditions to patrol his track, and to him is given j the power to preserve the lives oi passengers and trainmen, and to him is given the privilege of speeding np the wings of transportation!. WEDNESDAY MORNING-SESSION October 3, 1934 Report of Committee on Prevention of Highway r. X ' Crossing Accidents By H. A. ROWE 1 Manager, Claims Department, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, l New York City The speaker said in part: The report of this committee for the year 1933 again shows a slight-reduction in the number of accidents and fatalities at railroad highway crossings and a substantial reduction in the ntnulier of injuries tor the fifth consecutive year since the year 1923. The record is as follows: Year Accidents 1923........................................... 5.81)0 Fatalities 2,508 Injuries 0//.7 1933 .......................................... 3.235 1,511 3.097 Reduction..................... 2.505 (44%) 1.057 (41%) 2.970 (44%) Casualties during the four months of June. July, August amt September in the Careful Crossing Campaign, compared with the same period, 192S lo 1933, inclusive, were as follows: Year Accidents Fatalities Injuries 1923........................................ 1.799 858 2.092 1929............. 1.827 749 2.140 1930.............................. 1.371 040 1,505 1931..............................'......... 1.103 490 . -1.190 1932........................................ 899 ' 432 1.022 1933 ........................................ 990 491 1.124 It will he noted that automobile registration in 1933 was 23.827.290. and repre sents an increase of 1.4 per cent over the preceding year; this is quite comparable with the number of automobiles registered in the peak year of crossing accident casualties. Gasoline consumption, which is a fair barometer of automobile use. was 1(1,025,- 502,001) gallons during the year 1933; which is an increase of a trifle less than 2 per cent over the preceding year. The increasing uso of smaller cars with greater mileage per gallon of gasoline, indicates that the traflic over and across railroad tracks was fully equal to that of 1932. " V< Co'lll: ii ./ tsings .. Mo. . mi the railroads run over, not at ,er can he clasi.>iit first looking ' when he could . i car in a live dy telling them. ;-y shouldn't do when all of them in that wav last -.iiswer is. in an ..-ved no problem mist include that ation of the men. supervision. In .1 without goggles !d:n for five days r. rather, a part ivllows. 's family was in ays a month at turn: In's. V''Vvies, ve little children, id in that lmuse vy had was one . and took up a thanked me with that we had not .11 never find me . ::cst influence on .::u was given ids . the other day. vas not wearing mu down nit the .vs. that he was what the fellow's our home, eleven to put her feet .re of that invalid nr wife that you at you were no . r in the struggle king to him. He . r licen talked to as a lot of hooey .Siifety Section, Ai\.l--Steam h'ttilnmii Section, NSC 403 in this safety movement. But 1`now realize what it-means to me, and you can rest assured that never again will I do that kind of work without my goggles on." That is some more Miporvisii.ni. Notice the results. Don't think for a moment that l am deprecating punishment for non-enforcement of rules. Safety rules should I'C adopted and they should he rigidly enforced liy whatever methods arc necessary to cause the employee to comply with them. Hut enforcement is only a part of supervision. Here is some more supervision that brought good results. On the Wabash Railway this year we laid oO miles of new 110-pound steel. We had a gang of 115 or 120 section men engaged in that work. About the time they started this work we happened to have a division saicty meeting within four or five miles ol where this camp was. The supervisor, a Mr. Watkins by name, loaded his fellows up and brought them in to the safety meeting. 1 was there and I told them just how to do their- job without anybody getting hurt. Aliout three months later, they completed that job, and not a single man had hcen injured. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 3, 1934 . Interesting Employees in Looking After Their Own Safety __ _ By J. CLYDE MIXON r- * Chief Cleric to General Superintendent, Northern Division, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company, Savannah, Ga. The speaker said in part: One of our South Carolina philosophers, Huh (Juillan, once said: "If we would pray more often tor common sense, wc would not have to pray for rain." Expand that thought for yourselves. Safety is common sense in action. Interesting employees in looking after their own safety" is hut another way of saying, "Sell the idea of safety to your men." Before one can sell anything to someone else one must sell oneself. You may he sure that in a section where there is a poor safety record it is primarily the result of the indillerenee of a supervisory officer, or the result of his inability to sell the idea to his men and keep them sold on it. ... We must keep everlastingly at this proposition of safety. A wise man who lived in the Orient once said: "Nothing is ever definitely finished among men. for eacli thing stops only to begin again." We can put that down as a law of nature. It lias been said that "eternal vigilance is -the price of safety", and that is guitc true. We must constantly drive home the doctrine of safety iniiidcdncss. It the supervisor is indifferent, there isn't anything to do about it but "decapitate" him. and the sooner the hotter, because it is an indication not only of narrowness but of his umvorthiness to be a leader of men and a representative of enlightened management. _ .... . It should not be difficult to get men interested in looking after their own safety. The first law of nature, the law of the jungle, the law of self-preservation, is or should be invoked by every worker. It requires some time, however, ior men to be soltl on this idea--that they must look after themselves. There is also, of course, the appeal to a man's higher nature, the duty he'owes to his family, then to his fellow workers and the public whom he serves. But I want to approach this subject largely from the angle of responsibility and the opportunity of the supervising officer. It thrills me sometimes when I think of the opportunities the supervising officers--the foreman, the master mechanic, the trainmaster, the superintendent--have it they exert themselves as the loaders of the men working under their supervision. What an opportunity this man has to aceom- I