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il. k Minerals Y 196 1 Volume I of Fou ! METALS AND MINERAL Prepared, by st BUREAU OF 566 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1963 andalusite. A total of 2,208 tons of kyanite and andalusite was produced in 1963. Rhodesia, Southern.--Output of kyanite group minerals in the first 9 months of 1965 consisted of 456 tons of kyanite and 72 tons of topaz. South Africa, Republic of.--Production of kyanite group minerals in the first 9 months of 1965 was comprised of 17,278 tons of andalusite and 34,615 tons of silli~ manite, Exports of the two minerals dur ing the period totaled 41,853 tons, and 6,720 tons was sold to South African firms.3 Output of andalusite by the major pro ducer, Zeerust Andalusite (Pty.), Ltd., was increased from 500 tons per month to 1,000 tons per month beginning in Febru ary, 1965. A new .heavy-media separation plant was installed about 12 miles from the open cast workings in western Transvaal. TECHNOLOGY A comprehensive report on the kyanite group minerals and synthetic mullite was published. The report contains descrip tions of the minerals, refractory quality and specifications, information on deposits throughout the world including reserves where available, mining and processing methods, world trade, prices, and uses. Syn thetic mullite production is also covered. The bibliography is extensive and is broken down into major subject headings.4 The results of recent laboratory research at the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay, Bombay, India, indicated that sillimanite and other industrial minerals could be recovered by selective flotation from Manavalakurichi beach sands in Madras State which are presently processed for recovery of ilmenite and monazite. Other valuable minerals are rutile and zircon.5 New data were published to support re cent research reports which indicated that previously accepted values for free energy of formation of andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite were considerably in error. Patents were issued on use of kyanite in railroad brake shoes,7 and in improved high temperature lightweight refractories having discrete, uniform cells.8 * Republic of South Africa Department of Mines. Quarterly Inf. Cir. Minerals, July to September 1966, pp. 86-41. ' 4 Varley, E. R. Sillimanite. Overseas Geo). Surveys, Miner. Res. Dlv., H. M. Sta. Off., 1966, 166 pp. Madhaven, T. R,, V. M. Karve. and J. Y. Somnay. Selective Flotation of Reach Sand Sillimanite, Zircon and Rutile. Min. Mag:. (London), v. 113, No. 3, September 1966, pp. 202-203, 206, 207. 0 Waldbaum, David R. Thermodynamic Proper ties of Mullite, Andalusite, Kyanite and Silli manite. Am. Mineralogist, v. 60, Nos. 1 and 2, January-February 1966, pp. 186-196. T Spokes, R. E., .and E. C. Keller (assigned to American Brake Shoe Co., New York). Friction Composition of a Rubber, Cashew Nut Shell Resin and Lead Sulfite. U.S. Pat. 3,168,487, Feb. 2, 1966. Dreyllng, L. J., and A. P. Dreyling (assigned to Quigley Co., Inc., New York). Method for Producing Lightweight High Temperature Re fractory Products. U.S. Pat. 3.213,166, Oct. 19, 1966. Lead By Donald E. M Contents Page Legislation and Government programs ____________________ 567 Domestic production 569 Mine production569 Smelter and refinery production- 574 Consumption and uses578 Lead pigments580 Stocks_582 Prices 583 Industrial requirements for lead in 1965 established a domestic record and, despite the marketing of Government stockpile lead, increased secondary production, and increased metal imports, the stock of refined soft lead at producers and con sumers declined during the year. Mine pro duction of recoverable lead increased pri marily as a result of expanded Missouri facilities, but output at primary refineries declined as imports of bullion decreased and ore imports remained essentially the same, even though ore import quotas were terminated in October. The world produc- . tion of primary metal, excluding the East European and Far Eastern Communist areas, increased about 7 percent in mine production and over 3 percent in refined metal production. The increase in con sumption was indicated to be about 1.5 percent, and producer stocks increased dur ing the year by some 13,000 tons. The price of lead in the domestic market was stable during the year at 16 cents per pound while the London Metal Exchange price (U.S. equivalent) ranged from a high of 19.9 cents per pound to a low of 11.9 cents and closed the year at 13.9 cents. Le The inve the of 1 son findi quot Octo den for mate port coun clea ed i sum in 1 Th enac 87-3 lic L tobe lic L exten qual 1C 568 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 market price of these metals is less than 14.5 cents per pound, to January 1, 1970. The qualifications of a "small domestic producer" were redefined to expand cover age and new maximum limitations were es tablished on amount of payments and quantities of lend and zinc which arc al lowable for any one producer in a calendar year. Revised regulations were being pre pared by General Services Administration, the authorized government agent. During the year 1965, the quoted price of lead and zinc remained at levels exceed ing the 14.5 cents per pound under which payments are authorized and no payments were made on 1965 production. Under the amendments of Public Law 87-374, effec tive through 1965, a total of 76 applica tions had been received of which 59 were certified as eligible. The cumulative stabili zation payments made on lead and zinc production for the period 1962-65 were $2,135,100. The disposal of 200,000 tons of lead in the Government stockpile was authorized under Public Law 89-9, enacted in March 1965, of which 50,000 tons was designated for direct Government use and 150,000 tons for domestic industry use. The first offer ing of 60,000 tons under this authorization was made by General Services Administra tion in April, and disposal of 19,565 tons was made to domestic producers of pri mary and secondary lead, importers of lead, and domestic consumers. In October General Services Administration announced the remaining 40,000 tons would be offered for sale on an on-the-shelf basis with offers to purchase accepted during the third week of each calendar month. Sales during the fourth quarter on (his basis amounted to 16,904 tons, essentially all to domestic pri mary producers of lead. Of the 50,000 tons available for direct government use, 1,184 tons was used by government agencies. Government holdings of lead in the var ious stockpiles at the end of the year amounted to 1,284,636 tons, of which 10 tons was nonstockpile grade. Average ac quisition cost of the lead remaining in the stockpile was 14.4 cents per pound. The International Lead and 7\nc Study Group held its ninth session in Tokyo, Ja pan, from Novchibcr 1 through November Table I*--Salient lead statistics 1966-60 (average) 1961 1062 1963 1964 1965 United States: Production: Domestic ores, recoverable Value -.-....thousands_ Primary lead (refined): From domestic ores and base bullion short tons.. From foreign ores and base bullion short tons.. Antimoninl lead (primary lead content)__short tons__ Secondary lead (lead con tent) short tons____________ Exports of lead materials, ex cluding scrap --short tons.. Imports, general: Lead In ores and matte--do.. Lead In base bullion.._do____ Lead in pigs. bars, and old short tons__ Stocks December 31 (lead con tent) : At primary Bmelters and re- At consumer plants___do____ Consumption of metal, primary and secondary--.short tons.. Price: New York, common lead, average, cents per pound World: Production: Smelter do____________________ Price: London, common lead, average, cents per pound______ 292.135 J77.31B 284,023 169.850 12,952 463.812 3,909 176,211 189 295,455 179.294 119,994 1.089.308 13,39 2.582.000 2.474.000 10.72 261,921 $53,956 288.078 161,487 24,966 452,792 6,570 147,186 422 261,794 262,102 99,140 1.027,216 10.87 2,640.000 2.645,000 8.03 236,956 $43,602 245,645 130.418 27.383 444,202 6,006 138.631 4,599 269.522 196,661 93.496 1,109,636 9.63 2,765,000. 2,630,000 7.06 253,369 $64,727 239,660 166,072 9,256 493,471 1,092 147,742 6,437 236.902 120.836 119,930 1,163,358 11.14 2.820,000 2,716,000 7.93 286,010 $74,936 294,264 166,175 8,607 541.582 10,194 123.257 4,838 212,898 84,398 113,444 1,202,138 13.62 2,835,000 2,826,000 12.59 301,147 $93,059 306,007 113,242 6,612 575,819 7,811 122,661 bb6 224,042 83.443 109,196 1,241,482 16.00 2.975.000 2.906.000 14.37 LEAD 5, and delegates representing each of the 25 member countries were in attendance. The session was preceded by meetings of the various committees designated to re view statistics and other special projects. The group noted that world production of ore and metal had increased at a slightly higher rate than consumption to offset the 1964 shortfall, and supply and demand in 1965 were approximately in balance, further rises in production of ore ami metal in 1966 were expected to adequately meet the steadily rising demand and 1966 would show a continuing reasonable sup ply-demand balance. Discussions at the meetings centered on improvement of sta tistics concerning production, consumption, and international trade in lead and on m w s p t a a t e d in e M e th c DOMESTIC PRO MINE PRODUCTION The domestic output of 301,100 torts of recoverable lead was about 15,000 tons above the 1964 total. The substantial in crease in production of the Missouri mines and increases reported for nine of the other lead-producing States more than offset a major decrease in Idaho and Utah and small decreases reported in five other Stales. Missouri contributed 44 percent of the domestic output; Idaho, 22 percent; Utah, 13 percent; and Colorado, 7 percent. Output of these four States represented 86 percent of the total domestic output. e p d In S on to 16 at ye m sc Table 2.--Mine production of recoverable (Short ton State Arizona _____ ____' A rknnsfts__________ __ California ________... Colorado_______ Idaho _________________ Illinois _______________i Kansas______ _____ _ . Kentucky Missouri .. Montana ______ _______ Nevada . .. New York ____________________ North Carolina_______________ Oklahoma ____________________ Utah __________________ ________ Virginia ___________ __________ Washington __________________ Other States___^_____________ 1956-60 (average) 1 r 98 2 1 2 1,4518 40 3 8 Total __________________ 261 232-748 0-67--37 5 7 0 M IN E R A L S Y E A R B O O K , 1965 o* % 2 -5 3 3-3 _ O3. " =n , o0 3oq 33 33H; 3 c--. 203w "0^2 O8; On = 3 ! 13 : -z n 2 crq* 1-3 Cl (A " c3. c= i" o er = PRICE LEAD, thousand short tons PERCENT oi oo o o I JS fci Lead ore Table 3.--Ore, old tailings, etc., yielding lead and zinc in the United States in 1965 (Short tons) Zinc ore Lead-zinc ore Copper-lead, copperzinc, and copper- lead-zinc ores All other sources 1 Total State Gross weight Lead Zinc Gross weight Lead Zinc Gross weight Lead Zinc wC5 Lead Zinc Gross weight Lead Zinc Gross Weight Lead Zinc izona lifornia _____ ___ lorado____ 1.403 8,881 6,534 55 1,706 256 4 2.763 192 __ ____ _ 46 260.860 iho ____________ _ 221.412 21,016 1,686 96.112 (*) 263,789 42,000 ssouri 5,279,420 133.521 4.312 mtana _________ 20.465 1,100 290 1.006,871 vada___________ 1,427 192 25 1.489 w Jersey______ 223.928 w Mexico_____ 1.210 346 2 402,641 w York _______ 159.793 lahoma_________ 418,247 _____ ___ansytvania ____ inessee_________ 549.427 ____ 4,007,082 lh _____________ 11,280 1.619 424 87 ginia __________ ishington ...___ sconsin _______ 1.322 36 3 ( > 967,083 ter States 39 7 -- -- 56 _____ 3.151 978 (*.) 1,289 498 ______ 24.632 2.507 (2) 5,869 4.603 336,557 523 346.658 740.111 () 46,979 4.617 25.938 1.123 26 395 166,721 38,297 726 29,868 59.436 15.915 ' 629.168 1.643 9.938 175.616 27,635 111.637 2 13 486.941 666.413 < > <>) 31.104,777 1,645 26.993 ____ _____ ..... -- -- 5,732 15,433 85,172 11 4,699 13.990.426 59 1,123 14.416.321 5,913 21.757 101 30 2.825 3 3 12,229 1.810 225 10.140 17.022 378,644 8.872 12,044 13.505 76 126 1,005,201 22.495 53,870 38,630 49.060 (*) (>) 640.129 5,982 4.781 1,697,764 66,606 58,034 sa.nns >18,314 355 639 153,898 756 1.051 ' 5,279,420 133,521 4.312 69 63 111.946 1.195 7,495 1,140,405 6.981 33,786 1.666 3.115 52,567 393 323 222,204 2,277 3,858 2.289 6,576 ____ __ 732 26 223.928 38,297 L4 464,019 3,387 36.460 601 53,965 788.961 601 69.880 1.160 2.743 1.342 10 34 595,205 2.813 12.715 549.427 27.635 1.520.755 ____ 10,750 5,527,837 122.387 35.647 25,907 ______3.651 20.491 _____ __>6.292 *22.227 1,076 170 ______ -- ______ -- _-_-_-_-_-_-__-__-_-_-_-_-_ 137 ___ -- 25,679 c> 3.674 262 _1_.2_66 (3> 7W 525.063 666,413 1,106,099 967.083 3.713 37.700 3,651 6.328 1.645 14 27.747 20,491 22.230 26.993 W Total______ 5.552.393 169,854 6,984 8,402,172 14.133 324.738 4.761,023 106.333 217,271 1/985,647 9,053 27,630 15.677.853 11,774 34,530 36,379,088 301,147 611,153 V Withheld to avoid disclosing individuai company confidential data. Lead and zinc recovered from other ores (copper, gold, silver, etc.) and from smeiter slags, mill tailings, and miscellaneous cleanups. Combined with "other sources" to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. Combined with lead-zinc ore to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. 572 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 and construction of a new shaft was begun at the Indian Creek mine. The Herculan eum smeller produced 105,799 tons of refined lead in 1965. Its modernization and expansion program continued on schedule for completion during the fourth quarter of 1966 and will raise refining capacity to over 200.000 tons of lead annually.2 The Missouri Lead Operating Co. pro ceeded with mine development and with the design and construction of a mine-mill complex to produce 50,000 tons per year of lead and a 100,000-ton-pcr-year lead refinery in the Bixby, Mo., area for completion late in 1967. This is a joint venture of American Metal Climax, Inc., and Homestake Mining Co. Shaft sinking was in progress at the Magmont mine operated by Cominco American, Inc., and jointly owned with Magnet Cove Barium Corp. This unit has a planned mine-mill capacity of 50,000 tons of lead annually, with completion early in 1968. Ozark Lead Co., a wholly owned subsidiary of Kennecolt Copper Corp., started development of a mine-mill complex with a capacity of 60,000 tons of lead annually in the new lead bell and expected to have the concen trates smelted and refined in a new facility to be built by American Smelting and Refining Company. Initial work of shaft sinking was started late in July at the Higdon mine near Frcdcricktown, Mo., a joint venture of National Lead Co. and The Bunker Hill Co. Table 4.--Mine production of recoverable lead In the United States, by months (Short tons) Month 1964 1966 January ________________ February __________________ March . . .. April _________ __________ Mav ... .................................. June_____________________ July _____________________ August _________________ September __________ __- October _________________ November____________ __ -- December _____ ___ _____ 22.799 23,647 24,037 22,937 23,388 24,053 23,322 26.629 26.176 22,066 23.802 22,692 25,675 26,865 26,028 25.821 29,219 Total _____ __--- 801,147 The output of lead in Colorado in creased some 1,900 tons in 1965 as several small mines and mills began production. The Idarado Mining Co. milled about 375,000 tons of ore, a decrease of some 10 percent, but produced approximately the same amount of lead due to the higher grade of ore. Development of the new "Cross Vein" on the 2,400- and 2,900-foot levels was a factor in increasing ore re serves some 213,000 tons during the year.* The New Jersey Zinc Co. maintained a high output at its Eagle mine near Gil man. Rico Argentine Mining Co. increased mill production to full capacity during the year with a substantial increase in recover able lead in concentrates and also complet ed an extensive program of mine develop ment and equipment installation. Federal Resources Corp. began limited mining and milling at the Camp Bird mine and ex pects to be at full operating capacity of 650 tons per day early in 1966. Dewatering of the Irene shaft in Lcadvillc, a joint ven ture of American Smelting and Refining Co. and Resurrection Mining Co., was com pleted preparatory to development above the 1,750-foot level. The Sunnysidc mine at Eureka, operated by Standard Metals Corp., produced 143,000 tons of lead-zinc ore in 1965 compared with 136,000 tons in 1964. < The Hccla Mining Co. operated the Lucky Friday mine and the Star unit with production slightly below the 1964 level. Considerable development was accom plished with reserves at the Star Unit in creased about 26 percent and the Lucky Friday shaft deepened preparatory to de velopment of the 3,650-foot level.s The 17,000-foot crosscut from the Bunker Hill mine to the Crescent mine, driven at a depth 400 feel below sea level, was com pleted at midyear and development of the area started. An extensive exploration and development program was initiated in the lead-silver belt of the Cocur d'Alene area by several of the operating companies. Output of ore at the Bunker Hill mine declined and reserves of high grade leadsilver ore declined substantially. The Bun ker Hill Co. concentrator operated on a 7-day-weck basis treating 627,000 tons of ore from company mines, domestic pur chased ore, and toll processing of highgrade ore frOm the Pine Point mine in Canada. Milling of the old Bunker Hill mine tailings was continued. The lead 3 St. Joseph Lead Co. Annual Report. 19$. n. 3. 1 Nowmont Mining Corp. Annual Report. 1966, p, 7. . * United States Smelting, Mining nn<l Refining Co. Annunl Report. 1966, p. 6. 8 Hecla Mining Co. .Annual Report. 1966, p. 7. LEAD O S d o , C22i 2c T ` '* w w v O.2 N2 0S*55 o. .2N o 03 rt a rt h A rt c d 4>Trtt 33 .3cS.2 S3 ! !H j ;* I i il 11 luo i c lu * \S41 !I gC i !| 11 13 fps IB iw 1 :(S, is \s 11 S1 bco 1 {"b *?.2 I 2 2 o ftp u 6 oii i c IcS^ d i ! o b5<S ,,M to a o.2 21 .3 g"jS |i o gi^s U t*jj I ,ti -- w SSii--. T3 ec r. 4>*j e V .S*SeS.2S.8.3S.S%'S,S*E to T43> 'B D .9 B .V9 S 1 gd >.S oe J5r c'vcS 4e> '_S'-5w--g'CoSO -Q!s2-~ 2 *2 ftS-S w .i c q) a 3 HJ-d -- c CU OtOEOCO w U3 e*4> e Jill -Osi0-34 ssso; (d & a) *0 1 5- 33-|2J1"22,,IoJ CD !S>uDu I2D a 1J I H 5 fiUge .1 Ie 11 *>->, iji 100 l1 o 1 ,z 3* = 'Cr*; C '* 'frJ-SI * 1 bCePe* 4>^ i~-041 w .gs-g S.S ,Si.. ij.a i 2 Se.l'SSittgB-aRsa j3i-g2s a, 2 5S cq cu < w w w w o 4 0C Z S 574 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 smelter produced 93,800 tons of lead, in cluding toll, compared with 86,300 tons in 1964,6 In Utah, production at the Mayflower mine of New Park Mining Co., operated by the Hecla Mining Co., was slightly higher in 1965 with 113,200 tons of ore mined, averaging 4.3 percent lead. The operating property was expanded by purchase of the Lucy mining claim and lease of other claims owned by New Park Mining Co. and San Diego Mining Co. Reserves of ore were increased by almost 370,000 tons.* Operation of the U.S. and Lark mine and Midvale concentrator by United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Co. was in terrupted by a strike which began on May 4 and terminated July 22. Tonnage of company ore and receipts of custom ore was substantially reduced, although grade of ore was higher than the previous year. Concentrates were smelted at the Tooele smelter and the bullion refined at the sub sidiary lead refinery in East Chicago, Ind.; 29,100 tons of lead bullion was treated at the refinery in comparison to 35,400 tons in 1964.8 United Park City Mines Co. pro duced 95,000 tons of ore from company and lease operations at the Ontario and Keystone mines and produced 5,940 tons of lead. The Ontario mine production shaft was being deepened to the 2,400-foot level where improvement of grade and quantity of ore was indicated.9 Kennecott Copper Corp. continued development on the 1,200foot level of the Burgin No. 2 production shaft in the Tintic area and shipped devel opment ore during the year. In the Washington area, the Pend Oreille Mines and Metals Co. maintained output of lead at essentially the same level as in 1964. American Zinc, Lead and Smelt ing Co. continued development and con struction of a mill at the Calhoun mine with a 1,200-ton-per-day capacity; opera tion was scheduled for early 1966. The Northport mines of American Smelting and Refining Co. maintained the production rate achieved in 1964 after startup, in July 1964. Development was underway at the Lucky Joe Mining Co. Icad-zinc property near Newport and at the Rocky Creek Silver Mine, Inc., in Pend Oreille County. The Pan American mine, a joint venture of Grand Deposit Mining Co. and Com bined Metals Reduction Co. in New Mexi co, completed its first year of lead-zinc pro duction. The ore is. concentrated at the Caselton mill at a rate* of about 27,000 tons per month. The Groundhog mine of American Smelting and Refining Co. near Bayard was closed by a strike in September after being reopened for production early in the year. Shattuck Denn Mining Corp. initiated production from the 2,400-foot level of the Iron King mine at Humboldt, Ariz., and the No. 7 shaft was extended 200 feet below this level. Activity in the Tri-State area continued strong with a 12-percent increase in lead production reported for the combined Kansas-Oklahoma area in 1965. The Cen tral Mill of The Eagle-Picher Co. con tinued to treat the major portion of con centrates produced. Production of lead as a byproduct of the zinc ores of Wisconsin, New York, and Virginia was lower than in 1964. SMELTER AND REFINERY PRODUCTION Production of refined lead at primary refineries declined in 1965 due to a de crease in feed materials of foreign origin. The domestic component of the feed mate rials, both primary and secondary, con tinued the upward trend exhibited in re cent years and contributed 74 percent of the total refined lead compared with 66 percent in 1964. The increase in price of lead in December 1964 and stability at this price during the year resulted in an 11pcrcent increase in value of the refined lead to over $130 million, almost double the 1962 valuation. The increased produc tion from secondary material also reflected the short supply of feed materials which reached a low of some 90,000 tons of raw material and material in process and grad ually improved to about 98,000 tons at ycarend. The 10 primary plants operated by the following companies--American Smelting and Refining Co., The Bunker Hill Co., St. Joseph Lead Co., The EaglePicher Co., International Smelting & Refin ing Co., and United States Smelting Lead Refinery, Inc.--operated throughout the year except for a short strike at the El Paso, Tex., smelter of American Smelting ------------------ The Bunker Hill Co. Annual Report. 1966, p. 8. T Hecla Minin* Co. Annual Report. 1005. p. 0. United States Smelting, Refining and Minin* Co. Annual Report. 1965, pp. 6-12. United Park City Mines Co. Annual Report. 1966. p. 8. LEAD and Refining Co. Secondary smelters achieved a record-breaking production of almost 5 percent above the total output of metal and alloy in 1964 and a 26-pcrcent increase in value to about $180 million. Secondary lead produced by both primary and secondary plants in 1965 comprised 41 percent of the domestic supply of refined and antiinonial lead in comparison to 39 percent in J964, including imports of met al. The 25 major companies producing sec ondary lead and reporting to the Bureau of Mines were listed in the Minerals Year book, 1963. Refined Lead, Primary and Secondary.-- Production of refined (soft) lead in the United States from all sources--primary, secondary, and rcmclt--amounted to 000.200 ions compared with 598,600 Ions in 1964, Primary plants supplied 431,400 tons, of which 71 percent'was from domestic ores and 3 percent from purchased scrap. ' Secondary plants produced a record 168,800 tons, 20 percent more than in 1964 and approximately 28 percent of the total; 38,300 tons of ibis secondary output was rcmclt lea^l. Antiinonial Lead, Primary and Secondary. --The lead content of domestically pro duced antinionia! lead was 277,300 tons, slightly below the 279,100 tons produced in I9G4. Of the total, 91 percent was produced at secondary plants and the remainder at prim deriv Ra 1965 sme perc cons 1964 scrap was perc 1965 inclu teria in to Febr Apri tons. ward tons 1,700 ed to Co 748,3 cent terie dross scrap ket f tory sum refle high to 5 year. Table 6.--Refined lead produced at primary by source mate (Short tons) 1066-60 (average) Refined lend: From primary sources: Domestic ores and base bullion___ Foreign ores and base bullion____ 284.023 2 169.850 1 Total --.............................................. From secondary sources ... .. 463.873 4 3.128 Grand total___________ _______ __ _ Average sales nrice per pound , Calculated vnhic of primary refined lend (thousands)1 _____________________________ 457,001 4 SO.130 $1 IR.007 $ * Excludes vjilue of refined lead produced from scrap at '76 MINERALS YEARHOOK, 1905 Table 7.--Antimonlal lead produced at primary lead refineries in llic United States Year Produc tion (short tons) '66-60 (average) '61 .. '62 -- '66 _ 64 '66 ... -------------- 60,616 Antimony content Lend content by difference (short tons) Short tons From Percent domestic ore From foreign ore From scrap Total 2.648 1.894 2.240 1,890 1,996 1,984 6.1 6.4 6.7 10.0 8.3 7.1 6,686 12.988 14,838 4,663 4,622 2,809 6,366 11,078 12,646 4,708 4.086 3,803. 36,020 8,220 3.603 7.672 18,421 19,299 47,972 33,186 31.076 16,928 22.028 26,911 Table 8.--Stocks and consumption of new and old lead scrap In the United States In 1965 (Short tons, gross weight) Class of consumers and type of scrap Stocks Jan. 1r oelters and refiners: Soft lead .......... Hard lead . Cable lend_______ ___ ______ Battery-lead plates ________ Mixed common babbitt____ Solder and tlnnv lead . Type metal* ., Drosses and residues 3,782 1,044 1,781 38,294 267 839 1.126 24,286 Total 70.919 mndrles and other manufacturers: Soft lead Hard lead Cable lead Battery-lead plates ______ Mixed common babbitt____ Solder and tinny lead_____ Type metals Drosses and Residues Total _____ _______________ 27 107 12 -- 97 -- -- 202 446 I consumers: Soft lead ---------------------------Hard lead ............ ................... Cable lead Battery-lead plates Mixed common babbitt____ Solder and tinny leRd_____ Type metals Drosses and residues. Grand total p Revised. 3,809 1,151 1,793 38.294 364 339 1.126 24.488 71,364 Receipts Consumption New scrap Old scrap Total Stocks Dec. 31 66.664 16.844 27,484 462,660 3.597 13.576 36,760 102.338 718,913 -- -- -- _ -- -- 101,694 101,694 67,003 17,000 28.427 468,431 3.679 18,722 35,697 -- 633,869 67,003 17,000 28.427 468,431 3,679 13,722 36,697 101,694 735,663 2.443 888 838 22.623 186 193 2,279 24,930 64,279 389 __ 79 -- _12.316 _ 69 12,852 66.053 16.844 27.563 462,660 16.912 13,676 36.760 102.407 731.765 -- __ -- _ _ __ 6 6 360 64 88 __ _12,265 __ - 12,777 -- -- -- -- 101.699 101.609 67,363 17,064 28.615 468.431 15.944 13.722 35,597 -- V B4S.636 360 64 88 __ 12,265 __ ___ 5 12,782 67,363 17,064 28,515 468,431 15,944 13.722 35.597 101,699 748.335 56 43 3 __ _147 __ 266 515 2,499 931 841 22.523 332 193 2.279 25.196 54.794 LEAD Table 9.--Secondary metal recovered 1 from lead and by type of produc (Short tons, gross we Lend 143,641 38,273 Tin Tnt.nl 181,914 Remelt tin _____________________-____ ___ Total .. Lead and tin alloys: Antimonlal lend ______________ Common babbitt . Genuine babbitt --_________________ Solder ____ __ Type metals ,, Cable lead Miscellaneous alloys___-________ __ 270,653 17.264 60 84,723 86,882 18,892 1,293 Total _______________________ ______ 379.767 Tin content of chemical products_____ -- 3,48 3 8,8 34 94 28 6.06 2,20 . 58 10,85 1,03 Grand total - 661,681 16,20 1 Moat of the figures hereiri represent actual reported rec Table 10.--Secondary lead recovered (Short tons) As metal: * At primary plants At other plants Total ................ ................... 1966-60 (average) 8.128 126.796 129,924 In antimonlal lead: At primary plants__________ At other plants--- Total . In other alloys 36,020 182,084 217,104 116,784 Grand total: Quantity 463.812 Value (thousands) ._ 3121,367 1961 1,569 189.100 140.669 8,220 197,349 205,669 106.654 462,792 393.276 11 11 22 22 9 44 38 Table 11.--Lead recovered from scrap proce by kind of scrap and form o (Short tons) Kind of scrap 1964 1966 Fo New scrap: Lead-base -______ _______ Copper-base 64.876 6.490 666 72.234 7,323 628 As soft At At Old scrap: Battery-lead plates____ All other lead-base Copper-base Tin-base ___ 304,623 144,900 20.233 6 313,146 161.963 20,621 4 .. In In othe Jn copp In tin-ba To Total ____ -__- 460.661 496.784 G Grand total 641.682 576.819 * Includes 18,421 tons of lead recovered In Antimonlal le plants in 1964 and 19,299 tons In 1966. >78 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 CONSUMPTION AND USES Industrial requirements for lead in the United States increased for the fourth iicccssivc year and, at 1,241,000 tons, ex ceeded the previous high of 1,238,000 tons established in 1950. The 1965 gain amount 'd to 3.3 percent, identical with the 1964 gain. Consumption exceeded 100,000 tons in each month, except for the normal sea sonal decline in July, and amounted to a daily average requirement of 3,401 tons of "ad. Percentage increase was approximate- equal for soft lead, antimonial lead, and iead in other alloys with soft lead repre senting 67 percent and antimonial lead 27 percent of the total, excluding direct use of scrap and lead in leaded zinc oxide and other nonspecified pigments. An increased requirement was also reported for these di rect and unclassified uses and, in fact, the only decrease was as lead consumed in copper-base scrap products. Total consumption of lead in metal products, after almost identical consump tion in 1963-64, resumed the upward trend. The increase in recent years in use of lead in ammunition, brass-bronze, foil, solder, and storage batteries continued in 1965. A significant change was the in creased amount used in cable covering and type metal which had previously shown a downward trend. The decline continued in calking lead and casting metals. Use in bearing metals, collapsible tubes, pipes and bends, and sheet lead decreased in 1965 after a slight recovery in demand in 1964. Pigments required 109,000 tons, an in crease of 5,200 tons, essentially all in the form of red lead and litharge and a small gain was reported for gasoline antiknock compounds. The use of lead in chemicals, essentially all for gasoline antiknock com pounds, was 226,000 tons compared with a 169,000-ton average for the relatively stable period 1957-61. Miscellaneous and un classified uses of lead increased slightly, with weights and ballast accounting for most of the enlarged need. Storage batteries accounted for the larg est quantity of lead, 455,300 tons compared with 429,300 tons in 1964, both in the form of soft lead and lead oxide. The Associa tion of Battery Manufacturers, Inc., report- i Table 12.--Lead consumption In the United States, by products (Short, tons) Product 1964 1966 Metal products: Ammunition - Bearing metals Brass and bronze...... Cable covering Calking lead _ Casting metals Collapsible tubes Foil Pipes, traps, and bends Sheet lead__ Solder __________________ Storage batteries: Battery grids, posts. etc. ------------------- Battery oxides------ Terne metal ______ > Type metal _ 66,493 22,764 23,328 66,225 73,628 6,961 14,904 3,976 20.480 29,606 71,186 221.694 207,764 1,609 26.374 67.822 21,600 23,699 69,646 66.684 6,046 10,893 4.806 19,837 27,569 77,819 236.641 219,706 2,109 33,416 Total ^ 836,871 866,691 Pigments: White lead Red lead and litharge__ Pigment colors .....___ Other * __________ _______ Total _________________ 8,802 74,802 11,921 8,111 103,636 8,414 79,868 12,563 8,063 108,883 Chemicals: Gasoline antiknock additives ------------ ____ Miscellaneous chemicals .......____ Total 228,466 461 223,917 226,203 846 226.649 Miscellaneous uses: Annealing --------------------Galvanizing --------------- Lead plating______ ____ Weights and ballast____ Total Other, unclassified uses-------- 6,609 1,592 179 12,760 20,230 18,484 6,719 1,776 240 14,136 21.869 19,490 Grand total* ________ 1,202,138 1,241,482 1 Includes lead content of leaded zinc oxide and other pigments. * Includes lead which went directly from scrap to fabricated products. Table 13.--Lead consumption In the United States, by months (Short tons) Month 1964 1966 January ___________ .... February ----------------------_____ March __________________ _____ April___________________ _____ May ....................... June ___________________ _____ July ............................. ........_____ 94,426 92,844 08,081 98,786 102,448 91,438 September -________________ October fj------------------------- _____ NovembA*_____ ______ _ _____ December ______________ 101,766 106,671 101,985 106.616 Total ________________ 1,202,138 104,881 100,024 104,192 100,743 100,762 104,363 90,886 101,417 107,198 113,162 110,609 103.396 1,241,482 1 Includes lead content of leaded zinc oxide and other pigments and lead which went directly from scrap to fabricated products. LEAD Table 14--Lead consumption In the United and types of m (Short tons) Product Metal nrnductn . Soft lead Lead antimo lea 88.6 228,2 2 ________ 16,869 9,6 2.4 Total ____________ _________ 324, 1 Excludes 47,636 tons of lead which went directly from sc of lend contained in leaded zinc oxide and other nonspecifie Table 15.--Lead consumption in the Un (Short tons) State Refined soft lead Lead antimo lea California ________________ _________ Colorado __________ ___________ _____ Connecticut ________________________ District of Columbia___________ _ Florida _________________ ......_______ Georgia ____________________________ Illinois ________ %___________ ________ Indiana ____________________________ Kansas ________________ _____________ Kentucky ___________________________ Maryland _________________________ Massachusetts _________________ ,,____ Michigan _______________..._________ Missouri ____________ _______________ _ Nebraska _______________ ....... New Jersey____________ ____ -__-__ New York _________________--_____ Ohio ------------------------------------------------ Pennsylvania __________ ... Rhode Island___________ ..... Tennessee -------- -------------------- --------- Virginia ---------------------------------------Washington ________________________ West Virginia-------- ----------------.. Wisconsin ------------------------------ --- --. Alabama and Mississippi---------- .... Arkansas and Oklahoma___________ Hawaii and Oregon-------------------- Iowa and Minnesota.......------ ... Louisiana and Texas_______________ Montana and Idaho..-----.......... New Hampshire, Maine, Delaware. North and South Carolina_____ .... Utah, Nevada, Arizona------------------ 80.889 1,612 13,088 189 4,185 82,869 79,275 74.668 8.646 3,047 6,438 6,270 21,248 87,226 4,796 133,662 89,867 12,899 61,649 1,808 181 2.197 6,781 16,786 1,767 682 8,896 467 4,666 181,608 6.071 651 181 26,4 2,6 13,1 4,4 10,8 41.0 44,9 9,3 4,2 16.4 8.8 19,1 6,0 9 19,8 8.0 6.6 36.5 6 8,8 1,2 4 3.4 3,3 1,9 8,2 2.7 8,1 16,2 8,9 4,6 Total -------------------------------------- 796.188 324.0 1 Excludes 47,636 tons of lead which went directly from sc of lend contained in leaded zinc oxide and other nonspecifie ed shipments of S.L.l. type batteries (starting-lighting-ignition) of 41.7 million units, a record number exceeding the 41,1 million in 1963 and some 3 million more than in 1964. Of the batteries shipped, about 73 percent were designated as re placement batteries and 26 percent as orig inal e export. Whi in 44 S in 14 total; crease. 580 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 Missouri was of interest because of its posi tion as the leading producer. Most o! the increase in lead consumption was related to the sophisticated needs of modern society with respect to transport, communications, and nuclear power. Leadacid batteries remained the most compact, economical source of packaged power for automotive starting, lighting, and ignition and continued progress was made in the employment of battery-powered vehicles in the industrial and recreational fields. The greater number of vehicles used in trans portation and the increasing mileage per vehicle continued to raise the amount of lead required for batteries and gasoline ad ditives. Expansion of the use of lead pig ments for corrosion resistance and highway traffic marking paints was notable. In the nuclear area, the need for the radiation shielding properties of lead for reactors was also accompanied by a mounting need for lead in nuclear-fuel shipping casks and other special applications requiring space saving and portability, as well as tempo rary shielding achieved by use of lead shot and lead in brifck form. The development of dispersion strengthening techniques us ing lead oxide as the dispersed phase for rolled or extruded lead products has ena bled adoption of new fabrication tech niques and manufacture of thinner, stronger lead sheaths for cables, lighter battery grids, and stronger sheet and tube. The ability of lead to maintain its compet itive position in the transportation, com munication, nuclear, and construction areas was thus further strengthened in 1965. LEAD PIGMENTS Production of lead pigments in the Unit ed Slates increased in all categories except white lead and consumed 321,200 tons of lead, 7 percent more than in 1964 and the fifth successive annual increase in use of lead for pigments. Requirements for black oxide, a mixture of litharge and me tallic lead for battery plates, represented the largest increase in pig lead use, fol lowed by litharge and red lead. Use in white lead and leaded zinc oxide continued to decline. Production of basic lead sulfate is not published and lead silicate for en amels and glazes derived from litharge is included with litharge. White Lead.--The production of white lead, both dry and in oil, totaled 11,500 tons and continued its downward trend after a slight increase in 1964. The decline was especially reflected in the paint and ceramics industries. Other uses of white lead in various chemicals, greases, stabi lizers, and plasticizers, however, increased significantly again in 1965. Red Lead.--Requirements increased in 1965 thus continuing the upward trend of recent years. Only 46 percent was used in paints and the predominant requirement was by the oil and rubber industries along with many small industrial applications. Litharge.--Shipments of litharge were 7 percent more than in 1964. An Increase was registered in all categories except var nish which is predominantly reported as used in paints rather than varnish. To avoid disclosing company confidential data, a large percentage of the litharge shipped is designated "Other." Production of lead ed litharge, known to the trade as "black oxide" and used by battery manufacturers, increased more than 8 percent and the 184,800 tons of lead consumed in produc tion of this item compared with 133,600 tons in 1960. Prices.--The quoted price of lead pig ments was unchanged during the year in line with the stable domestic price of lead metal. The price of white lead in carload lots, freight allowed, was 20.5 cents per pound, established on November 2, 1964. The average value per ton of white lead at the plant was $425 for the dry type and $646 for the oil mixed in terms of weight of white lead. Red lead was quoted at 19.75 cents per pound, effective December 28, 1964, and the average value per ton at plant was $375. The price of litharge was 19.25 cents per pound, effective December 28, 1964, and the average value per ton at plant was $359. The value of the shipm^Us of white lead, red lead, and litharge in 1965 was $56.3 million, 21 percent more than the 1964 value. Foreign Trade.--The individual export classification of lead arsenate was discon tinued beginning in calendar year 1965 l ead Table 16.--Production and shipments of le Pigment Produc- tlon (short tons) 1964 Shipments Short tons Value1 -------------------- ------- Av Total a p to Dry _____ . In oil * 1 _ 9,208 3.298 10.482 6.014 S8.997.066 2,600,233 Total -- _ Red lead ____ _ Litharge ____ _ Black oxide __ . 12.696 27,812 100,230 178,088 16.446 28.090 99.393 6,697,289 9.172.664 30,663,873 1 Except for basic lead sulfate, figures withheld to data. 3 At plant, exclusive of container. * Weight of white lead only, but value of paste. Table 17.--Lead content of lead and > by domestic manu (Short to 1964 Pigment Lead In pigments produced from-- Ore Domestic Foreign p White lead-----------------Red lead______________ Litharge ____________ _ Black oxide__________ Leaded sine oxide..__ .................-- 1.898 698 10.077 26.212 98.214 170,894 Total ................... 1.398 693 298,897 1 Excludes lead In basic lead sulfate; figures withh fidentlal data. Table 18^--Distribution of white lead (Short t Industry 1964-60 (average) 1961 Paints_______ ____ ____ Ceramics ______ ...-- ___ Other _________ ________ --w 16,824 406 8,729 12.086 141 8.996 Total ------------------ 20.969 16,228 1 Excludes basic lead sulfate: figures withheld 'to data. Table 19.--Distribution of re (Short to Industry 1966-60 (average) 1961 Paints ___________ ......___ Storage batteries -------- . Other .......--.......... 18,810 W W 10,490 12.896 W W 9.961 Total _______________ 24,800 22,866 W Withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company 582 MINERALS YEARBOOK., 1965 Table 20.--Distribution of litharge shipments, by Industries (Short tons) _ Industry (a1v9e6r6a-g6e0], 1961 1962 1968 1964 1966 Ceramic* _________________ Chrome pigments Floor covering Insecticides _________ Oil refining____ ___...___ Rubber Storage batteries Varnish ______ _______ ___ Other -________________ ___ W W w w 2,089 1,698 W 3,644 98,796 14.393 W W W 2,147 1,248 W 8,894 77,778 17,752 W w w 2,404 1,792 W 4,088 77,366 17,762 6.768 W W 1,973 1.702 W 4.240 72,894 20,608 6,426 W W 2,142 1,978 W 4,004 64.835 21,018 W W 1.161 2.886 2.168 W 8,763 74,916 Total______ ________ 107,026 98,960 103,397 103,834 99.393 105,892 W Withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data; included with "Other/' Table 21.--U^. exports of lead pigments and compounds Kind 1964 1965 Lend pigments 1 __________ Lead arsenate -___________ Total ............................ tons ... 1.680 ... 986 2.616 Value (thousands) $608 278 886 Short tons 2,286 : na 2,286 Value (thousands) $890 NA 890 NA Not available. 1 Includes white lead, red lead, and litharge. Table 22.--U.S. imports for consumption of lead pigments and compounds Kind Short tons 1964 Value (thousands) Short tons 1965 Value (thousands) White lead_________________ Red lead ...._______________ Litharge------ ----------------- ... Other lead pigments---------Other lead compounds ____ Total ............................. __ 2.674 -- 1.613 19,768 .. 6 196 __ 24,260 $748 861 4.001 13 61 6.174 1,681 624 22.208 6 203 24,671 $681 146 6,376 16 67 6.183 and this compound was to be included with pigments and oxides. Total exports thus declined IS percent in tonnage, al though the value increased slightly. The import of litharge, accounting for 90 per cent of the total imports of lead pigments, oxides, and compounds, increased 12 per cent in comparison to 1964 receipts while a substantial decrease occurred in deliveries of white lead and red lead. The total im port tonnage in 1965 was, however, only 320 tons above the 1964 total. Value per ton of imports increased for each type of material and the total valuation of $6.2 million was almost 20 percent above the 1964 amount. STOCKS The continuing high level of demand for lead and limitation on imports of foreign concentrates until termination on October 22 resulted in a decline in producer stocks of refined and antimonial lead from 38,100 tons at the end of 1964 to a low of 24,300 tons at the end of September and only a small buildup thereafter to end the year at 25,200 tons. In comparison, producer stocks at the close of 1961 totaled 205,600 tons. Stocks of ore and base bullion for smelting and refining, amounting to 46,300 tons at the end of 1964, reached a low of 41,000 tons aLlhe end of May and then gradually increas'd at yearend to 58,200 tons. Stocks reported by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics indicate an additional 18,000 tons of lead in base bullion in proc ess at refineries or .in transit to refineries and about 30,300 tons of ore and matte in LEAD process at primary smelters. The total stocks of lead in metal, primary and sec ondary materials at primary plants was thus 131,700 tons at the end of 1965 com pared with 141,900 tons at the close of 1964. Consumer and secondary smelter stocks of lead in ail forms--soft lead, antimonial le c S th 3 3 c to Tabic 23--Stocks of lead at primary smelters a (Short to Stocks 1966-60 (average) 1961 Refined pig lead_______________ Lead in nntimoninl lend Lend in base bullion____,, Leaf! in ore and matte_________ 107.326 11,096 13,660 47,206 196,200 10,854 16,078 39,670 Total ____ ____ __ . 179,294 262.102 Table 24.--Consumer stocks of lead In the Un (Short tona, lend 1961 1962 1963 1064 1065 ... --. ... Year Refined soft lead Lead i antimon lead 33,633 34,389 40,606 36.163 36,190 PRICES The quoted New York price for common lead remained at 16 cents per pound, effec tive December II, 1964, throughout the year. Government sales of stockpile-surplus lead in April were made at 15.75 cents per pound for common, corroding, and com mon desilverized lead and 15.85 cents per pound for chemical grade. Sales conducted in 15 in po ce G st Table 25.--Average monthly and yearly New York and (Cents per po Month 1964 J nnunry ,, - February . March . April _____ _____ ___ _ . May____ . June - July ______ ___________ . August ---------------------- . September . October ----------------------- November ___________ . December_____ . St. Lous 12.80 12.80 12.80 12.80 12.80 12.80 12.80 18.04 13.80 14.82 14.80 16.46 New York 18.00 18.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 18.00 18.00 13.24 14.00 14.62 16.00 15.66 Lon 0 10 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14. 16. 17 Average -____. 13.42 18.62 12 1 St. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1966. New York: M Mineral Markets. 3 Based on monthly rates of exchange by Federal Res 584 MINERALS YEARDOOK. 1965 Table 26.--U.S. exports of lead, by couolries1 (Short tons) ' Destination (averiitre) 1961 1962 1963 1964 195 Ore. matte, base bullion (lead content):* North America -_____,,____________ __ South America _______________________ Europe ________________________________ Asia ___________ _____________ ______ __ Total ore, matte, base bullion-.... Pigs, bars, anodes: North America: Canada______ ___________ _________ Mexico ___________________________ Other _____________________________ Total___________________________ South America _______________________ Europe____ ____ ...._______________ ___ Africa ______ _________________ _______ Asia: Japan ____________________________ Philippines _______________________ Taiwan _______________ ________... Other _____________________________ Total ________________________... Oceania _______________________________ Total pigs, bars, anodes__________ Scrap: North America______ ._______________ South America ______ _________________ Europe; Belgium-Luxembourg ___________ Germany, West__________________ Italy ............ ........................................... Netherlands _____________________ Spain _____________________________ United Kingdom _________________ Yugoslavia ____________________ Other _____________________________ Total ____________________________ 621 8 ______ 4 ______ 6 "'ll 7 IIIIII 272 4,887 2.891 "7 806 4.437 2.898 4 ItT 72 22 152 246 141 546 2 697 313 849 216 2,075 (*) 3.010 249 5 260 40 401 485 46 1,237 80 24 89 143 794 3 12 227 874 78 1,179 2 2,133 54 2 688 263 162 261 1.167 2,621 39 112 25 23 66 95 130 . 230 688 188 28 168 9 10 104 10 209 323 105 7,330 33 218 128 426 767 1.053 4.366 42 81 960 821 1,352 1 2,108 37 15 26 478 604 3 1,088 14 8 563 130 675 1,115 2,373 11 10,175 400 .......... - 685 129 78 778 1.565 18 7,811 243 -- 828 119 289 159 53 786 63 1,797 1,182 498 72 12 619 29 2,312 1.566 632 15 296 112 1,293 "42 6,899 161 2,348 236 83 126 3,537 Asia: japan __________ ...___ __________ Other _____ _________________ _____ Total ____________________________ Total scrap____________________ . 66 ( > 65 1,651 2,579 7 2.586 5,163 693 19 612 2,461 85 2 87 2,421 5,847 2 6,849 13,148 12 1 13 8,793 Grand total _____ ________________ 6,460 11,783 7,467 3.513 23,342 11,604 1 In addition foreign lead was reexported as follows: Ore, matte, and base bullion, 1956-60 (aver age), 2 tons; 1961-64, none; 1965, class no longer separately classified. Pigs, bars, anodes, 1966-60 (average), 91 tons; 1961, 294 tons; 1962-63, none; 1964, 4,367 tons; 1965, 659 tons. Scrap, 1966-60 (average), 2 tons; 1961-64, none; 1965, 99 tons. * Effective Jan. 1, 1966, no longer separately classified. * Less than unit. Table 27.--U.S. imports 1 of lead, by countries (Short tons) Country Ore, flue dust, and matte (lead content): North America: Canada ____________________________ Guatemala________________________ Honduras_____ ___________ ________ Mexico ______ ____________ .... Other ______________________________ 1966-60 (average) 1961 1962 27.371 4.570 8.610 2.245 1,127 84.361 9,817 6.612 1.166 27,728 2,186 4,965 1,180 Total _________ ___________________ 38.923 60&6 86,008 1963 23,634 805 6,809 1.071 31,819 1964 27,961 5 6.376 1,069 35,400 1966 43.622 18 8.712 760 53.112 South America: Bolivia___________________ ________ Colombia _________________________ Peru ______________________________ Other _____________________________ 14.091 713 50.953 696 11.870 722 28.970 610 8.242 489 82,999 9.791 9 43,950 6,073 28,243 5,096 677 26.419 Total_______________________ __ Europe _____________ .__________________ ___ ___ ___66.453 41,672 41,680 53,760 34.816 32,192 196 300 280 LEAD Table 27.--U.S. Imports 1 of lead, by Country 1956-60 (average) , flue dust, and matte (lend content) --Continued Africa: South Africa, Republic of--------- _______ 40.914 Total ............................................................... 41.967 8 Philippines ______ ________ ___ ............. . ToUl......................... --............ -- _______ _______ 942 803 1,246 27.428 2 Total ore, flue dust, and matte__________ 176,211 14 Base bullion (lead content): North America _________ South America_____ ____ Europe __________________ Asia. ___..____ ______ -- Occnnia _________________ Total base bullion. 65 124 (>) - 169 Pigs and bars (lead content): North America: Canada - ------ ---- Mexico ------ -------- ... Other .....--------------- Total ______________ 30.675 91.933 67 122.675 1 South America: Peru ______ Other ____ Total 33,104 849 83,458 Europe: Belgium-Luxembou rg Denmark ____________ Germany, West------Spain _______________ United Kingdom____ Yugoslavin --------------Other ---- -------------- ... Total ------ ------------------------- -------- A/,,,, Asia: Japan _ 2.209 1.656 7.613 2.522 85.742 2.629 8 52,271 6.389 70~229 8 6 Total pigs and bars------------------------------------ 284,067 25 laimed scrap, etc. (lead content) : North America: Canada ------ - _--__ --______________ Mexico ---------------------------------------------------Other .-- Total -------___--..---___ ___ --South America ------------------------------ -------------- Oceania: Australia _____ ____ . Total reclaimed scrap, etc. --_ 8.835 3,314 605 7,264 151 420 9 2.664 10,488 Grand total______________ 471,866 4 1 Data are general imports; that Is, they include lead Im material entering the country under bond. . 3 Less than % unit. ' 586 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1965 Table 28j --U.S. Imporls for consumption 1 of lend, by countries (Short ton*) Country 1956-60 (average) 1961 1962. 1963 1964 1965 Ore. flue dust, nnd matte (lend content): North America: Cnnadn______ _____________________ Guatemala__________________ _____ Honduras ________________________ Mexico ____ -_______.______________ Other _____________________________ Total____________________________ South America: Bolivia ____________________ Colombia __________________ Peru ________________ ._____ Other_____________________ Total ____________________ Europe___-____________________ . 29,001 31,439 29,523 30,937 27,973 33.637 4,872 5.527 4.691 387 5 18 . 4,162 4,803 6,959 8,692 6,489 7,406 2,834 1,060 1,809 1,850 468 577 1,063 41.932 42,829 42,072 41,866 34.925 41,638 16,710 740 64.668 1,279 10.470 514 32,318 401 7,479 480 32,327 .6 10,055 95 32,140 8,373 32,314 3,885 30,732 72,397 48,703 40,292 42,290 40,687 35,056 . 30 220 Africa: Morocco __________ ____ ____ South Africa, Republic of. Other _____________________ Total _____________ ___ ... 1.048 39,684 369 41,101 29,736 29,736 29,756 29,768 29.740 29,740 29.760 29,760 23 28.712 28,736 Asia: Philippines Other ____ Total ... 038 380 111 31 86 252 223 121 1.190 380 111 254 207 96 96 Oceania: Australia Other Total . 30.792 32 30.824 20,132 20.132 20.627 20.627 21,295 21,295 22,488 22.488 23,408 23,408 Total ore, flue dust, and matte_____ 187,474 136.780 133.080 135.445 128,067 128,933 Ease bullion (lead content) : North America South America Europe______ Ocennia___ Total base bullion 66 96 -- 160 134 102 <'> .......... - 236 6 2,078 -- 2,083 964 864 3 1,937 3,768 3,094 603 560 2,786 7,043 93 25 <*) 448 566 J'igs and bars (lead content) : North America: Canada___ __......__ Mexico ----------------------Other ...._____ _____ Total.......... ................. 30,677 89,980 58 64,902 66,807 29,674 71,289 68,147 78,254 6 ... ........................... 30,777 72,078 45 31,697 73,386 69 120,715 126,197 124,954 107,928 102,900 105,152 South America: Peru ______ Other ____ Total ___ 33,116 349 26,196 26,195 22,103 22,103 22,224 35 22,259 23,114 23,114 27.484 38 27,522 Europe: Belgium-Luxembourg__________________ Denmark ______ ______________...._____ Germany, West ________________________ Spain United Kingdom_______________________ Yugoslavia Other Total 2 ,1V I .0$ 1 .599 7 ,330 2 ,501 35 .697 1 .362 51,688 41 911 8,776 16 30,230 39.973 1.685 614 3,968 32,240 12 38.509 4,366 677 7,713 1.462 31.063 46,181 4,376 700 3,692 847 1,697 80,644 834 42.689 422 614 2.161 22 426 28,639 631 32,714 LEAD Tabic 28.--U.S. Imports for consumption 1 (Short tons) Country 1966-60 (average Pigs and bars (lead content)--Continued Africa: South Africa, Republic of * Other _________ .-________ Total Asia: Japan____ .____ _________ .. Oceania: Australia - 6,096 548 -- 6,644 ______ 69,818 Total pigs and bars. 282.330 Reclaimed scrap, etc. (lead content): North America: Canada------ .---------------- .------------------------Mexico ______ _______ _____________ ____ Other ---------------------------------------------------- - Europe -______________________________________ Asia: JapAn___-_________________ __________ Oceania: Australia Total reclaimed scrap, etc.------------------ . Sheets, pipe, and shot: North America: Canada Total___Europe______ ___ _ 8,386 3.816 648 7.799 202 512 9 1.609 10.031 281 2,432 4 2.667 1.866 (*) Total sheets, pipe, and shot 4,632 Grand total 484,627 1 Excludes imports for manufacture in bond and exp by the Bureau of the Census'. * Less than unit. FOREIGN TR Exports of lead material other than scrap decreased to 7,800 tons. Scrap exports amounted to only 3,800 tons compared with 13,100 tons in 1964 and only slightly more than the 3,500. tons of scrap imported for consumption in 1965. General imports of lead in all materials amounted to 348,900 tons in 1965, a gain of 8,000 tons, although primary materials for domestic smelting and refining de creased 4,300 tons to 123,800 tons. A sub stantial decline in deliveries from the Re public of South Africa due to expanded operation of the new Tsumeb smelter and refinery and decreased deliveries of smelt ing materials from Bolivia, Mexico, and Peru more than offset substantial imports of Canadian ores for toll smelting and in creased deliveries from Australia and Hon duras. Receipts of lead bullion decreased sign Met area the of m son Im met dur were min in N con ing not chan livia plie from 588 MINERALS YEARROOK, 1905 3|g5 hU>-S23s IJJ'pfJl Jg-8 a a S ec h "3-Sc 3 T8 In to sg m n o t> o c tlO- fc 09t-0ilWO tW--*< fwt> hto-- r^(6t tt^-E wW-9 0ie> nCb3. N 14 (0 A n Q n ^ f< M N (Q Ifl CO Cl V 'O ) V N N ci *9 00 N a 9) O 0) m ft id o w ai -h o esi o n t> xi n o) h o i Table 29.--U.S. imports for consumption of lead, by classes 1 c =C --cTJ.We Wc T9 e a8 S3A<" joo>c5 rn 9* >.^223-JSOciTcm3 53 Is JECO -ow |S4 jo 1 J>rSti-E5o-oc tw ronc cP & <f ID o t- W N ci t-` n <f NN v oo o e> J0O0ft Hus t*o' h inn w n N N Cl Cl t> >9 o ci io e wv w tH ft-t oin co --<ftr fnuti wn towo nv tf<oto w n n at et~.MnOfltOnC~o.oCnJ ^ o ft wo t n t- to-o Ogo t-vf Oto feto ii to V I. w(p Nip Mto fto tWo ft ft A ft ft LEAD Table 30.--U.S. Imports for consumption of misc Year Babbitt metal, solder, white met And other combinations containin lead Gross weight (short Lead content (short Value (thousand 1956-60 (average) _____ 1961 -....................... 1962 _______________ 1963 _______ 1964 1966 ______________________ 6.693 7,930 2,438 2,636 r2,805 8,299 2.888 1,409 1,030 1,246 M,228 986 38.790 14,20 8,44 8,20 '5,011 8,12 r Revised, NA Not available. 1 Due to changes in classification, effective Sept. 1, 1 January-August data tabulated. WORLD REVIE The upward trend In world mine pro duction in 1965 resulted in a record output approaching 5 million tons. Free world output of about 2.25 million tons was al most 8 percent above the 1964 total and reflected major increases in Canada. Japan, and Zambia, as well as additional output by several countries. Australia and Peru were the major suppliers recording a de crease in output. Smelter production also increased in the free world with major in creases indicated for the Republic of South Africa. Canada, and Zambia and additional output recorded in several countries to more than offset the production declines in Australia, Spain, and a few other countries. Lead consumption continued at the high level of 1964 with increases in Europe and North America offsetting an indicated de cline in Japan and Australia. The strong demand for metal, plus a production cur tailment in Australia in the first quarter of the year, provided an upward pressure on London Metal Exchange (LME) cash price for lead, which reached a post-Korcan war high at the morning session of February 22 when 157 was bid, equivalent to 19% cents per pound. The monthly average price on the LME ranged from 98.7 to 1263, and the December average was 109.4 per long ton. Producer stocks of lead, as published by . the International Lead and Zinc Study Group, increased during the year from 173,000 tons to 187,000 tons. Of this total, the European area held 57,000 tons; the United States, 34,000 tons; and other coun tries, 96,000 tons. Can crease of 30 refine Minin (COM lumbi The marily Pine from made 1,000 about aging tons w Trail and 2 Hill C conce centra with smelti Pine millio combi in the first f Minin conce wick. which 1964, with smelte No. 6 with e mine 594 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1965 AFRICA Algeria.--A production increase of almost 10 percent in lead concentrates resulted from modernization and development efforts in 1965. The mines were operating at full capacity, and there was considerable exploration and capital investment in 1965 which was expected to further improve production. A deposit discovered at the El Abed in 1964 was being developed and two lead deposits were discovered at the Ouarsenis mine. South-West Africa.--The Tsumeb mine of Tsumeb Corp. Ltd., produced, during fiscal year 1965, a total of 812,100 tons of ore assaying 3.98 percent copper, 13.08 percent lead, and 3.90 percent zinc, and the Kombat mill processed 343,000 tons of ore con taining 4.31 percent copper and 1.6 percent lead. Various improvements made in the lead smelter and refinery resulted in lower costs and an increase in the production of refined lead at Tsumeb to 72,790 tons in 1965 compared with 52,660 tons in 1964. Some of the lead concentrates, as well as 58,400 tons of accumulated copper-lead slimes, were shipped to foreign custom smelters.1 The Berg Aukas mine of the South West Africa Co. Ltd. treating a complex Icad-zincvanadium ore, continued to expand and improve mill recovery of the contained minerals in the ore mined. During fiscal year 1965, about 12,000 tons of lead-vana date concentrate and 32,000 tons of leadzinc sulfide concentrate was recovered. Mine development was expanded and as sured reserves were estimated at 305,000 tons averaging 7 percent lead, 33 percent zinc, and 1.5 percent vanadium pentoxide. Tunisia.--During the first half of 1965, an increase of 70 percent in lead ore pro duction compared with the same period in 1964 was reported. The major producers were the Djebel and Sidi Bou Aouane mines. The two lead smelters, Djebel Hallouf and Megrine, produced, in the first half, 8,800 tons of lead compared with 5,800 tons during the same period in 1964. The Djebel Hallouf plant accounted for 93 percent of the metallic lead. Zambia.--Zambia Broken fl*ll Develop ment Corp. Ltd., substantially expanded output in 1965 with mine production of lead amounting to about 38,000 tons and refined lead output approximately 24,000 tons. The Imperial sntfclting process was used and metallurgical difficulties resulting from the high lead input to the smelter, which curtailed lead output in 1964, were smoothed out in 1965. ASIA India.--India's only lead producer, the Metal Corporation of India Ltd., was na tionalized on October 22 in order to enable the Government to develop and exploit the lead and zinc deposits to the fullest possi ble extent with major emphasis on devel opment and expansion of refinery capacity. The company has been producing about 4,000 tons of lead at the Zawar lead-zinc minei near the town of Vdaipur, Rajas than, and refining the concentrates in its smelter and refinery at Tundoo, Bihar. The zinc concentrate was shipped to Japan for refining and return of metal to India. Japan.--Mine production of ore and pro duction of metal in Japan was relatively unchanged. Total rated capacity for refined lead, predominantly electrolytic, was ap proximately 130,000 tons annually. Proven ore reserves for the 24 lead-zinc mines to taled 39 million tons containing 427,000 tons of lead and 2 million tons of zinc and there-was an additional 35 million tons of probable and inferred ore. Mitsubishi Cominco Smelting Co. Ltd., in which COMINCO has a 45-perccnt interest, con tinued construction of a 40,000-ton-annualcapacity lead smelter at Naoshima scheduled for completion in mid-1966.10 OCEANIA Australia.--The production of lead ore and refined lead was substantially below the record level of 1963 and also the 1964 production. The lengthy strike at Mount Isa and a labor situation at the Broken Hill mines contributed to the decline. Mine, production was about 398,000 tons and defined lead output 216,000 tons. Pro duction at Mount Isa Mines Ltd. curtailed by a labor strike initiated in the fourth quarter of 1964, was not resumed until ,H Ncwmont Mlnlntr Corp. Annual Jleport. 1966. p. n. M Consolidated Mining A Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd. Annual Report. I960, p. 0. LEAD February 17 and operations did not regain normal levels until the second quarter. In fiscal year 1965, production of lead amounted to 58,900 tons compared with 71,600 tons in fiscal year 1964. The planned expansion of concentrator capacity was also delayed.17 North Broken Hill Ltd., mined a slightly larger tonnage of ore in 1965, with 44 per cent of the ore from the new No. 3 shaft area, and ore reserves increased slightly. Production of lead concentrates decreased about 7 percent as the grade of ore de clined. Recovery of 97.4 percent of the lead in ore was achieved by improvements in milling.1 New Broken Hill Consolidated Ltd., completed the first stage of an expan sion program to increase annual mill ca pacity to 1 million tons of ore by the end of 1967. Amount of ore milled in 1965 was 7 percent above the 1964 total while lead production was up only 2 percent due to decreased ore grade.1 Production of ore at Broken Hill South Ltd., decreased about 7 percent during fiscal year 1965 and lead recovered in concentrates decreased 5 per cent as improvement in ore grade offset slightly the reduced tonnage treated.20 Pro duction of increased a and the le percent.2i ment prog continued end reserve Associated proximately al, 4 percen The effic furnace of Cockle Cr further imp increase iri however, c cline in le duction in trate. Productio of EZ Ind 1965, was a The lead 5.5 percen average. Or cules, and West Coas 1.5 million TECHNOLOGY The physical, chemical and electrical properties of lead, one of the oldest metals used by man, have been continuously ex plored and utilized to meet developing needs. Many of the technological discover ies and advances made in the field of atomic energy have been possible only through accompanying advances in the technique of radiation shielding with lead. This field of nucleonics is continuing to receive major research attention. The sub ject of dispersion strengthening of lead has only recently been explored,2 but commer cial usage in cable sheaths, battery grids, and sound attenuating panels offer research and development incentives. The successful application of evaporated lcad-oxidc layers as photosensitive was described as a breakthrough in color broadcasting,24 and was the incentive for a published study of the properties of lead monoxide.2* The ad vantages of lead-platinum anodes for a sea water anticorrosive system were demon strated,20 and lead dioxidc-coatcd graphite anodes now make possible electrolysis of sodium per viously req use of lea manufactur 1T America Report. 196 11 North B 1966, P. 4. >* New Bro Report, 196 90 Broken 1966, p. 6. 91 Rio Tint p. 34. 99 E.Z. Ind p. 5. 99 Light M Improving t by Dispersio November 19 94 Lead Ind formation B pp. 1-2. 99 van den Lead Monoxi hoven, Neth 1966, pp. 67 99 Lead Ind formation B . 91 Lead In Graphite, a V. 20. No. 4 596 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 methyllcad was reported.2* Investigation of electrochemical characteristics of crystal growth was reported for the lead fluoridelead oxide system,20 and for electrodeposited lead dendrites.3 The technologic aspects of recovery and refining of lead continued to receive industrial attention as plants were expanded and new plants de signed. The difficult metallurgy of treating the mixed oxide-sulfide ores of Sardinia, Italy, was reported,** and the flotation flow sheet of the Parc mill near Llanrwst, Wales, United Kingdom, was described.32 A progress report on the Imperial smelting process in the various operating installa tions through 1964 was published,33 and process changes in the electrolytic refjning of lead in Sardinia to compensate for in creasing bismuth content of concentrates was described.3* The use of oxygen to in crease production and recovery of lead in blast furnace was an active area in metal lurgical research.33 The Second International Conference on Lead was held October 4-7 in Arnhem, Netherlands. This conference, sponsored by the European Lead Development Commit tee, presented 32 papers3 relative to tech nical developments in lead material and products. Worldwide coordination of lead and zinc research and development was an nounced at the Internationa] Lead and Zinc Study Group meeting in Tokyo, No vember 1-5, by incorporation of the Inter national Lead and Zinc Research Organiza tion sponsored by a group of leading companies located in Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Peru, South-West Africa, the United Kingdom, and the Unit ed States. A U.S. patents were issued for a process of recovering lead from byproduct materials by mixing with sodium hydroxide and treating in a reverberatory furnace3? and for a process for preparing elemental fluor ine and a sodium-lead alloy simultane ously^ "Chemical Engineering. Electrolysis: New Route to Alkyl Lead Compounds. V. 72, No. 13, June 21, 1966, ppi 102-104. Chemical Engineering. NALCO Achievement. V. 72, No. 23, Nov. 8, 1966, pp. 249-260. " Oliver, C. B, The Viscosity of Some Molten Lead Compounds. J. Electrochem. Soc., v. 112, No. 6, June 1966, pp. 629-631. w Ogburn, F., C, Bechtoldt, J. B. Morris, Rnd A, de Koranyl. Structure of Electrodeposited Lead Dendrites. J. Electrochem. Soc., v. 112, No. 6, June 1966, pp. 674-677. ai World Mining. Milling Four Types of Oxi dized Lead-Zinc Ores at Monteponl. V. 18, No. 9, August 1966, pp. 32-36. 50 South African Mining and Engineering Journal (Johannesburg), Process Variables in Flotation. V. 76, No. 3789. Sept. 3. 1966, pp. 2059-2062. 53 Woods. S. E., and D. A. Temple. The Pre sent Status of the Imperial Smelting Process. Bull, Institution of Min. and MetnII., v. 74, No. 703, pt. 9, June 1965, pp. 664-570. w Freni, Elio R. Electrolytic Lead Refining in Sardinia. J. Metals, v. 17, No. 11, November 1965. pp. 1206-1214. " Hase, E. A; Oxygen Enriched Blast at Asarco's Lead Smelter. J. Metals, v. 17, No. 12. December 1966, pp. 1334-1337. "Metal Bulletin (London). No. 5036, Oct. 6. 1966, pp. 21-28. ,TMattlson, Edwin L., and Richard Wolfe (as signed to E. I. du Pont de Nemours A Co., Inc., Wilmington. Del.). Process for Recovering Lead From Byproduct Lead Materials. U.S. Pat. 3.188.199. June 8, 1966. ** Mastrangelo, Sebastian V. R. (assigned to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.. Inc., Wilming ton, Del.). Process for Producing Fluorine and Sodium-Lead Alloy. U.S. Pat. 8,196,091, July 20, 1966. Lime By Paul L. A Lime production in 1965 was a record ste 16.8 million tons, 4 percent more than in pa 1964. Lime for use in basic-oxygen-furnace co Table I.--Salient lime statistic (Thousand short tons and 1956-60 (average) 1961 Number of active open- market plants................ Sold or used by " producers Quicklime --.............. _ Hydrated Lime.......... Dead-burned dolomite Total'..................... Value* ______ Average value per ton____ Open-market .............. Captive______________ Imports for consumption Exports________ 161 ' 1 ' 220 -- 6.693 2,362 2.054 11,099 $145,777 8.998 2.269 1,962 13,249 $177,468 $18.13 8,209 2,800 37 62 $18.39 8,072 6,177 87 30 r Revised. ' 1 Data may not add to totals shown because of round 1 Selling value, f.o.b. plant, excluding cost of contain 3 Incomplete figures. Before 1961 the coverage of ca DOMESTIC PRO The Warner Co. of Bellefonte, Pa. added 200 tons of daily capacity to its lime plant for basic-oxygen-furnace steelmaking. The plant produces Bell-Mine pebble lime. The company also opened a 1,000-ton dis tribution center in the Pittsburgh area. The Detroit Lime Co., a subsidiary of Edward C. Levy Co., erected a 600-ton-pcrday vertical lime kiln, said to be the larg est of its kind. Also being installed was a 500-ton-per-day rotary kiln. A major por tion of the lime production was to go to the basic-oxygcn-furnace plant of Great Lakes Steel Corp. in Ecorse, Mich.2 Bethlehem Steel Corp. was building a 600 ton-per-day lime-burning plant for basic-oxygcn-steclmaking furnaces at its Lackawanna, N.Y. plant. The plant will be co T a at Pa b m re C no at Fl al W V Titanium By John W. Stamper 1 Growing domestic requirements for high performance, civilian and military aircraft resulted in a 23 percent increase in ship ments of titanium mill products. Output of titanium pigment also increased mark edly. A new ilmenite mine was opened in Georgia, however, two producers of ilmen ite and rutile shut down mining operations in Florida and total output declined. Ru tile output for the year was the lowest in 13 years. Resurging demand for titanium metal in the United States and Europe resulted in increased output in all producing countries. Productive capacity was expanded 24 per cent in Japan an States. A new became operatio pacity of the pla was being doubl was underway in The use of the ing titanium dio increase and w which is the pr increased to a n pigment plants and the sulfate p planned in eigh United States. Table 1.--Salient titanium statistics 1956-60 (average) 1961 1962' 1 United States: Ilmenite concentrate: Mine shipments short tons____ Value___thousands____ Imports.short tons____ Consumption. . .do.... Titanium slag: . Consumption. . .do____ Rutile concentrate: Mine shipments.do____ Value___thousands____ Imports.short tons____ Consumption___do____ Sponge metal: Production.......... do.... Imports, for consumption., do.___ Consumption___do____ Price: Dec. 31 per pound............................... World production: Ilmenite concentrate short tons____ Rutile concentrate__ do____ 702,005 $14,783 361,022 844.636 132,060 8,489 $1,067 44.554 33,979 9,128 2,289 6,549 $2.00 1,923,860 120,440 782.629 $13,320 207,151 929,147 130,184 7,864 $778 27,497 29.548 6.727 2,490 6,991 $1.60 2,331.500 128,700 809.037 $13,974 166,434 044,797 138.205 8,033 $933 35,966 31,749 6.780 925 7,136 $1.50 2,170,220 150,200 8 $ 2 8 1 2,1 2 W Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data Legislation and Government Programs. --The Food and Drug Administration ap proved the use of titanium dioxide--syn thetically prepared and free from admix tures of other substances--for coloring foods. The manufactured titanium dioxide may be used in p by weight, witho 1 Commodity spe 3 Oil, Paint and From Paints Into F No. 6, Jan. 81, 198 940 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Concentrates.--Titanium Alloy Manu facturing Division of National Lead Co. (TAM) ceased production of ilmenite and rutile at Skinner, hear Jacksonville, Fla., and the Florida Minerals Co. stopped pro duction at Vero Beach, Fla. As a result total ilmenite output dropped below the record of 1 million tons produced in 1964 and rutile production was the lowest in 13 years. : In addition to TAM and Florida Min erals, American Cyanamid Co., Piney Riv er, Va.; E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Starke and Lawtey, Fla.; Humphrey Mining Co., Skinner, Fla.; and Folkston, Ga.; M&T Chemicals, Inc., Hanover Coun ty, Va.; National Lead Co., Tahawus, N.Y.; and The Glidden Co., Lakehurst, N.J. also produced ilmenite. Porter Brothers Corp. shipped ilmenite from stockpiles at Boise, Idaho. Rutile was pro duced by M&T Chemicals, Inc., at Beaver Dam, Hanover County, Va., and Florida Minerals at Vero, Fla. The Humphrey Mining Co. began pro ducing a mixed product containing ilmen ite, rutile, and leucoxene at Folkson, Ga., for Du Pont. The plant operated on a 3-shift, 7-day week schedule with about 110 full-time workers. Mining was by dredging. The Bureau of Mineral Research of Rut gers University and Mineral Sands, Inc., were studying the heavy minerals in cer tain areas of Barnegat Bay in New Jersey as a potential economic source of ilmenite. Metal.--Output of titanium sponge metal increased for the 6th successive year. Reactive Metals, Inc. began a program to double its titanium sponge metal ca pacity at Ashtabula, Ohio, to 5,000 tons per year. A number of new reduction vessels was to be installed, and capacity of its vacuum annealing furnaces at Niles, Ohio, will be doubled. New machines to be installed at Niles include a slab grinder, a large billet cutting machine, and two round bar straighteners. . Part of the new facilities being added were expected to be in operation by January 1966. The com pany which is jointly owned by United States Steel Corp. and National Distillers & Chemical Corp. started operations at Niles in a new forge shop for production of titanium blooms, slabs, bars, and billets. Oregon Metallurgical Corp. (Ormet), a titanium casting and ingot producer an nounced it would build a plant of undis closed size to make titanium sponge metal at Albany, Oreg. Earlier in the year Ormet indicated that it expected a con tinuing high rate of growth in demand for titanium castings. Howmet Corp. (formerly Howe Sound Co.) was expected to complete construc tion of a $650,000 plant to produce tita nium castings at White Hall, Mich. The company reportedly will use graphite molds Table 2.__Production and mine shipments of titanium concentrates from domestic ores in the United States Year Shipments short tons (gross weight) Short tons Short tons Value (gross weight) TiOi content (thousands) Ilmenite: 1 ____ ____ ____ ......... ......... Rutile* 1956-60 (average)........................... .............. .................. .................. .................. ......... 685,346 782.412 807,725 ,, 888.400 !* 1,001.132 909.459 9,670 9,045 9,981 11,915 8,062 702,005 782,629 809.037 890,071 1.003,997 948.832 8,489 7,604 8,033 11,311 10,547 370.122 410,191 494,353 8.007 7,251 7,617 10.839 $14,783 13,320 13,974 16,529 19,178 18.058 1,067 778 933 1.262 1.010 W Withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data, i Includes a mixed product containing rutile, leucoxene, and altered Ilmenite. TITANIUM Table 3.--Titanium-meta (Short tons) 1001 1962 Sponge metal: Production . - Imports for consumption.............. .. Industry stocks. . .... - Government stocks (DPA inventories).................... CoDBUmntinn - Scrap-metal consumDtlon......... Ingot: 1 .- Production................... Consumotion. Mill shape production * . - 6,727 2,490 1,200 22,401 6,991 2,601 9,371 8,878 5.147 6.730 925 1,300 22,461 7,136 3.160 10,400 9,773 * 0,621 p Revised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confide 1 Includes alloy constituents. PotSUp""e, BDSAFlm'(6S,)d Bu,lne" *nd Defen'* Service. hiPment8 derived by subtracting the sum of producer Industry s gross shipments of thst shape. Data not. comparab in a process developed by Misco Precision Castings Co., Whitehall, and P6chiney En terprises, Inc. (a U.S. subsidiary of P6chiney, Compagnie de Produits Chimiques ct Electrometallurgiques of France). Pichiney also owns 40 percent of Howmet. Titanium Metals Corporation of Amer ica (TMCA) completed the major portion of a new strip finishing facility at its Toronto, Ohio, titanium rolling mill and acquired a new sendzimir rolling mill, ca pable of producing titanium sheet up to 48 inches in width and down to 0.010 inch in thickness. Because of a strike at the end of the year, the company experienced a temporary work stoppage at its Hender son, Nev., facilities. Aluminum Company of America (Al coa), the world's largest producer of pri mary aluminum, announced that it would begin producing large titanium forgings at its special facilities at Cleveland, Ohio. Construction of the titanium facility was scheduled to start in 1965 and commercial production begun in mid-1967. G. O. Carlson, Inc., began producing titanium plate and plate products at Thorndale, Pa.; Cameron Iron Works, Inc., Houston, Tex., reportedly made available heavy wall `titanium pipe up to 30 inches in diameter and 30 feet in length. Commercial producers of titanium sponge metal were Reactive Metals Inc., Ashta bula, Ohio, and TMCA, Henderson, Nev. Titanium melters were Harvey Aluminum, Inc., Torrance, Calif.; Reactive Metals Inc., Niles, Ohio; Oregon Metallurgical Corp., A pany of Steel Co and TMC Oregon ingots an mentione duced an ucts such lets, and ingots int The Ba Pa., and Carpente duced tit sions. W duced tita Pigmen nium dio percent h Titaniu following Co., Pine American ilton, Mis bula, Oh Co., Inc Md., Ant ville, Ten Md.; Nat and Sayre Zinc Co., Americ started pr the chlorid 25,000-ton Miss. Na M2 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 Table 4.--Titanium pigment data (TIO: content) Year .vhipments 1 Production (short tons) Quantity Value, f.o.b. (short tons) (thousands) . . ........................................................................... 063..................................................................... ....................... . . . 005..................................................................... ....................... ....................... . 450.999 602,879 523,201 519.458 7 558.636 * 575,295 445,961 491.122 513.822 528.416 540,329 NA $238,673 262.255 270.438 278.477 288.031 ' Revised. NA Not available. 1 Includes Interplant transfers. Preliminary. Source: Bureau of the Census. rom its new chloride titanium dioxide dant, which when fully operated is ex acted to add about 45,000 tons per year :o the company's titanium pigment caJacity. Welding-Rod Coating.--A total of 326,)00 tons of welding rods, containing tita- niferous materials in their coatings, was produced. Of the total output, 51 percent contained rutile; 15 percent, ilmenite; 21 percent, a mixture of rutile and manu factured titanium dioxide; 9 percent, man ufactured titanium dioxide; 1 percent, slag; and 3 percent, miscellaneous mixtures. CONSUMPTION Concentrates.--Consumption of ilmenite, vhich was used chiefly for making titanium lioxide pigment, decreased 6 percent. The ise of titanium slag, which is used mainly or the same purpose, increased. Rutile onsumption, which is used principally for iroducing titanium metal and pigment and ilso in welding rod coatings, increased 48 jercent. Metal---According to information on hipments of titanium mill products, the ise of titanium metal was 23 percent high er than in 1964. Demand for titanium compressor wheels, mbs, spacers, shafts, and blades for airraft engines increased substantially be muse of increased requirements for both nilitary and civilian aircraft. About 20, 100 to 40,000 pounds (flight weight) of itanium per airplane was expected to be ised in each of the frames and engines of he new C-5A air cargo carriers, kpckleed Aircraft Corp. scheduled production >f 58 of the 350-ton C-5A's by 1968 or 970. Missile and space uses of titanium coninued to be significant, although this secor comprised only 30 percent of the total narket compared with about 50 percent in 964 because of the completion of produc tion schedules for the Mercury and Gemini spacecraft. Following the trend of recent years in dustrial uses of titanium increased. A 750,000-gaIlon-per-day water desalt ing plant reportedly utilized about 100 miles of titanium tubing. The plant was being built on St. Croix, Virgin Islands, by Westinghouse Electric Corp. and was said to be the first such plant to use titanium in the multistage flash evaporation section. Titanium rods, 20 feet in length, were used to mark a 2-mile-long entrance to a deep-water port being built in the Carib bean. Porous titanium metal filters for applica tions involving high temperatures, rapid thermal cycling and high differential pres sures were available in disk, cylinder, tube, and sheet form and in pore sizes ranging from 30 microns to 1.0 micron. A large titanium producer offered complex or hol low extrusions of titanium with a maxi mum cross section of 5.25 inches, in weights to 100 pounds, and lengths to 30 feet. The four principal outlets for titanium metal scrap were export, remelting (for ingot), steelmaking, and anodizing and electroplating accessory equipment.8 Tita- American Metal Market. Titanium Scene. Sec. Z of v. 72. No. 6S. Mar. IS, 1966. p. 29. TITANIUM Table 5.--Consumption of titanium concentrates In the (Short tone) Ilmenite 1 Titaniu Year and product 1950-60 (average) ____ __ _ 1961....................... . ' 1964: Pigments.................... Titanium metal....................... Welding-rod coatings..... Alloys and carbide.............. Ceramics . Fiberglaa.................................... Miscellaneous Total........................ ............. 1965: Pigments............................... Titanium metal Welding-rod coatings............. Alloys and carbide........ Ceramics............ .. Fiberglaa.................................... , Miscellaneous............. Total.................... ............... Gross weight Estimated TiO, content Gross weight 844,636 929,147 944,797 874.986 443,825 497,514 501,196 459.506 132,060 130,184 138,205 152.416 977,178 (*) 576 2,625 (>) 47 980,426 509,403 ,,<*> 341 1,282 (*) 128,100 103 (') 27 .................. 611,053 128,203 920,168 2,s ) ( ) 647 923.304 481,364 ...VI (>) 327 483,002 148,184 8 148,184 1 Includes a mixed product containing rutile, leucoxene, and alt ments and metal. ' Included with "Miscellaneous" to avoid disclosing: Individual co 7 Included with "Pisrments" to avoid disclosing: Individual compa `Included with Flbergrlaa" to avoid disclosing individual compa Included with Alloys and carbide" to avoid disclosing Individu nium scrap consists chiefly of trim from flat stock, mandrel wound bundles of sheet and strip edges, turnings, and slab ends. About one-half of the 7,000 tons of scrap generated in 1965 was remelted with tita nium sponge metal and about one-fourth was exported. The rest was used in steel making and in the electroprocess industries. The growing use of titanium castings, which have been produced in significant quantities only since 1956, was described.4 By the end of 1962 the dollar volume of production of titanium castings for anti corrosive applications had jumped 1,100 percent over the comparable figure for 1959. In 1963 the price of titanium cast ings was lowered by an order of magni tude of 50 percent and sales were 15 times greater than in 1959. In 1964, sales were double those in 1963. Pigments.--Consumption of titanium di oxide pigments on a gross weight basis and using shipments as a gage increased 5 per cent. Titanium d opacity in ge in the Unite ing consisting mented with portedly reflec sunlight and Fourteen p tium titanate mercial applic The 60-watt g er flashing na tronic fog hor Cameron, La. function for 5 4 Wood, Nmt. 98. No. 6. April Chemical Ag sule Facilities fo 1966, p. 726. * Chemical We 23, June 6, 1966 T American Me Used In Atom C 41, Mar. 8, 1966 1016 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 of the Department of the Interior anti Rand Corp. of Cleveland had been signed for the construction of a pilot plant using coal filters to purify municipal sewage wastes now being discharged into the Po tomac River. At the Meramec Mining Co. Pea Ridge mine 75 miles southwest of St. Louis, Mo., a water settler was installed when it was realized that mining the magnetite ore re sulted in abrasive solids in the mine water that would cause rapid pump wear and fill the sumps with settled sludge. It was reported that the settling system did a good job and justified the cost of con struction.88 A summarization was published88 on the methods available for the treatment of liquid and gaseous effluents, and methods and processes that have been used or pro posed to recover valuable products from plant wastes and to abate water pollution. Water recovered for reuse was reported to be ultimately the major valuable product because of increasing water supply and wa ter treatment costs and mounting charges for using municipal sewage facilities. In the past, in the treatment of mining wastes, attention was concentrated on pH control and on the removal of oil and other visible and nuisance pollutants. Few mines had availed themselves of biological methods for treating their wastes. An up surge of Interest in the use of these meth ods has been shown to solve a number of the oil industry's disposal problems. Re cent studies established the usefulness of these methods in achieving satisfactory re duction in the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and in the phenols, residual oils, and other organics of the refinery waste liquors. The various methods and results of biological treatment available for deal ing with aqueous mining wastes were re ported A study of the design and operation of thickening equipment for closed-water cir cuits in coal preparation plants indicated that they were justified from two stand points: economical operation and preven tion of stream pollution.From this sur vey of 14 operating plants using thickeners for water recovery and refuse solid concen tration, it was apparent that the gravita tional thickener represented a dependable device for these two purposes. Chemical flocculants were required. Average cost of water recovery was 2yi cents per 1,000 gal lons of walcr treated, or 23 cents per ton of dry refuse solids handled. It was con cluded that by using gravitational thick eners, water was recovered at a very reason able price, stream pollution was prevented, and a closed water,`circuit was achieved requiring a minimum of makeup water. Zinc The National Aeronautics and Space Ad ministration (NASA) drilled the second- deepest disposal well in the United States By Harold J. Schroed at its Michoud plant in New Orleans, La., where the gigantic Saturn launch vehicles for the Apollo program were being as sembled. It is reported to be the only well CONTENTS that discharges into a water-sand stratum. Some 400,000 gallons per day of waste cleaning solutions and rinse water from cleansing of Saturn components was being injected in the disposal well. The cleaning agents include chromate as well as various acids and alkalis and could not be dis charged to a nearby industrial canal be cause the chromates would harm oyster beds in the bay. Studies showed that the easiest and cheapest alternative for disposal of waste was in a deep well. Chemical and mineral industrial companies can profit by Legislation and govern ment programs1017 Domestic production___1019 Mine production1019 production _______ 1023 i Byproduct sulfuric acid1025 Zinc dust1027 Consumption and uses1027 by geographic areas1029 Consumpt Contin Zinc p com Stocks103 Prices 103 Foreign tr World rev Technolog the reported experiences of NASA, the first to discharge their Waste materials into a sand strata.88 Record zinc consumption and smelter output highlighted an active year for the The demand for fuller use of water re domestic zinc industry. Consumption in ex sources dictated increased performance by waste treatment processes and the develop ment of strong interest concerning the removal of constituents passed by biologi cal processes. The means were reported*4840 41 * * * * * cess of new supplies reduced the at producers to a 14-year low leading to emergency releases *Government stockpile. stock level by April, from the The qu grade zinc. at 14.5 ce year. Legislatio The Intern met in To to be available to design units that will The record smelter production was vember. F closely reproduce laboratory performance 1.078.000 tons, and in response to the de free world in the field, and that the scope of the mand for smelter feed, mine production record leve chemical treatment has been expanded by increased 6 percent to 611,000 tons, the though the the advent of a host of organic polymer largest quantity since 1952. Producer stocks in 7 years. coagulants. dropped from 31,000 to 29,000 tons while Soviet bloc M Monroe, H. K. Design of a Mine Water Settler at Pea Ridge. Min. Eng., v. 17, No. 12, December 1966, pp. 81-84. w Rickies. Robert N. WaBte Recovery and Pol lution Abatement. Chem. Eng., v. 72, No. 20, Sept. 27, 1065. pp. 18S-152. 40 Sherwood, Peter W. Treatment of Waste Liquors. Min. Mag. (London), v. 112, No. 6. May 1966, pp. 804-309. 41 Dale, L. A., and D. A. Dahlstrom. Design and Operation of Thickening Equipment for Closed-Water Circuits in Coal Preparation Plants. Trans. Soe. Min, Eng., v. 232, No. 2, June 1965. pp. 141-149. . o Chemical Week. Learning to Whip Well Woes. V. 98, No. 16. Apr. 10. 1966. pp. 118, 115. Parsons. William A: Chemical Treatment of Sewage and Industrial Wastes. Nat. Lime Assoc. Bull. 215, 1965. 189 pp. consumer stocks rose from 108,000 to 152.000 tons during the year. Import quotas, established in 1958, were terminated during the latter part of the year. General imports of 428,000 tons for ores and concentrates and 153,000 tons for metal were the largest since 1962 and 1959, respectively. Exports of slab zinc decreased from 26,500 to 5,900 tons, the lowest since 1958. Government stockpiles were reduced by 193.000 tons to a yearend total of 1.31 mil lion tons. U.S. Gove were indica about 140,0 condition. Special Wo publication ments could U-S. imp Presidentia 22 for ores 21 for meta Tariff Com 1 Commodi 999 1AO 1028 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1965 Rolling mills used 45.900 tons of slab zinc and remcltcd and rerollcd 17,000 tons of metallic scrap produced in fabricating plants operated in connection with the rolling mills. In addition, a small quantity of purchased scrap (new clippings and old zinc) was melted and rolled. Small quanti ties of alloying metals were added for some uses. The rolled-zinc industry, however, classified these alloys as rolled zinc. Net output of salable rolled zinc in creased 4 percent to 44,700 tons. Stocks of rolled zinc at the mills declined to 1,600 tons by yearend. Besides shipments of 23,500 tons of rolled zinc, the Tolling mills consumed 38,400 tons of rolled zinc in Table 15.--Consumption of zinc hi the United States (Short tons) 1966-60 (average) 1961 Slab zinc-------- -------------------------Ores (recoverable line content) Secondary (recoverable sine content)* ------------------------------ ToUl .................................. -- 929,868 102,989 194,469 1.226,811 981,218 97,251 179,005 1,207,469 1 Includes ore used directly In galvanising. * Excludes redistilled slab and remelt sine. 1962 1,031.821 1 101,682 199,908 1,333.811 1968 1.106,118 * 104,706 204,398 1,414;2I6 1964 1.207,268 106.948 222,636 1.686.761 1965 1,864,092 1 122,892 266.083 1,742,067 Table 16.__Slab rinc consumption In (fat United States, by Industry use (Short tons) Industry and product 1966-60 (average) 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 Galvanising: Sheet and strip --------------Wire and wire rope ------------ - Tubes and pipe------------------Fittings ---------------------- Total ............................-.......... 187,6*16 87,181 68.114 9.804 81.476 884,160 211,800 37.608 64.957 6,640 1 71,672 882,077 213,970 38.208 54.003 8.089 * 74.866 888.670 238,919 89,466 66.563 7,787 * 77,662 420,287 267.828 42,798 62,166 8.802 1 86,247 456,836 270.826 43,884 63,224 8,641 96.846 482.421 Brass products: . Sheet, strip, and plate---- Rod and wire___----------- Castings and billets-------------Copper*base Ingots ------------ Other copper-base products. Total ---------------------------------- 62.680 86,190 11.108 6.249 8,263 784 113,214 60,018 41,018 10,168 4,061 12,874 884 128,528 61,210 41,876 10.627 4.928 10,884 286 129,806 61.462 43.517 10,786 8.969 7,784 719 128,237 84,701 47,246 10,402 8,666 928 136,096 . 68.864 46.510 10,080 8,060 7,402 1.992 126,848 Zinc-base alloy: Die casting alloy ---.--.-- Dies and rod alloy -------------Slush and sand easting alloy Total ----------------------Rolled tine ----------------------------Zinc oxide ---- ---------- ------------ 847,882 6.411 2,428 856,216 42.178 17.862 887,227 1,629 2,910 841,766 41,204 18.137 419.042 860 3,716 423,808 42.288 18.617 462,543 720 6,866 468.619 42,166 16,037 517,864 604 6,624 624,682 44,181 19,991 629.809 686 7,626 687,970 46,882 26,781 Other uses: Wet batteries ---------------Desilverizing lead ------------ Light-metal alloys ------- Other* ------------ Total 1.184 2.648 4,198 8.824 16,264 1.058 2,630 4,847 11,471 19.606 1,133 2,302 4.920 20,788 29,088 1,218 2,096 6.660 20.796 29.767 1,168 2,893 4,769 18,763 27,083 1.188 2,444 8,124 28,484 86,190 Grand total--------------- --- 929.864 981*218 1,081.821 1,106,118 1.207.268 1,864.003 11ncludes M.954 ton. used In job sralvanlzln* In 1S1. 84.871 ton. In 89.228 ton. In IMf 44.854 tons In 1964, Khd 61,011 ton* In 1965. ` __ . . __j * Include* sine used In making sine dust, bronse powder, alloy*, chemicals, castings, and miscellaneous uses not elsewhere mentioned. ZINC Table 17--Slab zinc consumption In tfae United States In 1 (Short tons) Industry Special High Grade Galvanizing ___ 27,617 Brass and bronze 26,247 Zinc-base alloys- 631,748 Rolled zinc____ 22,187 Zinc oxide_____ 7,035 Other __________ 15,981 Total____ 730,716 High Grade 84,601 67,426 2,788 10,860 4 1,629 116,807 Inter mediate 1,880 264 99 6.844 262 7,889 Brass Special 104,821 3.771 7,945 10,117 126.654 Se 1, 1. 2,9 Table 18--Rolled zinc produced and quantity available for c _________ 1954 Short tons Production: 1 Photoengraving nlat* . Other plate* _____ Sheet *____ ___ . Strip and foil Rod and wire _ . . -- ('> Value Total Averag per pound (*) ( ) Ww Exports13_______________ IIIZIIIIIII Available for consumption___-__.__ 42.964 1.774 6.669 88,819 -- 20.201.411 626.990 3.978,484 -.............. .286 .149 .803 Tl86 .099 1W ------------------------ - mssuiTiuumi campiny connoenuai P.TMJu'UoP- 1" addition. 14,660 ton. In MndudSr:ht ca^ n|n ^ *" leu than 0.875`bEh t;*hbuic* rkthuickrert'wu etlnnerd tah.`^pl"ateW"and manufacturing 21,400 tons of semifabricated and finished products. Rolled zinc was produced in the form of sheet, strip, ribbon, plate, rod, and wire. Its major domestic use was for dry-cell bat tery cases and similar cases for radio con densers and tube shields. Photoengraving plates, weatherstripping, roof flashing, and household electric fuses were other uses. CONSUMPTION OF SLAB ZINC BY GEOGRAPHIC AREAS Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Illinois accounted for 58 percent of the slab zinc used in galvanizing. The iron and steel In dustry used zinc to galvanize steel sheets, wire, tube, pipe, cable, chain, bolts, rail way-signal equipment, building and pole line hardware, and other items. Connecticu suming slab z by Illinois and Michigan le zinc in makin consuming Sta York, and Indi ZINC PIGM Production-- and compound creased to th Most of the In record outputs zinc sulfate. In chloride and l tributed to th ments. 1030 MINERALS YEARBOOK. 1965 Tabic 19.--Slab zinc consumption In the United States In 1965, by industries and States (Short tons) State Galvanizers Brass mills1 Die casters * Other > Total Alabama ...--.-- Arizona ......... Arkansas ....... California ....... Colorado ---------Connecticut-------- Delaware .--.-- Florida .--...... Georgia ....-------Hawaii __________ Idaho ____________ Illinois..................... Indiana ___...... Iowa ....___--.-- Kansas-------- ..... Kentucky ..--... Louisiana ....... Maine .......... Maryland ----------Massachusetts ... Michigan ___ .... Minnesota ...... Mississippi ...... ' Missouri -.--.... Nebraska _______ New Hampshire . New Jersey ..... New York--------North Carolina .. Ohio_____________ Oklahoma ...... Oregon ------ ------Pennsylvania ... Rhode Island ... Tennessee .--.. Texas .....--- Utah_____________ Virginia-----------Washington .--. West Virginia . Wisconsin___-- Undistributed__ 40,962 W 83,826 W 3.680 W 2.672 W W 47.866 64,666 826 W 1,917 W w 8.888 4.724 2.281 W 6,728 W 8.764 6,898 W 94,728 3.643 499 70.448 663 864 14,487 W 366 1.166 18,468 1,722 63,661 w 2,602 W 39,391 W 18.441 W w w w 12.868 W w w 6.140 7,497 W ww w w w w w w 88.621 10,100 w w w w w w 89.886 64,467 W 170.810 7.588 W 71,712 W 99.678 W W 22,161 W W w w 110,882 W w w 618 W w w w w w w w w w w w w w 3.041 W 1.267 W w w w w w w w w w 101,447 42,676 W W 47,646 3,698 46,084 W w w w w 178,062 146,176 W w 16,884 W w 32,632 8,174 189,798 2,281 W 17,723 1,766 ,w w 93,166 W W 8,078 600 184,726 688 2,692 60.263 W 1,396 2,266 16.396 17,128 287,189 Total4 478,839 126.346 886,268 106,863 1.846,806 W Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data; Included with "Undistributed. * Includes brass mills, brass Ingot makers, and brass foundries. Includes producers of zinc-base alloy for dleeastings, stamping dies, and rods. * Includes slab zinc used in rolled zinc products and In zinc oxide. 4 Excludes remeit zinc. Table 20.--Production and shipments of rinc pigments and compounds1 In the United States Pigment or compound Produc tion (short tons) Zinc oxide * ..---- 168,806 Leaded sine oxide1. 12,237 Zinc chloride, 60* B 4 60,977 Zinc sulfate ....... 46,814 1964 Shipments Value* Short tons Total Aver age per ton 174,308 18,613 49,624 46,606 S41.970.768 8,246,038 W 7,021,601 8241 288 W 161 1965 Produc tion (short tons) 187.829 12,664 62,626 68,104 Shipments Value* tons Aver Total age per ton 186,570 11,860 64,296 60,544 148,751,733 8,786.226 W 7,840.682 1261 315 W 145 zineoxide eontaSnbwB "percent or more lead la claaaed ..leaded ( chloride Include. line chloride equivalent of *lno ammonium chloride and chromated *lnc chloride. QUANTITY, thousand short tons ZINC Pigments and compounds were made from various zinc-bearing materials includ ing ore, slab zinc, scrap, and residues. Plants producing zinc pigments and com pounds numbered 16 for zinc oxide, 8 for zinc sulfate, 8 for zinc chloride, and l for lithopone. Lead-free zinc oxide was made by several processes; 67 percent was made from ores and residues by the American process, 20 percent from metal by the French process, and 13 percent from scrap residues and secondary materials by other processes. Leaded zinc zinc chloride secondary zin was made fro als. Leaded zin cral grades, c tent. The mo constituted m lively small q or less, more more than 50 Lithopone, Figure 2. Trends In shipments of zinc pig 1032 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1965 and barium sulfate, was produced but figures are withheld to avoid disclosing in dividual company confidential data. Consumption and Uses.--Shipments of cad-free zinc oxide were 186,600 tons, 7 ;-ercent more than in 1964 with most of he increase in shipment to the rubber in dustry. The quantity received by the rub ber, paint, and ceramic industries account ed for 77 percent of the total shipped. The paint industry received 92 percent if the 11,900 tons of leaded zinc oxide -hipped. Lithopone was used principally in paint, varnish and lacquer, chemicals, paper, rub ber, and floor coverings. The principal uses of zinc chloride were for battery making, galvanizing, vulcaniz ing fiber, preserving wood, and refining oil, as well as for fungicides, solder, and tin ning fluxes. The chief uses of zinc sulfate were in rayon and agriculture. Other uses were in glue manufacture, flotation reagents, rub ber, and medicine. Prices.--Prices for French process, leadfree zinc oxides advanced 0.50 cent in Table II.--Zinc content of zinc pigments ' and compounds produced by domestic manufactures*, by soorces . (Short tons) 1964 Pigment or compound Zinc in pigments and com* pounds produced from-- Ore - Domes For tic . eign Slab zinc Sec ondary mate rial Total sine In pig ments com pounds 7,Inc oxide-------- 70,728 leaded zinc oxide-------------- 4,7 U Total____ 76,442 'Inc chloride *-- /.Inc sulfate -- `"w 18,487 2,780 16,267 ""w 19,991 19,991 W 26,186 26,186 W 6,206 180,842 7.494 187.886 12,816 14.921 1966 Zinc In pigments and com pounds produced from-- Ore Domes tic For eign Slab zinc Sec ondary mateTlsi Total zinc in pigments and com pounds 80.899 19,064 26,782 24,683 149,918 4,942 2,864 7,796 96.841 21,908 26,782 24.688 167,714 W W 12.740 WW 9.069 17,926 ' v W Withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data. T 1 Excludes sine sulfide and lithopone; figures withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company . "'Includes sine content of sine ammonium chloride and ehromated sine chloride. Table 22.__Distribution of zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide shipments, by Industries (Short tons) Industry 1966-60 (average) 1961 1962 1963 1964 1966 'Inc oxide: Rubber ....---------- ---------------------Ceramics ------------------------------------ Coated fabrics and textile, 1-----Floor covering-------- ------------------Other and unspecified-------- --- 77,001 82,748 9.608 NA NA NA 8,671 1,236 24,081 Total..................... --........................ 148,246 71.684 80,406 10.068 NA NA NA 1,185 1.174 80,862 146.208 80.247 81,881 11.092 NA NA NA 202 467 81,470 164,849 82,776 34,882 9.381 NA NA NA W w 36,732 162.271 98.668 81,176 NA 488 39,674 174.308 108,067 80,249 11,365 W 868 80,660 186,670 leaded zinc oxide: Other and unspecified ------------- Total.................................. -............ W Withheld to avoid disclosing 22,428 889 28.812 Individual 16,533 18,007 company 14,969 736 15,694 confidential 14,899 674 13,124 489 15.473 18,618 data. included with 10,961 899 11,860 "Other." MFIgureV for*l969*62 for rayon withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confidential data. ZINC Table 23.--Distribution of zinc sulfate ship (Short tons) Rayon Agriculture Year Gross weight Dry basis Gross weight Dry basis 1966-60 (average)___ 20.614 1961___ 12,284 1962 ___ 1963 ___ W 1964 ___ 18,066 1966 ___ -------------inn 21,204 18.362 11,007 W 16.103 18.886 7,696 6,678 10*706 11,248 14,881 6,683 6,086 7.818 9.407 9,807 12,449 Withheld to avoid disclosing Individual company confiden March to a yearend quotation in cents per pound in carlots, freight allowed, of 17.00 cents for Green Seal grade and 17.25 cents for White Seal grade. American process, lead-free zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide of the 35-percent grade, and leaded zinc oxide of the 50-pcrccnt grade were quoted at 14.75, 15.75, and 16.00 cents, respectively, throughout the year. Zinc chloride (50 Baumd) was quoted at 5.55 cents per pound throughout the year. Zinc sulfate (monohydrate, 36 per cent) in less than carlots was quoted at 9.50 cents per pound until March 29 when it increased to 10.25 cents where it re mained for the balance of the year. half the since 1962 Substan oxide and of the 42 zinc pigm Canada s tively, of fate impo from Mex Luxembou Germany. Table 24 Foreign Trade.--Exports of zinc oxide in creased 9 percent with shipments to 43 countries. Canada, Turkey, and Colombia received 31, 17, and 14 percent of the total, respectively. Lithopone exports declined to Kind ZJnc oxide Lithopone Total Table 25. US. Imports for consumption of zinc p Kind Zinc oxide______________ Zinc sulfide_____________ Lithopone_______________ Zinc chloride____________ Zinc sulfate_____________ Zinc cyanide____________ Zinc compounds, n.s.p.f. Total .............. .......... 1964 Va Short tons (thous 8,708 8*3 172 1,200 1,246 69 663 31, 12.480 2,8 STOCKS Producer Stocks--Stocks of slab zinc at producer plants were 31,200 tons at the be ginning of the year, declined to a low of about 20,000 tons at the end of April, then increased to 28,600 tons by yearend. This was the lowest yearend stocks recorded since 1951. Consumer Stocks.--Stocks of slab zinc at consumer p of the year tons by the rapid build 151,900 tons ment stockp reversing th stocks durin 232-74B 0-K7--CC