Document ZvY3GbkVdyEq5XVrRM6kjdbJ

/ n .Wl W1 u uyuauul nn rrrrji-^ ] : !; l LJiul iS W UkdH r> M .> ii SZite'iatute Qbshacts MEDICAL ENGINEERING LEGAL -- decisions and trends tfudustiial Health 72ews /*ju#d Monthly By INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH, PA. 00414',1 FOUNDATION FACTS Fotpndatjon Facts is a motMy news-letter issued to industrial concerns holding membership in Industrial Hygiene Foundation. The Foundation is a combined research and service institution to protect the health of workers in industry. r-l. June, 1945 ITo. 6. Combating Absentccism from IIiness end Injury Illness and Non-Industrial Injury I r. duct riel Injury................................... Occupational Disease ......................... TOTAL ...................................... 3.85 days lost per employee per year 0.C2 days lost per employee per year 0,01 days lost per employee per year 9.45 days lost per employee per year Industrial health hazards, multiplied by war production, are a cause of sick absenteeism. One practical measure for cutting this manpower waste is the in dustrial hygiene survey, which helps maintain healthful working conditions. First step ir. a survey is an overall appraisal to locate processes, materials, products or conditions, including sanitary facilities, that may adversely affect health. Second, `where possible hazards arc noted, the exposure is measured to deter mine, whether it exceeds the safety limit. Third, if a hazard exists, practical, precautionary measures are devised, such as segregation or inclosure of a process, proper ventilation, use of wet methods, improved housekeeping, personal protective equipment. Fourth step is maintenance, periodic checks on the efficiency of the con trol measures. Throughout this procedure competent medical supervision is of top importance. Nuisance Exposures in the Workplace Many an exposure to dusts, fumes, gases, etc., in the workplace, whila not a real health hazard, rray bo a sore spot in management-labor relations. Obnoxious odors and unpleasant dusts are a source of employee dissatisfaction, and understand ably so. Nuisance exposures can usually be controlled through good industrial hygiene practice. Results are better working conditions and a safer shop. (Exposures, es pecially those which obscure vision, arc a cause of accidents.) Maryland "O.D." Law Amended: Under a new amendment to the occupational dis ease law, Maryland" can now enforce rules one regulations for control and prevention of occupational disease. Violations arc subject to vlOO a day fines. For details see page 5 of the Foundation's June INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST. Nov; Members and Subscribers: Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Co., joined the Fourdaticn recently. Meanwhile, in the non-industrial category, the following have, s' ibscribed to Foundation publications: Teuao.'. eo Volley Authority Olio Dvpartmont of Moriah Lt. (j.g.) S. DiLustro, U.S.N.R. British Ministry cf Supply Mission . . . - Keep War V/orkers hell . . - I *, -.vO'l Nl t wliMt`'*TlON 4400 FirTH AVr.NL/E PJTT*5tJUuGW PA. June, 1943 Vol. VII. No. 6. Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and. Hews News Items 517 Occupational Diseases The Connecticut Bureau of Industrial Hygiene reports 145 occupational disease cases for the month of April, 1943. Ninety per cent were from dermatitis with oils being responsible for 105 cases. Silicosis and pneumoconiosis totaled 10 cases, load poisoning 1, radioactive compounds 1 and arsenic compounds 1. 518 Flame Proofing Mixture A flame proofing mixture has been suggested for treating fabric to reduce fire hazards. The solution has not caused dermatitis in the cases used to date. The formula is: 9 .lb. s. ammon.ium ac.id. pn, osp.ha.te 9 lbs. ammonium sulfate 82 lbs. of water. 519 Dust and Pneumonia Working at one of the dusty trades may, contrary to what might be expected, less en rather than increase susceptibility to pneumonia. This possibility appear ed in a report by Dr. Anna M. Eaetjer and Dr. Frederick J, Vintinncr, of Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, at the meeting of the American Industrial Efergicne Association in Rochester, N. Y. Experiments with rats furnished the basis for this view of pneumonia susceptibility in relation to certain dusts. The scientists caution against applying the results too defin itely to man until more is known. -- Science News Letter, June 5, 1943. 523 Dar.ror of Load Poisoning Among Shinbreckers Shipbreakers and other workers engaged in cutting structural steel that has been covered with lead-bearing paint are in danger of getting lead poison)ng, Dr. Irving R. Tabershaw, Benjamin P. V.'. Ruotclo and Robert P. Gleason, of the Massa chusetts Division of Occupational Hygiene, warned at the meeting of the American Industrial Hygiene Association ir. Rochester, N.Y, "Neither the use of respir ators nor natural ventilation provides complete protection," these scientists found in study cf a group of 14 men engaged in salvaging an old elevated railway structure. Oxyacctvlenc cutting was used exclusively on this job. A sample of scrapings from the girders contained of lead. All of the workers used Ir.austrial Hygiene Digest - 2 approved respirators for protection against the poisonous metal fumes but during the course of the salvage operations nearly all of them were 111 at one time or another with some slight or major symptoms of lead poisoning. Rotation of v.-erkers to- other jobs to avoid dangerously long e;cposuro to lead is advised by the Massachusetts scientists. -- Science Ncv;s Letter, June 5, 1945. f,21 Circular Describes Carbon Monoxide. ' The Bureau of Mines has published a circular describing protective measures which, should be taken in the home to minimize dangers from carbon monoxide and methods of treating persons affected by it. The hazards of carbon monoxide have increas ed greatly since the war because of the shortages of certain fuels, causing many persons to experiment with substitute fuels, said Dr. E.R. Sayers, director of the bureau. The circular, "Danger from Carbon Monoxide in the Kcma," is written in ncn-technical language by H.H. Schrcnk, chief chemist in the Bureau's Health Division, and L.B. Berger, chemist in the Bureau's Central Experiment Station at Pittsburgh, Pa, - Victory Bull., (May 26, 1943). ...... " 1 Legal Developments 522 Bronchiectasis Caused by Breathing Dust-Filled Air. Ordinary Usage of Appliances as Tost of Negligence. Reasonable Care to Make Place Safa for Employees Ifecessary. Appellee, an employee of appellants, manufacturers of ax handles, quit work be cause of illness which has since been diagnosed ns bronchiectasis which is a dis ease causing dilation of one or more of the largo bronchial tubes. He brought this action against appellants to recover damages for his illness and disability alleging that the room in which he was required to work was filled with a fine, pov/dcry dust, caused by the manufacture of ax handles, that completely filled the air, the breathing of which caused him to develop tuberculosis, sinus trouble and bronchiectasis, and that he did not know such dust was injurious to his health, but that appellants did know of this danger or, by the exercise of ordinary care could have known it. He further alleged ''that said unsafe place in which this plaintiff was required to work -- was the sole proximate cause of the injuries to this plaintiff's health above described." The master is not an insurer of the safety of his servant, and the utmost of his duty is the exercise of reasonable caro. Baployers are liable for the consequences, not of danger, but of negli gence; and the unbending test of negligence in methods, machinery, end appliances is the ordinary usage of the business. Ho man is held by law to a higher degree of skill than the fair average of his profession or trade, and the standard of duo caro is the conduct of the average prudent man. The law does not impose the burden on the master of making the servant* s place to work safe or reasonably safe. If the place is not reasonably safe, still there is no liability on the part of the master if'he has used reasonable care to make it reasonably safe. Since the undisputed proof shows .that appellants had exercised reasonable care to make appellee's place reasonably safe, they were not guilty of negligence as alleged, and the court should have directed a vertict in their favor. The judgment reversed and cause dismissed. Bcsyo v. Odom. Ark. Supreme Ct. Decided Of J. JkJ* \ wi./ * I;. iu-trial Hygiene Digest - 3 -;3 y-.rylnnd Occupational Disease Lav; Amended. A recent amendment to the Maryland Occupational Disease Statute in cludes the following: "It shall be the duty of the State Department of Health, and of the Commissioner of Health of Baltimore City, concurrently: "1. To receive reports of occupational diseases from physicians who have knowledge of such cases. "2. To study occupational diseases and ways and means for their con trol and prevention, and make the necessary rules and regulations for such con trol and prevention. Such rules and regulations for the control and prevention of occupational diseases shall have the force and effect of law. No such rule or regulation or any modification, amendment, or repeal thereof, shall become effective until public notice of such proposed rule or regulation, modification, amendment, or repeal thereof shall have been given, and a public hearing thereon hold before the State Board of Health. Any person, firm or corporation failing, refusing or neglecting to comply with any rule or regulation made by the State Department of Health and the Commissioner of Health of Baltimore City, under the powers conferred upon them by this Section, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be fined not more than One Hundred. Dollars (100.00) for each day that such violation continues, provided that a written notice of such rule or regulation shall be served on some person in charge of the place - whore such violation exists prior to any prosecution for violation of any such rule or regulation. (As amended by L. 1943, Ch.443, effective June 1, 1943). "3. To investigate industrial conditions causing occupational dis eases, or which may be suspected of causing occupational diseases, and make recommendations for the control of such condition. "4. To enforce regulations regarding occupational diseases. "5. To recommend to the Legislature for enactment such measures, in cluding additions to the list of occupational diseases contained in Section 34 of this Act, as their studies and experience may demonstrate to be advisable." Theodore C, Waters, of the firm of Mullikin, Stockbridge & 'Waters, Baltimore, and Chairman of the Legal Committee of Industrial Ifygiene Foundation, makes the folloviing comment: "By virtue of the foregoing amendment (Chapter 443 of the Public Laws of Maryland, 1943) the State Department of Health and the Commissioner of Health of Baltimore City are empowered to enforce rules and regulations for the control and prevention of occupational diseases. Violation of rules end regulations is thereby made a misdemeanor with a fine of 100.00 for each day that the violation continues," . 1 ::;-i i'no Dic^at - 4 -.- ia Alba Dolons. Resulting from Pneumonia Suffered br Store Sr.ployee. ' T to Chanming Temperatures in Building in Course of Bmployncnt. Lack: of / to hcv; Proximate Cause. ' . .-Ion i'or writ of certiorari denied. Ucscoll v, W.T, Grant Company. U.S, ' ;'-T.c Ct. (Ind,) (CCH). ` Caused by Silicosis. Temporary Employment During Disability. . .'at become disabled in. 1933 and his death two years later was caused by a ,.:t disease in the nature of silicosis. The disease was contracted in the course n;' ..is employment. The award was r.adc pursuant to the Workmen's Compensation Latv. .tore was paid to the deceased employee, during his lifetime, $1550,00. Upon his d nth the Board made an award of $1600.00, representing death benefits, to the ..ido'.v and child. The proof shows that from the date of disablement the de ceased suffered continuously from silicosis and died as a result of that disease, I ho sole contention of appellants is that for two months, in 1939, the decedent .o employed as a tV. P. A. v/orker. His regular wages, which he received from his icycr, were $19,75 a week. From the W. P. A. he received $12.10 a week. From time of his disablement until his death the deceased employee was not able to ':m any wagos at the work at which he was employed by the employer. Award affirmed. Mooney v. VJitherbee Sherman Corn, ot al. N.Y. Supreme Ct., App. Div., : rd Dept. Decided'January 13, 1943. (CCH). 0 The Essentials of Industrial Health. C.O. Sappington. J.B. Lippincott Company, i';iiiadelphia. Pa. 626 pp. (1943). $6.50. T';uu excellent book presents the subject of industrial health in a lucid manner, i'ert I deals with the origin and development of industrial health, occupational morbidity and mortality, the distribution of industrial health service, the class ification of industrial physicians, and the industrial medical department. Part II describes the field of industrial hygiene and toxicology. Industrial health hazards arc classified in 10 major groupings and the fundamentals of toxi cology and safe concentration codes are summarised. The need for judgment and experience in the application of the codes is stressed. The plant survey, includ ing the engineering and medical assay of exposures, the control of hazardous c-.jeditions and the maintenance requirements are described. Plant sanitation, ;irconol hygiene and the coordination of industrial and community health services complete the section. Part III is concerned with industrial medicine and traumatic surgery. The subjects discussed include: the worker and the job, the job, industrial accidents, occupational diseases, non-occupational disabilities, r..: ,vcrkmen* s compensation and rehabilitation. Nine appendices provide outlines ' r- r.ursing, plant surveys, material classifications, respirators, illumination, ' atoricn, hospital floor plans, medical services and orders on dusts, fuses, rc ana gases. The book is well ini and the references to the lit complete. The attention of Foundation members is called to this valuable work. . i.u atrial Hygiene Digest - 5 Yicrornsritics: The Technology of Fine Particles. J.M. DollaValle. Pitman Pub lishing Corp., New York. 376 pp.(plus appendix) (1943). G8.50. Although. less than 20 pages in this book are devoted to the industrial hygiene aspects of fine particles, many other technical men in manufacturing fields -where industrial hygiene is an active interest will wish to be acquainted with the nature of this work. It is the first attempt to bring together "a mass of widely scattered information on methods of particle-measurement, size-distributions, packing arrangements, and a general theory concerning the physical properties of finely divided substances. Industrial applications of the subject matter are also included and every attempt has been made to present the material in a useful form. The text excludes consideration of particles of colloidal dimensions and is limit ed for the most part to those falling in sizes between 0.1 microns and 10^ microns The treatment is necessarily highly mathematical at many points and embraces such apparently unrelated (heretofore) fields as soil physics, mineral physics (e.g. ores), chemical engineering, geology (of petroleum), hydrology (si_ting), pigments abrasives, ceramics and cements. "Micromeritics" was coined from Greek roots and monas "the science of small particles." 28 Noxious Gases and the Principles of Respiration Influencing Their Action. Y. Henderson and H.W. Haggard. Eeinhoia Publishing Co., N.Y. 2nd Edition 294 pp. (1943). Tims is one of the American Chemical Society's Series of Scientific and Techno logic Monographs. In the first edition (1927) the authors presented excellent discussions of the general mechanism of respiration, the respiratory function of the blood, and the general principles governing the absorption and excretion of gases and vapors. In the present edition the same general arrangement is followed and the chapters are brought up to date. There is a slight rearrangement and con- sidcrable expansion of their classification and treatment of irritants, asphyxi ants, volatile drugs, and inorganic and organometallic gases. Compressed air ill ness and prevention has been introduced into the chapter on simple asphyxiants. Methods of resuscitation are given considerable space, while Dr. Henderson has added a short chapter on 3reathing Machines. Permissible concentrations are given appropriately and are easy to find for the index, references, and general format are uniformly excellent. 29 Urine and Urinalysis. L. Gershenfeld. Lea & Fcbigcr, Y/ashington Square, Phila delphia, Pa. 304 pp. $3.25, (Second edition, revised 1945.) The practical knowledge accumulated from an extensive experience in urinalysis forms tho basis for this useful book. The subject is presented in 11 chapters in threo main classifications, i.e., General Considerations, Urinalysis and spe cial urinary tests. The detection of inorganic metallic poisons in urine is des cribed in Chapter 10, entitled ,TUrinary Tests (either infrequently performed or of doubtful clinical value)V The method proposed for the analysis of lead in urine is of questionable value. The modern colorimetric and polarograpkic methods arc mentioned by reference only. Other industrial hygiene techniques such as the benzol-urine sulfate test arc not discussed. -G Y.-.nr Book of Industrial and Orthopedic Surgery. Edited by C. F. Painter. Year h-'.i-k Publishers Inc., Chicago, III. 434 pp. (1942). Yhij volume is a summary of recent advances in Orthopedic Surgery. Some articles of special interest to industrial surgeons are included. Most industrial injuries "quiro treatment of an orthopedic nature, which probably explains the inclusion ln ''e title of "Industrial Medicine and Surgery." It is suggested that an entire v.;iumc on that subject would meet with approval os the treatment in the bock under -is'ucuion is rather brief. However this edition presents many interesting arti cles l'or both tho industrial physician and the orthopedic surgeon. Industrial' Hygiene Digest - 6 521 y;- r Medicine. Edited by W.S. Pugh. Philosophical Library, New York. (194-2). ".nr .Medicine" is a symposium of articles which have appeared in several journals chiefly "Tha Military Surgeon." Many phases of medicine associated with the wax effort are discussed. Among the subjects presented in the various papers are: The treatment of burns; dangers to hearing induced by the noises of modern war fare; lung injury and abdominal injury cue to blast waves; problems associated with high altitude flying and deep sea diving; allergy; fatigue in a war pilot; ' and nutrition of the soldier. The book is of value to the military surgeon and to the non-military physician who may bo called upon to treat the major and minor injuries resulting from civilian bobbing. 032 Climate and the Energy of Nations. S.F, Markham. Oxford University Press. 144 pp. (1942). The author disagrees with the theory of some climatologists that the focal points of civilization change in accordance with the fluctuations of climate. He is con vinced, rather that one of the basic reasons for the rise of a nation in modern times is its control over climatic conditions and he asserts that civilization depends to a great degree upon climate control in a good natural climate. Follow ing a discussion of temperature and humidity as they affect energy and health, the conclusion is made that the ideal climate rarely exceeds the 76 upper limit and does not fall so low as to demand great efforts to bring indoor temperatures . up to 0 or 70. Industrial Health Hazards and Their Effects 533 The Toxicity and Potential Dangers of Aliphatic and Aromatic hydrocarbons. W.F. von Oettingen. Yale J. Biol. & Med,, IS. 157 (December, 1942). The aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons are considered separately and the former are divided into paraffines, olefines, cycloparaffines and unsaturated cyclopara ffines. In the paraffin series the first fraction (pentane and hexane) arc rela tively non-toxic, having low narcotic and irritating properties. The next higher boiling fraction has more marked narcotic and irritant properties and a narrow margin of safety (difference between the minimum narcotic and minimum fatal con centrations). The lowest boiling fraction of the olefines also has narcotic pro perties hut a comparatively wide margin of safety, while the higher homologues aro more-potent as narcotics and aro more irritating. The lower boiling fraction of cycloparaffines has narcotic properties but is less irritating than the corres ponding olefines. The higher boiling cycloparaffines and the unsaturated cyclo paraffines are potent narcotics and havo a narrow margin of safety. The lowest boiling fraction of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene) has narcotic properties and produces injurious effects on the blood and blood-forming organs. The next two higher boiling fractions (largely toluene and ethyl benzene and xylene) have slightly greater narcotic and irritant properties and a smaller margin of safety. They have, however, less marked hcmatotoxic action. The highest boiling fraction huo marked narcotic properties but is least dangerous because of the low volatil ity. Toxic symptoms are listed for the various hydrocarbons. Reasons for their toxic action, including a consideration of their metabolism, of the aromatic com- I-oands aro givon. A helpful table listing the physico-chemical and biologic pro perties of the hydrocarbons is included in the article. The main difficulty 1 'ountered in determining the health hazards of hydrocarbon solvents arises from '-.i; fact that different brands of solvents have varying percentage compositions nl paraffines, olefines, cyclonnroffinos and aromatic hydrocarbons. . . r_ U O j .. Hygiene Bigest - 7 , q-'" Filter for Protection Acninst Arsines cad the Control of its Bffcctive7"General Remarks on Aerosols and their Most Important Properties. g7~7r.."iotan ana I. Chi cos. Antigaz, (Bucharest). 14_, 252-266, 235-522 (1940). (A or.uni on). review of the optical and electrical properties of aerosols and their impor tance for gas warfare, protection against arsines during the 7/orld v;ar, the r.cchaniun of the filtration of aerosols, the various types of protective filters for a.-v; against arsines and filters with mixed action (with review of the patent literature), control of the action of aerosol filters, methods of testing, rapid methods, etc. A nephelometric method is described. el- Acute Nephritis from Exposure to Carbon Tetrachloride. A.R. Smith. Industrial Hygiene (N.Y.), 22, 171-2 (April, 1943). A case report on a woman worker in a cellulose acetate costume jewelry plant is presented. The results of physical examination, urine and blood chemistry, and liver function tests aro included. The role of individual susceptibility and the severe gastric irritation are accented. 136 Application of Carbon Tetrachloride-Type Fire-Extinguisher Liquid to Buminr Mag nesium Chips and Magnesium Incendiary Bombs. S.J. Pearce and others. U.S Bur. of Minos Kept, of Invest., No.3-536, U.S. Bur. of Mines, Washington, D.C. (February, 1943). Two scries of tests were conducted by the Bureau of Mines in cooperation with re presentatives of the Chemical Fire Extinguisher Association (1) to determine whether or not phosgene was fomed v;hen carbon tetrachloride-type fire-extinguish er liquid was applied to burning magnesium and magnesium incendiary bombs and (2) to determine other significant gases that might be formed under these same condi tions. Steel, concrete, and wood surfaces were used to support the burning rnater- ials. Phosgene, chlorine, and the vapors of extinguisher liquid were found in all of the fire-test atmospheres, carbon monoxide was found in all but one, and hydre.gen chloride was found in all but three. The results of the fire tests made in Newark and in Pittsburgh are in fair agreement, considering the many uncontroll able factors involved. The kind and amount of gases found depended mainly on the type of surface on which the burning magnesium material was supported and were not appreciably affected by the form of the burning magnesium, that is, whether it was chips or incendiary bombs. The use of carbon tetrachloride fire-extinguish er liquid on burning magnesium incendiary bombs is not recommended; but its use on fires; whether ignited by bombs or by other means, should not be discouraged, as such types of extinguishers are in widespread use and have established an ex cellent record in the .control of incipient fires over many years.-- Authors' summary and conclusions. 537 Cancer and Toxic Gases. J.E. Pcssano. Semana Med., (Buenos Aires) II, 210-214 (1942). (Spanish). Among the products of combustion in gasoline motors some belong to the group con sidered to be canccrogenic. Rats respiring products of combustion of petroleum (fuel oil) at high concentration developed carcinoma of the lungs with widely dis tributed netastases. Ingestion of the black deposit formed by the combustion pro duced a papillomatous hyperplasia of tho gastric epithelium, ulcers of the mucosa nnd hyperplastic development of the glands. The liquid products formed by com bustion of petroleum when applied to the skin of rabbits produce malignant tumors. Tiic danger of soot is pointed out. . Ad _Air Di s ~xid--o~-* In--jJuriew sw , Fymnnski. AAa--rbeiitsschuWt1zW. lp"*.* 4WG'wW5 (1941/). `-uii'ur dicxido injuries (frequently occurring in founding magnesium alloys) al though .generally of temperay nature, uay lead to indispositions lasting a v.-eck or longer. Ir.'l-13-trial Hygiene Digest - o IZO Go 3 Hazards of Sulfur Dioxide. R. Freitag. S.Eis.u.Kaelte.Ind., 85, 3-4 (1942), A review on the possible sulfur dioxide content of the air in industries handling sulfur dioxide, the dangers for nan, precautions for preventing the hazards, and treatnont of sulfur dioxide poisoning, C40 A Solvent Vanor, Carbon Disulfide -- Absorption. Elimination, Metabolism and Mode of Action. R.W. McMee, C. Kiper, J.K. Fountain, A.id. Riskin and Philip Drinicer. o * -a. M# n., 122, 217--222 (way 22, 194o) # Laboratory animal, human and in vivo tissue experiments an the absorption, elimin ation, metabolism, and mode of action of carbon disulfide shew the following re sults: (1) Saturation of the body with the relatively insoluble solvent vapor of carbon disulfide is quite rapid, requiring from 50 to 60 minutes. The necessary time interval depends largely on the exposure concentration and is longer with higher concentrations. (2) The major part of the elimination of retained free carbon disulfide takes place in the first 30 minutes; complete desaturation, how ever, requires 3 to 8 hours. The rate of desaturation, like the rate of satura tion, depends to a large degree on the exposure concentration, a longer time be ing required with a higher concentration. (3) No matter how high the exposure concentration, a saturation point is reached beyond which there is no further ab sorption of carbon disulfide except as it is metabolized and excreted in the urine. (4) Of the retained vapor, about 8 to 13 per cent is excreted in the ex pired air, about C.5 per cent in the urine and none in the feces. (5) The remain ing 85 to 90 per cent of carbon disulfide is probably accounted for as metabolites (inorganic sulfates and organic sulfur compounds) excreted in the urine. (6) No free or metabolized carbon disulfide is found in the feces. (7) In vitro manometric experiments show that carbon disulfide in relatively large quantities in hibits slightly the succinic oxidase enzyme system, important in intermediate car bohydrate oxidation and normal nerve tissue metabolism. The pyruvic acid oxidase, pyruvic acid decarboxylase and lactic acid dehyaroginase systems which involve vitamin Bi were not inhibited by carbon disulfide. 541 Methyl Bromide Poisoning. E. Schifferli. Rev, med. Suisse Romande. 62, 244-250 (1942). Methyl bromide appears to act directly on the skin, central nervous system and vasomotor system. It enters the human body through the respiratory passages and skin. No remission period is observed; there is a continuity in the symptoms. Generally, several hours elapse between the time of exposure and the appearance of severe symptoms. 542 Protective Action of Sulfanilamide Against Liver Cirrhosis from Chronic Poisoning vath Carbon Tetrachloride. J.C. Forbes, B.E. Leach and G. Zur Williams. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 51, 47-48 (1942). Administration of sulfanilamide to rats retards development of liver cirrhosis from chronic carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, calcium pantothenate, inositol, alanine, glycine, tyrosine, methionine and nico tinic, p-aminobenzoic and ascorbic acids have no protective action in acute poi soning by carbon tetrachloride, p-aminobenzoic acid did not decrease the protec tive action of sulfanilamide in acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning. 543 Effects of Exposure to Toluene Used as Connoncnt of Paints. L. Greenburg and others. Industrial Hygiene (N.Y.) 22, 169-170 (April, 1943). Based on this study of 105 painters exposed to the inhalation cf toluene of be tween 100 and 1,100 parts per million for periods of time ranging from two weeks to more than five years, it is concluded that: (1) Industrial exposure of human beings to toluene resulted in enlargement of the liver, macrocytosis, moderately decreased levels of erythrocyte counts and absolute lymphocytosis; (3) Such ex posure did not result in leukopenia; (3) Early chronic toluene intoxication in man is cost evidenced by hepatomegaly and macrocytosis. 4 fI inl.U/Gi-ae DiCest - 9 n roifloiiin.fi. Masao Kamakura Japan J. of died. Sci., 7, Social Med. Kyg., f-7 (1940T. "i erroneous intravenous injection of 10 cubic centimeters of tro per cent cc.ani-.jn chloride solution in place of calcium bromide caused the death of an 13 year ...Id boy 40 minutes after the solution vns administered. Animal experiments {r .blit) with the same solution showed similar results but the effects were less cut* e. ji.c.Lbicm Resulting from Oxyacctylenc Cutting of Painted Structural .Steel. I. R. ;-:bcrchav: and others. J. Ind. Hyg. & Tox., 25_, 189-191 (May, 1543). The lead hazard from paint on structural steal when being cut with oxyacotyiene lurches -was extremely common during and after V/'orld War I and is once more assum ing proportions which bring it to attention. The authors conducted a study of a group of 14 men engaged in salvaging an old elevated railway structure. Lead was present in the paint and filler, and scrapings contained 7/i lead. Four lead determinations in the breathing zone vath natural ventilation better than average, gave 1,8 to 24.0 mg. lead per 10 cu. m. air, all above the maximum allowable con centration. Although mechanical respirators approved for use in toxic fumes -were worn by all except two workers, who v.-ore canister-type filters with a charcoal soda-lino filter, and. the men wore exposed to the fumes only during adjustment of the filters and other necessary times, the urinary load concentration ranged above the normal of 0.00 to 0.08 mg. lead per 1. in nearly all workers. Practically all were ill at one time or another with some symptoms of lead poisoning, and two case histories that are presented give indications of poisoning. The evidence, is overwhelming that the process is a potential source of plunbisn and that neither the use of respirators nor natural ventilation provides complete protection. Suit able respirators should be provided, but medical examinations should also be given periodically including blood and urine studies. Workers who develop signs or symptoms of plumbisn should be rotated to less hazardous jobs. 546 Vitamin C and Lead Poisoning. Linka. Zahnarztl. Rundschau., 49., 1900-2 (1940). The hypothesis that the detoxicating effect of ascorbic acid is due to the com bination of lead and the vitamin is offered. It is said that lead poisoning is not related to an avitaminosis. 547 Effect of Sodium Citrate Administration on Excretion of Lead in Urine and Feces. T.V. Letonoff and S.S. Kety. J. Pharmacol., 77, 151-3 (1S437T In eight of nine patients with histories of long lead exposures, sodium citrate given in daily oral doses of 15-20 grams caused appreciable increases in urinary and fecal lead excretion. t 548 Health Hazards in folding. G. Kipcr. Ind. Med., 12., 150-152 (March, 1943). Dr. Kiper describes briefly the procedures employed in industrial welding and re lates those procedures to health hazards. A classification of these hazards in arc welding is: (1) Gases, mainly nitrogen oxides; (2) Metal fumes, vapors and smokos. The most important of those arc the metal fumes of iron oxide. Common symptoms are constant gastro-intestinal troubles, a constant polycythemia vera, ---d metal fume fever. (3) Artificial ionization, causing subjective symptoms as well as physiological changes in metabolism, blood pressure, pulse and respira tion. (4) Radiation, which may cause subjective eye troubles. Health hazards in oxyacotyiene welding include all these plus carbon monoxide poisoning, accty- i'.ne asphyxia and poisoning from impurities in the acetylene. Besides these, ixere is the constant danger of burns and eye injuries. A list of preventive measures is given which includes adequate ventilation, protective clothing, care ful promploynent and periodic physical examinations, and education and instruc tion cf the workers. GO - .nstrial Hygiene Digest - 10 T'-o M^rnesiura (Grinding of Castings and Other Articles) Order, 1945, Dated Febru- 11. 1943. K;.de by the Minister of Labor and National Service Under Regulation oj of the Defence (General) Regulations, 1539. (Statutory Rules and Orders,No.263. Iho order applies to factories where persons arc employed in the grinding or relishing of castings or other articles consisting wholly or mainly of magnesium, -.nd "magnesium" is meant to include an alloy containing more than 20 per cent of magnesium. The occupier is required to keep all plants and apparatus in good condition. Precautions are prescribed to prevent the causing of sparks. There must be adequate provision for dust removal and safe disposal, and there must be automatic arrangements to ensure that the dust removal plant is operating if mechanical power is used for grinding or polishing, and this plant must have been in operation for the preceding five minutes before the process is begun. Dust, sludge end scale deposited in any scrubber used for dust collection must bo remov ed at least weekly, and no tool containing iron or ferrous material nay be used for that purpose. Precautions for the disposal of material from a scrubber are prescribed. Smooth, fire-resisting protective clothing must be provided for the v/orkers. There must be no smoking, open lights or fires within 20 feet cf any process or of any scrubber or other container for magnesium dust, or in any room where scrubbings are lodged. Obligation is laid on the employees to refrain from any practices prohibited above, and to report any defects. DO Safe Limits on Mercury and Chromates in Air T;*ork Places. P.A. Neal and F.H. Goldman. Indust. Stand., 14, 79-30 (March, 1943). This brief article describes the health hazards of mercury, chromic acid and chromates. The need for safe standards is emphasized primarily for mercury where war requirements have increased production of this commodity to the point that many low grade sources in this country are nov; being utilized. Recommended stan dards are 1 mg. per 10 cu. ra. for mercury and 1 mg. per 10 cu. m. of chromic acid anhydride. The latter standard applies to hexavalent chromium compounds only. 51 Silicosis: General Considerations and Survey in Coeur D'Alene Kining District of Idaho. P.M. Ellis. Northwest Med., 41. 4Q6 (December, 1942). The authors tabulate the results of 7,542 physical examinations out of 10,000 mine workers and new employees in the Coeur D'Alene district, from 1935 to 1942. Of the total number 1,299 had not been exposed to silica dust but the remaining 6,243 had been exposed for 1 to 45 years. Of these workers 31# exposed for (an average) three and a half years had no silicosis on roentgen and clinical study, the roentgenograms of 32 per cent exposed for six and twenty-nine hundredths years showed excessive linear exaggerations (called presilicosis by many), 2.32 per cent exposed for more than eight and up to more than fifteen years had silico sis and tuberculosis, 0.24 per cent exposed for throe years had tuberculosis with out silicosis and the remaining 35 per cent exposed for eleven to nineteen and a half years- had various grades of silicosis. The authors feel that disability from simple uncomplicated silicosis is not as severe as might be assumed from the roentgenograms alone. For determining disability, exercise tests such as used in life insurance examinations and those nov; used in examining draftees for the Army arc sufficient for the average person when a careful history, physical examination and adequate roentgenograms are had. Superimposed infection is the greatest fac tor in increasing dyspnea, cough and disability to work. Tuberculosis is the most important; it tends to increase the susceptibility to silicosis. Diseases inci dent tc advancing age must be considered. In many persons the treatment of sili cosis is entirely that of prevention, and this is an engineering problem. Above -11, the contact of the silicotic patient with tuberculosis must be avoided. A n;:n who has worked long enough under present conditions for silicosis to develop in an experienced and valuable employee, especially in these times, and he may be aolo to produce much more, if there is no superimposed infection, than an individ ual in perfect health with no experience. If this man's exposure to fine quarts : -trial Hygiene Digest - Xi particles is lov; enough to be safe, he, in the light of p.. work productively with little further danger. ' t knowledge, ma-1* ..1 Dust Investigations in the Coramie Industry. Part IV. Pen -gator Ground Enrthenv-T.ro White Tile Dust. K.L. Goodall. hoc* 2, 1-10 (1943). ' , "id Versus Disinte' ns. Brit. Ceramic. r.-urthenv^rc white tiles arc node from a finely ground clay , . cal composition is 4C# calcined flint, 50ft Devon and Dorsc.i , "< of 'which the typi- clay and 10# Cornish stone. The dust is prepared for use '1 clays, 20# china moisture. The filter-press cukes of this composition are i, '"ining 10 to 12# of par. mill or in a disintegrator to give the fine dust requi - , " .ground either in a The work described in this paper was done to ascertain whim ('or the tilo presses. cither of these methods was safer to use than that ground i., ' dust ground by dust wore distinctly coarser than the other, then that woul-i , ' >ie other. If one to use. Microscopical determinations wore made of the sir.i. '*>bably be the safer two kinds of dust in samples obtained from the majority or i, '"tributions of the try. Samples of the air-borne dust associated with various , firms in the indus- or other cf the dusts was used for tile-pressing were takoi. , "-cesses where one mal precipitator, and the size distributions of the dusts n . ' means of the ther- these lines of investigation it appears that the size disti >, mined. From ground by the two methods are virtually identical, that th.. , 'Ions of the dusts the dust particles in the air of shops where the two kinds . . 1 e distributions of also the seme, and that thero is no evidence that the totaJ ;ust are used are in the press shops is influenced by the method by which th, . "itiness of the air "b is prepared. 53 Chronic Toxicity of Aerosol-OT. A.E. Benaglia and othi.i, Tox.~,~25, 175-180 (May,~1943). J. Ind. Hyg. & Aorosol-OT is the trade name of a wetting and penetrating dioctyl cstor of sodium sulfosuccinate. It has extensive i,|.; 'consisting of the textile industry, paint and ink manufacture, ore dressing, ''cations in the grzphy, and is used in cleaning operations in other industi-i, > cleaning and photo employed in concentrations of 0.01 to 0.1#. It is being c. " It is usually ingredient in dentifrices, pharmaceuticals and other produci, 1 ;ored as a possible the absorption of small amounts by human beings. Therefore . "hich may involve city were desirable. In extensive experiments with rats, r-,i .'ariments on texi- dogs, the authors found the hematological picture normal, n., 'bs, monkeys and ings, end no effect on survival, all indicating a low order , . biological find Auusenorloikisneoll-ytOh, eT.hfoowoSedovmeienr, ddteuhgsarterteyrewoahf ecngtioainststrioso-finctothenasstitdinesaroelrdtiritrnhiatahtutmiitoannisbeui,.,-,j..,,'" hoxicity for 'cc-rved. It seems should follow its of the order of 0.01-0.1#. Lack of toxicity for man is eviii... ' In concentrations that toms icnarweofiufclmpenerwiohodichapvehyhsaicnadlledextahmeinmataiotensriahlavdeaiflayiloevdertoporn. .'' 'C'A<! by the fact any toxic symp- of years, 54 An Outbreak of Hnlowax Acne ("Cable Bash") Among Electrician. J.A.M.A., 122, 153-11 (May 15, 1243). ' L. Schwarts. In spite of their known effect on the skin, the halowaxes nr. uso in insulation of wires and cables. Four VJest Coast Ship, ': ading increased breaks of ' cable rash" among electricians stripping cables u ~ reported out- wax. On investigation, it ves learned that in only one of t: -noted with halo- genuine chlcro-wax acne. The cable used at that plant had a / .rds was there oiov.-ax was easily loosing from the asbestos and would easil y ' ting in which the t hi: skin and clothing of the workers. In the other threv y .> .a in contact with as more compact and th. halowax was not easily loosened. i>i ' the cable coating cno was decided by exposure history and appearance and local csis of halowax hich differ somewhat in location, number of comedones, cont. ' of the lesions, of cysts, dryness t ,'i"l Hygiene Digest - 12 tl'.e shin and persistency of the lesions. Kalowax acne closely resembles coal * ritch acne, and they can be distinguished only be case history. The lesions ..... found whore clothing that contains halowax touches the skin, and wives and ; .r.ilicG of workers are thus exposed. Precautionary measures recommended include -0 of hood respirators, wearing of clean coveralls and long uncerclothes cleaned ,...iiy, precautionary liver tests, and the application of a protective cream con taining shellac, isopropyl alcohol, talcum powder and other ingredients. ;h~"rds industrial Use of Chlorinated Naphthalene and Diphenyl. E.C. Riley. V. State Ind. Bull., 80-31 (February, 1343). A recent increase in cases of occupational dermatitis, clilcracne and acute or subacute yellow atrophy of the liver, has been attributed to chlorinated naphtha lene and diphenyl compounds (trade names are Kalowax and Aroclor). Wherever these compounds are handled without adequate control measures, industrial diseaso has resulted. Poisoning may result from inhalation of vapors or fumes, from pro longed skin contact with vapor, fume, liquid or solid phase, or from ingestion of any of the forms, and in general, the more chlorine atoms in the compound, the greater the toxicity. Warning signs of toxicity are (1) appearance of a skin rush after prolonged exposure to these materials, and (2) systemic effects, the most serious of which is jaundice. The relation between these two signs is un- knewn, although persons with rash usually do not develop systemic poisoning. The former symptom leads to small lesions in the exposed area which may suppurate, the latter leads to toxic destruction cf liver substance. The liver is the organ most affected in systemic poisoning, though liver damage frequently is observed after months of exposure when the patient is seriously ill with jaundice. Various preventive and hygienic measures are recommended: proper ventilation and cleaning ' of impregnating machines used; constant medical examination (contraindications'to . working with those materials are liver disoasc, jaundice, anti-syphilitic treat ment, pregnancy); frequent and supervised change of clothing before coming to work; use of creams; and informing the workers in regard to proper handling of the compounds, and possible tcxic effects. 256 fcctol Poisoning. A. Bostrom. Nord. Tid. Fot., 25_, 135-6 (1941). Pure netol (monomethyl-p-aminophenol sulfate) is relatively harmless. However, certain impurities, especially the dimethyl derivative, are poisonous and cause skin eruptions. A salve consisting of 10 g. ichthyol, 40 g. lanolin, 30 g. petro latum and 25 g. finely ground boric acid is recommended for the treatment of mctol eczema. SO? A Note on p-Nitroaniline Poisoning. R. Lobo-Mendonca. Indian Med. Gaz., 77, 673-676 (1942). . Cases of industrial poisoning caused by its use as dye in the textile industry are described. The dye is most commonly absorbed by the skin, causing paralysis of the central nervous system, and marked cyanosis, sometimes death. A spectros copic examination of the blood reveals the presence of methemoglobin. In several cases tho hemoglobin is excreted and hematoporphyrin is found in the urine. p-Hitroaniline as well as p-amino phenol were found in the residue of ether-extract ed urine. - Paraphcnylcncdiamine. M.A. Foil. Prcssc mod., 48, 819-20 (1940). P nraphcnylenouismir.c will cause toxic symptoms, especially in people with sensi tive skins. Progressive sensitization may occur after years of symptom free on: os us to th< compound. Decensitizntion is recommended, principally when the uko:vical is us^d as hair dye. Respiratory asthma is a common effect. Paraphenyl- cr.edicnine in fur dyes may cause toxic effects. ; :-/v;ntrial Hygiene Digest - 13 . . 'j Observations on the Fete of Pentnchlorphcnol in the Animal Organism. '< Mac hie, ;\7~Leicbmana and G. Thomas. J.Ind.Hyg, & Tox., 25., 192-104 (liny, 1943). In connection with the previous work of the authors on the toxicity of pcntaciiiorphenol, information on two additional points was necessary in order to pave the way for studies on human beings. The first concerned the largest amount of pentachlorphenol that could be ingested daily without causing reten tion in the blood. It was found that 1 mg. per kg. body weight caused only doubtful retention. The second question was the relationship between concentra tions in the blood and urine following ingestion. During the 3 hours following the inge-stion of 50, ICO and 200 mg. respectively, the ratio of urinary concen tration to blood concentration varied from 23 to 34. In 24 hours there were very considerable decreases in both. These results confirm earlier observations and suggest that urinary determinations may offer a sensitive means of estimat ing the extent of human absorption and therefore of exposure. 560 Acute and Chronic Effects of Pentachlorophenol and Sodium Pentachlorophenate upon Experimental Animals. V.r. Deichmann and others. J, Pharmacol., .76, 104-117 (1942). ' Pentachlorophenol (1) and sodium pentachlorophcnate (II), when absorbed in suffi cient quantity into the tissues of dogs, rabbits, rats and guinea pigs, produce an acute toxic state characterized by accelerated respiration, moderately elevat ed blood pressure, hyperpyrexia, hyperglucemia, glucosuria and hyperpcristelsis. Fatal cases end in asphyxial convulsions end cardiac and muscular collapse. Rigor mortis is immediate and profound. Irritation of the skin and marked local damage, followed by complete recovery, is the usual result of cutaneous applica tion of I. II can be absorbed through the skin into the blood. II is rapidly absorbed from the stomach. Feeding small amounts mixed with the diet causes no important tissue damage. Repeated sublethal doses do not affect the blood pic ture. In rabbits approximately 70^ of ingested II is excreted in the urine, mostly in the first 24 hours, about 9# decomposed in the body and the remainder is found in the tissues and foces. After intraperitoneal injection in rats ex cretion is slow. I is not conjugated with sulfuric acid or glucuronic acid. Soap is more effective than alcohol for removing I or II from the skin. 561 Toxicity of Thiourea - Adult Life Span Animal Feeding Experiments with Thiourea (Thiocarbamide). Albert Hartzoll. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 12, 471-80 (1942). Autopsies of thiourea fed mice and rats revealed no pathological change that could be attributed to that compound. Thiourea is used to prevent the browning of cut surfaces of vegetables and fruits. - . 562 The Poisons in Chemical Industry. V. Andriska. Kcsn. Lapja. 2, 10 (2-3), 11 (1-4* (1941). The industrial poisons are reviewed with respect to mode of entry into the organ ism, action, treatment and prophylaxis. 563 Chemical Fumes and All ere:/. Queries and Minor Notes. J.A.M.A., 122. 144 (May 8, 1943"). cooker of varnishes suffers from asthma, which appears when preparing a varnish containing phthalic and maleic acids. The question is how the attacks may be avoided. The fumes irritate all persons, but allergy greatly increases the ex tent of irritation. Allergy tests arc suggested. If it is not possible to re move the fumes, a respirator should bo worn, and an ointment in the nostrils. If those measures fail, change of occupation is the only alternative. rial Hygiene Digest - 14 i<. --on the Prevention of Industrial Denr.atitis; h'ith Special Reference ' Xno Use Of Barrier Substances. Ministry of Labor and National Sorvicc, V~i-7iy Deportment. Form 330, (December, 1343}. protection of the exposed skin by a barrier substance is important v:herc tr.f.Tc is a dermatitis hazard. acquirements of a barrier substance are: that it ;:J.o-ilc bo non-irritant, its pH value should be about 5.5 to 6.5, it should be insoluble in the substances to which, there is exposure, it should bo easily applied, non-slippery, and easily removed by ordinary washing. Even when gloves re v.-orn barrier substances should bo applied as an added protection against strong acids or caustic alkalis. In cases of exposure to aniline or TNT or or her substances where there is risk of absorption of poison, care must be taken in the choico of barrier substances as fat applied to the skin may increase the risk. Thorough inspection of the skin should be carried out to ensure full use of protective measures and to detect early signs of irritation. Cleanliness, and the provision of suitable washing facilities, arc essential. 65 Industrial Dermatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment. A.D.K. Peters. The Practitioncr, 149, 340-348 (December! 1942). Industry is concerned with contact dematitis. Its diagnosis is simple, but the problem of isolating the responsible irritant may be complex -- it involves a survey of the 'worker's entire environment, 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. The factor of idiccyncrasy is important. Sensitiveness nay vary with age and with pigmentation and thickness of the skin. The effects upon the skin of caustic substances, weak alkalis, fat solvents, and some other chemicals are described. Inadequate cleansing and the use of certain cleansers are possible causes cf der matitis. Differential diagnosis and preventive measures ore discussed. The use of barrier substances is advised and methods for their use are discussed briefly. Susceptible workers should be placed on a probationary period, with light con tact in order that they may be rsnoved before they incur severe dermatitis. Treatment comprises removed of the irritant from the person, prevention of fresh contact, and dehydration and protection of the inflamed skin. 66 Chemicals in Fabrics as Potential Skin Irritants. H.E. Cox. Proc. Hoy. Soc. Med., 35, 27-33 (1941). Unoxidized paraphenylenediamine, chromium compounds, vegetable tannins, logwood, fustic, and gallotannic acid have been found to be the cause of skin irritation from dyed fabrics. Woolens contain sulfite, dyes and mordants which may produce dermatitis. Yfetting agents, dclustering, anticrcasing, and waterproofing com pounds are known to be occasional irritants in textiles. Some of these compounds pass through the skin, causing hemolysis. Some of the anticreasing compounds are synthotic resins which may contain free formaldehyde. Beta hydroxynaphthoic is used in rayon and traces of the compound have caused dermatitis. Phenols, amines, and quinones are used to prevent the deterioration of latex rubber which is hastened by perspiration. The decomposition retardants are skin irritants and sensitizers. 67 Shin Hazards in the Manufacture of Glass V.'ool and Thread. L. Schwartz and I. 6'atvlrhek. Ind. Med. ,"12^'142-144 (Mirch, 1943). Protective and preventive measures against skin sensitization depend upon the type of job at which the -.worker is or.ployed. In general, those measures in clude: (1) Clean work clothes daily; {) Shower baths after work; (3) G-lovcs, norvy clothes, and impervious sleeves and aprons; (4) Petroleum jolly on the nasal septum; (5) An "invisible glove" typeof cream to all exposed parts. Industrial Hygiene Digest - 15 ;; : Infectious Hepatitis and Infectious -Keratoconjunctivitis Provisionally Ailed to Manual ''Control of Communicable Diseases." D.S. Pub. Health Ropts., 56, 405106 (MarcifeS, 1243). Keratoconjunctivitis bus recently been included in the manual "Control of Com municable Diseases," sponsored jointly by the Public Health Service and the American Public Health Association. A description of tho disease is given, in cluding methods of control. 59 A Shin Lesion Resembling That Caused by Mustard Gas, Found in a Varnish Factory. J. ainterscheid. Arch.f.Gowcrbepath.u.Gowerbchyg. 11, 242-255 (December 21, 1941), (German). A slow-healing shin lesion blistered at the edges is described in a worker when an unprotected part of the arm came in contact with a varnish solvent, Polysolvan 0, contaminated with various varnish and solvent residues. Polysolvan 0 is a water-clear colorless mixture of esters of aliphatic alcohols, immiscible with vrater and of low volatility (it contains no ethanol), boiling point 150-200C, flash point 550C. Patch testing acquitted Polysolvan 0 of skin irritation when pure. The possible varnish residues Vinoflex MP 400 (a synthetic unsapenifiable mixed Vinyl chloride polymerizate), Vinnapas HP (a polyvinyl acetate), Kollodiumwolle A3 {a low viscous alcoholic nitrocellulose), and the solvent residues xylol, solvent benzol II, toluol, ethyl acetate, spirit and butyl alcohol were then tested on three individuals. The causal factor of the skin irritation was found to be the combined action of Polysolvan 0 and Vinnapas EP. A protective fatty ointment "Quimbo" is recommended as a preventive measure. 570 The Effect of Turpentine Oil on Noraal and Hypersensitive Skins. I. Rokstad and P. 3onnevie. Acta Deimato-Venereol., 22, 401-451 (194l). Components of turpentine were tested for their eczematogenous and toxic reactions. Detailed criteria for toxic effect and eczematogenous effect are given. A new skin-test method, the adhesion chamber method, is described. In the low-boiling impurities of turpentine a certain parallelism was found between toxic end eczematogenous affect. This is not true for the terpenes themselves, which show ed no distinct differences in a toxicity sense, but a marked difference in an eczematogenous sense. The strongest eczematogenous effect was found with delta 3-carene and limonene. The impurities have the smallest effect in both respects. 571 The Industrial Worker -- His Eyes. A. Ebling. Sight Saving Rev., 1943; Ind. Med., 12, 173-130 (March, 1943). The need for better knowledge and better application of this knowledge about the eyos is emphasized. Many firms, provide pre-employment eye examinations follow ed by periodic tests. Management has also afforded protection against injury by providing goggles, shields, face masks, helmets and hoods. However, certain dis ease hazards have been ignored by management and worker alike. Among these are poor lighting, unhealthful working conditions, and unsanitary conditions and practices in work places. Some suggestions for protecting the eyes from disease or difficulties are: Do not rub the eyes vath a dirty towel, handkerchief, sleeve, or hand; get expert first aid for eyes; use mechanical protection if necessary; use your prescribed glasses; go to the eye clinic or doctor as soon as disturbances arc noted; get plenty of sleep, rest, relaxation ana good food. oMom of Simulation of Industrial Fve Injuries. 1.11. Vila Ortiz, *'; - - * -t-1 r.c s o Oft., 2, 169 (October, November, December, 1941). author divides the various types of mrJ.ingo.ring into groups and discusses different phases of each group. IL- gives tho percentages of malingerers tarn in dustrial eye accidents, as reported by different -writers. In tho detection cf simulated blindness the diploccope of Tarducci was found most useful. (3 figures.! r. r\ * ^ . U : ;: `.r: 'ustrial Nygiene Digest - 16 i_?3 Aid for Eye Injuries. A.Z. Town. Sight Saving Dev., L2, 153 (Sept. ,1942). '1 h- most frequent injuries to which eyes ere subjected are from foreign, bodies. Corneal foreign bodies should be cared for by the surgeon. Penetrating wounds of the eyeball are always serious -and call for immediate aid by an eye surgeon, because of the rapid lid-relic:: most thermal burns affect only the skin of eha lids. In the third-degree bums of gasoline explosions in autonobile or aero plane accidents, the explosion, is so rapid that there is no time for lid closure;, hence the conjunctiva and cornea are involved and lid margin may be lost, produc ing severe dcforaitics. The gases of chemical 'warfare, if used in this v.-ur, will be disseminated by aeroplane spray and the civilian population will suffer if unguarded by gas masks. Lewisite may cause blindness. It penetrates deeply. Oils and ointments retain lewisite, and therefore should not be used. Immediate and repeated irrigations of tvio per cent solution of sodium bicarbonate arc ad vised. Tear-gas symptoms are severe but the irritation is only temporary. 674 Plant Lighting. Anonymous. Nat. Safety News. 4, 111-112, 130 (March, 1943). This article is an excellent review of the illumination requirements for indus trial plants. The need for better lighting in war industries is stressed. A convenient chart guide for estimating the number of lamps required for 0 foot candle installations accompanies the article. Fluorescent lighting is discussed briefly. 575 The Prevention of Ear Disability in Industry. D.A. McCoy. J.A.M.A., 121, 1330 1331 (April 24, 1943). A plastic ear mold has been developed to protect the ear from intense noises in places such as airplane assembly lines and shipyards. Each mold is fitted to the particular ear, and the molds are relatively indestructible, efficient in diminishing intense and high frequency noises while permitting conversation, pre vent the entrance of foreign matter, and are light, transparent and easily clean ed. Thus the hazards of loud noises and of slag bums and of other damage by foreign matter are prevented. /.ir-3ome Infection. O.H. Robertson. Science. 97, 495-502 (June 4, 1943). The paper reports the recent growth of knowledge of the role played by air in the transmission of respiratory disease. During the present war respiratory disease, though mild, has been prevalent and accounts for half the total of all cases admitted to hospital. The hemolytic streptococcus, commonly found in acute infections of the respiratory tract, presents a menace should the present type of respiratory disease become more severe or should an epidemic of influenza occur. As evidence for aerial transmission of infection, a number of clinical observations are reported, which give support to the conclusion that, in closed spaces, this mode of transmission does take place. Experimental studies, a num ber of which are described have yielded more conclusive evidence. Measures which arc being advocated for the control of air-bome infections fall into two catoccri.es -- those designed to prevent dispersal of infectious material into the air, and those employed or proposed to reduce the infectivity of contaminated atmospheres by killing or removing the disease-producing agents. Preventive measures of the first type are: Oiling cf floors and blankets; isolation of in footed patients; adequate masking; and ventilation. The value of ultraviolet r-diation in the spread of air-borne infection is not fully established, but it rao beer, effective under certain conditions and in certain types of disease. infaction by chemical moans is a method of air-sterilization that has been r .ally introduced. Search was made for a substance that is non-toxic, nonieritating to the respiratory tract, odorless, tasteless, and yet possessing a "ad rapid killing action, on the bacteria in the air. Among the con ] ''undo tested, propylene glycol most nearly fulfilled the requirements. The c 0 /. < c ::! is trial Hygiene Digest - 17 results of the action of propylene glycol in various concentrations ore given and a tentative explanation is made of the mechanism of its bactericidal effect on air-suspended bacteria. 77 The affect of Propylene Glycol Varor on the Incidence of Respiratory Infections in a Convalescent Homo for Children. Preliminary Observations. T.K. Harris and U . otOXOS. .mi. J Ijlod. oCi. , Oc'4 , 4o0--O (l9*rO) * A great reduction was obtained in the incidence of respiratory infection during a period when propylene glycol was vaporized in a ward. 73 Pactoriel Observations on the Air of Occupied Premises. I. Air Disinfection with Hyncchlorites. S.VA Challinor. J. of Hyg., 43_, 16-54 (January, 1943). Experiments v;e-ro carried out making bacterial counts of samples of the air under various conditions from a poorly ventilated room, sizad 1700 cubic feet and con taining 14 to 17 men. Hypochlorite was the germicide used and was atomized by one of two methods, either a Dynalysor or a simple hand-spray flit gun. Although the Dynalysor was the more effective method, even the large drops produced by the hand-spray caused approximately a 33$ reduction in the bacteria count. Most of the experiments were carried out with a hand-spray because of its availability to the public. The concentration of hypochlorite used was extremely small, 0.33 cc. hypochlorite per million cc. air or about 18 cc. totally. One spraying of this concentration by a hand-spray reduced the total bacterial count of the air in the order of 33$ or more. These results are probably low, for never mere than 2$ of the total count were pathogenic bacterial, and it is known that many saprophytic bacteria are relatively resistant to disinfection. The pathogenic bacteria are also moist, and therefore probably more susceptible to disinfection than the dried bacteria of the air. Reduced bacteria counts lasted only 15-20 minutes, therefore indicating the necessity of repeated sprayings. Hypo chlorite containing 1$ sodium hypochlorite was more effective than bleaching powder. Relative humidity had to be 60$-TO$ before maximum results were obtained. Tobacco smoke reduced the effectiveness of tha hypochlorite. Of interest is the fact that the occupants could always smell the hypochlorite for a few minutes, but that very few irritant or corrosive effects were found. The occupants said that the hypochlorite "freshened" the room. 79 Studies on Air-3ome Virus Infections, I. Experimental Technique and Preliminary Observations on Influenza and Infectious Bctromelia. D.G. Edward, W.J. Elfora and P.P, Laidlaw, J. of Ifyg., 43., 1-10 (January, 1943). A method is described for the experimental investigation of aerosol systems form ed by tho atomization of suspensions of viruses into the atmosphere. This opens an experimental approach to such problems as the use of ultraviolet light and aerosols of chemical antiseptics as counter measures against air-borne virus in fections. Mice, placed in an atmosphere in which the respective virus has been atomized, contract the diseases of influenza and infectious ectromelia in a manner cloccly analogous to naturally occurring air-borne infections. Two methods of experimental infections, intranasal instillation under anesthesia and normal in halation, are compared and contrasted. It is deduced that as little as 1 per C'-nt of the virus may reach the lungs of nice breathing normally in the atmosphere containing dispersed nuclei of influenza virus. Evidence was also obtained in dicating the superior persistence of infective nuclei carrying influenza virus i:i dry, as compared with humid, atmospheres. ` i'Lee in Air-Horne Virus Infactio ns. II. The Killing of Virus Aerosols by 1:1 'Violet Radiation. D.G-. Eu-.vard D, Lush and R.B. Ecurdillon. J of iiyg > illi H-15 (January, 1943). l.io technical method used is that cf the aerosol systems described in Part I of tais .article, pp. 1-10 of tho same journal. The experiments shew that rapid and \iantriol Hygiene Digest - lg ' effective sterilizntion of atmospheres containing particles of influenza and vaccinia virus, and probably also of herpes simplex virus, can be obtained by ultraviolet radiation of wave-length 2537 A, At least 99^ of an aerosol of in fluenza virus is killed by exposure for six seconds at a distance of 2 cm from either a Hanovia or a G.E.C. "Star!lamp." At the same distance, the "3torilamp'f produces more than a 99fo kill of vaccinia virus v.lth on exposure of one second ana about a 90fi kill in 0.5 sec. Those results indicate that "germicidal" lamps arc likely to be useful in reducing the infectivity of air contaminated with particles from persons suffering from virus infections of the respiratory tract. The Chemical ar.d Physical Investigation of Germicidal Aerosols. II. The Aerosol Centrifuge. S.R. Tiro: and 1.0. Powell. J. Hyg,, 42, 354-5 64 (1942). The centrifuge consists of two coaxial cylinders between which a gas, carrying suspended particles, is passed longitudinally. The outer cylinder rotates, or both do so together, and the particles then tend to collect on the outer wall of the annular space. The particles that enter the centrifugal field very close to the inner cylinder will have the best chance of escaping. When the cylinders rotate together, there will be a critical particle size or "cut off" where all particles above this size will be collected. When only the outer tubo rotates there is no such limit. The relations between the behavior of the centrifuge and its dimensions, speed, and airflow were experimentally tested and mathematical formulas derived which give an adequate basis for design. 582 Urban Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases. C.A. Mills. Am. J. Ifyg,, 37, 131-141 (March, 1943). There exists a highly significant relationship between atmospheric pollution (soctfall) and respiratory disease death rates in the various districts of Cin- ' cinnati and Pittsburgh. This hazard involves particularly the men living and working in the badly polluted industrialized districts of the two cities. Even the females of these districts show much more respiratory disease than is found in the hilltop suburbs, but the male rates rise two to three times more than the female. ' Little difference between male and female rates exists in the subur ban areas of these two cities or among rural residents of Ohio. Exhaust steam from power sources adds greatly to the winter smoke problem by remaining as a fog to hold the flue products suspended in the air th people must breathe. Remedial stops should include: (a) use of low-volatile coal or proper equipment to burn high-volatile varieties smokelessly; (b) effective trapping of fly-ash in chimney or stack; (c) preliminary washing of high-sulphur coals; and (d) use by the railroads of Diesel or electric power within metropolitan limits. - Author's summary. 583 Chest Pi3oase in Industry. A.!. Amor. The Practitioner. 149, 326-339 {December, 1942), . Chemical poisons are tabulated, according to their sites of action on the respir atory tract and the types of lesions produced arc also shown. There follow dis cussions of etiology, pathology, end clinical manifestations, and, finally, notes or. works practice. The original paper should be read by those interested. 8 pare-trie ho sis on the V/itwatcrarand. C.J. duToi.t. Proc. Transvaal Mine Medical Officers' Assoc., 22. (June, 1042). The disease described is a rare fungus infection widely and irregularly distri buted among the nines of the Transvaal, The habitat of the fungus is on treated rr ur.tr'-.ted timber, in mine water ar.d in mud at wide range cf temperature and ua. i'yr.ptcms are described and the development cf the disease is traced. Treat ment with potassium iodide is effective and brings relief within a period of a Rrev.ntivc measures arc suggested. It is an industrial disease and is compensable. Hygiene Cigect - 1'? *-i Acidity in Pulmonary Tuberculosis.. A.L. Kruger. Am. J. of Digestive ; 10, 111-114 (1943) . incidence of gastric snacidity was found to increase with the severity of .j tubercular lesion and vath fever in a study of 225 patients with pulmonary u reulosis. No relationship was found between the degree of acidity and anc:u'-. The presence of intestinal tuberculosis did not correlate with acidity. "rr-trollina Absenteeism. U.S, Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards, ' .1 bulletin No. 12. (1943). Obtainable from the Supt. of Documents, V.'ash:tor., D.C. - 10 cents, ; plants experimenting with control devices for absenteeism have based action a careful attention to the following factors ana problems: (1) Definition and cords; (2) Responsibility; (3) Industrial Relations; (4) Personnel Management r:l Supervision; (5) Causes Related to the Job and the Individual: (a) produc tion planning and material shortages; (b) hours; (c) wages; (d) industrial accid.nts and disease; (e) industrial fatigue; (f) nutrition; (g) indifference or boredom; (h) lack of awareness of relation of job to war effort; (i) personal work patterns; (j) induction into the armed services. (6) Causes Growing cut of Community Problems: (a) transportation; (b) housing; (c) wartime difficulties iconducting shopping and personal business; {d) child care; (c) recreation. fickr.css Absenteeism Among; Industrial Workers, Final Quarter of 1942, with a Note on the Occurrence of Bronchitis end Pneumonia, 1953-1943. V<.M. Gafafer. Pub. Health Repts., 56, 677-680 (April 23, 1943). The increase in bronchitis and pneumonia among industrial workers, noted in a number of Dr. Gafafor1s earlier reports, is still in evidence. In this brief . report the cases of sickness and non-industrial injuries causing disability last ing more than 7 days are tabulated. The rate of 95.3 absences per 1,000 males I in the last quarter of 1942 is 16$ higher than the rate for the corresponding y;nrter cf 1941. For bronchitis the increase is 60$ and for pneumonia 130fj. The difference is most noticeable in iron and steel workers, but is probably largely due to the extraordinary increase in the number of those workers. Absenteeism Control. J.J. iVittmer. Ina. Med., 12> 281-284 (May, 1943). The author believes that the 4 million skilled man-days lost last year can be reduced by 50$, thus adding the equivalent of a million skilled men to those vdio arc turning out the products of war. Effective action in this direction can be accomplished by following: I. An adequate safety program. II. A comprehensive and intensive health program, and III a labor-management program of supervision of absentees. The health program covers the employee before he goes on the job, while ho is on the job, and when he is off the job. The pre-employment examina tion. should fit the man to the job. The medical department is responsible fer early diagnoses and treatment of minor illnesses. Preventive measures discussed 'uv: periodic examinations, consideration of the psychology of the employees, r ;feasibility of foremen in discovering changes in the employee's attitude, t:\ntr.ent of uppor respiratory infections, provision of rest periods for workers or; repetitive routine jobs, proper use of vitamin therapy, study of the question -i proper nutrition, and instruction in hygiene, with an effort to urge cmplcy- o to walk to and from work if they live within a mile of the place cf enplcy:-'nt. The labor-manag'jment program of supervision of absentees is outlined. It -' N.'os the thorough checking cf absences and the recording of each absence, ` -` tir.g up cf a ccm.ittoe, with representatives from the management and the 't\ - y-ms `he review the records of absentees and mete out penalties, which in .'rant cases may amount to discharge. c,0 I r. -tetrial Hygiene Digest - 2C Tr/ Industrie! Physician - And His Relation to Absenteeism. J. J. Wittmer. Ir.,. Med., ID, 284 (May, 1943). Tlis article is termed a "supplemental comment" to tie foregoing one. The author relates the problem, of absenteeism, to the industrial physician when ho states that he "feels definitely that the industrial doctor plays the largest part of all in controlling this 'loss cf time' from vjork." Kc presents 3 sues tions which the doctor must answer in the affirmative if he rates the title of industrial physician and does his bit to keep tho worker on the job. (Editor's Note: For further comment by Dr. Viittmor on absenteeism please see Proceedings of Foundation's Seventh Annual Meeting.) 090 Few Women Killed in Occupational Accidents. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., Statistical Bull., 24, 9-10 (February, 1943). Women have had a much lower death rate from accidents than men, but an increase may be expected as it becomes necessary to employ more of them in occupations involving serious hazards. However, protective measures have been introduced, and better standards and laws are already in existence. 391 Compensated Accidents. New York State Dept, of Labor, Div. of Statistics .and Information. N.Y. State Dept, of Labor, Ind. Bull., 2_, 163-164 (April, 1943). This report includes two types of compensation cases: (1) accidents due to con tact with harmful substances, and (2) occupational disease. The authors believe the two should be grouped together and distinguished only from mechanical acci dents, because the two are closely related and sometimes difficult to distinguish. In New York State in 1941 a total compensation of $1,010,343 was paid for 2,915 cases of the two typos. Of this amount $296,38? was paid for 1,050 accidental contact injuries, leaving $714,456 for 1,865 cases of occupational diseases. The most common occupational disease is dermatitis venenata, comprising about half the total cases, usually not severe, but one death and four cases of permanent disability resulted from this cause. The cost per case was $181. Other frequent occupational diseases were silicosis and other dust diseases, load poisoning, compressed air illness, benzene poisoning, blisters and bursitis. A number of awards were made for infectious or contagious diseases, including tuberculosis, scarlet fever, etc., contracted by nurses in hospitals. 592 Tho Factories (Notification of Diseases) Regulation. 1942, Dated January 26,1342. Made by tho Minister of National Service, Extending the Provisions of Section 65 of the Factories Act, 1937, to Toxic Anemia. Ministry of Labor and National Ser vice, Factory Dept., Form 2011, February, 1942. By the above mentioned regulation, toxic anemia becomes a notifiable industrial disease in Great Britain. The explanatory leaflet (Form 2011) informs those con cerned that the object of this notification is to afford to the factory inspector ate a clue to dangerous conditions ever which they can exercise control. Exten sion of the use in modern industry of X-rays, radio-active substances and various chemical compounds makes it necessary to pay special attention to the health of tho workers, and in particular to any e-ffoots on the blood and the blood-forming organs. For the purpose cf the Regulation the term "toxic anemia" is intended to apply to dishcmopoiotic anemia. Available information on the chemical sub- stnances v.hich may cause this condition is incomplete. It is not intended to limit the torn "toxic anemia" to any one type of dyshomopoiotic anemia, but to invite the notification of all casco of illness associated vath such a disturbance of the blood picture whore tho patient has been exposed to any cf the causal aments mentioned, as well ns to others that nay be met vath so that tho case may bo fully investigated. GO i:.; ;strial :ygiene Digest - 1 Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the Year 1941. ^nd, 397. London: II.il. Stationery Office (1941). She efforts of the Factory Department hove been directed to the achievement of maxim production in industry, which cor. be best accomplished by observing the general provisions of the Factories Act. Favorable wording conditions and reason able hours of work produce the best steady output. To meet a special emergency an extraordinary effort can bo made for a short period. It has been hard to con I vince government departments and private employers of these truths, despite the experience in the last vnr ana the publication of reports of research on hours ! of v/ork and. working conditions. Two other aspects of the work that have boor, em l phasized arc those of nutrition and proper personnel management departments in I the larger vorks. An increase in the gross figures of reportable accidents is due partly to the increased number of persons employed. However, the accident rate per 1,000 employees has risen. The increase is proportionately highest for adult females, and is due largely to their employment in dangerous processes. 179 accidents were due to the entanglement of hair in moving machinery. Fencing of machines and wearing of caps are recommended precautions. Oreater efforts should be made to prevent accidents, which cause a loss in Great Britain of 50 million man hours a month. The need for good personnel arrangement and welfare supervision is strongly emphasized, with responsibility for the some placed upon management. There is still much to be desired in factory ventilation, especially under black-out conditions. Improvement is reported in lighting since the new . Factory Lighting Regulations came in force in 1941. The report on industrial diseases shows the number of lead poisoning to be the lowest since notification become obligatory. There were 41 cases of toxic jaundice due to TNT, one death from chlorinated naphthalene, and one case of phosphorus poisoning. There was a rise in the number of cases of gassing, mainly with carbon monoxide, but slight ly fewer nitrous fumes gassing. Of the latter, only one out of 217 cases proved fatal. Dermatitis cases showed an increase, and the importance of the use of protective measures is stressed. Concerning hours of work, it is reported that out of about 10,000 factories employing women and young people over 16, permitted hours were between 55 and 60 in almost b.-lf of the cases. A special section of the report deals with cantoens. By the end of 1941 there were 6,592 places sub ject to inspection by the Department v:hich had canteens and 857 which had them in preparation. Their valuable influence upon the health of workers is recog nized. 594 Twentieth Annual Report of the Safety in Mines Research Board, 1941. Ministry of Fuel and Power, London: E.M, Stationery Office, (1943) The report gives an abridged account of the research which is continuing under the auspices of the Safety in Mines Research Board. Successful research has been conducted on the problems of dispersion of dust at loading points and suppression of dust during the overcutting of coal, both by the use of water sprays. A fil tration method for the reduction of dust passing into return airways from the coal face has been tested and a S8/S dust removal achieved. Many studies relating to the use of stone dust in the prevention of coal dust explosions are reported. Two methods for the determination of the proportions of free and combined silica in dusts were tested. Separation by flueboric acid was found unsatisfactory, but the other, in which silicates are separated by fusion with potassium pyrosul- futc, gave reproducible results and euicker than the sulfuric acid method. It appeared that the pyrosulfatc attacked the quartz slightly and left some sili cates unattached, but the two sources of error tended to compensate, hater con taining 5>i of a soluble oil, sprayed on disk -cutting pyrites failed to prevent ignition of firedamp, V/ork on flome-prcof machinery has progressed, A photo graphic photometric survey has boon maac on a length of coal face. CO ::: --trial Hygiene Digest - 2D ir.itr.um Reci.uiregents for Safety and Induct dal Health in. Contract Shipyards. Navy Dept., U.3. Maritime Commission. Government Printing Office. Paper, nr,. (194:3). 'his code was written as a rcult of a national conference to pronote safety and health in shipyards. The result is a well organised and complete set of rules and regulations which bear on every phase of safety and health. The medical personnel suggested for carrying out the program indicated is barely sufficient, unless there is an adequate supply of clerks and technicians. An X-ray room is suggested for yards with 5,000 men or mere, A brief section is devoted to the prevention of industrial disease, and cognizance is taken of the danger of lead poisoning and metal fume fever from welding. In outlining the ventilating stan dards, the authors suggest that the safety department confer with the construc tion department so that building procedures may bo altered for greater safety without sacrificing the speed or continuity of production. A section is devoted to illumination. The duties and training of the safety director, safety engin eer, and safety inspector are dealt with fully. Forms and reports are consider ed and facsimiles are included in the pamphlet. The emphasis on safety is clear ly stated in a regulation as "discovery and correction of unsafe conditions or unsafe work practice Before They Cause Accidents." 59 6 Scientific Solution of Multiple Shift Problems. IT. Kleitman. Min. Cong. J., 29, 15-16 (January. 1943). The present emergency has necessitated employment of two or three or even four shifts to keep plants going 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. Several weeks are required to establish a now 24-hour sleep-work-meals-lcisure cycle. Several ' suggested are included on arranging working hours and scheduling rotation of ' . shifts, to obviate fatigue during work hours. (Editor's Note: Prof. Kleitman addressed the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Foun dation on this subject. Seo the Proceedings for complete text.) 597 The Building and Engineering Construction (Yeung Persons) Order, 1942, Dated October 23, 1942, Made by the Minister of Labor and National Service Under Regu lation 60 cf tho Defence (General) Regulations. 1959. The order prescribes the permissible hours of work of young persons (under 18 years old) who are employed in work of building and engineering construction. Young persons who have not reached sixteen years of age may not bo aaployed for more than 48 working hours in any week, and for those betiveen 16 and 18 years of age the maximum, hours are 54 per week. They may not be continuously employed for more than 5 hours without an interval of at least half an hour for a meal orrest. Sunday employment is not permissible unless another whole holiday is given in place of the Sunday. Records must be kept of the young persons employed and the hours worked by them. Methods of Detection and Determination Estimation cf Minute Amounts of Tctrvl in the Atmosphere. Goldman and .1. inching. J. Ind. Hyg. A. Tox., 25, 195-196 (Mc.y, 1945). :..'.i-:w-d hoe boon described for sampling tctryl which is similar to that for A using dictliylsminocthancl as the collecting medium. The tvra methods differ "dy inasmuch as the time interval between sampling and color comparison must be uen into account when making up color comparison standards. -.1 hygiene Digest - 23 ,, ; r-ceminntion of Kalomenated Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere. F.II. Goldman, ' j7>i Her. J, Ind. Ilyg. & ToX., 25_, 181-184 (Hay* 1943). . lvr-.--r.ic method of setting up various concentrations of solvent vapors in air * - t purposes is described. Using this method it was found that under ; ;::v:ry conditions of use- both the Willson and the Dudley apparatus are satisr .r vry. The V/illson apparatus gives only slightly lower results, and is cxccl: :.t v.-ith short sampling periods. It cannot bo used for unusually long periods for concentrations of hnlogonatod hydrocarbon over 2,000 parts per million, fh, '.u:yl acetate method gives quantitative results which are alightly lev; for burning of the solvent when the combustion products are absorbed in a fritted , i-..;s bubbler. Two fritted glass bubblers in series containing aryl acetate are vi-factory for concentrations of carbon tetrachloride and dichloroethane of .1 to 300 parts por million. TheDetermination of Minute Amounts of Arsenic in Biological Materials. A Now Ivno of Electrolytic Cell for the Production of Arsine. VAA. Rawlinson. Aus tralian J. Expit. Biel. Med. Sci., 20, 97-101 (1942). The biological material is ashed with 7 ml. of sulfuric acid and a few drops of nitric acid. The solution, diluted to 50 ml., serves as the catholyte of a coll constructed from a 4 x 17 era. glass cylinder. The cylinder is closed with a rubber stopper which bears a tube through which contact is made with the mercury cathode, a second tube, sealed at the lower end with cellophane, which contains 4 normal sulfuric acid and the platinum anode and a gas-outlet tube provided with a splash head, space for a roll of filter paper (9x3 cm.) impregnated with basic lead acetate and a part for a 4-mn. strip of paper soaked in a 2$ solution of mercuric bromide in acetone which absorbs the arsine. The cell is placed in i bath at 250 during the 40-minute period of electrolysis with 2 ampere and 230 v.d.c. A Filter Paper Method for Lead Fume Collection. L. Silverman and J.F. Ege, Jr., J. Ind. Kyg. & Tox.,-25, 185-183 (May, 1943). A study of the efficiency of high retention analytical filter papers for collect ing air-borne lead fume showed that the efficiency was high (87 per cent) and constant at high flow rates. The flow resistance of the papers is low enough to allow high sampling rates with a simple field apparatus which is light weight and portable. Determination of Oxides of Nitrogen by the Fhenoldjsulfonic Acid Method. R.D. Beatty, L.B. Berger and KH. Schrenk. U.S. Bur. of Mines, Rept. of Invest., Do. 3637, U. S, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C, (February, 1943). The phonoldisulfonic acid method for the determination of oxides of nitrogen in air and in. other gaseous mixtures is described. The work of others in this field is reviewed briefly. Additional information gained by the Bureau of Mines in a study of various pertinent details in the procedure is included. The accur"cy, precision, and sensitivity of the method arc discussed. Comments are in duced on methods cf sampling, precautions to bo observed in the preparation and ujo cf evacuated sample bottles, the effects of impurities in reagents, the dur ation of persistence of available hydrogen peroxide in sample bottles, and the use of photoelectric colorimetry in connection with the method. -- Authors' e Duct Content of J.C. Jaege Australian J. Sci i u so is n of the filtration, thermal precipitation and jet methods cf dust 'lysis with notes on the determination of the amount and particle size of ii ,3 !.' producer gas. jr.Jujtrial Hygiene Digest - 24 M norif nee Gained in Sampling, 7th. Report of the Coal Dust Research Committee of Monmouthshire and South Males Coal Owners' Assoc. (December, 1942). i'or the sampling of air-borne dusts in coal mines the Committee favors the foxhlet thimble filter uethod. Observational results arc given which show the variations that occur in thy dust concentrations in any working place during the course of a shift. If representative samples are required for any place, sampl ing should be carried out over the period of the whole shift. Trays wore ex posed for set periods to glean information as to the rate at which dust was de posited in the workings, and as to the amount ana frequency of stono-dusting needed to render a district safe from coal-dust explosions. Attention is drawn to various inaccuracies that may arise in samples taken by kenimeter, and the doubt is expressed whether the kor.imeter is the appropriate instrument for use in investigating coal dust hazards. 605 Limitations to the Use of the Konimeter. C.S. Chubb. 8th Report of the Coal Dust Research Committee of the Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners' Assoc. (February, 1943). In British coal nines the Zeiss konimeter has been the principal instrument used for sampling dust clouds. The author of this paper draws attention tc numerous defects in the Zoiss instrument as sold in Great Britain and gives experimental data to illustrate his contentions. The konimeter does not collect all the dust contained in the volume of air sampled, but has been assumed to give a dust count' proportional to the true concentration. More care needs to be given to' standardising the preparation of the collecting slide. The microscope supplied by Zoiss is not standardized: variations occur in objective, tube length, eye piece, and overall magnification. The konimeters themselves vary. Some have a filter over the inlet, and others have not. There are- two very different kinds of filters. The jet varies, and the vent from slide chamber to the pump barrel is not standard. The pumps in different instruments vary greatly in velocity of travel (as 4 to 1), and the distance of the slide from the jet also varies. Observations show the largo effects of these variations which make the results obtained of little value. If the konimeter is to be of any use in coal mines it must be standardized very carefully, and the whole technique- must also be looked into. Walton's optical method of evaluating konimeter spots may give widely divergent results. With such high dust concentrations as occur in coal mines the efficiency of the konimeter is reduced, for there is a spreading of dust to other parts of the slide. This seems to be a fundamental objection to the use of the konimeter in dust concentrations exceeding 1,000 particles per cc. It is suggested that the midget impinger would probably be suitable for use in British coal mines. G6 Efficiencies, for Particle Dotemi nation, of the Electrotor Meter, the Ultramicroscopo, and the Settlement Counter. S.C. Blacktin. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., cl. 161-102 (October, 1942). The experiments were made with magnesium oxide smoke of particle diameter 0,4 to 2 microns and with match-head smoke of diameter 0.8 to 4 microns. The superior count efficiency of the electrotor meter compared with the other two at the low er end of the range is explained, as also the way in which that instrument avoids particle aggregation by its rotating deposit record and variation of the deposi tion area. < /, f lama, trial Hygiene Digest - 23 Control Methods C'l Industrial Ventilation. Anonymous. Not. Safety News. 47, 91-92, 96-99 (March, 19437 This article is a brief discussion of the important factors involved in indus trial ventilation. Suggestions for maximum efficiency from natural ventilation arc given. Forced ventilation is discussed briefly. Some requirements for local exhaust systems curs summarized. 693 Dish Fans Solve Troublesome Ventilating Problems in a Chemical Plant. Vi'.J. Shore. Chcm. & Met. Eng., &0, 116 (March, 1943). This article describes the use of a disk fan to provide adequate dilution of a chemical process which could not be ventilated locally. An illustration is given showing where the fan and air inlets were located to correct the conditions. COO Industrial Ventilation in War: A Review* T. Bedford. Bull, of Hyg., 18_, 91 100 (February, 1943), This is a concise review of recent Eritish and American work on ventilation re quirements for the control of thermal factors and the removal of odors and toxic substances from the air. Aside from the thermal factors, the ventilation re quirements in the two countries do not differ much, A fresh air supply of 1000 c.f.h. per occupant is accepted as the minimum desirable for the control of body odors. Much greater air quantities may be needed in industries to reduce the concentration of toxic dusts, fumes and gases below the danger threshold. Little ' reliance is placed on ozone as a deodorant and in ultraviolet light as an aerial disinfectant, particularly when air-borne organisms are associated with dusts. Ultraviolet light and bactericidal mists arc believed to be of value in air raid shelters and other places where proper spacing and ventilation cannot be achieved. Last, but not least, routine observation of atmospheric pollution, and super vision of ventilation systems are most essential. Respiratory Protective Equipment. Anonymous. Nat. Safety News. 47, 20,52,58 (March, 1943). This is a general discussion of the types of respiratory protective equipment; proper usage and limitations are outlined. 11 Use of Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen Mixture in Low Barometric Pressure. V.M. Tarasenko. Klin. Med. (Moscow). 19^ 39 (1941). Tho author 'points cut that oxygon inhalation alone is not enough to prevent hypo xemia in aviators flying at an altitude exceeding 12,000 meters. Inhalation of a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide increases the amount of oxygen liberated by the tissues and thus to seme extent compensates for the deficiency of oxygen in the inhaled air. The author carried out forty-six experiments on 16 individuals in the low pressure chamber. The atmospheric pressure was reduced to correspond to an ascent of 10,000 to 13,000 motors above sea level. In the majority cf cases the carbon dioxide-oxygon inhalation stabilized the cardiac rhythm, maintained pulmonary ventilation at a higher level and increased the subjective sense cf v:eli-boing as compared with oxygen inhalation. Thus, inhalation of the mixture containing gradually increasing percentages of carbon dioxide corresponding to a eoarcasing barometric pressure preserves the carbon dioxide of tho organism and facilitates o. more complete utilization of oxygen by the tissues. This was demon strated by the maintained working capacity and the absence of any aefinito changes in tho composition of the urine. Tarasenko attributes his three negative results to an iuadonuntc dosage of carbon dioxide. C0hH:J '.. hr trial tygiene Digest - 2c Industrial Medical Practice Qg Aviation Medicine. C.C. Ehaw. U. S. Naval Inst. Proc., 68. 1264-1273 (1942). The forces exerted on the body by flight are revicaved. Nitrogen is more solu ble in the fatty tissues of the body. Protective devices are discussed, -hL3 The Burn Problem. I.S. Ravain. An. J. Surg., 59., 330-340, (February, 1943). The immediate therapy for bums is nov; fairly atoll agreed upon and consists in General of the following: (1) Enough morphine to relieve pain. (2) Sufficient plasma, serum or albumin to restore or maintain noimal physiological function. (3) Precaution against infection. The local treatment of the burned area, however, is still hotly debated. These problems of local treatment are briefly discussed: (1) Debridement should be a moderate treatment and strictly aseptic. Good white soap and sterile saline arc recommended. (2) Local tanning probably inhibits repair, but it also prevents excessive evaporation of plasma, and therefore its advantages and disadvantages must both be considered. It should not be used, however, on the face, hands or genitalia. (3) A new but promising therapeutic measure is the use of pressure bandages with a bacteriostatic agent. (4) Local application of one of the sulfonamides will reduce the incidence of infection and make unnecessary further oral therapy. If the renal output is low, however, these drugs may crystallize out in the urinary tract, causing anuria. (5) Third degree burns should be grafted as soon as possible. In gen eral, it is important to realize that burns are wounds, end should be treated on the sane fundamental principles that wounds are treated. Following the article there is an extensive discussion of the "burn problem", including debridement, shock treatment, treatment of an eschar, oil burns, and an outline for the com plete care of a burned patient. 614 A Method for Handling Cases Gassed with Nitrous Fumes. A.J. Fleming. Ind. Med., 12, 127-132 (March, 1943). There are two periods of anoxia following nitrous fume gassing. The first fel lows immediately after exposure and is due apparently to a spasm of the terminal bronchioles and an upset in the Hering-Breuer reflex, interfering with the aera tion of the lung and causing acute circulatory collapse. The second period is associated with the development of severe pulmonary edema. Blood platelet counts made on venous blood, if possible, arc a very reliable index of the sever ity of gassing by lung irritants such as nitrous fumes. If a4 marked elevation in the count takes place immediately after exposure, it is a good indication that severe pulmonary edema will follow. The changes noted in respiratory rate, blood pressure, the oxygen content of the arterial and venous blood, and the early lung pathology in nitrous func poisoning arc very similar to those already described in phosgene poisoning. -- Author1s summary. as Tuberculosis Casa Finding in Industry. I ,R. Tabershaw. Ind. Med., 12, 133-136 (March, 1943j. Industry is the most logical place to combat the war-time increase in tuberculo sis. The best method of combat is by mass surveys carried on by the use of 4x5, or ''5-:.'jii., fluorographic technique. The function of the survey should be to re1,-.ovo only theso cases which are dangerous to the surrounding contacts; that is, minimal inactive lesions and healed lesions should not be reported. The uifiicuity in such a program is obtaining the coordination end assistance of not only the employee, but also the employer, the labor union, and the insurance company. .. '-/.-ini ifc'giene Digest -2v Lc^?.! responsibilities must be fixed, and laws regulating the compensability of tuberculosis must be defined. The chief method, however, is still the same: clucute the worker. He will then, demand health protection from his employer and his union. .`LG fhock. Its Nature and Therapy. D.VJ. '.'/heeler. U.S. Naval Med. 3ull., 41, 93 10G, {JanuaryV~1943T. The author defines shock as a synptom-esr.plex resulting from "progressive vaso constrictive oligemic anoxia." Its immediate cause is loss of blood volume by vasodilatation, hemorrhage, or plasma loss. Symptoms .are anxiety, thirst, rapid, thready pulse, and cola, moist, cyanotic skin. Primary and secondary shock are differentiated. The former appears sooner and is characterized by a slower pulse and a warmer skin. Shock, initiated by a loss of blood volume, is continued by a series of physiologic disturbances: (1) Decreased venous return. (2) De creased cardiac output. {3} Reflex vasoconstriction. (4) Hcmoconcentration. (5) Pall in blood pressure. This appears late in the syndrome and is an inade quate guide as to the state of circulation in incipient shock. {6) Ischemia and anoxia. When this stage is reached, compensatory factors have failed, and the one most important feature cf shock is present: its irreversibility. The therapy cf shock is the adequate replacement of fluids of the proper type. Plasma, whole blood, or serum should he used, and considerable quantities are often required. Blood plasma is therapeutically equivalent to blood in hemorrhage, and therefore plasma is as effective as whole blood in the treatment of shock in humans. Dried plasma is recommended and its collection, advantages, and disadvantages sire dis- cussod. The disadvantages are mainly that it must be filtered before use and that there is a considerable chance for contamination. Other adjuvants of ther apy are warmth (not heat}, adequate oxygen, possibly adrenal cortical substance ' and a well balanced diet. Prevention of shock is the most important part of' therapy, and this includes replacement of fluid before irreversible changes occur 617 Treatment of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis. Preliminary Report of Ten Cases. A.E. 3raley and M, Sanders. J.A.M.A, 121. S99-1000 (March 27, i943}~! The present idespread occurrence of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in important industrial areas and the failure of all types of therapy justify the focussing of attention on the use of convalescent serum as a possible means of treatment. In the present group of ten cases, nine showed striking clinical improvement a short time after intravenous injections of human convalescent serum, were given. However, need for a controlled group of cases cannot he stressed too strongly. It has been pointed out that there is no correlation between the intensity of clinical symptoms and the duration of the disease. It should also be remembered that it is highly desirable that the present study be enlarged, from the point of view both of treated and of control cases, and that standard, accurately titered convalescent serums be employed. . 618 The- Role of Dentistry - In an Industrial Medical Program. E. Goldhom. Ind. Med. 12, 322 (May, 1943). It is the author's opinion that a comprehensive dc-ntal program for industry can not be attained because of the magnitude of the problem, and that ell phases of restorative dental procedure should-be referred to the worker*s own dentist. 19 Csrcrvisinm the V/cnan War Worker. National Foremen's Institute, Inc., Deep River, Conn. 34 pp. (1942), A list is given cf about 85 jobs that women are doing and more than a thousand "b.t they can be trained to do. Subjects discussed in relation to the employ ment of women arc: hiring, induction, wages, uniforms, safety, reprimand, and teaemr.g. Opinions of a personnel manager, on industrial leader, and the edi tors cf the booklet agree that there arc practically no limitations in the em ployment of women and nc major problems and that they are doing a good job r.-iuc lively. j.-j Hygiene Digest - Zb Motors Medical Conference, Detroit, Michigan. April 9, 1945. Inti. Med., (May, 1943) . . T"j.paving-opening remarks by K. 5V. Anderson, outlining the general field of the rifercnce, the following papers were presented. mining Women in Industry. D.D. Frame, pp. 66-269. .'marT arc more apprehensive than men., and examinations should be as thorough as possible and yet free from embarrassment. .They are usually less nervous when y know they will be examined by a woman physician. Special problems -women bring to industry are: menstruation, menopause, pregnancy, ana care of young children. The way in which industry handles the first three problems is discuss cd, Suggestions are made for the solution of the problem of the care of young children, which is the cause of much absenteeism. The Doctor and Public Relations. D.P. Kogate. pp. 269-270 Public relations is defined as "Intrepreting General Motors to the public to the end that more and more people will be favorably impressed with our company and our policies." The plant doctor, through his contacts with employees and in his homo community becomes a public relations man. The first impression of the com pany, by new employees, comes from the medical department, and is given out to the public. Other opportunities which the plant physician may have for service in this field are: Through contacts with the local medical society; as a speak er before civic groups, luncheon clubs, etc,; writing occasional articles for the plant paper; watching for and correcting wrong impressions when heard in the office; making sure that his entire staff understands management policies and procedure. The Industrial Dispensary - Processing Methods in Treatment. E.B. Lamb, pp. 270-274, The industrial dispensary must bo constructed and maintained to meet the needs of a specific situation, which is made up of many variable factors. Some of these factors are: I, The Nature of the Industry to be Served. For example, a foundry should be equipped to handle burns; a machine shop should be prepared to suture cut fingers, to remove foreign bodies from the eye, etc. II. The Size of the Industry to bo Served. In general, the work demanded mil vary directly as the size of the plant personnel. III. Location and Distribution of Working Personnel, Place the dispensary as near as possible to the population it is to serve. IV. The Resources of the Local Community. In a major catastrophe, the resources of the community must bo used, so should be known. V. The Floor Plan of the Hospital. Certain principles which should be maintained are stated. VI. Equipment and Its Use. Prepare for the unusual, tc some extent. The need of a stock of blood plasma and retrieving equipment is possible. A list of a few fundamental essentials is given. A number of pictures illustrate the com pany's efforts to render service to sick or injured in plants. In conclusion, the personal contribution of the plant physician is emphasized. The Clinical Laboratory - In Industrial Medical Practice. F.V. Kowals. pp. 274-276. Only recently has the clinical laboratory been made an integral part of the in dustrial medical departmont. The allotment of adequate space for the work is an important factor. A competent and industrious technician should bo secured, who with tiie medical director decides upon the amount and type of equipment needed. Auvantages and disadvantages which may be derived from a working clinical labor- -.tiry arc considered. The author believes that the advantages and benefits it f-lTors to the employer and the employee, as well as to the community justify its "'..biishmont. ' ~v 1 -ha Load Hazard - In the Manufacture of Storage Potteries. :: :ia G. '.`.'inn. pp. 77-273 lit.'; program was instituted in 1928 when the Delco Rcmy Division began the fee lure of v:ct storage batteries. This program wa3 enlarged and dovcloped, ana in 1940 a rather broad program was adopted which coverod natters of exposure CO " 7 determination and maintenance of safe Units of concentration and periodic cheeks both of the plant environment end the employees. In addition to this . .roach fron the engineering standpoint, it was necessary to see that there v.-as no human failure. Good personal hygiene was encouraged in various ways. Graphs reproduced, which show the effects when conditions are improved. Another set illustrates the importance of good personal hygiene. Several factors which are likely to cause changes in plant environment are listed. Use of respirators is recommended where conditions cannot be improved immediately. Practical nutrition Program - For Industry. Vi.A. Sawyer, pp. 275-280. The article gives the history of the nutrition program in the Eastman kodak Ccr., \r.y, from its inauguration in 1922. Early features were a comprehensive program of health education, studies of underweight and overweight groups, of between meal feedings and on the value of cod liver oil and vitamin A and D concentrates. In 1941 an effort was begun to assist the cafeteria management in the scientific aspects of good nutrition. The author believes that the plant physician should have some supervision, at least in an advisor/ capacity. Duties of the Nutrition Advisor and the Dietitian Manager are outlined. An increase in the number fed and in the average meal check was a result of improved conditions in one of the cafeterias. Work done under the clinical and the educational phases of the pro gram is shown in a series of charts. C21 Physical Placement Program - For a Large Industrial Plant. A.C. Dick and others. . Ind. Med., 12, 203-306 (May, 1943). The labor shortage has made necessary the employment of physically handicapped workers. The placement program at the Censolidatea-Vultee Aircraft Corporation is described. The two factors involved arc the physical classification cf the vrorkcr and the physical requirements Off the job. The pre-placement examination is recorded in the form of a code classification, which indicates the worker's physical status. A thorough job survey discloses information which is codified for use in proper placement of employees. Physically fit workers must take jobs requiring physical perfection to make room for the others. 622 What Causes Industrial Fatigue? A. G-ray. Iron Age. 151. 42-43 (April 29, 1943}. The principal factors discussed arc excessively long hours, inexperience and fear. Suggestions for their cure are presented. 623 Postgraduate Education of Physicians for Industrial Health Service. C.M. Peterson. Am. J. Pub. Health., 33, 541-544 (May, 1943T1 Committees of the American Medical Association end American Public Health Asso ciation have developed a plan wheroby industrial plants may obtain the regular services of a physician by application to a state committee if no local physician is available. This plan necessitates the rapid training of a number of indus trial physicians, and the author suggests several means for such training and outlines its scope. A brief course cf training is advocated for physicians ex perienced in general practice and for specialists whoso talents fit them for in dustrial work. More extended study, with graduation, interneship and preliminary practice no a background, may include 6 months' training in industrial hygiene nr.d toxicology, 6 months' servico in hospital practice, and 6 to 12 months' ser vice in on approved industrial medical department. Establishment of fellowships, t.-tk for the short-term and long-term courses, -would assist greatly. The duties u-.lifications of county industrial health committees are listed. The ccnshould contain representation from private practice, industrial practice r.o public health services and the responsibility of the committee should be to ecu tlicit each war production plant should have the services of art industrial physician, an industrial nurse, industrial hygiene service, a plant health pro(.ru.M, and sickness and absentee records. The committee will also be expected to n'- J i- Industrial Ifygiene - 30 undertake any assignment or local situation which requires exercise of medical initiative and leadership. In many cases local health officials will benefit by the pfflp* kind of postgraduate training recommended for physicians. .24 Rehabilitation. Recent Developments in Connecticut. J.H, Biram. Ind. Mod., 12, 146-143 (March, 1943). ' A simple operation or a brief series of treatments will frequently make possible the rehabilitation of -workers now unable to obtain jobs. In Connecticut in October, 1942, a committee was organized with this rehabilitation program as its goal. The committee was composed of representatives from industrial medicine, organized medicine, hospitals, manufacturers, compensation, and labor. The committee recommended and now functions under the following conditions: (1) Cniy defects needing relatively short treatment are to be attempted. These include cardiovascular disease, varicose veins, hernia, vision, minor orthopedic defects, and diabetes, (2) Patients are to come from plant physicians or rehabilitation offices. (3) Recommended "panel doctors" are to carry out the necessary proce dures. (4) The client is to have his choice of hospital and panel doctor. (5) Expenses are to be met by a revolving fund, one-half from the state and one-half from the United States, and repayment is to be on the installment basis. As yet too short a time has elapsed to evaluate the success of this program, 625 Tho Employment and Placement of Hanoi canned Persons in Industry. H. Bertie. J.A.M.A. 121. 1302-1003 (March 27, 1943). The full utilization of all manpower is necessary to keep production at a maxi mum. Adjustment to achieve this objective for the handicapped should include non-hazerdous placement, postural therapy, sitting instead of standing, work in which eye strain is not demanded, deliberate work avoiding the highly repetitive ' operations for the nervous, and a great number of other factors arising in many . and varied industries. -- Author's summary. 625 Who Can Work? D.L. Lynch. Ind. Med., 12, 145-146 (March, 1943). Dr. Lynch points out that there are 23,500,000 persons in this country, outside of institutions, of all ages, who have seme chronic disease cr physical handicap. Of these, seme 15,500,000 constitute a great reservoir of persons who can work for victory. There are positions for tho blind, the deaf, the crippled, and those with missing or mutilated hands and anas. Employers must be willing to give these persons the right to work; industrial physicians must search for their abilities and recommend them for proper placement; and insurance companies must remove the barriers. 627 Control of Health In Industry. J.H. Foulger. Ind. Mod,, 12, 136-140 {Mar.1943), Tho substance of this article is given in our Abstract No. 394 (April, 1943). The popes is titled "Important Factors in Industrial Preventive Medicine." The Mental Health of Workers. Moyer Brown. Ind. Med., 12, 148-150 (Msrch.,1943), .-any of the accidents, frequent layoffs, ar.d much of the damage to employee mor ale ore due to workers with poor mental health of one type or another. Dr. Brown classifies the mental and nervous problems in industry into throe basic groups: (1) Definite mental diseases. Those employees are best handled by physicians who understand discasos of the nervous system. (2) Employees with a peculiar person ality; i.o., those workers who always have and always will be considered "difforor.t" from the average person. Industry must learn to appraise the defects in these people, to correct them if possible and to so place them that their defects ere not costly to production. (3) The so-called ''normal" workers. Tho produc tivity of such a worker depends upon a triangle cf forces; the personality of the worker, his environment avray from work, and his environment at work. Most can be pu nu -v: . ; ... r; i Hygiene Digest - 31 : '.T'iished by attacking the last tv.'D angles, and. only recently has the impor :'c of t&e off-the-job factors been realised. Intelligent, continued, and co ted `propaganda is the best means of controlling this factor. .cinato Training of Industrial Hygiene Personnel. M.H. Kronenberg, Am. J. : ..IVT'.alth. 33_, 545-549 (Moy, 1943). author believes that medical schools should adjust their curricula so that juersec in industrial health may bo organised and developed on a larger scale, even though they may not be ablo to cover the field fully in the undergraduate y>`v;rs. Procedures and methods should be comparable to other well organized c mrscs in the curriculum. The few medical schools -which have made this type of instruction available have demonstrated that a reasonable acquaintance with the whole subject can be provided at moderato expense through the judicious use of time and readily available teaching and clinical material. Results of questionn aires and surveys in medical colleges show; some advance in interest regarding in dustrial health courses and some increase in the number of hours assigned. The following are essential requirements to be kept in mind when organizing the under graduate program: (1) Required courses -- These should provide lectures, labor atory experience, industrial history taking, and record keeping, section work in wards and clinics, and field trips. (S) Elective courses -- Opportunity for mere detailed and specific study, personal participation in special projects, individ- . ual study or personal experience in plant or laboratory. Eull time and part tine industrial physicians should be instructors in these courses. There are several guides published to outline the content of such courses. The author considers the second semester of the junior year the ideal time for this course. The elective course of 32 hours is placed in the senior year, and membership is limited to those vfhc have shown particular interest in the required course. During the in tern year, a 3hort service in the medical department of some industry would be highly beneficial. 520 Industrial Medicine and the General Practitioner. D. Munro. The Practitioner. 49, 321-325 (December, 1942). E^y agreement between the British Medical Association and the Association cf In dustrial Medical Officers, the respective spheres of the general practitioner and the industrial medical officer are defined. Duties of the general practition er are not specified, but it is assumed that he owes an unwritten duty to indus try and to the factory workers among his patients. He should have an industrial knowledge dependent upon the range of industries in his locality and he should be familiar with the working conditions of his patients. He should not express opinions on industrial disabilities without consulting his industrial colleagues nor bo haaty in giving certificates of fitness for work. Cooperation with the industrial.medical officer should help to improve the conditions of the worker. t-31 How to Got Along with Loss Hein. Legitimate Short Cuts to Routine Service. .C. Holmblad. J.A.K.A. 121. 820-322 (March 13. 1943). iho necessity for devising short cuts is indicated by the number of persons per iliysician in industry. Dr, Hclmblad suggests several legitimate short cuts to routine service: (1) Up to date equipment. (2) Improved methods of treatment, such as having syringes, instruments and noodles sterilized in advance. {3} Sim plified records. This includes reducing the number of questions asked or record ing only positive results. (4) Avoidance of unnecessary proplaccment examinations. If such examinations are curtailed, special care must be taken of all symptoms or c -:ti laints registered while working. (5) A simplified pre-placement examination. -r. a. lublad also believes that the best method for supplementing the shortage of physicians and nurses is by the judicious use of technical assistants and nurses' u dos. 004131 industrial Hygiene Digest - 32 052 Medical Cartf. for Snell Industries. Anonymous. Safety Eng., 85, 49 (May, 1943). The article tells of a plan being considered by a group of small industries in New York City to provide medical care for their workers on a cooperative basis, the service to be provided by an outside agency. The plan would supply the usual in-plant services and out-of-plant service as `.veil. A close cooperation between these two services, through the medium of the central organization, is desired. 633 Health in War Plants. C.P. Engel. Safety Eng., 85., 41, 44-45 (May, 1943). The V/ostinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company has a three-fold health pro gram. The plant nutrition program embodies many of the best practices in current use. An unusual feature is the Health for Victory Club which has enlisted hun dreds of mothers and wives in a campaign to achieve dietary perfection in home meals. The personal health program is well organized and careful attention is given to pre-employment, periodic and yearly check up examinations. Plant safety is considered of first importance and the industrial hygiene department is staffed with engineers and research chemists whose sole job is to find and remedy occupa tional hazards. Special attention is given to the placing of women and to their nutritional needs. 634 The ITursc1 s Records. I.M. Poole. Safety Eng., 85 . 47-48 (May, 1943). The importance of records and reports, both to the nurse herself and to manage- -ment, is stressed. Standard requirements of records are that they be accurate, concise, and confidential. A filing system is indispensable. Outlines are given for the individual record and for the general daily, monthly, and annual reports, which are considered essential for efficient record keeping. 635 Industrial Nursing Service -- A Suggested Yardstick for Judging its Efficiency. 7/.L. Hitter and P.H. Walden. Ind. Mod.. 12. 212-214 TAorilT1943). 1. A list of duties nonaelly assumed by nurses in small plants is given. 2. A statement is made of the relative amounts of time usually allocated to the accom plishment of these various jobs. 3. A statement is made of the volume of work normally expected of nurses in their various functions. 636 Food For Production. 1,0. Dodge. Ind. Med., 12, 297-301 (May, 1943). Nutrition in industry is discussed in relation to present and future problems of food supplies and distribution, with possible increasing severity of rationing. Reference is made to a review of the literature by R.M, Wilder which shows that many persons are ill fed and that ill feeding can affect the prosecution of the war. H.K. Stieboling's survey showed that 45 million people in this country suffer frcft-aalnutrition. The need for adequate breakfasts and lunches is shown and also the desirability of between meal feedings, which should be chosen with the same care for a balanced diet as the food at regular meals. The treatment of persons who have a tendency to low blood sugar between meals is considered. An important means for improving the nutritional health of the worker is the cafeter ia, preferably plant owned and operated. 637 Manual cf Industrial Nutrition. Food Distribution Administration, Nutrition and Food Conservation Branch, U. 3. Government Printing Office. (1943). Tkia is the first in a series of pamphlets `which will be prepared and distributed by the Nutrition in Industry Division, Food Distribution Administration, Washing ton, D.c. The organization of the division is explained, particular attention bt-'ing given to the work of the industrial regional representatives. Addresses of Pcunal offices arc printed on page 25 of the manual. Six chapters on various phases of the problem of industrial hutrition present a synopsis of the bost principles and practices vdiich have been formulated. 004'8C Industrial Hygiene Digest - 33 638 KutritioBjjjfcfrrograms for Industrial Employees. Princeton University. Industrial Relations digest. Ho. 13 (December, 1943). Basis of tub ideal nutrition program is a well balanced hot lunch at attractive prices, with adequate time in which to eat it. Concessionaires operate for profit, but many factories operate a plant cafeteria at cost, as a contribution to employ ee health and good will. Efficiency of plant cafeterias is increased by thought ful layout of physical facilities, including washrooms and employment of a trained nutritionist. Tho value of this plan to management and workers is amply proven by British experience before and since the Factory Canteens Order, 1940 enforced it by law. Education by posters, pay envelope insert, free consultation with the company dietician etc. inculcates good eating habits. Most effective publi city is practical suggestions, menus etc. The management has found that be tween meal snacks to some extent at least compensate for skimpy breakfasts and lunches and eliminate mid-morning and mid-afternoon slumps in production. Lunch counters and mobile carts dispense coffee, milk, pastry, fruit etc. in more fac tories weekly. Regarding vitamin supplements there is general agreement that for long run health maintenance, vitamin concentrates should be secondary to edu cation for, and provision of, adequate natural diets. Concentrates and synthetics havo however been helpful in selected instances and are always indicated where deficiency is manifest. A few plants provide these at reduced or cost price, usually subject to order of the medical department. Companies with feeding programs state the value of such efforts in greater employee health, productivity, accuracy, improved morale and lessened absenteeism. 639. Effects of Diet Deficient in Part of Vitamin B Complex on Men Doing Manual Labor. R.E. Johnson and others. "Nutrition. 24, 585 (December, 1942). Fully described experiments on 10 subjects, including 5 controls, indicated that when men are doing hard physical work even for a few days, it is imperative that they have an adequate daily intake of the whole vitamin B complex if physical fit ness is to be maintained. Of the vitamin B complex, thiamine alone will not main tain physical fitness of laborers, but brewers' yeast appears to be a complete and adequate supplement for a diet grossly deficient in the vitamin B complex. When tho addition of vitamin B complex to a ration is indicated, yeast appears to be a sufficient source- of all the necessary components, 640 Vitamin Survey of Normal Industrial Workmen. J.G. Schendorfe and others. Am. I. Digest, Dis., 9_, 188-191 (1942). No caso of clinical avitaminosis A, B or C was found in the 1265 men under study, although 64# had ascorbic acid levels in the plasma below 0.5 mg. per cent. Satur ation with ascorbic acid, therefore, is not essential to health. 641 Good FoodL And No Tine Lost. Anonymous. Factory Man. & Main., 101, 92-93, 200 204 (May, 1542). Roar Admiral E.J. Marquart, Commandant of the Brooklyn Navy Yard has set up a lunch program that is changing tho eating habits of workers and is at the same time minimizing the idle time of the machines. The large number of workers and limited floor space made the usual methods of serving inadequate, so a new system was worked out in cooperation with the canteen company handling the feeding oper ation at the Yard. Tho system, similar to that of some air lines, provides a balanced, nutritious meal in paper cups and containers, which are fitted into apertures in paper trays. Tho menus are the product of careful study, with scien tists at Columbia University analyzing then and advising on vitamin content, Detcil3 of the operation of the plan are given. 4n INDEX (June, 1943) * r. Ear disability .-689 prevention 575 ',r'! 586 Eye hazards 571 : i -0T Eye injuries 572-573 ` : toxicity 553 P nti.oue 622 i ~ :.:.lvGi3 Glass wool ' : r.ated hydrocar- skin hazards 567 599 Handicapped v;c rk ors . . f U:'.CC 601 job placement 625-626 nitrogen oxides -.fling 602 - Hours of labor 604 Hydrocarbons, toxicity 596 533 tctryl 598 Industrial dentistry 618 .'i.r-l.orne infection 576 Industrial health ' i r ..oliution requirements respiratory infection r.on U.S.Havy contracts 595 control 627 1 orgy, chemic al 563 war plants 633 . , :;;is, arsenic 600 Industrial hygiene ;; .lion mauicine report (Groat Eritain) 612 593-594 use of oxygen 611 education hook Review's f. 6-2 7-S-29-30-31-132 undergraduates Industrial medicine 629 630 i-orns &3 clinical laboratory 620 imium poisoning 544 dispensaries 620 near and toxic gases Carbon disulfide manpower shortage 631 537 postgraduate training 623 540 public relations 620 Carbon tetrachloride small industries 632 nephritis 535 prevention of liver damage 542 Industrial nursing Industrial poisons review ' 634-635 562 Chlorinated hydrocarbons Keratoconjunctivitis 568-617 cable rash 554 Lead .. C hioronaohthal ones hazards 555 excretion sodium citrate 547 C hremotes safe limit poisoning 550 oxyacetylane cutting 545 Cermatitis vitamin C 546 diagnosis & treamtnet storage battery industry 565 620 fabric chemicals 566 Lighting 574 prevention 564 Magnesium varnish factory 569 fire extinguishment 536 hi ."Infection grinding regulations 549 .ii-rfiiols 579-531 M cr.t al hv.ci cno 628 hvfochlorites 578 Mercury propylene glycol 577 safe limits 550 ultraviolet light 'V 4 r .mic industry 580 Methyl bromide noisor.ing 541 Metcl, jg.xieity 552 Minors 556 urr.mting - fficioncy in vines '-f'nitaoter construction industry 597 606 Nitrogen oxides poisoning 603 treatment 614 COS -?ut ri ti on620- 536- 63 7- 638- 641 Occupational disoK.se notification (Great Britain) 592 Parar-itro aniline poisoning 557 Paraphenylonediamino toxicity 558 Pentachlorophenol acute ec chronic effects 560 physiological effects 559 Physical examinations 621 Rehabilitation 624 Respiratory protection610 Respiratory system diseases 583 Shock therapy 616 Silicosis Idaho mines 551 Sporotrichosis 584 Sulfur dioxide hazards . 539 injuries Thiourea, toxicity 558 sa Toluene paint industry 543 Tuberculosis case finding as gastric acidity 585 Turpentine skin effects 570 Ventilation a review 609 disk fans 608 industrial 607 Vitamin B complex deficiency639 survey 640 War gases aerosol filters 534 Welding health hazards 548 Women in industry 619-620 fatalities 590 Workmen's ccm.rcnsati on 591 GO 1.G