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FILE NAME: Asbestos Cement Pipe and Sheet (ACPS) DATE: 1981 DOC#: ACPS102 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Work Practices for Asbestos-Cement Pipe from the American Water Works Assoc. i i AWWANo WU * ' ) 3 a 3 % .t l I ,vl S Work Practices for 1 Asbestos-Cement Pipe AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 1 MANUAL OF WATER SUPPLY PRACTICES I i J. 7520 Table of Contents -m Foreword vli Section I--Recommended Work Practices Shipping. Receiving. Handling. Assembly and Disassembly of A-C Pipe in All Size Ranges. I Cutting of all A-C Pipe, in Sizes From 3 in. Through 24 in. Using Carbide-Tipped Blades. 2 Cutting of all A-C Pipe in Size Ranges 3 in. Through 24 in. Using Snap Cutters. 3 Machining o f all A-C Pipe in all Sizes Using Manual Field Lathe. 4 Machining of alt A-C Pipe in all Sizes Using Power-Driven Field Lathe. } Machining of ail A-C Pipe in all Sizes Using a .Manual Rasp, 6 Hole Cutting in A-C Pipe of all Sizes Using Shell Cutlers. 7 Hole Culling in A-C Pipe of all Sizes Using Drill and Rasp, 8 Hole Cutting in A-C Pipe in ail Sizes Using Chisel and Rasp, 9 " Dry" Tapping of A-C Pressure Pipe in all Sizes. 10 " Wet" Tapping of A-C Pressure Pipe in all Sizes. II A-C Coupling Removal From all Pipe in all Sizes Using Hammer and Chisel 12 Section 2--Non-Rccommended Work Practices Cutting Any A-C Pipe Using Abrasive Disc-Dry Tools. 13 Machining Any A-C Pipe Using Right-Angle Sanders or Other Dry High-Speed Abrasive Tools, 14 Section 3--Housekeeping and Waste Disposal Care of Equipment IS Waste Disposal ' IS 7521 iA ai. i'*ikOij U&iii&itjifitm h U i f c . 'B -- -,jjfjfrtl i r f l l f f ^ l P ^ 73 PAPER NUMBER (CORR@SION/8l) Th International Corrosion Forum Sponsored By the National i Association of Corrosion Engineers I April 6-10, 1981 / Sheraton .Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, * j * i i i STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE IN CORROSIVE POTABLE WATER ENVIRONMENT DANIEL H. HOUCK, P.E. A/C Pipe Producers A sso cia tio n A rlington, Virginia A8STRACT H Field experience with asbestos-cement (A/C) water d istrib u tio n i pipe used In potable water service for conveying corrosive (aggressive) waters U reported. Forty-five samples of A/C pipe from geographically diverse areas and of varying ages were analyzed for signs of corrosive water attack and loss of stru ctu ral In teg rity , All but 3 of the samples tested for crush strength exceeded the requirements fo r new pipe. Corrosion penetration was minimal or absent in most cases, p a rticu larly for pipe conveying low to moderately aggressive water, The long term performance of factory applied coatings was found to be excellent, iron based inorganic coatings, apparently from the corrosion of m etallic system components, were deposited in s itu on some of the pipe sanples but the protection thereby provided against aggressive attack was indeterminant. Data from other Industry and EPA studies show th a t metal s a lt based corrosion Inhibitors added "to the water can, under c ertain conditions, retard aggressive water attack on A/C pipe provided the Inhibitor is added properly and continuously to the water stream. C om position, manufacture and t e s t in g o f A/C p ip e are a lso d isc u sse d . Data on the v a r ia b ilit y o f crush and h y d r o te st r e s u lt s are p resen ted . C onclusions regarding th e long term performance o f A/C p ip e and th e e f f ic a c y and need f o r p r o te c tiv e co a tin g s are g iv e n . PublkwU (UflM . _ Copyright fy ft auftoftti ter* eopyris I*applico, RrproOixtd byft AwoeiMto ol Coekw gnaw** Mort al ft* utborf), IHACEh*>town pW rim right*of puMkaUon of Ota m*maerif*. Repucrixfor f*rmiwlon <*>pubOil* tnanuKrto ft nrwform. 1part ft who,muri b*mad*ft wrIUnflft MACE.PvtbikaliooDept.. PO. Bo*2I640, Hauuon, TM 77218.IkmncXRlwm r* #**nrvitwrfbyNACE.andaeeclftty.ft* l***aft ftY*wMp*e8*w>My Prtnuwl ft USA /*)**/ wsm Introduction and Background A sbestos cement (A/C) pipe was f i r s t manufactured In Europe a t the turn of the century by hand rolling fla t asbestos-cement sheet stock Into a cylinder while s t i l l wet. However, the resulting product had l i t t l e strength. In the early 1900's an Ita lia n , Mam developed a process for rolling &continuous film of asbestos-cement on a removable cylinder (mandrel) and the modern A/C pipe industry was born. A utoclave cured A/C p ipe i s formed from a m ixture o f th ree (3 ) main in g r e d ie n ts, p lus w a te r;! Percent by weight Asbestos fib er 1S-20 S ilic a flour 34-32 Portland cement 51-48 The asb estos f ib e r Is a ls o a blend o f various fib e r t y p e s , t y p ic a lly "white" ( c h r y s o t ile ) and "blue" ( c r o c ld o llt e ) . S i l i c a flo u r 1s produced by grinding quartz sand 1n a b a ll m ill u n til a fin e powder is produced. The'manufacture o f A/C p ip e , shown In Figure 1 , begins w ith automaiethppenlng o f p la s t ic .s e a l e d bags o f f ib e r , fo llo w ed by mechanical p ro cessin g o f the asb esto s to "debundle" th e a sb esto s In to the individual fibers which give the pipe its c h a ra c te ristic high strength. The opened fib er is then mixed with the other m aterials, slu rrie d , and the pipe is formed under high pressure on a continuous nifti* msHftn 4n4f.,ia! **11**. and Hydrostatic te sts Flexure t e s t Crushing te s t llncombined calcium hydroxide (fr e e Hme) t e s t s Three types of hydrostatic te s ts are used on A/C pipe The f i r s t , "proof" testing checks the burst resistance o f each pipe up I to 3.5 times I ts rated pressure. In addition, a te s t to 4 times rated pressure is conducted on one pipe o f each lo t, usually one out o f 300 pieces. For research purposes, samples of the pipe nay be tested to burst to determine ultimate strength. The la tte r te s t was used to develop the burst data presented la te r herein. The hydrostatic and flexure tests are conducted on a ll A/C pipe to 200 mm (3 in) in diameter, with la rg e r sizes subjected to hydrostatic testin g only. In the flexure t e s t , the pipe 1s subjected to a point load applied a t the center with the ends supported on rigid blocks. This te s t verifies the resistance of the pipe to bending loads. Crush and free lime tests are conducted on each pipe lo t. D eta ile d t e s t procedures fo r A/C p ipe are s e t fo rth by two n a tio n a lly recognized standards se ttin g organizations: American Water Works A sso c ia tio n :2 AWWA C400-80 AWUA 0 2 - 7 7 American 5oc1ety fo r T estin g and M a te r ia ls:3 ASTN C296-78 ASTM C500-77 ASTM C500-79a ASTM C668-79 For purposes of the work reported herein, crush, flexure, and hydrostatic tests were used to evaluate the pipe samples. Tests were run on 305 mm (12 in ) long pipe samples to compare structural in te g rity to standard specifications. Figure 2 shows a photograph o f the standard 3 edge crushing te s t; Figure 3 depicts the hydrostatic te s t equipment. Table l provides AWWA standard crush and hydrotest strength requirements for A/C water distribution pipe. 7525 73/3 As p art of an overall evaluation of te s t procedures, more than 7500 pieces of Class ISO A/C pipe, ranging 1n diameter from s 100-600 sw (4-24 in) were tested,4 the results are plotted on the frequency distribution plot shown in Figure 4. the le f t hand scale and dashed line drawing provide the results of a 1965 study of 412 samples, a ll Class ISO, the right hand scale and so lid line drawing provides the results of an e a rlie r study of 7100 samples, the results ard'expressed in terms of the generalized modulus of rupture (HR) which can be related to the crush loading for a 305 m (12 in) long sample as follows.1 5 HR Crush x _(ID p ipe * y r ) (tff)2 where: MR - modulus o f rupture, kPa ID - in te r io r diam eter o f p ip e , m iVt - w all th ic k n ess o f p ip e , m Crush - crush lo a d , N/m For 200 um (8 in ) C lass 150 p ip e , o f 18 mm (0 .7 1 in ) w all th ic k n e s s, th e frequency d is tr ib u tio n in d ic a te s th a t-cru sh t e s t s varied from - 55 .6 kN/m (3810 l b s / f t ) to 106.2 kN/m (7279 I b s / f t ) . Hydrotest data exh ib ited sim ila r v a ria tio n . A t e s t o f 27 p ieces o f p ipe produced the r e s u lts shown in Figure 5 . H ydrostatic modulus o f rupture (MR) varied from 2 2 .1 to 3 3 .2 x 10& kPa (3200-4800 p s i ) . For th ick w a lled p ip e , MR Is re la ted to b u rst Strength as fo llo w s :6 MRHud =* Burst P ressure x 18S* +...IB?.) Hyd (O b*-*) where: OD - o u tsid e diam eter 10 - In sid e diam eter For 150 mm (6 in ) C lass 150 p ip e , the mean b u rst pressure was 5861 kPa (8.50 p s i) and the standard d ev ia tio n was 517 kPa (75 p s i ) . Thus, a l l samples could be exp ected to t e s t above th e AWWA C400-80 standard o f 440 kPa (632 p s i ) . JLm HB' i t e i K l *fcWarrM^i^>gV**i*w*i*>w*< mmdi*tiA*Mtt These data for new pipe provide a basis for understanding the variation in crush and hydrotest data shown by the samples from the field surveys discussed below. A/C pipe is designed and manufactured so that a ll pieces will meet or exceed standard strength requirements. As a re s u lt, most pipe lengths are substantially stronger than standards require. Nevertheless, substantial variation in test resu lts even on the same Class and size of pipe can be expected, A ggressive Hater Index The Aggressive Index (AI) in AWWA C300-80 as given is one of several indices used to characterize the corrosive tendencies of potable water and was used to characterize the waters in this te s t program discussed below. I t is not a direct measure of corrosivity, ra th e r, the AI indicates the calcium carbonate (CaCOg) s ta b ility of the water, 1 .e . whether o r not CaC03 is deposited on the pipe walls creating a surface coating which protects against corrosion. The AI is calculated from the following formulaj AI * pH + lo g (AH) where: AI - A g g ressiv e index pH - power o f H+ , standard pH u n its A - Total a lk a lin it y , mg/1 as CaC03 H - Calcium h ard ness, mg/1 as CaC03 The deposition of a CaCO'j coating 1s dependent on pH, a lk a lin ity , hardness (calcium + magnesium concentration), to tal dissolved solids (TD5) and water temprature, Given a ll these variables, the AI does not always correctly predict corrosivity, for example, low a lk a lin ity waters are generally corrosive even though the AI might Indicate otherwise, because the low concentration of CaCOj prevents the formation of a protective coating. A corrosion expression which reflec ts these conditions in predicting corrosive attack on A/C pipe 1s presented in Reference 8 . A/C Pipe F ie ld Study As part of ongoing q uality assurance programs, a fie ld study _ on 45 fie ld in stallatio n s o f A/C water distribution pipe was conducted.' Emphasis was on older in sta lla tio n s in geographically diverse areas handling waters ranging from non-aggressive to highly aggressive. Field technicians obtained and v erified the history of A/C pipe samples provided by cooperating water u t i l i t i e s and testing was carried out ------ in the laboratory on 305 irm (12 in)" long samples per the te st methods previously discussed. In addition, a depth o f penetration study was performed on a coupon from each sanple by scraping away any soft material from the Inside surface and measuring the remaining wall thickness with a micrometer. . A summary o f the overall field survey results are shown in Table 2. Of the 25 samples th at could be crush te ste d , only three, Nos, 1?, 33 and 41 failed to exceed the requirements of AWWA 400*80. ! The remaining 20 samples could not be tested because of inadequate sample strength or damage. Two samples were hydrotestad. No. 40 and 42. Both tested over 6205 kPa (900 p si) exceeding the AWWA400-80 specification of 440 kPa (32 psi) by nearly 501. As shown in Table 3 the degree of in te rio r corrosion 1s t apparently a function o f the aggressivity of the water and is ! essentially independent of service l if e . A tabulation of the samples exposed to the most aggressive waters, shown in Table 4, reveals th at ' only one of the samples, No. 33' failed to meet AWWA crush te s t standards. This sample was not the most severely attacked o f the group and i t s low crush strength was probably not indicative of the general condition of the system from which i t was taken. The data also show th a t thin ' protective coatings of the asphaltic type are apparently quite effectiv e. i Table 5 l is t s 't h e coated samples, only one o f which showed any evidence of even slig h t corrosion. Tftis particular sample was of an older type of pipe, d iffering markedly in composition and curing process than the other samples. I t was also observed in some of the samples - that upstream corrosion of m etallic pipe' components caused the deposition of an iron based reddish coating on the A/C pipe. This did st>: not seem to confer any additional corrosion resistance to the pipe, as examination of Table 2 will show. In e a rlie r work, two fuTl length samples of 20.3 cm (8 in) diameter Class 150 pipe were removed from the Cleveland, Ohio water system and tested fo r flexure, crush and hydraulic strength, The pipe had been in service* for 28 years handling water of an average aggressive index of 11,2. The results of the analysis are shown in Table 6, All te s ts were run by an independent laboratory in accordance with AWWA Standard te s t procedures. Finished Water Additives Substantial research into the use of m etallic ion based water additives for corrosion protection of A/C pipe has also been carried out. Extensive work by Buelow, et al_, of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency found th at zinc chloride T^n Cl2 ) added to aggressive waters would protect A/C pipe from corrosion, as long as addition to the finished water was continuous and pH was 8.2 or higher. 10 In 1978, the * A few samples were less than 305 mm (12 1n) long; data was extrapolated in these cases. 73/0 7528 ! A/C pipe manufacturing Industry through the Association of Asbestos Cement Pipe Producers (AACPP) set up a Task force on Aggressive Waters to carry out cooperative research on A/C pipe corrosion, A number of aggressive water research projects have been carried out on in s itu pipe protection using water stream additives. One study verified the results of the EPA study and went on to show th at the protective effect of ZnCtg additive was predicated on continued addition to the water stream. 11 Other research Indicated some protection against corrosion from ferric chloride additives, again requiring continuous addition to maintain protection.12 Companion work to the A/C pipe field study supported indications th at ZnClg additives could reduce corrosive attack on A/C pipe, but the degree of protection conferred by a 05 - 1.0 tng/1 ZnCla concentration was indeterminant. 13 vi Based on th is extensive work, plus other studies and fie ld experience, neutralization of aggressive waters by pH adjustment and/or lime (calcium carbonate) addition is the preferred approach. This process is well established in drinking water treatment technology and, most importantly, i t can protect a ll components of the d istrib u tio n system, m etallic and non-metal11c a lik e , from in terio r corrosion. Conclusion i Photographs o f some o f the actual samples stu d ied in th e f i e l d su rv ey , providing many years o f s e r v ic e in w ater ranging from m oderately to h ig h ly a g g r e ssiv e , are shown in Figure 6 . They g ra p h ica lly h i l l u s t r a t e the high r e sista n c e to in tern a l corrosion o f A/C pipe and i t s e x c e lle n t long term stren gth r e te n tio n . The data s u b sta n tia te the a b ilit y o f asbestos-cem ent water d istrib u tio n pipe to convey moderately to h ighly aggressive potable waters over a long period o f tim e w ith only minimal co rro sio n and l i t t l e or no apparent lo s s o f str e n g th . The degree o f co r ro siv e a tta c k co r re la ted w ith the measured a g g re ssiv e index o f the conveyed w ater, but even where corrosion occurred th e stru ctu ra l in t e g r it y was m aintained. Those sa e p le s which had I n te r io r a sp h a ltic co a tin g s showed e s s e n t i a lly no sig n s o f corrosive a tta c k even when conveying h ig h ly a g g r e ssiv e w a te rs. 7V t 7529 # e R e fe r e n c e s ' \[s l\ 1* Cohn, K M., Sewers fo r Growing America, C ertain -teed Corporation, 1965, p. 145* 1 2. L isted standards a v a ila b le from American Water Works A sso c ia tio n , i 5666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235. <5 j 3. L isted standards a v a ila b le from American S o c ie ty for T esting j and M a teria ls, 1916 Race S tr e e t, P h ila d e lp h ia , Pennsylvania 19103. t 4. Norwood, B. A ., "Proposed Redesign o f Pressure Pipe SPR/p/23," Johns-M anville Corporation, Report No. 425-967, December 15, 1965. 5 . S in ger, F. L ., Strength o f M a teria ls, Harper B roth ers, New York, New York, 1951, p. 175. 6. Asbestos Cement Pipe Design and I n s t a l la t io n , American Water Works z A ssociation'1Manual' b? WateFSuppfy"" P ra c tice * pending. 7. Herr, J. F ., `T r a n s ite F ield Study Program,11 Johns-M anville C orporation, Report No. E 425-T -1424, August 2 2 , 1980. 8. R lc h lie , D. A ,, "Reaction Rate Expression P red ictin g the E ffec t o f A ggressive Waters on A sbestos Cement P ipe," paper prepared for s Corrosion '8 1 , National A ssociation o f Corrosion Engineers Conference, 'A Toronto, Canada. \\ 9 . Bigham, G. F . , "Witness Excavation o f A sbestos Cement Pipe & Vi W itnessing Tests a t the Plant," Pittsburg Testing Laboratories, C leveland, O hio, Report No. CL 9973, May 2 9 , 1975. 3Vs 10. Buelow, R. W., M i lle t t e , J. F ., McFarren, E, F ., Symons, J. M., . "The Behavior o f A sbestos Cement Pipe Under Various Water Q uality C ond itions, A Progress Report," American Water Marks A sso cia tio n J o u rn a l, February, 1980, pp. 91-101. 11. Puskar, V ., "A ggressive Water P ro jec t - T ests Conducted During the Period o f September 1979 - January 1980," ASARCQ Research Report, March 6 , 1980. 12. Hawkins, F. E .,. "C ertain-teed Corporation F iber S ea lin g E xperim ents," C erta1n-teed Corporation Research P ro ject No. 343, August 3 , 1979. 13. R lc h lie , D. A ., " V erifica tio n o f EPA Experiments on th e E ffe c ts o f A ggressive Waters Containing Zinc on A/C Coupons," Johns-M anville Corporation, In tern al Correspondence, March 11, 1980. 73/a 7330 ..w .,,,:,-Ti' 'V:v -1V tfrrirr'tl'tii r -f - nut m,-- > --: - v' ,r- : " *-- u ", i ,,,, -, ; TABLE l 'i AWA Crush and Hydrotest Standards for A/C Pine 5 Class 100 Class 150 Class ZOO Nominal Pipe all# Internal Pressure External Internal Load Pressure External Load Internal Pressure External Load ( in i lem) ` pH KPa lb /li f t m/ttt psi kPa Ib/lvi f t kH/tn pei kPa i',b/Hn f t kN/w I 4 100 417 Z900 4100 60 616 4200 5400 79 809 5500 8700 127 6 150 441 3000 4000 58 632 4400 5400 79 815 5600 9000 136 8 zoo 472 3300 10 250 490 3400 4000 58 4400 64 653 4500 650 4500 5500 80 7000 10Z 824 5700 826 5700 9300 136 11000 161 12 300 490 3400 14 350 500 3400 5200 76 5200 76 658 4500 650 4S00 7600 111 B600 126 830 5700 826 5700 11800 172 13500 197 16 400 500 3400 5800 86 654 4500 9200 134 825 5700 15400 225 t0 aPp1y * 1o*d factor (see AUWA C401) to the three-edge bearing loads obtained 1n the crushing te sts sp ecified 1n Sec. 5.2.4 o f this standard 1n order to correlate then to the fie ld loads. - S w Source: Reference Z *a TABLE 2 Field Survey Results s-* i. - l. HCBSL \ Um Jew u O t feltlro M . N 3 ttrw r H 4 t * --. M 4 ***1*. m C I f y M , TX * <4U4t m 4 M I m , oh 144 * t*r*tr43#U H , n U > * M enate. 1 0 rnm x 9I***. f Ufr to w w lc * . * tt1 W r . a u M u * . CA Aw*, 1 * S a U Am t t 14 N i U M , n . u TW O, i t 70 CA H m r+ m 4 m a fe U iu x , m ? m nm u, m a ` N r t W-----w , U S in 4M--M o l 100 4 ISO 4 200 200 1 Z tt 10 w o IO so t 294 U 200 ISO c 300 0 H 2 20 ao t se t zoo 1 loo 4 un un 4 200 1 200 zoo 1 200 1 200 ZOO MM t tliU I3 1 mm 20 m a ISO a u o J? M* wm IM 27 150 m ISO H ISO J ISO 21 wo a ue H mm a vn n zoo 7 ISO 27 zoo a 1*0 u uo ) -* t ISO s i ua U u o Zi -- 60 U s i.r M i .t) WW u .t 11.Z) 10.2 4 .2 w (ii.e i M WW 12.4 12.5 10.0 (..O 0 .0 2 . M U .l N w ln tlo a fw l M R m tilM M il ItfkN M t [-) (W ftiw 0 .S 4 4.051 0**1 1.04 0.(60 1.372 0.202 0.201 0.102 0.229 1.372 4.457 1.054 4.075 0.171 0.430 e .w . 0.102 6 .1 0 7 4.254 1.0 U 1 .0 2.124 0 .0 5 1 0 .0 7 5 0.405 0.010 0.002 0.01* 0.043 0.02 0.0*4 0.004 0.005 0.004 0 .0 0 0.054 9.011 9.073 0,003 0.007 o .o u 0.010 0.004 0.004 0.010 0.040 0.043 0.004 0.002 .0Q1 0.O15 17.11 J 7 .M 12.51 U . 26. U 27.11 14.53 .4 1 21. . i u . ai 20.4 11.04 15.47 w .te ll.M 26.15 Z ..U 1 2 . .M 21. M 16.41 14.10 11.50 21.79 tl.tl 1 .U 0.705 9.175 0.111 0.757 1.074 1.094 0,172 LM 0.165 0 . 7Z4 0.411 0.547 0 .(1 2 1.007 0.479 1.051 0.951 o-soc 0.614 0.540 0.142 0.740 0.614 0.05 0.135 0.790 |n /4 n M knm m . . ft -rm Un |I W M t la . U ttl* 0P9W M Im trv * n w > km m . ru -iiw i N rt^ rw a f iS t row K sr-- ro rW -N w w Cnm* S tw i S M clflettloa M / u * /r t W m \U J H w. 59.5 157.3 . W .5 140.4 154.4 142.4 134.5 W .3 U 7.9 79.1 11B,9 1H . 124.6 7.1 4 .1 -- 4060 10700 S0.4 6 0 .3 13400 9 (2 0 102.2 10500 *700 4220 6600 11440 71.0 6 0 .1 4 7 . 6 0 .3 6 0 .3 WW 5400 ISO 1170 5Q 4970 UT. 8 127.9 9 H .9 41 m o 0 .3 w w. mm -- , 4000 1400 7000 5400 S600 1100 5100 _5500 4700 700 5109 5500 _* H ae mm I mu z (Continued) bivli -Jfe, &EO- Ht (-1 Aw Citt if fi m. TeeetntlM (nel (Otl ratini feHil ftlcW tl rtif Cpior aB27 Cwtl. te 20Q t 100 CO U. 0,07 0.M1 14.54 9.W5 Ilici4 M Oowr* CC lut ut ISO X II. e.XI OrAlA U* 1.05 Arora 5Jl* Vie SC MO ISO U (1.0) 4.MO 9.15 14.(9 .SH Armi- SaHm i, 4 ISO $ ISO s IM U4 A, IA *cHl U Itrrt lalU , CA no A HO U (.]) 0.25A 9.910 * WW rvAtt'h-tto s Ht M M U t, M 0 A Ha M 9.1 o.on 9*901 11,49 9.AU Mieli 33 (H t I m n l i t . U no ISO l . t i . m 9*999 29.22 0.7 Ara M JHntt AD s a 10 HO o.is? 9*00 7t.H 1.0 grtr-Om . Sm AnUflU, TI i a 0 mm 0.20] 0.000 U. K 0.6S1 t r if o r a * N ll/thort, NT 109 A ISO U 10.1 1.01 0.640 u .st o. m tri ray >r LwifivIlUe kt 109 4 ISO 20 0.0/4 0*003 17.17 0.1/4 art tra Unt Myltttefl, M no S ISO 39 >.} u a 6.9W 17.44 9.AH Ara. M IW A ISO 9.0 0,051 o.ou 11. 9.50 Mk I tot Stnbvrr. CT ISO A no 11 (KM) 1.424 0.0< 17,74 0.40* daft Ara <1 Uw*4* UttA, M 1 A n 1,405 0.1 19.19 0,4 rMlili>lrvN 43 IwUvHlii M Stoni CfitMty. K ISO 300 A ISO 41 HO 10.3 O.S74 0.007 g.Og 9.000 14.40 .07 O.AtO */ i . um |rF U otin*d. fv 209 A uo Ilei 1.371 0.044 14.45 0,451 riy-Arafl 45 UtnWa.'M 0 10 HO u M ,103 0.064 21.M 0.140 Alici* Mteti Al p tw n n i) rm V J-*, W i n nuruO bjr n t i r v tllltla . tuoi Jl u u r n&tru* W v tllitj te M .7 - <*t en* ef 10.1 S**l* V m tt M m tld t l / t i Stw. M i Mckimi 7 O.V41 *n* f n t u r un et 0,44 eeotrM w -WJ. Ite* te n ti mm iu i tt e tte . tW otwted et 8? HP* t i l t 1 ri tt tm v* ifff M C*uA $a^l 1X7 yarn. 3.0 4 m 189.7 15500 - * 125. AMO incin titi w m . *//> . 4000 101.1 7000 -- m n . i 1500 M. 19 o.l 5$00 l u i 4440 n . i $400 M#. 10240 M.7 ASOO U7.J v n 71,1 MOO -- - -- * n , i A3 71,A $400 n . i 10X Ile! 1190 rt. $490 -- -- * -- * -- * " * Source: Reference 7 TAJIE 3 Canutton of A/C Pipe Coupered to Aggm tlvo tndex Avg. Oept/i of Avg. Pipo Totel Avo. Penetration Avg. teMiiting Veli Interior A.I. A.I. te) Un) Veto. IP,est). f Plein Solo 19.0 * 8. ues* 0.073 29 1 Plein 10.0 - 10. 1 10.1 0.8S4 0.034 33 N Plein 11.0 ~ U. < 11.S 0.3SC 0.014 29 1 Plein u.o * $ 12.3 0 .0 0.01 31 H Atphilt 7. - 11.S 7 -- W* 0.004 28 100 Source: PeTirent 7 i*>h-i>ii'f.fci1iti d W a rfu f it * \ TABLE 4 Corrosion o f Af t Pipe Exposed to Stronolv oa'ressTve Waters Sample AI 4 8.6 5 3.2 11 8.2 21 8.1 22 9.0 23 3.0 33 3.8 33 9.3 Years 25 32 31 43 7 31 19 39 Depth o f Penetration (to) - 1 M 2,083 0.082 .660 0.026 1.372 0.054 1,016 0,040 1.092 0.043 2.134 0.084 1.499 0.059 2.388 0.094 S o lid Wall Remaining (Percent) 90 98 95 94 95 88 93 88 Source: Reference 7 v \tm. 7533 73m TABLE 5 Cleve'land, Ohio A/C Pipe Test Data Sample * 1 2 Flexural Load^ ]Q0Pa osi 55.8 8100 $ 4 .4 ' 9340 Crush test^ kH/m Iba/Un Tt r"* aw* 124.0 8500 Hydro T est3 kPa rai 5445 W* 790 *M><mm NOTES: 1. AWWA Standard 5 2 .4 x 106Pa (7500 p s!) 2. AWWA Standard 8 0 .3 kN/m (5500 p s i) 3. AWWA Standard 3620 kPa (525 p s i) Source; Reference 9 TABLE 6 Performace of Asohaltlc Coated A/C Pipe Sample Years P en etra tio n (inn) (in) Solid Wall Remaining (Percent) 9 9.2 38 0.102 0.004 100 17 37 0.254 0.010 99 24 8.3 19 0.051 0.002 100 27 11.6 20 0.076 0.003 100 32 9 .3 38 0.051 0.002 100 *39 9.0 30 0.051 0.002 100 45 7 .6 13 0.102 0.004 100 Source: Reference 7 73/13 7535 HOW CHART OF TRANSITE FIFE MANUFACTURE ! ^ * 4 u(Mn W**Mwt m alaitail 9 ntrrlf^|u% v gg lnlioi %h*M*4 puhh (I #WM*fc*>**fci** *# <***# ifcf m .I* (b) 4 * tM* Itnm **t*#*f h&&+tl l*| *4*a - h- vt, l |l*fc*siic S t ^ c t - b y pr^cM t Pighmff* ccyrat* vnrrfipl lij* l'W li ! Orj t f l M blerMt 1 mglrHal* tFrorrTWijWf 4, C tR | h n i m ^ i 4<*>s r r r* gfork t'i p( fmi al l W4 Mia rinppiain *t <h *If)|i <9 Mp i 1 fe r * * * . C r M * U f M (>< k l wt> i(y ii| and iV y n U w {iim t | !f H T. V*cwwm k i p ira ti p i Ipi (RRmirtf L F*ft d ap o t`11 alurb nn M gAai wab tti'.b*v\a bu<b tif* w V jp\gy* to puHMr an* I Ma*il (wiHi iim ftrrif (ma tathip* n r i l m andrtl poaHn*d 1# Elcir*lylic -Iro at p>p* lmR nr*iwfipl, pttt+nU H, S lt > k M C *R t|M piFtTPf\ pia rwip hm, mlil 17 M a a ^ * )* iflnO fPrt and p<p* lirf (drnlifiealM** It. Air C ^ t R*M Vi*1 cooliei fit lam pafltui* **4 *Himd4y 14 AvIm I* Ht||h piRitWir cvM"9 tff>fI f tl mrmwar*t Md # sr llPftf I h*nr| e|bi(*f 1* feH tvt jrt rnl M tattW rf t p wymawl r t o f b t lw aiftit*rr* h n $ `d w*t >tc|io% (a l Hiab taaliny raacfwMi UJ wwp**t W H fd * fl fe *** Ml ciwaJifMIvpflaKmalmil I f M a U ria lt HaiwWw | K^idpiwaw l' n il* i pipa |> *H ?pM g a Courtesy; Johns-ManvUle Corporation Figure l A/C Pipe Kanufacturlng Process Figure Z Crush Test Apparatus Figure 3 Hydrotest Apparatus 73/14 753G EAST WARWICK, R.l. 31Y R S . A .l.8 .8 WAREHAM. MA. 43Y R S . A .I.8.1 0 .1 3 8 Figure 6 Field Test Swgles I X**.u*i*c&m&*. .*f<if^-^irfiiH *i i ; 1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPE Hydrostatic Strength1 Crush , Strength Flexural, Strength3 Average Modulus o f Rupture - Full OD - All Pressure Pipes Sizes 4" - 12" 3700 pounds per square inch (psi) Sizes 14"-36" 4000 psi Average Modulus o f Rupture - Full OD Pressure pipes (all sizes) Sewer pipe {4W- 5") Sewer pipe (8"-36") Ducts and conduits (ail sizes) 7000 psi 3200-4500 psi 5900 psi 3200-1500 psi Modulus of Rupture (minimum for test use) Class pressure pipe (all sizes) 3700 psi Transmission pipe (all sizes) 3500 psi Sewer pipe (4n - 5") 1900-3000 psi (B" - 30") 3500 psi *Ducts and conduits (all sizes) 1900-3000 psi Modulus o f E lasticity Density Thermal Conductivity Thermal C oefficient o f Expansion Specific Heat Moisture C oefficien t o f Expansion Hazen-Williams' C oefficient Manning's C oefficient Axial Compressive Stress Axial Tensile Stress Shear Stress Permeability Poisson's Ratio D ielectric Constant Water Absorption (24 hour immersion) Hardness (Rockw ell M) 2.5 - 3.5 X 10 psi 100-115 lb/ft* K=5.5 BT U /H r/F./ft2/ln , 4 - 5 x IO-* in ./ln ./F . 0.27 BTU/lb/P at 212F. 1.5 - 2.0 x 10~5 in,/in./% m oisture content C 3 140 n 0.010 8000 psi (full pipe cross section) 500 - 3000 psi (depending on blend) Laminart 1000 psi Across pipe axis: 4000 psi 0.3 - 0.5 grains/hr/ft2/ in. Hg/In. thickness 0.2 dry: 20 w eti 100 15-20% (depending on blend) ID = 87 OD = 60 75-iO 'M' \ 1 Formula for Hydrostatic Modulus o f Rupture MR = P OP2 + ID2 OD2 - ID2 2 Formula for Crush Modulus o f Rupture (one foot length) MR = 0.159 W (OD + ID) (OD - ID)2 i 2 Formula for Flexural Modulus o f Rupture (mid point load) M R t .FL BS (Where s = section modulus in.3) lullittU H 7541 m I* H. H T T iiii RECENT STUDIES ON ASBESTOS IN, DRINKING WATER ,k' Study Smith, et al (1980) U.S, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (1981-1882) Type - Fiber Levels Animal feeding (lifetim e) 1.3 billion fibers/liter Animal feeding (lifetim e) Asbestos 1% of d iet Hilding, et al (1981) Bolton, Davis e t al (1982) Animal feeding (lifetim e) 78 billion fibers/liter Animal feeding (25 mos.) Asbestos 0.27% of diet P igott (manuscript In preparation) Animal feeding (lifetim e) Sgurdson, et a l (1981) T oft, e t a l (1981) Polissar, et al (1982) Polissar, et al (1983) U,S. Environmental Protection Agency (manuscript in preparation) Epidemiologic (cologie) 1 to 64 million fib ers/liter Epidemiologic (cologie) Various lev els Epidemiologic (census tract) 20 S million fib ers/liter Epidemiologic (case control) 206 million fibers/liter Epidemiologic (census tract) Over 10 million fibers/liter Conclusions No incidence of disease attributable to asbestos Hamsters-no carcinogenic effect. Rats-no carcinogenic effect, Inflammation, diverticulitis or ulcerations No carcinogenic effect No excess o f malignant tumor; no mucosal ab norm alities No carcinogenic effect No link b etw een ingested asbestos and cancer No In crease in m ortality rates for any cancer No Increased death or disease in exposed populations No Increased risk o f cancer in exposed populations No statistically significant differences between exposed and unexposed populations 7543