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Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) JACC No. 48 ISSN-0773-6339-48 Brussels, September 2005 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) ECETOC JACC No. 48 Copyright ECETOC AISBL European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals 4 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte 6), B-1160 Brussels, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Applications to reproduce, store, copy or translate should be made to the Secretary General. ECETOC welcomes such applications. Reference to the document, its title and summary may be copied or abstracted in data retrieval systems without subsequent reference. The content of this document has been prepared and reviewed by experts on behalf of ECETOC with all possible care and from the available scientific information. It is provided for information only. ECETOC cannot accept any responsibility or liability and does not provide a warranty for any use or interpretation of the material contained in the publication. ECETOC JACC No. 48 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 THE ECETOC SCHEME FOR THE JOINT ASSESSMENT OF COMMODITY CHEMICALS 2 1. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 3 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS 5 2.1 Identity 5 2.2 EC classification and labelling 6 2.3 Physical and chemical properties 6 2.4 Conversion factors 7 2.5 Analytical methods 8 3. PRODUCTION, STORAGE, TRANSPORT AND USE 9 3.1 Production 9 3.1.1 Manufacturers and quantity 9 3.1.2 Production processes 9 3.2 Storage 9 3.3 Transport 10 3.4 Use 10 4. ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSFORMATION 11 4.1 Emissions 11 4.1.1 Natural sources 11 4.1.2 Emissions during production and use 11 4.2 Environmental distribution 12 4.3 Environmental fate and biotransformation 12 4.3.1 Atmospheric fate and impact 12 4.3.2 Aquatic fate 16 4.3.3 Terrestrial fate 17 4.3.4 Biodegradation 17 4.3.5 Bioaccumulation 17 4.3.6 Evaluation 18 5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 19 5.1 Environmental levels 19 ECETOC JACC No. 48 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 5.2 Human exposure levels and hygiene standards 19 5.2.1 Non-occupational exposure 19 5.2.2 Occupational exposure 19 5.2.3 Hygiene standards 19 5.2.4 Public and environmental health standards 20 5.3 Other standards 20 6. EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 21 6.1 Micro-organisms 21 6.2 Aquatic organisms 21 6.3 Terrestrial organisms 21 6.4 Evaluation 22 7. KINETICS AND METABOLISM 23 7.1 In vivo studies 23 7.2 Metabolism in vitro and in cell-free systems 23 7.3 Summary 24 8. EFFECTS ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS 26 8.1 Acute toxicity 26 8.1.1 Inhalation 26 8.1.2 Metabolites 32 8.1.3 Other acute toxicity studies 32 8.1.4 Summary 32 8.2 Skin, respiratory tract and eye irritation, sensitisation 33 8.3 Repeated dose toxicity 33 8.3.1 Rats 36 8.3.2 Mice 37 8.3.3 Guinea pigs 38 8.3.4 Summary 38 8.4 Genotoxicity 39 8.4.1 Gene mutation in vitro 42 8.4.2 Chromosome aberration 42 8.4.3 DNA repair in vivo 43 8.4.4 Summary and evaluation 43 8.5 Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity 44 8.6 Reproductive toxicity 44 8.6.1 Studies of potential relevance 44 8.6.2 Summary and evaluation 44 ECETOC JACC No. 48 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 9. MECHANISTIC STUDIES 46 9.1 Kidney toxicity 46 9.2 Summary and evaluation 46 10. EFFECTS ON HUMANS 47 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 48 11.1 Databases consulted 48 11.2 References quoted 48 11.3 References not quoted 55 APPENDIX A: CRITERIA FOR RELIABILITY CATEGORIES 58 APPENDIX B: CONVERSION FACTORS FOR VAPOUR CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR 59 MEMBERS OF THE TASK FORCE 60 MEMBERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE 61 ECETOC JACC No. 48 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report has been produced as part of the ECETOC Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals (JACC) programme. It presents a critical evaluation of data on the toxicity and ecotoxicity, and environmental fate and impact of hexafluoropropylene (HFP). A hazard/risk assessment is required under current OECD/EU schemes a,b. In the USA, HFP is included in the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Chemical Right-to-Know Initiative c. HFP is a chemical intermediate used in the synthesis of fluoropolymers, fluoro-elastomers and also fluorinated oils and greases. It is a colourless gas that is only slightly soluble in water. Any HFP released to the environment will be found mainly in the air, where it will be broken down by reaction with hydroxyl radicals to trifluoroacetic acid, hydrogen fluoride and carbon dioxide. HFP is unlikely to bioaccumulate. The environmental risk from exposure is low, since only a small amount is released into the environment. HFP does not deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. The global warming impact of HFP is insignificant, other than by contributing to carbon dioxide concentrations on atmospheric breakdown. HFP has a low acute toxicity in laboratory animals. In repeated exposure studies, the kidney was the principal target organ, as manifest by an increase in relative kidney weight. In one study, there was also a decrease in relative spleen weight. Although no standard reproductive or developmental toxicity studies have been conducted, the reproductive system does not appear to be a target of HFP toxicity and it is not considered that there is a need for any further studies of these end-points. Genotoxicity studies have generally been negative, suggesting a low level of concern. However, recent findings with the structurally related tetrafluoroethylene of chronic toxicity, including certain tumours in life-time studies in mice and rats at high exposure levels, may indicate the possibility of carcinogenicity for HFP. HFP is manufactured in closed systems and occupational exposure, limited to specific job classifications, is expected to be low. It is thus considered to be of low potential risk. Company internal occupational exposure limits range from 0.5 to 2 ppm (3 - 12 mg/m3). There is no known direct consumer exposure to HFP. Consumer exposure is negligible, arising only from low levels of residual monomer in end-use polymeric products. a OECD Existing Chemicals Programme [http://www1.oecd.org/ehs/hazard.htm] b EU Existing Chemicals Work Area [http://ecb.ei.jrc.it/existing-chemicals/] c US-EPA high production volume (HPV) challenge list [http://www.epa.gov/oppt/chemrtk/] ECETOC JACC No. 48 1 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) THE ECETOC SCHEME FOR THE JOINT ASSESSMENT OF COMMODITY CHEMICALS This report has been produced as part of the ECETOC Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals (JACC) programme for preparing critical reviews of the toxicology and ecotoxicology of selected existing industrial chemicals. In the programme, commodity chemicals (i.e. those produced in large tonnage by several companies and having widespread and multiple use) are jointly reviewed by experts from a number of companies with knowledge of the chemicals. Only the chemical itself is considered in a JACC review; products in which it appears as an impurity are not normally taken into account. This document presents a critical evaluation of the toxicology and ecotoxicology, including environmental fate and impact, of hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4). Where relevant, the Task Force has graded the studies by means of a "code of reliability" (CoR) (Appendix A) to reflect the degree of confidence that can be placed on the reported results. ECETOC JACC No. 48 2 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 1. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) is a colourless, odourless, non-flammable gas that is only slightly soluble in water. It is used as chemical intermediate primarily in the synthesis of fluoropolymers, fluoro-elastomers and fluorinated materials (e.g. perfluoropolyether functional fluids, oils and greases). Total production ranges from 10 to 20 metric kilotonnes (kt) per year in closed systems. HFP is normally utilised as a feedstock. However, it can be transported as a compressed, nonflammable gas in pressurised containers (1 - 15 t) or via pipelines to other processing and/or production facilities. There is no known direct consumer use. Consumer exposure through marketed polymeric products is anticipated to be negligible because the residual levels of HFP are expected to be low. Release to the environment from anticipated use is expected to be negligible. By virtue of its physical form as a gas with a low affinity for water, soil and biota, any HFP released into the environment will partition almost entirely to the air compartment. Atmospheric breakdown, to trifluoroacetic acid, hydrogen fluoride and carbon dioxide, is by indirect photolysis (hydroxyl radicals) with a half-life of 3.5 days. HFP is unlikely to bioaccumulate, based on estimated partition coefficients. The environmental risk from exposure is low since only small amounts are released into the environment. HFP does not deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. The global warming impact of HFP itself is insignificant, compared with that of carbon dioxide. On atmospheric breakdown, it will not significantly contribute to carbon dioxide formation. HFP is manufactured in closed systems and hence occupational exposure is expected to be low. None of the standard-setting authorities (e.g. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and German MAK Commission) has set an occupational exposure limit value for HFP. Some manufacturers of HFP have set internal occupational exposure limits ranging from 0.5 ppm to 2 ppm (3 - 12 mg/m3) as an 8-hour time weighted average concentration. HFP is low in acute toxicity. In repeated exposure studies in rodents, the kidney has been identified as the principal target organ; the mouse was more susceptible than the rat. A noobserved adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 10 ppm (60 mg/m3) has been identified in both rats and mice in well-conducted studies following exposure to HFP for 90 days. However, in a poorly reported study, rats exposed to HFP for 6 months showed an increase in relative kidney weight and a decrease in relative spleen weight. The reproductive system does not appear to be a target of HFP toxicity, although no standard reproductive or developmental toxicity studies have been conducted. Given its low occupational exposure limit, which is based on systemic toxicity, and the fact that consumer exposure is anticipated to be negligible, it would seem unnecessary to conduct any further studies of these end-points. ECETOC JACC No. 48 3 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Genotoxicity studies have generally been negative and suggest a low level of concern. However, recent findings with the structurally related tetrafluoroethylene of carcinogenicity (excess of liver haemangio-sarcomas, hepatocellular carcinomas and histiocytic sarcomas in the mouse, and renal tumours in the rat) in lifetime studies a may have toxicological significance for HFP. Repeated exposure studies following inhalation (route of concern since HFP is a gas under normal conditions) have identified the kidney as the target organ with the threshold for kidney effects around 200 ppm (1,230 mg/m3) in rats and 50 ppm in mice. Recent studies on the long-term effects of tetrafluoroethylene resulted in chronic toxicity (including cancer) under relatively high exposure conditions ( 156 ppm; 960 mg/m3). The critical effect of HFP is nephrotoxicity. It is recommended that particular attention be given to the chemical similarity of HFP with tetrafluoroethylene, and a consideration of whether this relationship might indicate the possibility of carcinogenicity. HFP is used as an intermediate and is produced in closed systems. Based on older occupational exposure monitoring records, the potential has existed in specific job classifications for exposures to occur above the recommended (internal) acceptable exposure limits. There may be site-specific occupational situations (specific job classifications) where current potential exposures need to be evaluated. There are no known direct consumer exposures to HFP. In all, HFP is considered to be of low potential risk and of low priority for further work. a Reviewed by ECETOC (2004) ECETOC JACC No. 48 4 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.1 Identity Name: IUPAC name: Synonyms: Danish: Dutch: Finnish: French: German: Greek: Italian: Norwegian: Portuguese: Spanish: Swedish: Hexafluoropropylene 1,1,2,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-1-propene FC-1216 Hexafluoropropene Hexafluoropropylene Perfluoropropene Perfluoro-1-propene Perfluoropropylene Propene, hexafluoro1-Propene, 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoroPropylene, hexafluoroHexafluorpropen Perfluorpropeen, hexafluorpropeen Heksafluoropropyleeni Perfluoropropne, hexafluoropropylne Hexafluoropropen, perfluorpropylen Esafluoropropene, perfluoropropene Hexafluorpropylen Hexafluoropropeno, perfluoropropeno Hexafluoropropeno, perfluoropropeno Hexafluorpropylen CAS name: CAS registry number: EC (EINECS) number: Formula: Molecular mass: Chemical structure: 1-Propene, hexafluoro- 116-15-4 204-127-4 C3F6 150.02 F F FC C F F C F ECETOC JACC No. 48 5 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 2.2 EC classification and labelling The European Commission has classified and labelled hexafluoropropylene (HFP) in accordance with the Dangerous Substances Directive 67/548/EEC and its subsequent amendments (EC, 2002) as follows: Number: Classification: 602-061-00-4 Xn, Harmful; Xi, Irritant Labelling: Symbol: Risk phrases R 20 R 37 Safety phrases S 2 S 41 Harmful Harmful by inhalation Irritating to respiratory system Keep out of reach of children In case of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes There seems to be no justification for this Xi classification and R 37-phrase. 2.3 Physical and chemical properties At normal (ambient) temperature and pressure, HFP is a colourless, odourless, non-flammable gas that is only slightly soluble in water. Physical and chemical properties are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Physical and chemical properties Parameter, units Melting point Boiling point, at 1,013 hPa Relative density of liquid, D420 (density of water at 4oC is 1,000 kg/m3) Viscosity, at 20oC Refractive index nD at 20C Vapour pressure, at 20oC Value, unit 156.2C 156.5C 29.4C 29.6C 1.332 No data No data 6,890 hPa a 6,527 hPa b 6,427 hPa c 5,694 hPa d Reference ECB, 2000 Lide, 1999 Lide, 1999; Gerhartz, 1999 Lewis, 1992 Du Pont, 2002 Solvay, 2002 Whipple, 1986 Kirk-Othmer, 1998 cited by OECD, 1998 Yaws, 1999 ECETOC JACC No. 48 6 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Table 1: Physical and chemical properties (cont'd) Parameter, units Value, unit Reference Vapour density at 20oC (air = 1) 5.2 Du Pont, 2002 Threshold odour concentration, mg/m3 Not applicable (odourless) ECB, 2000; HSDB, 2001 Surface tension, at 20C mN/m No data Solubility in water, at 20oC 210 mg/l e 224 mg/l e 98 mg/l e Nosov and Barlyaev, 1968 Horvath, 1982 Veretennikov et al, 1984 at 25C at 28C 177 mg/l e 193 mg/l e 82 mg/l e Nosov and Barlyaev, 1968 Horvath, 1982 Ausimont, 2001 Partition coefficient, log Kow (octanol/water) at 25C 2.12 f 1.99 g 1.981 g US-EPA, 2003 Maaen, 1996 Abraham et al, 2001 Partition coefficient, log Koc (organic carbon/water) at 25C 2.67 f US-EPA, 2003 Henrys Law constant, at 25oC Pam3/mol 1.47 x 105 Pam3/mol h 0.75 - 1.5 x 105 Pam3/mol f,i Maaen, 1996; Abraham et al, 2001 Flash point, (closed cup) Not applicable Explosion limits in air at 1,013 hPa 28.3 % (v/v) j Yaws, 1999; ECB, 2000 Flammability Not flammable k Du Pont, 2002; Solvay, 2002 Auto-flammability, ignition temperature No data a Reported as 6.89 bar at 20C b Reported as 4,896 torr at 20C c Calculated from an equation for vapour pressure as a function of temperature (from 29.4 to +85C) d Calculated from "Antoine-type" regression equation for vapour pressure as a function of temperature e In equilibrium with gaseous HFP (at a partial pressure of 1,013 hPa, except for the Veretennikov et al reference, that does not state the pressure explicitly) f Estimated g Measured h Calculated from the reported Ostwald solubility coefficient (0.0169) i Calculated, assuming a solubility of 100 - 200 mg/l at an HFP partial pressure of 1,013 hPa j Upper limit; temperature range not specified k In air, but will burn in oxygen-enriched air if O2 content > 24%; flammability limits in O2: 9 - 72% 2.4 Conversion factors Conversion factors for HFP concentrations in air at standard conditions (25C and 1,013 hPa) are: 1 ppm = 6.132 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 = 0.163 ppm ECETOC JACC No. 48 7 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) In this report, converted values are given in parentheses. The generic formula, from which the conversion factors for vapour concentrations in air are derived, is given in Appendix B. According to European standard conditions (20C and 1,013 hPa) these would be: 1 ppm = 6.236 mg/m3 and 1 mg/m3 = 0.160 ppm. 2.5 Analytical methods HFP is generally determined and analysed in air by gas chromatography using an isothermal (100C) column filled with Poropak type Q 80/100 (Bright and Matula, 1968) equipped with a flame ionisation detector. The analytical limit of detection is 50 to 100 ppb by volume of HFP in air (Solvay, 2004). There are no standard methods for the determination of HFP in sediment, water or soil. ECETOC JACC No. 48 8 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 3. PRODUCTION, STORAGE, TRANSPORT AND USE 3.1 Production 3.1.1 Manufacturers and quantity Total production within the OECD countries was estimated in the range of 10 to 20 kt in 1999 (OECD, 2000a,b). 3.1.2 Production processes HFP (purity > 99.5%) is used and transported without the addition of stabilisers. The most commonly used production process (Gerhartz, 1999) is pyrolysis of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE): 3 CF2=CF2 2 CF3CF=CF2 ............................................. (Eq.1) This reaction is carried out in a closed continuous reactor at 600 to 900C. The yield can be improved at low partial pressure, achieved either by operating under reduced total pressure (down to 0.1 bar) or by injecting an inert diluent such as steam or CO2. Significant quantities of by-products, including the highly toxic perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB), are formed during the pyrolysis of TFE. Such by-products are either incinerated directly or are collected and transported for incineration at a remote facility. 3.2 Storage HFP is stored in carbon-steel or stainless pressure resistant containers, in cool well-ventilated areas, away from sunlight, heat and ignition sources. HFP should not be stored below ground level, as the gas may accumulate. Liquid HFP has unlimited storage life under pressure at room temperature in steel containers, even without stabilisers. ECETOC JACC No. 48 9 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 3.3 Transport Limited quantities of HFP may be shipped under US-DOT (2001) regulations (using UN number 1858 hazard class 2.2) as a liquefied compressed gas in metal pressure resistant containers (cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and tanks) with a maximum filling degree of 1.11 kg/l and a minimum test pressure of 22 bar (2.2 MPa), subject to the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG, 2000), the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (RID, 2003), the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR, 2003) and the Dangerous Goods Regulation of the International Air Transport Association (IATA, 2003). Approximately 30% of the production volume is shipped by road or sea in 1 or 15-ton (1.02 15.2 t)a pressurised containers (OECD, 2000b). 3.4 Use HFP is a reactive chemical and most (~ 90%) is used by the major producers (OECD, 2000b) as a co-monomer for the production of thermoplastics (in particular, the perfluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer), of fluoro-elastomers based on HFP, vinylidene fluoride and in some cases other components such as TFE, and of perfluoropolyether functional fluids, oils and greases. A relatively small fraction of HFP is used as a feedstock for producing the CFC alternative heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea) and HFP oxide. It is also used as a monomer for perfluoropolyether and perfluorovinyl ether manufacture) and other specialty fluoro-chemicals. There are no direct consumer uses of HFP. Polymeric products based on HFP as a co-monomer may contain low levels of unreacted HFP. Consumer exposure is anticipated to be negligible because the residual levels of HFP in end-use polymeric products will be low (cf. Section 5.2.4). a 1 metric tonne = 0.9842 ton ECETOC JACC No. 48 10 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 4. ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSFORMATION 4.1 Emissions 4.1.1 Natural sources There is no known natural source of HFP. 4.1.2 Emissions during production and use Production releases HFP is used as an intermediate and is produced in closed systems. Furthermore, in most plants, by-products and vent gases are collected and sent directly to a thermal oxidation unit. Nonfugitive emissions are therefore negligible. HFP is not reportable under the US Toxics Release Inventory (US-EPA, 2001). In 1994, Du Pont estimated that total controlled non-fugitive releases from its facilities to the atmosphere amounted to approximately 100 tons (102 t) (~ 50% from production and 50% from use) (OECD, 2000b). Ausimont has reported an estimated annual emission to the air of 50 kg as fugitive emissions. Hoechst has estimated fugitive emissions to air of < 200 kg/y from its manufacturing (Dyneon now operates the Hoechst facility). MDA Manufacturing has reported < 3 tons/y (3.05 t/y) released as airborne fugitive emissions (OECD, 2000b). Residual levels in polymers Release to the environment from anticipated use of fluoropolymers based on HFP as a comonomer is expected to be negligible. Small quantities of residual HFP (and other monomers and hydrogen fluoride) may be trapped and evolve slowly from fluoropolymer resins, as well as finished polymeric products based on HFP as a co-monomer. It has been confirmed that HFP can be found in finished products, but the conditions under which it is formed and in what quantities have not been investigated. If large quantities of fluoropolymer materials and products are stored in unventilated spaces, residual gases may accumulate at levels that could be hazardous. Sealed packages may also contain significant concentrations of residual gases (SPI, 1998). ECETOC JACC No. 48 11 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 4.2 Environmental distribution On account of its high volatility and low water solubility, HFP is expected to partition preferentially into the atmospheric compartment of the environment. Although no data are available, this conclusion is supported by a Mackay Level I model calculation (Mackay et al, 1996). Using as input a Henrys Law constant of 105 Pa.m3/mol at 25C and a log Kow of 2 (Table 1), the Level I model predicts equilibrium partitioning of 99.995% to air and 0.005% to water. The fractions estimated to be present in other compartments (air, soil, sediment, suspended sediment, biota [fish]) are all lower than 0.0005% (Franklin, 2003). This is as expected based on the relatively low values for log Kow and log Koc (Table 1) and a bioconcentration factor of 8.6, calculated using the EpiWin software (US-EPA, 2003). 4.3 Environmental fate and biotransformation 4.3.1 Atmospheric fate and impact Atmospheric persistence Direct photolysis of HFP is not a significant process in the lower atmosphere, due to its low ultraviolet absorption at wavelengths > 290 nm (Orkin et al, 1997; Eden et al, 2003). According to a study by Eden et al (2003), the lifetime of HFP with respect to photolysis in the lower atmosphere is greater than 1 year. This implies that this removal process is negligible compared with degradation by reaction with the hydroxyl radical (&OH), and possibly the nitrate radical (NO3&), as discussed below. The tropospheric degradation of HFP will be initiated essentially by reaction with &OH. Measurements of the ambient-temperature rate constant of this reaction all gave results close to 2.3 x 1012 cm3/molecule/s (McIlroy and Tully, 1993; Dubey et al, 1996; Orkin et al, 1997; Mashino et al, 2000; Tokuhashi et al, 2000; Acerboni et al, 2001). Based on this value and a mean tropospheric &OH concentration of 106 molecule/cm3, a half-life of 3.5 days is calculated with respect to reaction with &OH (An atmospheric half-life of 2 days is used with certain persistent organic pollutants to give an indication of potential for long-range atmospheric transport). Reaction of HFP with ozone (O3) or NO3& will make relatively minor contributions to its atmospheric degradation. The rate constant for reaction of HFP with O3 at ambient temperature has been measured experimentally, by Mashino et al (2000) and Acerboni et al (2001), respectively, and reported to be < 3 x 1021 and 0.62 x 1021 cm3/molecule/s. Adopting the latter value and a mean tropospheric O3 concentration of 7 x 1011 molecule/cm3, this leads to a half-life of over 50 years with respect to reaction with O3. ECETOC JACC No. 48 12 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) For the reaction of HFP with NO3&, only an upper limit to the rate constant of 3 x 1015 cm3/molecule/s is available (Acerboni et al, 2001). Assuming a mean tropospheric NO3& concentration of 1.2 x 108 molecule/cm3, this leads to a half-life greater than 22 days with respect to reaction with NO3&. Furthermore, a three-dimensional atmospheric chemical-transport modelling study gave an average global lifetime of 6 days (half-life 4.2 d) for HFP (Acerboni et al, 2001). It should be noted that, because of its high reactivity, the atmospheric persistence of HFP will depend largely on the location (latitude, longitude) and season of the year of emission. Stratospheric ozone depletion HFP will not contribute to the destruction of stratospheric O3, as it contains neither chlorine nor bromine, i.e. its O3 depleting potential is zero. Tropospheric ozone formation HFP emitted to the atmosphere will contribute to the formation of tropospheric O3. Model calculations would be required to quantify this effect. Global warming The global warming potential (GWP) of a greenhouse gas is the time-integrated radiative forcing resulting from emission to the atmosphere of a unit mass of a given substance, divided by the same quantity calculated for a reference substance. The radiative forcing is the additional earthward infrared radiation flux arising from the presence of the substance in the atmosphere. The GWP calculation is performed for a given "integration time horizon" (ITH). Depending on the reference substance, the ITH may be chosen to be finite (e.g. for CO2) or infinite (e.g. for CFC-11). Today, GWP values are almost invariably expressed relative to CO2, for an ITH of 100 years. Acerboni et al (2001) performed radiative transfer modelling studies to determine the GWP of HFP, on the basis of their &OH rate constant and infrared absorption cross-section determination, and obtained values of 0.86, 0.25 and 0.079 (relative to CO2 = 1) for ITHs of 20, 100 and 500 years, respectively. Thus, the GWP of HFP is lower than that of CO2 for all three ITHs and the global warming impact of HFP will be insignificant, taking into account also the small amounts of HFP emitted as compared with CO2. ECETOC JACC No. 48 13 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Degradation mechanism and products Laboratory studies on the &OH-initiated degradation of HFP in the presence of air show that the main reaction products, namely trifluoroacetyl fluoride (CF3C(O)F) and carbonyl fluoride (C(O)F2), are formed in approximately equimolar proportions (Donahue et al, 1996; Mashino et al, 2000; Acerboni et al, 2001). A proposed simplified atmospheric degradation scheme, based on the interpretation of Mashino et al (2000), is given in Figure 1. ECETOC JACC No. 48 14 Figure 1: Tropospheric degradation mechanism for HFP CF3CF=CF2 HFP + OH Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) CF3C(OH)FCF2 + O2 CF3C(OH)FCF2O2 + NO NO2 CF3C(OH)FCF2O CF3CFCF2OH + O2 CF3C(O2)FCF2OH + NO NO2 CF3C(O)FCF2OH CF3C(OH)F + + O2 HO2 C(O)F2 Carbonyl fluoride + H2O (liquid) CO2 + 2 HF CF3C(O)F Trifluoroacetyl fluoride + H2O (liquid) CF3C(O)OH + HF a NO, NO2, free radicals CF3C(O)F + + H2O (liquid) CF3C(O)OH + HF CF2(OH) + O2 HO2 C(O)F 2 + H2O (liquid) CO2 + 2 HF Theoretically, two different radicals can be formed by the addition of &OH to the double bond of HFP. The regioselectivity is not known, but both radicals ultimately lead to the same primary molecular products, i.e. CF3C(O)F and C(O)F2. These will be taken up by cloud droplets and ECETOC JACC No. 48 15 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) rainwater within a few weeks (Cox et al, 1995) and hydrolysed to, respectively, trifluoroacetaldehyde (CF3C(O)OH) and hydrogen fluoride (HF), and to CO2 and HF. The fluorinated acids formed will thus be removed from the atmosphere mainly by incorporation in precipitation, but some dry deposition to land and ocean surfaces may also occur. The environmental occurrence and fate of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), is discussed in the ECETOC report on 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) (ECETOC, 2005). Clearly, the quantities of TFA found in the environment are much greater than can be explained by the degradation of synthetic fluorochemicals. Natural sources are likely to contribute. 4.3.2 Aquatic fate As a result of the high Henrys Law constant (Table 1), HFP will partition to air will be greatly in favour of the latter compartment; its water solubility is low and vapour pressure high. Under the natural conditions prevailing in soil and natural waters, at ambient temperature and pressure, and considering equilibrium between the environmental compartments (Section 4.2), HFP will partition completely to the atmosphere. Although HFP discharge into water and soil will occur only rarely (for example only after an accidental release of the compound into these environmental compartments), the equilibrium criterion (EQC) Level III model has been applied to evaluate the possible environmental distribution after such a release (Mackay et al, 1996). Running the Level III model with HFP emissions into the water compartment, partitioning is 14% to air and 86% to water. Equilibrium between the two compartments is not achieved immediately, even if the overall residence time is in the order of hundreds of hours. The volatilisation half-life from a model (EpiWin) river, characterised by 1 m depth, 1 m/s current velocity and 5 m/s wind speed (US-EPA, 2003), was calculated to be 1.25 hours; adapting the same model for a lake characterised by 1 m depth, 0.05 m/s current velocity and 0.5 m/s wind speed, gives a volatilisation half-life of 5 days. Adopting more realistic values for depth (5 and 20 metres for rivers and lakes, respectively) and wind velocity (5 m/s for both), together with the default current velocities, gives volatilisation half-lives of 18 hours for rivers and 142 days for lakes (Colombo, 2003). Hydrolysis is not expected to occur. While the EQC Level III results show that HFP remains predominantly in the aqueous phase as long as there is a continuous emission to water, EpiWin modelling demonstrates that HFP volatilises fairly rapidly to the atmosphere once emission to water ceases. ECETOC JACC No. 48 16 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 4.3.3 Terrestrial fate Simulating emissions into the soil compartment, using the EQC default of 1,000 kg/h or a more realistic value of 1 kg/h, it is concluded that 100% of the HFP partitions to the atmosphere. Due to the low log Koc value of 2.65, HFP is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. Volatilisation of HFP is expected from moist soil surfaces due to the high Henrys Law constant (Table 1) and from dry soil surfaces due to high vapour pressure (Table 1). 4.3.4 Biodegradation No experimental data are available on the biodegradation of HFP in water, sediment or soil. In general, volatilisation processes from soil and water are expected to be faster than biodegradation. Application of the BioWin model (US-EPA, 2003) indicates that biodegradation rates are in the range of several months. 4.3.5 Bioaccumulation Abraham et al (2001) reported an experimental BCF (Bioconcentration factor) value of 1.981 for HFP resulting from determinations of HFP-water and HFP-octanol partitioning. The LogKow programme (US-EPA, 2003) was used to estimate the log Kow of HFP. A log Kow of 2.12 was used to estimate the BCF value. The regression equation used to estimate BCF was: log BCF = 0.77 x log Kow 0.70 ............................................................................ (Eq. 2) The BCF value was 8.6. The US Hazardous Substances Database quotes a BCF value of 24. This value was calculated using another type of regression equation (Lyman et al, 1990): log BCF = 0.76 log Kow 0.23 ................................................................................. (Eq. 3) The log Kow used is the same used for the above determination, i.e. log Kow = 2.12 (HSDB, 2001). Kenaga and Goring (1980) estimated BCF values from experiments with different species of fish for 36 organic chemicals. The regression equation was: ECETOC JACC No. 48 17 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) log BCF = 0.973 + 0.767 log Kow .......................................................................... (Eq. 4) A BCF value of 3.5 was obtained using the experimental log Kow value of 1.981 (Abraham et al, 2001) These results, based on estimation methods derived from observed correlations between the physical properties of different organic compounds, are reasonably close to each other. According to a recommended classification scheme (Franke et al, 1994), this indicates that HFP is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. 4.3.6 Evaluation HFP, a highly volatile substance sparingly soluble in water, partitions preferentially to the atmosphere on release to the environment. It degrades in the lower atmosphere, mainly by reaction with &OH, with a half-life of a few days. It has no effect on stratospheric O3 and its contribution to global warming is negligible. In view of the low emissions of HFP, its contribution to tropospheric O3 formation is also likely to be insignificant. The atmospheric degradation of HFP leads to the formation of TFA, HF and CO2. The fluorinated acids are removed from the atmosphere mainly by wet deposition to the earths surface. In the aquatic compartment HFP does not hydrolyse and does not adsorb to sediment or to suspended organic matter. On the basis of the estimated BCF value, HFP will not bioconcentrate in fish. Moreover the low log Kow indicates that no bioaccumulation should occur in wildlife. In the soil compartment, HFP is expected to have moderate mobility due to the low log Koc value. On account of its high volatility, any HFP present in soil will readily evaporate into atmosphere. Although no experimental data are available, no biodegradation is expected under either abiotic or biotic conditions. ECETOC JACC No. 48 18 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1 Environmental levels No data are available. 5.2 Human exposure levels and hygiene standards 5.2.1 Non-occupational exposure There are no reports dealing with non-occupational exposure to HFP. There are no consumer uses of HFP as such. Polymeric products based on HFP as a co-monomer are expected to contain only very low levels of unreacted HFP. As a consequence, consumer exposure is expected to be negligible although the actual levels have not been evaluated. 5.2.2 Occupational exposure No data are available. 5.2.3 Hygiene standards None of the standard-setting authorities (e.g. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and German MAK Commission) has proposed an occupational exposure limit value (OEL) for HFP (ACGIH, 2002; DFG, 2003). Some companies have set internal OELs. For example, AtoFina has set an OEL of 2 ppm (12 mg/m3) (8-h TWA) based on a NOAEL (no-observed adverse effect level) of 10 ppm (60 mg/m3) in the rat (Elf Atochem, 1998). Solvay has set an OEL of 1 ppm (6 mg/m3) (8-h TWA) (Solvay, 2002). Du Pont established an acceptable exposure limit (AEL) of 0.5 ppm (3 mg/m3) (8- and 12-h TWA) based on a no-observed effect level of 50 ppm (307 mg/m3) determined in a 2-week rat inhalation study (Du Pont, 2000). ECETOC JACC No. 48 19 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 5.2.4 Public and environmental health standards HFP is included, with a specific migration of 0.01 mg/kg foodstuff, in the European positive list of monomers and other starting substances for plastics materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs (EC, 2002). 5.3 Other standards The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA, 1996) has established Emergency Response Planning Guideline (ERPG) values for HFP as the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without: Experiencing other than mild, transient adverse health effects or without perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odour (ERPG-1: 200 ppm) (1,230 mg/m3); experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms which could impair an individual's ability to take protective action (ERPG-2: 1,000 ppm) (6,130 mg/m3); experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects (ERPG-3: 10,000 ppm) (61,300 mg/m3). Du Pont (1987) set emergency exposure limits (EELs) for situations such as a major spill or the accidental release of a chemical, and specified brief durations and concentrations from which escape is feasible without causing impairment of, or irreversible effects on, health. The EEL for short exposures (up to 60 min) to HFP was 6,000 ppmmin (36,800 mg/m3min) with a ceiling of 1,000 ppm HFP (6,130 mg/m3). It should be noted that EELs are only applicable to emergency situations that are expected to occur rarely in the lifetime of an individual. ECETOC JACC No. 48 20 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 6. EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT In the absence of experimental data, a modelling approach has been used to assess the effects of HFP on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. 6.1 Micro-organisms No data are available. Some information can be obtained from the Ames test performed on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 (Section 8.4.1). A screening test, conducted to select the concentrations to be used in the Ames test, revealed clear cytotoxicity at a concentration of 5% HFP (50,000 ppm; 307,000 mg/m3). Slight toxicity was observed at 0.5% (5,000 ppm) and 1% (10,000 ppm) (30,700 and 30,700 mg/m3, respectively) (Russell and Krahn, 1980; CoR 1d). 6.2 Aquatic organisms The ecotoxicity of HFP was estimated using the ECOSAR programme (US-EPA, 2001; CoR 2f) and a log Kow of 2.12 (Table 1), and following the method of (Boethling et al, 1994) (Table 2). Table 2: Predicted acute toxicity to aquatic organisms Organism Fish Daphnia Green algae Duration (h) 96 48 96 Effect LC50 EC50 EC50 Concentration (mg/l) at 25C 86 93 58 6.3 Terrestrial organisms A value of 848 mg/kgbw was predicted for the 14-day LC50 for earthworms using the ECOSAR model (US-EPA, 2001; CoR 2f). ECETOC JACC No. 48 21 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 6.4 Evaluation When evaluating the results from the Ames test, it should be noted that in such a test the microorganisms are in contact with HFP in the exposure chamber; in the environment, HFP would volatilise immediately into the atmosphere (Section 4.3.3). The results obtained from the application of the ECOSAR model, indicate acute ecotoxicity values slightly below 100 mg/l. This, in association with the non-biodegradability of the compound and the fact that all the results obtained are near the lower end of the range of solubility values of the compound (82 mg/l at 28C, Table 1), might indicate a slight concern for the environment. On the other hand, HFP is expected to disappear from the water compartment (due to the high Henrys Law constant of 5.41 x 105 Pam3/mol, Table 1) and an increase of concentrations over time is not expected. Thus it is concluded that HFP would be unlikely to cause negative effects on the aquatic ecosystem. It is further concluded that HFP is of no concern for the terrestrial environment, in view of the estimated LC50 for earthworms and taking into account its environmental behaviour (Section 4.3.3). ECETOC JACC No. 48 22 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 7. KINETICS AND METABOLISM 7.1 In vivo studies No quantitative absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion studies are available for HFP in either laboratory animals or humans; some qualitative data are available in rats and rabbits. There is no information concerning the fate of HFP in humans. HFP is a gas at room temperature and exposure is expected to occur by inhalation. Exposure via other routes is considered to be negligible. Dilley et al (1974) exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats to 2,600 ppm HFP (15,940 mg/m3) for 30 minutes. Urine samples were collected for 2 weeks post-exposure and analysed for fluoride ion. Fluoride excretion was increased on the first day and between days 4 to 6 and 13 to 14. The authors suggested that the cyclical excretion of fluoride ion might have been due to storage in a compartment with a slow turnover rate or due to enterohepatic recirculation. Kidney damage was also noted in this study. Ding et al (1980) exposed rabbits to 1,000 ppm for an unspecified period. The alveolar absorption rate was reported to be 12.46%, with 88.35% of the absorbed dose degraded to non-volatile products. HFP was not detectable in urine; the highest concentrations were found in kidney, bone and lung. Koob and Dekant (1990) exposed female Wistar rats initially to 800 ppm HFP (4,910 mg/m3). The atmosphere was not maintained and after 1 hour HFP was no longer detectable in the exposure chamber. Urine was collected for up to 24 hours post exposure. Approximately 10% of the dose was excreted in the first 6 hours after exposure and a further 1% between 6 and 24 hours. A single metabolite was detected in urine, which was identified as N-acetyl-S-(1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropyl) cysteine (N-acetyl-HFPC). In a second experiment, rats were fitted with biliary cannulae and exposed to HFP as above. Bile and urine were collected for 8 hours and analysed for HFP metabolites. Two glutathione conjugates were identified in bile, S-(1,2,3,3,3pentafluoropropenyl) glutathione (PFPG) and S-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl) glutathione (HFPG) in the ratio 50:1. The only metabolite identified in the urine from the cannulated rats was N-acetyl-HFPC, which comprised 8% of the administered dose. 7.2 Metabolism in vitro and in cell-free systems In vitro metabolic data are available from three studies using rat tissues; there are no data in human tissues. ECETOC JACC No. 48 23 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Conjugation of HFP with glutathione has been demonstrated in rat liver and kidney fractions (Koob and Dekant, 1990). The reaction is catalysed by both microsomal and cytosolic glutathione S-transferases. Two products are formed, one by the displacement of a fluorine atom, the other by addition of glutathione to the double bond of HFP. In liver microsomes both the fluorine displacement product PFPG (240 nmol/min/mg) and the addition product HFPG (36 nmol/min/mg) are formed. In liver cytosol fractions only HFPG (136 nmol/min/mg) was produced. Glutathione conjugation could not be detected in kidney microsomes, and in kidney cytosol only HFPG (46 nmol/min/mg) was formed. Total metabolism (PFPG + HFPG) was 9-fold greater in the liver than the kidney. No oxidative metabolism of HFP could be demonstrated in these studies. The cysteine conjugates derived from PFPG and HFPG (PFPC and HFPC) were both shown to be substrates for rat kidney -lyase (Green and Odum, 1985). The activity of this enzyme was 8-fold greater with HFPC than with PFPC. Dilley et al (1974) reported that HFP was metabolised in vitro by washed red blood cells. The rates observed were 10-fold greater than those in other tissues examined (not specified) suggesting that extrahepatic metabolism may be important. The reaction, which was favoured by an alkaline media and was sensitive to sulphhydryl inhibitors, appeared to involve haemoglobin. 7.3 Summary The limited information available suggests that HFP is metabolised in the rat (in vivo and in vitro) by conjugation with glutathione (Figure 2). Two conjugates are formed, the first (PFPG) by displacement of a fluorine atom, the second (HFPG) by addition of glutathione without loss of fluorine. In the liver, PFPG appears to be the major product, both in vitro and in vivo; it is excreted in the bile. HFPG was the only metabolite formed in the kidney in vitro. The only metabolite identified in rat urine following exposure to HFP was N-acetyl-HFPC. The cysteine conjugates of HFP (PFPC and HFPC) are substrates for renal cysteine conjugate -lyase. ECETOC JACC No. 48 24 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Figure 2: Metabolism of HFP in the rat a F C F F C CF3 + GS H HFP Bile, in vivo Liver, kidney, in vitro F GS C F F CH CF3 HFPG GS F C C F CF3 PFPG Bile, in vivo Liver, in vitro C-S lyase Kidney, in vitro NH2 F CHCH2S C COOH F F CH CF3 HFPC N-acetyl transferase F HS C F F CH CF3 NHC OC H3 CHCH2S COOH F C F F CH CF3 urine a HFPC, S-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl) cysteine; HFPG, S-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl) glutathione; PFPG, S-(1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropenyl) glutathione; [ ] postulated ECETOC JACC No. 48 25 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 8. EFFECTS ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS 8.1 Acute toxicity No specific oral or dermal toxicity data are available on HFP (gas at room temperature). 8.1.1 Inhalation A number of acute inhalation toxicity studies were reported, mostly in rats but also in mice, rabbits and guinea pigs (Table 3). The LC50 values for each reported exposure period are relatively consistent and show no particular sex- or species-related sensitivity. ECETOC JACC No. 48 26 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Table 3: Acute inhalation toxicity (whole-body exposure) Species Strain, number and sex/group Rat Sprague-Dawley, 10 M F344, 10 M Concentration (ppm) 140, 320, 690, 1,090, 1,520, 1,980, 2,220, 2,520, 2,600, 2,870, 3,020, 3,400, 3,440 380, 470, 660, 1,200 Time (h) 4 4 F, species, strain and NS 4 sex NS a Wistar, NS NS 4 F, NS a Not stated NS 2 LC50 (ppm) (mg/m3) Remark, result Reference CoR 3,060 > 1,200 (1,830) 2,800 (4,470) (18,800) Post-exposure period 28 days. Mortality 0 deaths 1,980 ppm, then 1, 2, Clayton et al, 1960 1d 8, 4, 4, 6 at 2,220, 2,520, 2,600, 2,870,3,020, 3,400 and 3,440 ppm, respectively. Death within 2 - 12 d. bw at 320 ppm, discomfort, depression 2,520 ppm; nephrosis 320 ppm. NOAEL = 140 ppm (> 7,360) Focus on kidney only. Killed on d 1 - 5 following exposure. No deaths; Potter , 1981 2e F ion urine excretion, urine LDH excretion, serum creatinine and BUN at all doses; cellular necrosis of proximal renal tubules within 24 h at each concentration; regeneration from d 3 post exposure 11,200 Clonic spasms, lung oedema, alteration of the renal tubule epithelium. Smirnova, 1971 3a Renal necrosis in some rats, concentration NS (17,170) Mortality within 1 d for highest concentrations, within 8 - 10 d for lower concentrations Paulet and Desbrousses, 3a 1966 27,400 Depression, clonic spasms, lung oedema, alteration of the epithelium of Smirnova, 1971 3a renal tubule, necrosis in some rats were observed, concentration NS ECETOC JACC No. 48 27 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Table 3: Acute inhalation toxicity (whole-body exposure) (cont'd) Species Strain, number and sex/group Rat (cont'd) Wistar, NS Wistar, 2 M, 2 F NS F, NS Sprague-Dawley, 10 M/ metabolism 5 M/ serial histology Concentration (ppm) Time (h) LC50 (ppm) (mg/m3) Remark, result Reference CoR NS 2 50, 250, 500, 5,000, 2 50,000 a 3,260, 7,335, 9,780, 2 13,447 a,b NS 1 2,600 0.5 4,000 NS NS (9,230) NS (24,530) Mortality with in 1 d at highest concentration, within 8 - 10 d at lower concentrations Paulet and Desbrousses, 3a 1966 NS Post exposure observation for 9 d. Histology not examined. Mortality 0% Salvaneschi, 1971 3b 250 ppm, 25% at 500 ppm, 100% 5,000 ppm, death within 1 - 46 h after exposure. Torpor, loss of coordination, difficult breathing 5,000 ppm and above. Lung oedema 500 ppm. No symptoms 250 ppm. NS Each concentration considered as absolute lethal concentration. Histology: Danishevskii and 3a pulmonary oedema, dystrophic changes in liver and kidney, including Kochanov, 1961 necrosis of convoluted tubules 56,600 Clonic spasms, lung oedema, alteration of the epithelium of renal tubule. Smirnova, 1971 3a Necrosis in some rats, concentration NS NS in F ion urinary excretion the day after exposure. Dilley et al, 1974 2e Marked necrosis of the proximal tubules, almost complete regeneration after 7 d ECETOC JACC No. 48 28 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Table 3: Acute inhalation toxicity (whole-body exposure) (cont'd) Species Strain, number and sex/group Rat (cont'd) Wistar, NS Wistar, 2 M, 2 F 2, NS NS Wistar, NS Wistar, NS Concentration (ppm) Time (h) LC50 (ppm) (mg/m3) Remark, result Reference CoR NS 0.5 50, 250, 500, 5,000, 5 50,000 600, 735, 880, 6 1,250, 1,760 440, 880 6 NS 6 NS 8 15,750 NS 735 2,350 2,400 (96,600) Mortality within 1 d at highest concentration, within 8 - 10 d at lower concentrations Paulet and 3a Desbrousses, 1966 NS Observation for only 9 d post exposure. Histology not examined. Mortality Salvaneschi, 1971 3b 0% 250, and 100% 500 ppm. Torpor, loss of co-ordination, difficult breathing 5,000 ppm. Lung oedema at 500 ppm. No symptoms 250 ppm (4,510) Mortality 0, 1, 0, 2, 2 deaths at 600, 735, 880, 1,250 and 1,760 ppm, respectively. Nephrosis 600 ppm, lung oedema 1,250 ppm Limperos, 1956; 3a Clayton et al, 1960 Lethal at 880 ppm, survival at 440 ppm. Lung oedema and kidney injury at Limperos and Zapp, 3a both concentrations 1952; Clayton et al, 1960 (14,410) Mortality within 1 d at highest concentration, within 8 - 10 d at lower concentrations Paulet and 3a Desbrousses, 1966 (14,720) Mortality within 1 d at highest concentration, within 8 - 10 d for lower Paulet and 3a concentrations. Minimum lethal concentration 2,000 ppm Desbrousses, 1966 ECETOC JACC No. 48 29 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Table 3: Acute inhalation toxicity (whole-body exposure) (cont'd) Species Strain, number and sex/group Mouse 10, NS Swiss, NS Swiss, NS F, NS ddN strain, 3 M Swiss, NS Swiss, NS Swiss, NS Concentration tested (ppm) Time (h) LC50 (ppm) (mg/m3) Remark, result 1,000, 1,500, 1,515, 4 1,990, 2,000, 2,600, 3,020 NS 4 NS (whole body) 2 NS 2 NS 1 NS 0.5 NS 6 NS 8 2,000 750 1,200 (1,520) 4,200 3,000 680 600 (12,260) (4,600) (7,360) 9,300 (25, 750) (18,400) (4,170) (3,680) Deaths: 0, 4, 1, 9, 6, 9 and 8 out of 10 from 1,000 - 3,020 ppm. Death within 1 - 9 d. Depression, nephrosis, laboured breathing in all concentrations Mortality within 1 d at highest concentration, within 8 - 10 d for lower concentrations Mortality within 1 d at highest concentration, within 8 - 10 d at lower concentrations NS Observation for 7 d post exposure. Tremor, loss of co-ordination and dyspnoea observed at high concentrations Mortality within 1 d at highest concentration, within 8 - 10 d at lower concentrations Mortality within 1 d at highest concentration, within 8 - 10 d at lower concentrations Mortality within 1 d at highest concentration, within 8 - 10 d at lower concentrations. Minimum lethal concentration 400 ppm (2,450 mg/m3) Reference CoR Clayton et al, 1960 1d Paulet and 3a Desbrousses, 1966 Paulet and 3a Desbrousses, 1966 Smirnova, 1971 3a Yoshida, Y, 1977 3ab Paulet and 3a Desbrousses, 1966 Paulet and 3a Desbrousses, 1966 Paulet and 3a Desbrousses, 1966 ECETOC JACC No. 48 30 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Table 3:Acute inhalation toxicity (whole-body exposure) (cont'd) Species Strain, number and sex/group Concentration (ppm) Time (h) LC50 (ppm) (mg/m3) Remark, result Reference CoR Guinea pig NS, 4 - 10, NS 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 4 2,600, 3,020, 3,440 2,600 (15,940) 2/4 deaths at 1,500 and 2,000 ppm, 4/10 at 2,600, 7/10 at 3,020 ppm and Clayton et al, 1960 1d 8/10 at 3,440 ppm. Death within 1 - 15 d. Nephrosis at all exposure levels. Depression, laboured breathing at 2,600 ppm Rabbit NS, 2 - 6, NS 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 4 2,600, 3,020, 3,440 2,600 (15,940) 1/2 died at 2,000, and 4/6, 3/6 and 5/6 at 2,600, 3,020 and 3,440 ppm, Clayton et al, 1960 1d respectively. Death within 3 - 21 d. Nephrosis at all concentrations NS 1,000, 2,000, 5,000 1 NS a Nominal concentrations b 4 samples with different degree of purity NS Assessment by function test and histology. Dose related nephrotoxicity. Ding et al, 1985 4a,d Functional and histological alteration 2,000 ppm ECETOC JACC No. 48 31 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Four-hour LC50 values ranged from 1,830 to 3,060 ppm (11,200 to 18,800 mg/m3) in rats, from 750 to 2,000 ppm (4,600 - 12,260 mg/m3) in mice, and were approximately 2,600 ppm (15,940 mg/m3) in rabbits and guinea pigs. As indicated by Clayton et al (1960), the possibility that the lowest values reported are partly due to traces of the highly toxic PFIB in the HFP sample tested cannot be excluded. Mortality occurred at and above 2,000 ppm (12,260 mg/m3) within 1 to 2 days, and within 8 to 12 days at lower exposure levels. The clinical symptoms most often reported were discomfort, depression, loss of coordination, clonic spasms and laboured respiration. Mice seem more susceptible to exposure showing clinical signs at lower concentrations (1,000 ppm; 6,130 mg/m3). Kidney damage, evidenced by functional and/or histological alterations, occurred in all species tested. In the mouse, rabbit and guinea pig, these alterations were seen following exposure to 1,000 ppm for 4 hours. In the rat, where lower concentrations were tested, necrosis of renal tubules was observed at concentrations of 320 ppm (1,960 mg/m3) and above for 4 hours (Clayton et al, 1960). During the 28-day post-exposure period, regenerating epithelium of renal tubules (reflecting recovery process) was observed in surviving animals exposed at up to 690 ppm (4,230 mg/m3), but not at higher exposure levels. Histological examination revealed pulmonary congestion and oedema from about 500 ppm (3,070 mg/m3), especially in mice. The overall NOAEL following 4-hour exposure in rats was 140 ppm (860 mg/m3). The kidney was the target organ. 8.1.2 Metabolites Indications of possible acute toxicity of HFP metabolites are discussed in Chapter 9. 8.1.3 Other acute toxicity studies Two dogs exposed to high concentrations of HFP (500,000 or 750,000 ppm; 3,070,000 or 4,600,000 mg/m3) in oxygen-rich air for an unspecified duration showed signs of respiratory irritation and tremors; no anaesthetic effect was demonstrated (Lu et al, 1953; CoR 4). 8.1.4 Summary The acute inhalation data on HFP are relatively consistent and do not demonstrate any particular sex- or species-related effect. In the rat, the most reliable 4-hour LC0 value was estimated to be around 1,900 ppm (11,650 mg/m3) and the LC50 3,000 ppm (18,400 mg/m3). Mortality occurred ECETOC JACC No. 48 32 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) in 1 or 2 days at high concentrations ( 2,000 ppm; 12,260 mg/m3), and within 8 to 12 days at lower exposure levels. The primary toxic effect is kidney damage (proximal tubule necrosis) observed in the rat without any clinical sign of toxicity at concentrations as low as 320 ppm (1,960 mg/m3) for a 4-hour exposure period. Signs of central nervous system (CNS) depression, pulmonary congestion and oedema were reported at higher concentrations. The overall NOAEL was 140 ppm (860 mg/m3). HFP does not present any significant anaesthetic potential at up to 750,000 ppm (4,600,000 mg/m3) in dogs. 8.2 Skin, respiratory tract and eye irritation, sensitisation No data are available on skin and eye irritation or sensitisation potential. Effects on the respiratory tract (delayed respiratory troubles with pulmonary congestion and oedema) were observed at high exposure levels (most often lethal or sublethal range concentrations) in the acute toxicity animal studies. This might in part be due to traces of PFIB (present in the HFP sample tested. 8.3 Repeated dose toxicity Results and details of repeated dose toxicity studies on HFP are presented in Table 4 below, followed by a discussion in Section 8.3.1 to 8.3.4. ECETOC JACC No. 48 33 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Table 4: Repeated inhalation toxicity Species strain, number and sex/group Rat 16, NS a 22, NS Sprague-Dawley, 10 M CD, 10 M CD, 20 M, 20 F a Not stated Concentration (ppm) mg/m3 Exposure regime, duration Result Reference CoR 0, 103, 183 0, 4.6, 73 0, 213.5, 324 0, 10, 50, 200 0, 10, 50, 150 (0, 630, 1,120) (0, 28, 45) 34 x 4 h 5 h/d, 6 months (0, 1,310, 1,990) (0, 61, 307, 1,230) (0, 61, 307, 920) 4 h/d, 5 d/wk, 2 wk (14 d recovery) 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, 2 wk (14 d recovery) 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, 90 d (28 d recovery) At 183 ppm relative kidney weight, relative adrenal cortical Smirnova, 1971 3a weight, ascorbic acid level Both concentrations relative kidney weight, relative spleen Smirnova, 1971 3a weight. At 73 ppm alkaline phosphatase activity and cholinesterase activity. LOAEL 4.6 ppm, based on changes in relative organ weights No changes in urinary fluoride and no exposure-related effects Brown, 1976 2a At 200 ppm mild nephrosis after exposure which was not present Kinney et al, 1985 1b after 14 d recovery No effects on body or organ weight and no exposure-related Stadler, 1989 1b pathological findings. Evidence of metabolism of HFP ( urinary F) in M and hypernatraemia, urinary volume and urinary osmolarity in both M and F exposed to 50 and 150 ppm. Statistically significant low mean lymphocyte count in males exposed to 150 ppm. NOAEL 10 ppm ECETOC JACC No. 48 34 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Table 4: Repeated inhalation toxicity (cont'd) Species strain, number and sex/group Mouse 10, NS ICR, 10 M ICR, 25 M, 25 F Guinea pig 7, NS Concentration (ppm) mg/m3 Exposure regime, duration Result Reference CoR 0, 4.6, 73 0, 5, 20, 75 0, 10, 50, 150 0, 4.6, 73 (0, 28, 45) 5 h/d, 5.5 months growth rate at 73 ppm. Relative non-conditioned avoidance responses at 73 ppm (13.9%) lower than controls (58.4%) (maximum possible 100%). No pathological effects Smirnova, 1971 3a (0, 31, 123, 460) 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, 2 wk (14 d At 75 ppm showed mean relative kidney weight and Kelly, 1988. 1b recovery) regeneration of renal cortical tubule. No effects after 14-day recovery. NOAEL 20 ppm (0, 61, 307, 920) 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, 90 d (28 d M and F exposed to 50 or 150 ppm showed regeneration of the Stadler, 1989 1b recovery) inner cortical tubules, cytomegaly and necrosis of the tubular epithelium. Effects present 28 d after exposure. NOAEL 10 ppm (0, 28, 45) 5 h/d, 6 months Fluorine levels in bones of both exposed groups higher than controls. growth rate at 73 ppm. NOAEL 4.6 ppm, based on reduced growth rate Smirnova, 1971 3a ECETOC JACC No. 48 35 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 8.3.1 Rats Rats (strain and sex not specified) were exposed (34 x 4 h) by inhalation to concentrations of 0, 103 or 183 ppm HFP. Details of the experimental procedures were not reported. There were no effects on mortality, haematology, serum alkaline phosphatase activity or on blood residual nitrogen levels. Rats exposed to 183 ppm HFP showed functional changes in adrenal cortical activity (increased relative weight and reduced ascorbic acid level), an increased eosinophil count, a statistically insignificant reduction in cholesterol levels and a statistically significant increase in relative kidney weights. The NOAEL was 103 ppm (Smirnova, 1971). Rats (strain and sex unspecified) were exposed by inhalation to 0, 4.6 or 73 ppm HFP for 6 months. No details of the experimental procedures were reported. There were no effects on erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, haemoglobin or blood non-protein nitrogen levels. In rats exposed to 73 ppm HFP, there was an increase in relative neutrophil level, an increase in alkaline phosphatease activity and a decrease in cholinesterase activity. Relative kidney weights were increased and relative spleen weights decreased in both exposed groups. In addition, there were indications of hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex. No pathological effects were observed. The lowest-observed effect level (LOAEL) was 4.6 ppm, based on changes in relative organ weights. No NOAEL was obtained (Smirnova, 1971). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by inhalation to 0, 213.5 or 324 ppm HFP for 2 weeks. Urine was collected overnight from each group prior to the last exposure and analysed for total fluoride. Following exposure, 5 rats/group were killed for pathological examination; the remaining rats were allowed to recover for an additional 14 days and then examined pathologically. No changes in urinary fluoride levels and no exposure-related effects were seen in the exposed groups (Brown, 1976). Male CD rats were exposed by inhalation to 0, 10, 50 or 200 ppm HFP for 2 weeks. At the end of the exposure period, blood and urine samples were collected for clinical analysis and 5 rats/group killed for pathological examination. Following the exposure period, the remaining rats were retained without exposure for an additional 14 days and subsequently killed for pathological examination. No significant effects were seen in rats exposed to 10 or 50 ppm HFP. Male rats exposed to 200 ppm HFP showed mild nephrosis which was characterised by diffuse degeneration of the inner cortical tubules. The lesion was not present after the 14-day recovery period. The NOAEL was 50 ppm HFP, based on kidney toxicity (Kinney et al, 1985). CD rats were exposed by inhalation to 0, 10, 50 or 150 ppm HFP for 90 days, followed by a recovery period of 28 days (10 rats/sex/group). Body weights were recorded weekly; water and food consumption were monitored throughout the study. Ophthalmological examination was performed prior to the start and at the end of the exposure phase. Clinical chemistry was ECETOC JACC No. 48 36 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) evaluated prior to exposure, on days 45 and 90 (approximately), and at the end of the recovery period. The pathology of 10 rats/sex/group was examined on day 90 (approximately). All surviving rats were examined pathologically at the end of the recovery period. There were no significant effects on body weight gain or food consumption. Males exposed to 150 ppm HFP showed increased water consumption. There were no exposure-related effects on mortality or ophthalmology. A statistically significant low mean lymphocyte count occurred in male rats exposed to 150 ppm HFP. Males exposed to 50 and 150 ppm showed a statistically significant increase in urinary fluoride. These groups also showed hypernatraemia, increased urinary volume and reduced osmolarity, as did the females exposed to the same concentrations. There were no effects on organ weights and no pathological findings in rats that were considered to be related to HFP. The NOAEL for rats was 10 ppm, based on clinical chemistry findings (Stadler, 1989). 8.3.2 Mice Mice (strain and sex unspecified) were exposed by inhalation to 0, 4.6 or 73 ppm HFP for 5.5 months. No details of the experimental procedures were reported. The growth rate of mice exposed to 73 ppm HFP was slower than controls. Also, the relative number of conditioned avoidance responses in this group was lower (13.9% of the maximum possible) than in controls (58.4%). No pathological effects were observed (Smirnova, 1971). Male ICR mice were exposed by inhalation to 0, 5, 20 or 75 ppm HFP for 2 weeks. At the end of the exposure period, blood samples were collected for haematological analysis and 5 mice/group killed for pathological examination. The remaining mice were allowed to recover for an additional 14 days and subsequently subjected to haematological and pathological examination. No significant effects were seen in mice exposed to 5 or 20 ppm HFP. Mice exposed to 75 ppm HFP showed an increase in mean relative kidney weight and regeneration of the renal cortical tubules at the end of the exposure period. Evidence of renal toxicity had essentially disappeared after the 2-week recovery period. There were no other exposure-related adverse findings. The NOAEL was 20 ppm (Kelly, 1988). ICR mice were exposed by inhalation to 0, 10, 50 or 150 ppm HFP for 90 days, followed by a recovery period of 28 days (10 mice/sex/group). Body weights were recorded weekly and water and food consumption monitored throughout the study. Ophthalmological examinations were performed before and after the exposure period. Clinical chemistry was evaluated prior to exposure, on days 45 and 90 (approximately) and at the end of the recovery period. Pathological examination of 10 mice/sex/group was conducted on day 45 and on day 90 (approximately). All surviving mice were subjected to a pathological examination at the end of the recovery period. There were no significant effects on body weight gain or food consumption; females exposed to 150 ppm HFP showed increased water consumption. No exposure-related effects were seen on ECETOC JACC No. 48 37 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) mortality or ophthalmology and no haematological findings in mice. There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of blue-ish colouration of the abdomen in males exposed to 50 and 150 ppm HFP. The relationship of this observation, if any, to exposure was not established. There were no effects on body or organ weights in males exposed to HFP, and no effects on body weights in females. At the end of the exposure period, mean relative heart weights were lower than controls in females exposed to 150 ppm HFP and mean relative kidney weights were lower than controls in all exposed groups of females. Mice exposed to 50 or 150 ppm HFP showed microscopic lesions of the kidney (regeneration of the inner cortical tubules, cytomegaly of the tubular epithelium and tubular epithelial necrosis) at 45 and 90 days. Cytomegaly and nephropathy were present in the males at the end of the recovery period. The NOAEL in this study was judged to be 10 ppm, based on kidney toxicity (Stadler, 1989). 8.3.3 Guinea pigs Guinea pigs (strain and sex unspecified) were exposed by inhalation to 0, 4.6 or 73 ppm HFP for 6 months. No details of the experimental procedures were reported. The growth rate of guinea pigs exposed to 73 ppm HFP was slower than controls. The fluorine level in the bones was 0.540 0.060 mg/g at 4.6 ppm and 0.966 0.111 mg/g at 73 ppm, both higher than in the controls (0.285 0.040 mg/g) (Smirnova, 1971). 8.3.4 Summary In all, nine repeat-dose inhalation studies on HFP have been reported; five in the rat, three in the mouse and one in the guinea pig. In a well-conducted 90-day study in the rat, the kidney was the principle target organ for the toxicity of HFP, toxicity being characterised as exposure-related changes in urine chemistry, increased organ weights and mild nephrosis at the higher dose levels studied. HFP nephrotoxicity was shown to be reversible within 14 days at the exposure levels studied. The NOAEL for HFP in the rat was 10 ppm (61 mg/m3). In a well-conducted 90-day study in the mouse, the kidney was also the principle target organ for the toxicity of HFP. Mice were more susceptible than rats to the nephrotoxic effects of HFP, irreversible tubular regeneration and necrosis being observed following exposure to 50 ppm and above ( 307 mg/m3). The NOAEL for HFP in the mouse was 10 ppm (61 mg/m3). While the NOAELs for HFP in both the rat and the mouse were 10 ppm (61 mg/m3) in wellconducted studies, adverse effects (increased kidney and adrenal cortical weights) were seen in ECETOC JACC No. 48 38 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) the rat after exposure to lower concentrations (4.6 ppm; 28 mg/m3) for 6 months in a poorly reported study. 8.4 Genotoxicity HFP has been assessed for mutagenic activity in genetic toxicity assays for the two primary endpoints, i.e. gene mutation in Salmonella typhimurium strains (Ames test) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) locus, and for chromosome aberration in CHO cells in vitro in the mouse micronucleus test and rat dominant lethal test (Table 5). Additionally, two mouse micronucleus tests, a rat dominant lethal test and a DNA repair assay (to assess in vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes) have been conducted (Table 6). These studies are discussed below in Section 8.4.1 to 8.4.4. ECETOC JACC No. 48 39 Table 5: Genotoxicity tests in vitro Endpoint/organism Gene mutation Salmonella typhimurium CHO cells CHO cells CHO cells Strain/target Exposure regime, duration TA1535, TA1537, 2 d TA98, TA100 HPRT locus 18 h 5 h HPRT locus 18 h 5 h HPRT locus Chromosome aberration CHO cells (structural 5 h chromosome aberrations) 2 h Concentration(%) 0, 0.075, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30, 0.35 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.16, 0.22, 0.23, 0.28, 0.31, 0.32 0, 0.11, 0.22, 0.25, 0.46, 0.47, 0.81, 0.83, 1.09, 1.26 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30, 0.35 0, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.10, 0.17, 0.29, 0.37, 0.43, 0.59 0, 0.09, 0.17, 0.33, 0.46, 0.55, 0.67, 0.85, 1.40 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Result Metabolic activation Reference CoR ve +/ S9 a Russell and Krahn 1980 1d ve S9 ve + S9 ve S9 ve + S9 ve S9 ve + S9 Kinney et al, 1985 1a,c Kinney et al, 1988 1a,c Stahl, 1988 1a +ve S9, at the highest four Rickard et al, 1986 1a,c dose levels +ve + S9, at the highest four dose levels a Supernatant of centrifuged 9,000 x g liver homogenate, containing the microsome and cytosol fractions, derived from rats previously treated with Aroclor to induce microsomal enzyme activity ECETOC JACC No. 48 40 Table 6: Genotoxicity tests in vivo Endpoint/ organism, sex In vivo/ex vivo Micronucleus Mouse, M and F Strain, target Exposure regime, duration Crl:CD-1, bone marrow 6 h (inhalation) (ppm) Concentration (mg/m3) 0, 100, 310, 1,200 (0, 613, 1,900, 7,360) Mouse, M and F CD-1, bone marrow 6 h (inhalation) Dominant lethal mutations Rat, M Charles River CD 6 h/d, 5 d (F mated with exposed M, killed 12 d after the mating wk) In vivo DNA repair (unscheduled DNA synthesis) Rat, M Alpk:APfSD, hepatocytes 6 h (inhalation) 0, 300, 600, 800, 1,200 (0, 1,840, 3,680, 4,910, 7,360) 0, 25, 100, 400 (0, 153, 613, 2,450) 0, 1,000, 1,500 (0, 6,130, 9,200) Result +ve ve ve ve Remark Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Reference CoR In M at 1,200 ppm. Vlachos, 1986 1a,c Bone marrow sampled at 24, 48, and 72 h after exposure Hoechst, 1993 cited by 4c ECB, 2000 No resorptions. Bio/dynamics, 1987 1a Animals had normal mating indices and pregnancy rates Fox, 1997 1a ECETOC JACC No. 48 41 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 8.4.1 Gene mutation in vitro Bacteria HFP was not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium gene mutation assay (Ames test) when tested at targeted atmospheric concentrations of up to 5.0% (50,000 ppm) in strains TA1535, TA100, TA98 and TA1537 in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (Russell and Krahn, 1980). Based on the reported HFP nephrotoxicity, two cysteine conjugates were tested at dose levels up to 1,000 g/plate in strains TA1535, TA100, TA98, TA1538 and TA1537. These conjugates were also without mutagenic activity in the presence and absence of kidney S9 (Green and Odum, 1985). Mammalian cells HFP has been tested with the HPRT locus in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HPRT) for induction of gene mutations at in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. In one study, 3 trials were performed without activation (18 hours) at nominal HFP vapour concentrations of up to 0.35% (corresponding to measured concentrations of 0.02 - 0.31%). Only results from two trials were used since one activated trial was eliminated because of culture contamination. In 3 trials with metabolic activation (5 hours), nominal HFP concentrations were up to 1.5% (measured concentrations 0.01 - 1.7%). In all, HFP did not induce mutations with and without metabolic activation (Kinney et al, 1985). Stahl (1988) re-evaluated HFP in the CHO/HPRT assay without metabolic activation, at nominal concentrations of up to 0.35% (corresponding to measured concentrations in one trial of 0, 0.05, 0.16, 0.23, 0.28 or 0.32 and 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.22, 0.23 or 0.31% in the second trial). With activation, nominal concentrations were 0, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 or 1.50% (corresponding to measured concentrations in one trial of 0, 0.11, 0.22, 0.46, 0.83 or 1.26%, and 0, 0.06, 0.25, 0.47, 0.81 or 1.09% in the second trial). HFP was not mutagenic with or without metabolic activation. 8.4.2 Chromosome aberration Mammalian cells in vitro The ability of HFP to induce structural chromosome aberrations was evaluated in CHO cells exposed to variable concentrations of HFP for 2 hours with metabolic activation or for 5 hours without activation (Rickard et al, 1986). Non-activated cultures were treated with HFP ECETOC JACC No. 48 42 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) concentrations of up to 0.59%; with activation 0, 0.09, 0.17, 0.33, 0.46, 0.55, 0.67, 0.85 or 1.40% HFP. Significant increases were observed in the number of chromosome aberrations/cell, percentage normal cells, and percentage cells with more than one aberration relative to negative controls in the non-activated cultures at the highest four dose levels. Positive dose-related trends were observed for all three measurements with and without metabolic activation. Mammalian cells in vivo/ex vivo Male and female Crl:CD-1 mice were exposed by whole-body inhalation exposure to 0, 100, 310, or 1,200 ppm HFP for 6 hours. Bone marrow smears were prepared 24, 48, and 72 hours following exposure. Evidence for bone marrow toxicity was seen as a decreased polychromatic/normochromatic erythrocyte ratio at all concentrations in males and at 1,200 ppm in females. In females, there was no statistically significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes at any dose level. In males, a slight statistically significant increase in micronuclei was seen with the 1,200 ppm group, but only after pooling the data across all sampling times (Vlachos, 1986). Subsequent to the marginal positive results obtained in males in the mouse micronucleus test, HFP was assessed in the dominant lethal assay. Male Charles River CD rats (10 animals/group) were exposed by inhalation to 0, 25, 100 or 400 ppm HFP for 5 consecutive days. Each male was mated with 2 untreated females a week for 8 weeks. The females were killed 12 days after the mating week and the presence of early resorption sites (dominant lethals) determined. The animals had normal mating indices and pregnancy rates, and there were no increases in resorptions (Bio/dynamics, 1987). 8.4.3 DNA repair in vivo Male Alpk:APfSD rats were exposed to 0, 1,000, or 1,500 ppm HFP for 6 hours. HFP did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in the hepatocytes of these animals (Fox, 1997). 8.4.4 Summary and evaluation The genotoxic potential of HFP has been assessed in a number of studies for gene mutation and chromosome aberrations. HFP did not induce gene mutations in bacteria or in mammalian cells in vitro. It exhibited weak clastogenic activity in CHO cells in vitro and in males in the mouse micronucleus test, but only at 1,200 ppm and when data from all sampling times (24, 48 and 72 hours) were pooled and analysed. HFP was not mutagenic in the rat dominant lethal test (a germcell chromosome aberration assay). HFP was negative in an in vivo assay for UDS (unscheduled ECETOC JACC No. 48 43 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) DNA synthesis )in rat hepatocytes. The cysteine conjugates were also without mutagenic activity in the Ames test; the glutathione conjugates were not considered (Section 7.3). It is concluded that the mutagenicity endpoint is of low concern for HFP. 8.5 Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity No data are available. 8.6 Reproductive toxicity No specific reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have been conducted on HFP. 8.6.1 Studies of potential relevance No adverse effects of HFP on the male reproductive system were seen in a rat dominant study (Section 8.4.2). CD rats (20/sex/group) were exposed (6 h/d, 5 d/wk) by inhalation to 0, 10, 50 or 150 ppm HFP (0, 61, 307, 920 mg/m3) for 90 days. Following exposure, 10 rats/sex/group were retained without exposure for an additional 28 days. No exposure-related effects were reported on testicular weight in males or ovarian weight in females, or on the pathology of these organs in the group exposed for 90 days or in the recovery group (Stadler, 1989). ICR mice (25/sex/group) were exposed (6 h/d, 5 d/wk) by inhalation to atmospheric concentrations of 0, 10, 50 or 150 ppm HFP (0, 61, 307, 920 mg/m3) for 90 days. Following exposure, 10 mice/sex/group were retained without exposure for an additional 28 days. No exposure-related effects were reported on testicular weight in males or ovarian weight in females, or on the pathology of these organs in the group exposed for 90 days or in the recovery group (Stadler, 1989). 8.6.2 Summary and evaluation No standard reproductive or developmental studies have been conducted on HFP. Repeat-dose inhalation studies with HFP in rats and mice have shown no evidence of effects on male or female reproductive organs. HFP did not affect male reproductive performance at ECETOC JACC No. 48 44 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) exposure up to 400 ppm (2,450 mg/m3). On the basis of the data available, the potential for effects on the overall functioning of the reproductive system cannot be fully evaluated. ECETOC JACC No. 48 45 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 9. MECHANISTIC STUDIES 9.1 Kidney toxicity Exposure of laboratory animals to HFP has identified the kidney as the target organ (Green and Odum, 1985; Koob and Dekant, 1990). These studies suggest a mode of action to explain the kidney toxicity. Koob and Dekant (1990) found that HFP is metabolised by glutathione conjugation in the rat to two glutathione conjugates PFPG and HFPG (Section 7). PFPG was identified in the bile, but not in urine as its mercapturate, suggesting that this conjugate may not be re-absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. HFPG, as its mercapturate (N-acetyl cysteine conjugate) was identified in urine as a major metabolite. The precursor to the mercapturate, i.e. the cysteine conjugate, S(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl)cysteine, has been shown to be a substrate for rat kidney -lyase forming a reactive thiol, pyruvate and ammonia. The action of -lyase on this conjugate has also been shown to produce reactive and toxic species that inhibit ion transport in kidney slices in vitro. The same reactive species were not mutagenic in bacteria (Green and Odum, 1985). 9.2 Summary and evaluation There is evidence to suggest that HFP is nephrotoxic by the renal -lyase pathway, as a result of glutathione conjugation and activation of the resulting cysteine conjugate. In this respect, the mode of action of HFP is analogous to that of its structural analogue TFE (Green and Odum, 1985). Although it is probable that the same metabolic pathways operate in animals and humans, there is no information on the fate of HFP in humans, and hence the potential of HFP to cause kidney toxicity in humans is unknown. The possibility of a genotoxic, rather than cytotoxic, mechanism through a glutathione conjugate cannot be excluded (Section 7.3 and 8.4.4). ECETOC JACC No. 48 46 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 10. EFFECTS ON HUMANS No data are available. No reports of human exposure to HFP have been cited in the literature or were otherwise available to the Task Force. ECETOC JACC No. 48 47 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 11.1 Databases consulted ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 1995. IUCLID data sheet CAS No 116-15-4, hexafluoropropylene, date of last update 23-Oct-95.European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra, Italy. ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2000. IUCLID dataset, existing chemical substance ID 11615-4, hexafluoropropene, creation date 18-Feb-2000. European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra, Italy. 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Hexafluoropropylene: in vivo rat liver unscheduled DNA synthesis assay. Unpublished report CTL/P/5277. Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK. APME (Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe), Brussels, Belgium. Franke C, Studinger G, Berger G, Boethling S, Bruckmann U, Cohors-Fresenborg D, Joehncke U. 1994. The assessment of bioaccumulation. Chemosphere 29:1501-1514. Franklin J. 2003. EQC Level 1, v2.11 model, chemical name hexafluoropropylene. Personal communication. Solvay, Brussels, Belgium. Gerhartz W, ed. 1999. Fluorinated olefins, tetrafluoroethylene. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th ed, Vol. A11, fluorine compounds, organic. VCH, Weinheim, P. 361. Green T, Odum J. 1985. Structure/activity studies of the nephrotoxic and mutagenic action of cysteine conjugates of chloro- and fluoroalkenes. Chem Biol Interact 54:15-31. Horvath AL. 1982. Halogenated hydrocarbons: solubility - miscibility with water. Marcel Dekker, New York and Basel. HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank). 2001. Hexafluoropropylene. Toxicology Program, National Library of Medicine, Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA. IATA (International Air Transport Association). 2003. Tetrafluoroethylene, stabilized. In Dangerous goods regulations, 44th ed. IATA, Hounslow, Middlesex, UK, p 194. IMDG (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code). 2000. Tetrafluoroethylene, stabilized. IMO, London, UK, pp 89, 187. ECETOC JACC No. 48 51 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Kelly DP. 1988. Two-week range finding inhalation study with hexafluoropropylene (HFP) in mice. Unpublished report 273-88, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Du Pont, Newark, Delaware, USA. Kenaga EE, Goring CAI. 1980. Relationship between water solubility, soil sorption, octanolwater partitioning and concentration of chemicals in biota Proc. Third Acquatic Toxicology Symposium, ASTM STP 707, pp 78-118 Kinney LA, Carpenter SC, Hartsky MA, Chromey NC, Krahn DF. 1985. Subchronic inhalation toxicity of hexafluoropropylene. Unpublished report 38-85, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Du Pont, Newark, Delaware, USA. Klimisch HJ, Andreae M, Tillmann U. 1997. A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Regulat Toxicol Pharmacol 25:1-5. Koob M, Dekant W. 1990. Metabolism of hexafluoropropene. Evidence for bioactivation by glutathione conjugate formation in the kidney. Drug Metab Dispos 18:911-916. Lewis RJ. 1992. Saxs Dangerous properties of industrial materials, 8th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA. Lide DR. 1999. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79th ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Limperos G. 1956. Toxicity studies of pyrolysis products of fluorinated polymers. Unpublished report 18-56, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Du Pont, Newark, Delaware, USA. Limperos G, Zapp JA. 1952. Progress report on Teflon pyrolysis products MR-220, inhalation toxicity tests. Unpublished report HL-1-52. Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, Du Pont, Newark, Delaware, USA. Lu G, Ling JS, Krantz J. 1953. Anestesia XLI, the anesthetic properties of certain fluorinated hydrocarbons and ethers. Anesthesiology 14:466-472. Lyman WJ, Reehl WF, Rosenblatt DH, eds. 1990. Handbook of chemical property estimation methods. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, USA, pp 4-9, 5-4, 5-10, 15-1 to 15-29. ECETOC JACC No. 48 52 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Maaen S. 1996. Experimentelle Bestimmung und Korrelierung von Verteilungskoeffizienten in verdnnten Lsungen. Dissertation 83 (1 September 1995), Technische Universitt Berlin. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany. Mackay D, Di Guardo A, Paterson S, Cowan CE. 1996. Evaluating the environmental fate of a variety of types of chemicals using the EQC model. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:1627-1637. McIlroy A, Tully FP. 1993. Kinetic study of &OH reaction with perfluoropropene and perfluorobenzene. J Phys Chem 97:610-614. Mashino M, Ninomiya Y, Kawasaki M, Wallington TJ, Hurley MD. 2000. Atmospheric chemistry of CF3CF=CF2: Kinetics and mechanism of its reaction with OH radicals, Cl atoms, and ozone. J Phys Chem A 104:7255-7260. Nosov EF, Barlyaev EV. 1968. Solubilities of hexafluoropropylene and isobutene in water. J Gen Chem USSR, 38:215 [Russian; English translation from Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii 38:211-212]. OECD. 1998. Vapour pressure. In Revised OECD HPV form 1, SIDS dossier on the HPV phase 1 chemical 1-propene, 1,1,2,3,3,3, hexafluoro, CAS No. 116-15-4. Sponsor country: Italy and United States. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France, p 13. OECD. 2000a. SIDS initial assessment profile, CAS No. 116-15-4, chemical name: 1-1-propene, 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro (hexafluoropropylene; HFP). SIAM 10, 15-17 March 2000. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France [http://cs3-hq.oecd.org/scripts/hpv/]. OECD. 2000b. SIDS initial assessment report, chemical name: 1-1-propene, 1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoro (hexafluoropropylene; HFP), CAS No. 116-15-4. Italy and United States, SIAM 10, 15-17 March 2000. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France [http://cs3-hq.oecd.org/scripts/hpv/]. Orkin VL, Huie RE, Kurylo MJ. 1997. Rate constants for the reaction of &OH with HFC-245cb (CH3CF2CF3) and some fluoroalkenes (CH2CHCF3, CH2CFCF3, CF2CFCF3 and CF2CF2). J Phys Chem A, 101:9118-9124. Paulet G, Desbrousses S. 1966. Sance du 13 dcembre 1965 sur la toxicit de lhexafluoropropne (I). Archive des maladies professionnelles de mdecine du travail et de scurit sociale 27:509-510. Potter CL, Gandolfi AJ, Nagle R, Clayton JW. 1981. Effects of inhaled chlorotrifluoroethylene and hexafluorpropene on the rat kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 59:431-440. ECETOC JACC No. 48 53 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Rickard LB, Vlachos DA, Sarrif AM. 1986. Evaluation of the hexafluoropropylene in the in vitro assay for chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Unpublished report 338-86. Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Du Pont, Newark, Delaware, USA. RID. 2003. Tetrafluorothylne, stabilis. In Rglement concernant le transport international ferroviaire des marchandises dangereuses. Organisation Intergouvernementale pour les Transports Internationaux Ferroviaires (OTIF), Paris, France, pp 3.2A-86, 4.1-38, 4.2-14, 4.3-11. Russell JF, Krahn DF. 1980. Mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Unpublished report 79-80, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Du Pont, Newark, Delaware, USA. Salvaneschi S. 1971. Tossicit inalatoria acuta de perfluoropropene. Unpublished report. Direzione Centrale delle Ricerche. Montecatini Edison, Milano, Italy [Italian; English translation]. Smirnova LV. 1971. Toxicological assessment of hexafluoropropylene. Gigiena Truda i Professionalnye Zabolevaniia 15:38-41 [Russian; English translation]. Solvay. 2002. Safety datasheet, hexafluoropropylene. Solvay Solexis, Bollate, Italy. Solvay. 2004. Metodi interni Solvay-Solexis. Personal communication. Oriani R. Solvay Solexis, Bollate, Milano, Italy. SPI (Society of the plastics Industry). 1998. Guide to the safe handling of fluoropolymer resins, 3rd ed. Society of the Plastics Industry, Washington DC, USA, p 17. Stadler JC. 1989. Ninety-day inhalation toxicity study in rats and mice with hexafluoropropene. Unpublished report 584-88, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Du Pont, Newark, Delaware, USA. Stahl RG. 1988. Mutagenicity evaluation of hexafluoropropylene in the CHO/HPRT assay. Unpublished report 89-88 with addendum (report 517-88), Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington DC. Du Pont, Newark, Delaware, USA. Tokuhashi K, Takahashi A, Kaise M, Kondo S, Sekiya A, Fujimoto E. 2000. Rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with CF3OCF = CF2 and CF3CF = CF2. Cheml Phys Lett 325:189195. ECETOC JACC No. 48 54 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) US-DOT (Department of Transport). 2001. Hexafluoropropylene, compressed or refrigeration gas R-1216. Fed Reg 66:33421, 33372. US-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2001. ECOSAR (Ecological Structure Activity Relationships) class program v0.99g. Cash G, Nabholz V. Office of Pollution Prevention, Risk Assessment Division. EPA, Washington DC, USA [http://esc.syrres.com/interkow/ecosar.htm]. US-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2001. Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program, title III list of lists. Consolidated list of chemicals subject to the Emergency Planning & Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA) and section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act. Report EPA 550B-01-003. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid waste and Emergency Response, Washington DC, USA [www.epa.gov/ceppo/pubs/title3.pdf]. US-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2003. KowWin v1.66, KocWin v2.14, BcfWin v2.14, BioWin v4.00. In: Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite v3.10. EPA, Washington DC, USA [http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/docs/episuite.htm]. Veretennikov NV, Reshetova LI, Fil'chakova TA. 1984. Solubility of various fluorine-containing compounds in water and aqueous solutions of organofluorine surfactants. Vestnik Leningradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Fizika, Khimiya 1:112-114 [Russian]. Vlachos DA, Sarrif AM. 1986. Mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay of hexafluoropropylene. Unpublished report 692-86. Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Du Pont, Newark, Delaware, USA. Whipple GH. 1986. Vapour-liquid equilibria of some fluorinated hydrocarbon systems. Ind Eng Chem 44:1664-1667. Yaws CL. 1999. Physical, thermodynamic, environmental, transport, safety, and health related properties for organic and inorganic chemicals. In Chemical Properties Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA. Yoshida Y, Harada A, Okamura T, Kono, K, Watanabe, M, Toyota S, Iwasaki K. 1977. Acute toxicity of polycarbon monofluoride. Bull Osaka Medical School 23:14-32. 11.3 References not quoted The following references were consulted by the Task Force, but not cited for the specific reasons indicated. ECETOC JACC No. 48 55 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) *Acerboni G, Beukes JA, Jensen NR, Hjorth J, Myrhe G, Nielsen CJ, Sundet JK. 2001. Corrigendum to "Atmospheric degradation and global warming potential of three perfluoroalkenes" [Atmospheric Environment 35:4113-4123]. Atmos Environ 35:6229 [Production figures should read Gg/y instead of Tg/y. Production of HFP revised downwards from 20 Tg [Gg] to 10 Gg/y]. *Clayton JW. 1967. Fluorocarbon toxicity and biological action. Fluorine Chem Rev 1:197-252 [Review]. *Hauptschein M, Glenside, Fainberg AH. 1961. Production of fluorinated compounds. US Patent 3009966 [Covered by Gerharz, 1999]. *Hoechst. 1993. Unpublished report 93.0298 (micronucleus study with HFP in CD-1 mice following OECD guideline 474) [Not available; cited by ECB, 2000]. *Kirk-Othmer. 1998. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed - Vol 11. John Wiley, New York, New York, USA, p 25 [Cited by OECD, 1998]. *Lillian D, Singh HB, Appleby A, Lobban LA. 1976. Gas chromatographic methods for ambient halocarbon measurements. J Environ Sci Health A11:687-710 [Early method development using electron capture and various column packings; HFP not mentioned]. *Moon DJ, Chung MJ, Kim H, Kwon YS, Ahn BS. 2002. Pyrolysis of trifluoromethane to produce Hexafluoropropylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 41:2895-2902 [Covered by Gerharz, 1999]. *Rasmussen RA, Harsch DE, Sweany PH, Krasnee JP, Cronn DR. 1977. Determination of atmospheric halocarbons by a temperature-programmed gas chromatographic freezeout concentration method. J Air Poll Control Assoc 27:579-581 [Early method development using electron capture and mass spectrometry; HFP not mentioned]. *Rauws AG, Oling M, Wibowo AE. 1973. The determination of fluorochlorocarbons in air and body fluids. J Pharm Pharmacol 25:718-722 [Early method development using headspace technique]. *Rickard LB, Choy WN, Sarrif AM. 1986. Mutagenicity evaluation of hexafluoropropylene in the CHO/HPRT assay. Unpublished report 612-85, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Du Pont, Newark, Delaware, USA. *Scheirs J. 1997. Modern Fluoropolymers High Performance Polymers for Diverse Applications; John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA [Covered by OECD, 2000b]. ECETOC JACC No. 48 56 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) *Shingu H, Hisazumi M, Hisamoto I. 1969. Process for the manufacture of hexafluoroethylene. U.S. Patent 3446858 [Covered by Gerharz, 1999]. *US-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1987. Fluoroalkenes, final test rule. Fed Reg 52:21516-21532 [Test requirement for HFP and some other compounds]. *Waddell JS. 1956. Pyrolysis process for preparing hexafluoropropene from tetrafluoroethylene polymer. US Patent 2759983 [Covered by Gerharz, 1999]. ECETOC JACC No. 48 57 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) APPENDIX A: CRITERIA FOR RELIABILITY CATEGORIES Adapted from Klimisch et al (1997) Code of Reliability (CoR) 1 1a 1b 1c 1d 2 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 2g 3 3a 3b 3c 4 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e Category of reliability Reliable without restriction GLP guideline study (OECD, EC, EPA, FDA, etc.) Comparable to guideline study Test procedure in accordance with national standard methods (AFNOR, DIN, etc.) Test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail Reliable with restrictions Guideline study without detailed documentation Guideline study with acceptable restrictions Comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions Test procedure in accordance with national standard methods with acceptable restrictions Study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment Accepted calculation method Data from handbook or collection of data Not reliable Documentation insufficient for assessment Significant methodological deficiencies Unsuitable test system Not assignable Abstract Secondary literature Original reference not yet available Original reference not translated Documentation insufficient for assessment ECETOC JACC No. 48 58 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) APPENDIX B: CONVERSION FACTORS FOR VAPOUR CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR Conversion factors for vapour concentrations in air can be calculated from the molar volume of an ideal gas at 0C: 22.4136 litre. 1 mg/m3 = 22.4136/Mw x 1,013.25/P x (273+T)/273 ppm ................................... (Eq. B.1) 1 ppm = Mw/22.4136 x P/1,013.25 x 273/(273+T) mg/m3 ................................... (Eq. B.2) where Mw = molecular weight, T = temperature (C) and P = pressure (hPa). For European standard conditions, 20C and 1,013.25 hPa (=1 atm = 760 mm Hg), the formulae become 1 mg/m3 = 24.0556/Mw ppm ................................................................................. (Eq. B.3) 1 ppm = Mw/24.0556 mg/m3.................................................................................. (Eq. B.4) In the USA and other countries 25C is used, and the formulae are: 1 mg/m3 = 24.4661/Mw ppm ................................................................................. (Eq. B.5) 1 ppm = Mw/24.4661 mg/m3.................................................................................. (Eq. B.6) ECETOC JACC No. 48 59 MEMBERS OF THE TASK FORCE G. Malinverno (Chairman) a I. Colombo a N. Drouot b D. Farrar J. Franklin a,d T. Green d J.-M. Libre a,c A. Sarrif d H. Vrijhof (Secretary) Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Solvay B - Brussels Solvay Solexis I - Bollate Atofina F - Paris Ineos Chlor UK - Runcorn Solvay B - Brussels Syngenta UK - Macclesfield Atofina F - Paris Du Pont B - Mechelen ECETOC B - Brussels a Part-time b Presently with Total Petrochemicals, F - Paris c Presently with Arkema, F - Paris d Retired ECETOC JACC No. 48 60 MEMBERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (Peer Review Committee) G. Randall (Chairman) R. Bars Toxicological Research C. Braun a Occupational Toxicologist P. Calow Professor of Zoology C. dHondt a Head, Environmental Safety Department P. Douben Senior Scientist, SEAC Environmental Protection Department T. Feijtel Manager, Professional and Regulatory Services A. Flckiger Head of Corporate Health Protection H. Greim Director, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene T. Hutchinson Head of Research and Environmental Effects C. Money Industrial Hygiene Adviser, Europe D. Owen Scientific and Regulatory Manager A. Sarrif b Director, Health and Environmental Sciences G. Swaen Senior Epidemiologist B. van Ravenzwaay Director, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology H-J. Wiegand Head, Product Safety Department a Steward responsible for primary peer review b Retired ECETOC JACC No. 48 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) Consultant UK - Stoke Gabriel Bayer CropScience F - Sophia Antipolis Akzo Nobel NL - Arnhem University of Sheffield UK - Sheffield Syngenta Crop Protection CH - Basel Unilever UK - Sharnbrook Procter & Gamble B - Brussels F. 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Human Carcinogenic Hazard (Published May 1994) Environmental Exposure Assessment (Published September 1994) Ammonia Emissions to Air in Western Europe (Published July 1994) Reproductive and General Toxicology of some Inorganic Borates and Risk Assessment for Human Beings (Published February 1995) The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man (Published August 1995) Formaldehyde and Human Cancer Risks (Published May 1995) Skin Irritation and Corrosion: Reference Chemicals Data Bank (Published March 1995) The Role of Bioaccumulation in Environmental Risk Assessment: The Aquatic Environment and Related Food Webs (Published October 1995) Assessment Factors in Human Health Risk Assessment (updated by TR No. 86) (Published August 1995) Toxicology of Man-Made Organic Fibres (Published April 1996) Chronic Neurotoxicity of Solvents (Published February 1996) Inventory of Critical Reviews on Chemicals (Only available to ECETOC members) (Published August 1996) ECETOC JACC No. 48 64 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) No. 72 No. 73 No. 74 No. 75 No. 76 No. 77 No. 78 No. 79 No. 80 No. 81 No. 82 No. 83 No. 84 No. 85 No. 86 No. 87 No. 88 No. 89 No. 90 No. 91 No. 92 No. 93 No. 94 No. 95 No. 96 Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) Health Risk Characterisation (Published June 1997) The Value of Aquatic Model Ecosystem Studies in Ecotoxicology (Published December 1997) QSARs in the Assessment of the Environmental Fate and Effects of Chemicals (Published June 1998) Organophosphorus Pesticides and Long-term Effects on the Nervous System (Published December 1998) Monitoring and Modelling of Industrial Organic Chemicals, with Particular Reference to Aquatic Risk Assessment (Published January 1999) Skin and Respiratory Sensitisers: Reference Chemicals Data Bank (Published August 1999) Skin Sensitisation Testing: Methodological Considerations (Published December 1999) Exposure Factors Sourcebook for European Populations (with Focus on UK Data) (Published June 2001) Aquatic Toxicity of Mixtures (Published July 2001) Human Acute Intoxication from Monochloroacetic Acid: Proposals for Therapy (Published November 2001) Risk Assessment in Marine Environments (Published December 2001) The Use of T25 Estimates and Alternative Methods in the Regulatory Risk Assessment of Non-threshold Carcinogens in the European Union (Published December 2002) Scientific Principles for Soil Hazard Assessment of Substances (Published July 2002) Recognition of, and Differentiation between, Adverse and Non-adverse Effects in Toxicology Studies (Published December 2002) Derivation of Assessment Factors for Human Health Risk Assessment (Published February 2003) Contact Sensitisation: Classification According to Potency (Published April 2003) Environmental Risk Assessment of Difficult Substances (Published June 2003) (Q)SARS: Evaluation of the Commercially Available Software for Human Health and Environmental Endpoints with Respect to Chemical Management Applications (Published September 2003) Persistence of Chemicals in the Environment (Published October 2003) Aquatic Hazard Assessment II (Published November 2003) Soil and Sediment Risk Assessment (Published December 2004) Targeted Risk Assessment (Published December 2004) Whole Effluent Assessment (Published December 2004) The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man (Published February 2005) Trends in Children's Health and the Role of Chemicals: State of the Science Review (Published June 2005) Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals (JACC) Reports No. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 No. 11 No. 12 Title Melamine (Published February 1983) 1,4-Dioxane (Published February 1983) Methyl Ethyl Ketone (Published February 1983) Methylene Chloride (Published January 1984) Vinylidene Chloride (Published August 1985) Xylenes (Published June 1986) Ethylbenzene (Published August 1986) Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Published May 1987) Chlorodifluoromethane (Published October 1989) Isophorone (Published September 1989) 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-132b) (Published May 1990) 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA-124) (updated by JACC No. 25) (Published May 1990) ECETOC JACC No. 48 65 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) No. 13 No. 14 No. 15 No. 16 No. 17 No. 18 No. 19 No. 20 No. 21 No. 22 No. 23 No. 24 No. 25 No. 26 No. 27 No. 28 No. 29 No. 30 No. 31 No. 32 No. 33 No. 34 No. 35 No. 36 No. 37 No. 38 No. 39 No. 40 No. 41 No. 42 No. 43 No. 44 No. 45 No. 46 No. 47 1,1-Dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HFA-123) (updated by JACC No. 33) (Published May 1990) 1-Chloro-2,2,2-trifluoromethane (HFA-133a) (Published August 1990) 1-Fluoro 1,1-dichloroethane (HFA-141B) (updated by JACC No. 29) (Published August 1990) Dichlorofluoromethane (HCFC-21) (Published August 1990) 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-142b) (Published August 1990) Vinyl Acetate (Published February 1991) Dicyclopentadiene (CAS: 77-73-6) (Published July 1991) Tris-/Bis-/Mono-(2 ethylhexyl) phosphate (Published May 1992) Tris-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (CAS:78-51-3) (Published March 1992) Hydrogen Peroxide (CAS: 7722-84-1) (Published January 1993) Polycarboxylate Polymers as Used in Detergents (Published November 1993) Pentafluoroethane (HFC-125) (CAS: 354-33-6) (Published May 1994) 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC 124) (CAS No. 2837-89-0) (updated by JACC No. 46) (Published July 1994) Linear Polydimethylsiloxanes (CAS No. 63148-62-9) (Published September 1994) n-Butyl Acrylate (CAS No. 141-32-2) (Published August 1994) Ethyl Acrylate (CAS No. 140-88-5) (Published September 1994) 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b) (CAS No. 1717-00-6) (Published December 1994) Methyl Methacrylate (CAS No. 80-62-6) (Published February 1995) 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) (CAS No. 811-97-2) (Published February 1995) Difluoromethane (HFC-32) (CAS No. 75-10-5) (Published May 1995) 1,1-Dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) (CAS No. 306-83-2) (Published February 1996) Acrylic Acid (CAS No. 79-10-7) (Published September 1995) Methacrylic Acid (CAS No. 79-41-4) (Published May 1996) n-Butyl Methacrylate; Isobutyl Methacrylate (CAS No. 97-88-1) (CAS No. 97-86-9) (Published December 1996) Methyl Acrylate (CAS No. 96-33-3) (Published September 1998) Monochloroacetic Acid (CAS No. 79-11-8) and its Sodium Salt (CAS No. 3926-62-3) (Published June 1999) Tetrachloroethylene (CAS No. 127-18-4) (Published December 1999) Peracetic Acid (CAS No. 79-21-0) and its Equilibrium Solutions (Published January 2001) n-Butanol (CAS No. 71-36-3) (Published March 2004) Tetrafluoroethylene (CAS No. 116-14-3) (Published December 2003) sec-Butanol (CAS No. 78-92-2) (Published March 2004) 1, 1, 1, 3, 3-Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa) (Published June 2004) 1, 1-Difluoroethane (HFC-152a) (CAS No. 75-37-6) (Published September 2004) 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC 124) CAS No. 2837-89-0 (Second Edition) (Published November 2004) 1,1-Dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) CAS No. 306-83-2 (Third Edition) (Published May 2005) Special Reports No. No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 No. 11 No. 12 No. 13 Title HAZCHEM; A Mathematical Model for Use in Risk Assessment of Substances (Published October 1994) Styrene Criteria Document (Published June 1995) Hydrogen Peroxide OEL Criteria Document (CAS No. 7722-84-1) (Published July 1996) Ecotoxicology of some Inorganic Borates (Published March 1997) 1,3-Butadiene OEL Criteria Document (Second Edition) (CAS No. 106-99-0) (Published January 1997) Occupational Exposure Limits for Hydrocarbon Solvents (Published August 1997) ECETOC JACC No. 48 66 Hexafluoropropylene (CAS No. 116-15-4) No. 14 No. 15 No. 16 No. 17 n-Butyl Methacrylate and Isobutyl Methacrylate OEL Criteria Document (Published May 1998) Examination of a Proposed Skin Notation Strategy (Published September 1998) GREAT-ER User Manual (Published March 1999) Risk Assessment Report for Existing Substances Methyl tertiary-Butyl Ether (Published December 2003) Documents No. No. 32 No. 33 No. 34 No. 35 No. 36 No. 37 No. 38 No. 39 No. 40 No. 41 No. 42 No. 43 Title Environmental Oestrogens: Male Reproduction and Reproductive Development (Published January 1996) Environmental Oestrogens: A Compendium of Test Methods (Published July 1996) The Challenge Posed by Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals (Published February 1996) Exposure Assessment in the Context of the EU Technical Guidance Documents on Risk Assessment of Substances (Published May 1997) Comments on OECD Draft Detailed Review Paper: Appraisal of Test Methods for Sex-Hormone Disrupting Chemicals (Published August 1997) EC Classification of Eye Irritancy (Published December 1997) Wildlife and Endocrine Disrupters: Requirements for Hazard Identification (Published January 1998) Screening and Testing Methods for Ecotoxicological Effects of Potential Endocrine Disrupters: Response to the EDSTAC Recommendations and a Proposed Alternative Approach (Published January 1999) Comments on Recommendation from Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for 1,3-Butadiene (Published October 2000) Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Response to UNEP/INC/CEG-I Annex 1 (Published January 2000) Genomics, Transcript Profiling, Proteomics and Metabonomics (GTPM). An Introduction (Published April 2001) Contact Sensitisation: Classification According to Potency. A Commentary (Published July 2003) Workshop Reports No. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 Title Workshop on Availability, Interpretation and Use of Environmental Monitoring Data 20-21 March 2003, Brussels (Published December 2003) Strategy Report on Challenges, Opportunities and Research needs arising from the Definition, Assessment and Management of Ecological Quality Status as required by the EU Water Framework Directive based on the workshop EQS and WFD versus PNEC and REACH - are they doing the job ? 27-28 November 2003, Budapest (Published March 2004) Workshop on the Use of Human Data in Risk Assessment 23-24 February 2004, Cardiff (Published November 2004) Influence of Maternal Toxicity in Studies on Developmental Toxicity 2 March 2004, Berlin (Published October 2004) Workshop on Alternative Testing Approaches in Environmental Risk Assessment 7-9 July 2004, Paris (Published December 2004) ECETOC JACC No. 48 67