Document ZQ2NdX1LO5J2kevO0qj028BY

0<iAt<7~ J U ^ F ebruan 14 O r. Alice H iv ik o n , of ih* Division of I.abor S tandar . I>r. Freem an, t is l -j*ke on the Mibjevt ..f ilel poisons. I>r. B f n . wwt T hrrv w not a w t Large num ber of worker- . ni- I m f i a j a M M K ttu fa g u d some of you may not dea! nth u.v u-Ui-tr:*.' toL-o;..-. In to u r w. .k a. fa-. : k u.-j - T' t...ml r mi workers e x p u o i U> tUttgerma liuaU is very much greater, tuui 1 -ujijxi-c there 1- i:o ctiiupan-on at al! between the number of worker* expoee: to poison- and lh ire who are exposed to heavy, exhaustive work and excessive beat. Ho- reason why > have t pay a gi> at di al trf h t c a t M to the potsoturu- trades is that we know a real drwi about tihnB, m e h more than we do about the dusts, for oar kn<'- rtrai field is still very limited except with regard to silica and adhestoa. I M a td M a with f n h t H , we know a g r a i deal. iaily aUiu: the oitMAmi tie: they Lai. brr-n s*u ;:> d fr u.- - than a cvwtnrv. Therefore there i- a greater renpmisibilify on ;li" a r t o f tf.e p!iy- >: and the . iy to ront:->i tl.v p, - -nous trades than roe trades e know less about. That is why we have to devote so much time to the poHonoOs trad es. In an hour I can only touch nc a very few -jiots, but there are some thing* 1 want to say about j-v.-ous in general. (>ne of the-- is of great importan*-- the ways tliat poison* can enter the t**dy. and becau.-e this is a ' p w n 'l i irstu o d . m > i _ adv; e - given *>o live pie-non of prevent* ..f - up:ion; poi-oning with i m i / . a ' frequency Ju st a few years ago a great smelting and refining plant employ- --ral th. isand men hen' in the East found th at it must do about lead poi-oning because Ilie S tate had passed a com- iaw. As is the case with many employer*. that event first opened the ey> of tlie manageutent to the auMMinl o f danger from Va<! pw r-r.ing. T hry consulted two very good physician.-, who told them to build a large welfare h<*u-e with -bower hath-, clean wash ru oau and lunch rooms that eould he approached only by going arts _ me washrooms and even regulations regarding the washing f overall- &t reg 'a r intervals. The managedm u d id all o f this, tpe-Bvimg a gm>t J a i ai money, hot they did not h a re any falling off in tfe- h e * |w.soiling ffo ou oher w' ax great as ever, -ply letau -e the men were still breathing the same a ir they had I f the same amount o i money had been pent on cleaning if .etead of ob p ro rim o for washing the hands, uioch more hewr! voxiid h a re bren de rived. A fter 4 U. a man am ** be serim.dy poianmni h r th e dust th a t gels re. - . k hH fingers or wash hiaham - in his soap. As I said, it is a m atter of great imnortanc` a . - ciearlv in muni the way in which the poison enters tn<* body, hr*a.a* -ittle-s yv<a do that you will he falling into all sorts o f error TRAIN! V . H ksk u p m .m h r.w t u u i IJn \ ! ewv mdv *e to ilu* ruMiii^ement of lit- plant. V fiiTitv of in | hii.s i:i through the air tliat breathe. I ohiN i, that 1 true of all tile g---carbon monoxide. hydrogen- ipLidc. and ulphur dioxide--all o f rhidi are industrial g-ases. It Irtl' "? !*< lu la J lie I '.'- !.<. lik e beOXol a li'l petroleum i'.Wtl >- !:.'!1 \ ! i *1:'1 .1 : 1 t . I 'w c h lo ro fn n i -like iv<-nL. kil l ile- W '>it al-mt nbd ]jo1.mj4U. iiUc-h a- tuef* ury. lead, man *-*-. jut: . alii 1 ail Hie irf !wr met ai 1n poi.-aiiia? Ho t u n enter (iv' W'iiIj u r n u r y . the experience of the medical profession conrju.-~i diem that in general m ercury enters chiefly tlunugh f atm . hut :n tluu the mud imjujrtani tu<*ie of Inuue i. through (he in-fureul air. although akin abeorj>t)<>r. play [part. O f course. mercury volatilize at all tem p e ra tu re ala'Ve t ' K.. .1 in th- practical p ro tm io n of workers m a plant here mercury handled. the fumes are the thing to think about. Ih ts mean? It then* must not 1* anv oj*n receptacles of n H vunr >>r any >*r the door and. of course, no cap- o f iaj>r~ b u heated mercury. |T nb t i metals, there an* two thing* to think about, the tan a : ;tT=- n of the a ir by du-t ami by fumes, la k e h ad. which by far the axarf im jxirtant of alL \Vhen lead ta first feny and d ean and (here B almost do bead poisomng in raiding o r iing lead Hut a> i all km . i-ad l- gradually coated o*er lb a dull gravt<h powder. to alorb arvd t r r j Uotmijs It i- the uhoxide <d lead. When you ruler a nlam here lalltc lead is oat. look at the lead kriiie and you will re a dull BRgietl surface, or if there is any uid leatLJjruig around. If too li acquire that fine duty o a t , which is easily detached and iwn about so that the a ir is contam inated with finely divided 1 uUtxide. There should he a rule in everx State th at every ffacie o f molten lead should h a re a hood with an exhaust. Ifou will find th at in storage-bauary plant: the casting 1 the *-t [wrt of the work, for the freshly cast grids have not yet bren i/ed and lead is not dangeroWi as long as it has not become ied. In a j ' :r r g plant flie danger is lead oxide dust and iuim - (nun lead kettle and tin* weeping which often goes on all day. 1 often h bad and unnecessary m ixing o f job*, The m elting may be right beside a linotyi i.t or a compositor. Some old. ex- >1 printers will not allow that. It is well to see how much mutation of lead dost there is on the door and on the shelve and ask how they blow out their old type cases. The best way is to a vacuum cleaner with a mild action. W hat they usually do to have one of the boys carry the rats out on tlie fire escap-e bio them clean with a 1*1low*. stervoty [ "rs are more - ineard to lead than any other kind o f ,_ .r in the pi 'ip g plant, for they melt down lnrpi atereutvpa lee. These crc core***! w ith nil* ink, and in heating the oil in veil off. m aking very irrita tin g fames. The men lower the hood ng this stag*-, but thev are very likely to lift it about the tim e lead begins to give off fume*, to r by then the irritatin g fumes rne. B k fO B T U * PIUK'1-l.MJhl.N Q l th* other band .morypHig is perfectly safe, and linotyping need not pay any attention to unless you an looking fo r carb o n I t t i d a i i D K ! ) from d w g in under th e Ixnotypa p o u aw ca th e lea,) the ]H*t^ not ln>< en*> gii t>> give off fume-. I n n t to say s .n .'th in g ai*ut the * >nd danger an d th at is lead n . I am su re each o f you m ust have a t le*-a one lead junk hop y u u i d is tr ic t, an d m any ad these a re very danger u:.. I'he \vori fcjxi o f lead scrap accum ulates in those places. old storage liattci v *nU, w h k h arc covered e :th a brown pem x'de of l.-nd th at ran l o t be to u ch ed with-".* ra is in g a l>i o f d u > t: hcafe- o f ir>>ss and s k w a o u n ; w aste from w hite lead o r oxide plants. J lU o f tlk q d*p^B a re vary pomomms and ail sh o a l! be wetted I n lx-fore they are diaturbed. Any head of a retilling plant who tJfc ia Jn pnm ihlf h a s not tried it be c a m e it has been done in | (rf cases. like industry which. in my opinion, is responsible for the greatest a n d h tf o f caura of lead poisoning is storage-battery m anufacture. JLSthocigh we have m auftew at statistics to prove it. tiiat 1 the case n England, where they do have complete statistic*. and in Germany, atehaagn tbe G erm an method of m anufacture is 1*-- dangerous than -tly perm anent forage batteries and wj r . : s d r iilunl line! ia w fia iiluiisJiilii I fin C at we have more lead poisoning from that industry tdun from icy .her--and there the cause is not t e n t , but dig: The only way to a-ue1 it is to insist upon weiue-. fur in >v ry .-angie process O m is lead dust. In Indianapolis I visited a -l.it.t whi* h was the a f a t I have ever beat in. Every thu g was W T 1- w:i- with wet sawdust ami the beaches were wiped olf regularly wet apoogea. Even the traveling belts were wet: ami once p l a i n were p o t into recepuwiw- to be carried to live storage room ft .aved :n those receptacles Steam** to >av, however, they did have m am canes of p o in a ia g ; for the physician told me that they 4 fd . A pparently it mx possible to provide complete protection fcC 111 tltlii kind of work. Jiow about the p a in te rs trade. How i>a> the (w inter get lead tf T h is h one o f the lead trades when we find the slow, ta n a of laad p w o n g , from tiny done repeated. I he tea geta lend mixed with oil on his akin, and it i- possible h e may absorb it in this way over a period o f :*> o r 40 years, av a im gw tue lead into his mouth if he does not w ash his ... aa* Jg- Bui the greatest danger to the painter is lead frank ran papering dry lead p aint o r robbing it with steel d irty cap*, Hatha, and d irty o reraik . Wit believe that . 'aLso. br-Athing iic -i^at h tt.e chief cause of lead _____ __ _________ k a il pipe. Ilia chief danger is in i;uk- joint wj.,u.g. widen nwwra caMMCiirig joints with rad. li<a patter ie axnaani to duet from white-lead g lazetea. d a j r w l can tw made rate by aaowture te r there is no u ra a , h a t a great deal o f a n a l m i n i k is kept dow n ___,, . aS cae il* a ir m ust b* kept clean if lead poisoning he avoided. . rv an moine not Very im portant. that enter, by p ref ix*. through tin1 skin. Turpentine is abenrb\l through the skin, the fumes also are im portant. We discovered during the wax the coal-tar derivatives passed through tiie skin, and poisoning I place in that wav more than through br eathing the fumes. b tiie munition-. plants making- TN T, etc--an began by insisting It tiie fume?, miisi le preventisi by seeing that kettle wi-rc vloevly kr.si ani that there were exriai-'J-s liul e ere u>li by i e I h that we would in* get verv far with th a t: that then* must be scrupulous d ean Imess to prevent ahoorpOuQ through tiie The nwn must be p r r n every facility for ashing and tlw | | . e s at which liicv work must le d e a n ; ih-y must not cvme pBtitai t with the stuff, l l a very interesting to di>*-*.v< I was more danger in the amaud factories than in the TNT tries: and that vt< because though amatol contain.' or.lv go lot TN T, the remainder is-mg ammonium nitrate, it is hygro- |r . taking up m oisture from the air. The men's hands were kept riiot'i all the time, and in that wav thev ab-orbcd a greater fru of TXT. I first rub in the prevention of poisoning b th at there be no pe of dangerous fumes and d u st: if th at is not possible, then i mu.it hie an exhaust to earn* off the fumes a they escape to carry off the dust as it is te rm e d : :f tliat is impossible, if | are told th at exhaust- cami*t he placed so as to catch the or du>l ami you krv*w that there will be some exposure i :: : try to dilate t i e r ,; b m ll i" wor Toona i.. \.<ry larger than usual so th at tliere i~ much more abundant ven- uoo. For instance, I bnve seen Pullm an -ar sprayed with coat- out in a hug shed on the shore of Lake Micnigan, here the laticm was abundant, enough to dilute the fumes. O f course. Id be inifHssstbie there to h are local exhausts. If yon cannot any one of these three things (and I am thinking now of such as the cleaning out of flue from a lead stnelter o r the strip ed unite lead in a corrosion plant), then you have to provide 1 protection for the mem You may mil be able to control general environment, but you can control the air they breathe, like those can be done safely only with an air-line helmet, some reason you cannot w e the air-line helmet, then you must the fact that this u a dangerous situation. The last measure can urge when all eb*e proves im practicable is to cut down re. A man will breathe a certain amount of rontami- air in 1 hour, twiec th at amount in 2 boon, and so on. there is no way of protecting him from pomoaed s ir rou can ye tarn to tkia; you can m y th at although that job has to go the plant, the individual does not here to k*vp at it king to get poisoned; ho can ho shifted and another udes hi if yew cannot keep the fumes o r dust from J or n you cannot dilate them to the point of safety, you can fresh air in toe m an or yon can shorten his exposure. * are certain things th at increase the incidence of poisoning froumn the quantity o f poison to which the worker* re exposed, m y anything about ceneeal (!? iu rd itii r. . J tfi- ffr. t - IKFUlfi ui y a u ii-M m u j U-.aim* nur know hiL:- u- ui m ru e . One would sup pose th at heavy work. eery fatim nng work, with a low wage (which v s mrans j*r housing. }ht f w i . | - : H '..i.g. n . forth) V" *k! |>tdir the reinstall. to a- {*. mw. that U ail j.. : .uppus|_ Mg KatlgU-- <in*s n*t mas.' mail more 'Ux'ejK ible l*- a po >(i|) S a t'! , heavy work favors )!--* i j i.> re it - a - t u ,.,f topth of respiration. The m ar \\L. . b .,w w--:k r> tn.s unuy teeplv and therefore aiea.r .- r ~"ri. ut u. a:.u ; a. . tin* HiiStue of hemp a fjn to r tn industrial poewming. T here a<e other factors whi h are im portant. One of them > Imio Imatre o f work, for if there is so uui h lead dust in the air. ami tile j u l can work only 6 hours w itleu t -v t'.e -alety standard. tliH(, emjjer hour, * o r 10. mean pokMUBf, Tln-re are certjuu tilings about A t tndir id w l h u n ^ lf That decrease the resistance to poisons. How :m* h has vwath to-do witSi it! IV think a Las a pood deal. There taw a num ber Uf 8taT<-' that sis'- f j the ape at which yw m g people go into the p.ns.fou> i n s ' t .s-a .* t-..ev have l< " r-istance tn than a d u lt' havt . \V- found tli U b r in g *:te war. The man who were over 3 could work turn'!. ! :._s r without g etting w hat ww called TN T sicknam than the men who were ui i We have *w y u u n f p n p h employed ir. I geruo trade in th is couh- hat we cannot um our own fipur- w- the greater su -< |iti- hlitT o f t:.e youthful, hut We do kr W tM t children wb> apply for -- th in g papers at I'J or H e age are rmt the rhildrcn best ftfe d to m is t *L industry. We base our op|>oeition to child Adhor on th a t fact. I t w not thir child who has ll a normal and tea lth v childhood who is likely to go to work at the earliest age the allows. It is the chiM who ha- come from the poor home where A n e baa not been enough to p i around--not enough food, not i i i d i beds, not even privacy and 'pic The cardiac disease of ahtldreu. we are told. ls mu -h a <lass i i'c is i as is tuberculosis. r W children are the one. who | '-c-nt tlctie-eiv-- for w orking pa- para, and they are the one who should nor be allowed to go into any it the je-.^m ou' t r d i s . In tin >n *ry. however, that i. not a great, arohleni. t tlunk I have w n very few lads r-mpbu- 1 in lead work, :m ><ne dne' tind young gtrN w o rk in g w ith danger!- s o lv e n t'. i u every {sc-omais trad" you will U p .rf> sth safe in saving that w e a r tn.br Is year of age should ;v ; ploy.: W hat about w t f T h e re h av e h e m .me very c h iv a lro u s effo rts ast-ie t rule w. n m Out o f th e d a n g e ro u s tra d e s. I d o not th in k aa p n lf tbaft there M any has! for excluding women from m any of Mfe- -cusorwuLs rr Jas. It has heen urged that women hottld be for- to work rb e re carbon cuorcui"- - present. That would throw *wt m any women fr.u. industry ft! pre--ing with fras- m t n i iram*. -.king. bak.ng. laurelry work wh-re g - n* uei, i r" 1 uw pnntiusr trade*, and tuatiir more. Yet we h are no figures to show H at timer fumes are more fatigerous to women or that women tv m -re saacuptrhie to them than are m*n. , to j TSere are, however, some p* i -.ms which injure the offspring, v r . h a ; regnam woeuvri shnuld uot lie e*p,ol for fea r she ma mfcuBTjr or 1 a r a d ead chtM . Iiu -m u v h as th o e m p lo y e r eating * s i .nether a working women is pregnant, women at the cnii< - Aaawing age ahau ld he especially protect*! from t h o iw**onfi * ] jure tli* lf~j'liiiT. the m in t of which is lead. Lead causes al*r- ami ii raw-i". -te n iiiy : it k a race pouun. l'he aatne tiiiiig mid Is said of mercury Benzol another {anson i:.i i- u,.n Lrmful to wuBivn than to men, for it ra il- hemorrhage, and if | wronia: rgnai a iry . It u. dangerous F y o u n g girls. m wL<-m it may mis.- fatal anemia. R a n does n. 4 'eih '> i.iirit Hi re g a rd to Ilie imiM>tis th a t iter i.'.rough t!w skin. Negrur *rv m iwept to itoe-- dividual .-i& ceptitalitT l> an e x t m u e l i im p o rta n t factor. It 1 hfectlr n a tu ra l th a t an emfdoyev should re w n t bemg lield res|am- for a rase of lea-1 iWMimi lien M o th e r men in the same r*m tli. H r naturailv fccU that ag Uie m an d id was resp o n sib le fo r it. Vet th at -am e em ployer llil not llu iik it Irange at all if o u t o f u w hole fam ily only ax fcf-er w assusceptible to try poisonmg, or if th ere was jn epietn. - influenza, are! it only struck 5 percent o f th e people in his city. L x things he recognizes, an d he w ill have to learn to accept u x cp-. namely, that th e n are men and women overly sos certain |MitxmH. It is imptaseible to recognize them, to detect o ie r- i-p tib ih ty b r any kml of tnedi.-al examination except w ith reg ard ?!--e poison which the skin. There y s ra n have pat- p a made. P in -le a f exanunati--i - arv ms-esssarr. and ;f the phyvi an 1 W i l l divide the m he accept* m tw o d a w : elas A nso* men physicalhr tit wh>> can i*e put on any job: ciass ft of the les Lthose who have chn n or dy|*pwta or |ierna}>~ [urine a a little dubious or the lungs art- not vary sound. T h a t I -houUi net he pat a a dangerous job. I f the physician is L he will watch the men in cla>w A very carefully during <lnr first so that he may discover and weed out the susceptible ones, men working with poisons should be uniirr medical attention, one cannot in*1*1 that a worker who once is fausoned may never lack to his job. Thai may cause too great a hardship. A man has a skilled job and ha.- a great pride in that job. when told he has lead poisoning and must give up his job and take some j t oufihior work, rese-uts it deeplv. He would far ratiier g*> back to old job and fierhaps live a few years less than he thrown o r scrap heap or put on a job be desp>xs. We must look at it not from the medical side but from the hum an side aa well. e influence of fond and drink baa been sinewed very much in ion with the poisonous trades, especially the bail trades, certainly counts very much ui the prevention of lead pmaon- The acidtwu of starvation or of acute indigestion will mobilize from the bone. The presence 0 / food in flic >4<>marfi. taking up hydrochloric acid, helm to keep the swallowed lead from hanging dangerous chlorides. Alcohol ha* the -line action a* many industrial -hmio and therefore it aids m their action. D aring 'v r "ie* found out themselves th at if they were suffering from owing they would gi t a very revere attack if thev drank. *e tliry had the effect of the T N T already and the alrolol came th> last touch. They would fall unronwHiu* after one drink of y or one bottle of heer. 1 . a m -c of double poisoning. 1 has much the same effec* *he kidnewys that lead has. and th e danger i* increased i f alcohol is taken into the system. The tu m o r of mercury pocoeuig is mcreaMxl ly alcoholic drink. I f liirtv are any que*tiuns you would like to ask. I - all he glad to answer them. Q c S \ . There seems to be quite a grow ing tendency to poisons from t 1e fumes of ketv ^ u e stoves. th>*<- fumes th at have no odor to them . W hat is the cause of (fiat' I>r. H awiltdn. Would not the danger there be carbon monoxide? I remember some serious carbon monoxide noi-oiung in a tunnel in lim it**-: some years ago. At tir>t they thought u was kerosene lam as, but then they found it was carbon monoxide, v arbou mon oxide never reveals its presence by its odor. ^zsTtus . I n the felt-hat manufacturing- industry in the .bird stage, isn't the mercury hazard quite bad ? iJr. i lu n u o N . There is some mercury in the last stage because tr>e i n . ers use a li*>t iron, but th - greau-st danger there is from atltca d a . which is Tery fine. Some m ercury is volatilized at this stage. We took frit a t different stagvs 0 f the process and analyzed it x v a a n o j , and are found then wax a b u t m ercury between the last stag; before finishing and the finishing. D r. W q jiA ww- T his has been very interesting to a health officer. W ould you tell u in a few minutes y o u r views about win i city heulki departm ent or a State L.-1th departm ent m ight l*sr. point in trying to meet the industrial hygiene pmblem. assuming th a t the tracks were pretty well cleared for splendid coofierat iou 1*.. rween 'Mate labor and Njate Accident-prevent ion d epartm ents/ We h a re very fine team work, but we haven't enough personnel or D r. H amilton. You should take one man and train him in indus tria l l o r logy so that when he p * s into a plant he will know all about if. II hccld hare expert knowledge. 1 think employers arc ctitk-d to that. If the employer is going to b< told w hat to do and put to a k* of cx ; ise and trouble he should kn--w u ia t the* advice I'.r^ a him is the best available: and you cannot expect an ordinary UKpectoc a man wlio has to go m and count wash haains and look ar toilets and such things, to know all this. H e ha.- too much to do. Owe m aa should be well trained fo r the job. H e should know how sa muter dust cocnl- when it is necessary to make -nch counts. I ijdc th a t every worker ta en titled tr> ci<wi a ir to breathe, and the should know when a dust count is February 15 ; A >umiuntii r. ut l... .u *. : : -aft-tv : 1 >. . - ns in plan ts inspe.-f*-.l on I 1 previous .lav foil*'. 'v irulu-tries.) P U N T I-- COOPERAGE HE INIH SUIT i This very old Indusrrj Wad- itself well to small plant* *>f aoxtorat* capital o w uid akctbods lie tunrntUiiv la the use of r-drtre*. mannaUj >;eratt*l a .in s.riln* psds but tart b> the tlrr>-U^4neAt t K r i h U m . The fito-tuaiinff t a a M i of tfea llqu -- 1th the crv: to. reuse In other f'lrnta of pacfcajctog. W d ta j: the eat of steel drums, c.-atltttte *.-ruo* ian.fi'apa. As a remit of all toe rncilTiWis atabUfthmeor are u>ca j li used to ton or . s s H - ilard t-uU-lln* with ojerai.-t ormued fi> fit Che feoffeBfef rather that the Ite* {tanned to beet suit the njeratW'C involved. Equipment nm i.t* prV of more I.r lex* a e 1a flats! u t . planer, [nminrrx shajerv HtnOera. i i m i l l M and he*.l.i.. tua. hiUe. i-f a tr > h - titawwil *<hi and !*(> steel P b w ti.- T h > hnahrr la m t O j rarrtod ifeittodli the opmUsar eu m Haarv Iracks bandits! hr hand to and fn<n maHitreu. and leaded ..or tor hand Steel to Ottt. IOUhwi and rieetosi sfe.-*.! ina-hlne* A loCaiJerablr of manual skill t* r.s]o:rest for moot of tor ofieraiKuta Ptov rora hr INmcrtitL Health H u .l i - 1] -Handlnc prodon-a much dust. IndiTWhial exhaasr* ran ho atmpfy !. are etoretivu, a nd are ciub . I ` in tar. Stiavtox* a id dust from ihapevu. err., are normally rwaoved b* n tia u d v K<*m A rr-.Mf Ttu- rh a n ln s of :>l*ky b a n d - is of' u carried to the shot' by I V car of dir she vias* Cnfe-ot property exbaoMnl. fix are aaaoytmc, but prubal.l) c a rry no en M B hazard an toss to hlrti rtou. lintlmr or enaftax barreto (fo r spee.al | urp.ee*) m ar Involve the aae of or rtmtutoula that are feaxardoua. In each sorb case the material : nhoohl be aarerrainad and (fee roc. at mm of their w e studied t'orton am w n d r.--D rrw s, usually pas feted. a te a pcootMe e mree of carton usMa. A check-up of the mean* at disposal of the o m la rtl of Iof (fee pntttfMHry of p s leeks to advtoahto. armally a part of 1oa (fee p a n of tfee w s rtrti. and (hr aMaajraraeec keep to a frfea p rod It re*arlu aa -enprodertW*". aril aa r i n g m , to*' '*. an ! others to oftop aartooa. The caamrUto am) prodtofa a re M k y The nature of tnaay of the aatabiu that make for . fell tfee P i r o n h r i t Mil the tip * d ataratoe aaeri ft to sate tfee (Hard to the eaada Uf the work and flprratnni the advaatagna #f aalnp t i n faltfefnllj T V aereatotv far h^fe r a n d iM i .(wed in M d u a ttfa a make* Ike aaa of drive* sal'TV*! *rrb aoualir separate at. our for each toa.-feto- M