Document ZLvDL35pZb5m5KNdoVnVgmXO

144442 Chemical Abstracts Vol. 82,1975 Page transfer surface- Loniznhle constituents to the surface within lung and hone. More frequent bioassays are performed for 4 times of 10 *-10 '2 sec, depending on the filament temp. These sample of the most highly exposed workers as a check on the air surface-ionizable constituents then become ionized and are sampling progrum, and these bioassays are performed n4a released from the surface ns a burst of ions. For particles of sufficient frequency tn assure that a significant single intake of j similar compns., the no. of ions/pulse is related to the particle U will he identified before hiol. elimination of the U renders t size. This technique is used in the continuous monitoring of intake undetectable. A model is used which correlates bioassa* submicron urban particulate matter. measurement results with radiation dose or with uptake of U to 144443b Volume resistivity-fly ash composition relation. the blood (chem. toxicity). Actions are specified, dependirj Bickelhaupt, Roy E. (Smith. Res. Inst., Birmingham, Ala.). upon the dose or uptake indicated by bioassay results. Guidance X Enuiron. .Sci, 7Vc/imd. 1975, 9(4), 33(5-42 (Eng). This research is provided for detg., from individual data rather than modek : was undertaken to establish a relation between elec, resistivity the quantity of V in budy organs, the rate of elimination, and chem. cortipn. for fly ash. Cum. produced ashes having a the dose commitment. Data are appended on mass limits for L' wide variation in chem. compns. were used. The ashes were in blond, urinary excretion factors, biol. models for the tissur characterized and made into sinterod-disk specimens for distribution and excretion of inhaled U, and in vivo measurement resistivity and chem. transference expts. Characterization capability for mixts. of U isotopes. revealed that the ashes were principally spherically shaped, I44448t Chromium as an occupational health hazard U glassy particles. The results confirmed that vol. conduction was production of alumina from bauxite. Budanova, L. # controlled by an ionic mechanism in which the alkali metal ion, Trofimov, V. A.; Eremeeva, L. A.; Mamchenko, M. fL mainly Na, served a>; charge carriers. The Fe concn. of the ash Naidenov, N. I. (Inst. Gig. Tr. Prof., Leningrad, USSR). Gig. f affected the, magnitude of resistivity in an inverse manner. Tr. Pmf. Zabol. 1974, (10), 47-8 (Russ). During the prodn. qf [1 Chem. transference and other ancillary epxts. suggested that the ALO.i from a charge contg. ground bauxite ana limestone bj presence of Fe influenced the no. of alkali metal ions capable of sintering in a tubular furnace, the insol. compds. of Cr3* art migration. Relations were established between resistivity and transformed into the Cr** form by redn. These Crfi+ compda. ar^ specimen porosity, temp. Li-Na concn.. and Fe concn. These present in the dust of sintered products and in atk. aerosols! relations were combined to give an expression which can predict Otolaryngol, studies indicate that workers exposed to the dan vol. resistivity. and aerosols develop symptona of atrophic rhinitis, allergic 144444p Effect of carbon monoxide on atmospheric rhinolomy, and bronchial asthma. The removal of Cr from t(* photooxidation of nitric oxide-hydrocarbon mixtures. raw materials in the initial stages of AhOu prodn. is recommended, Glasson, William A. (Environ. Sci. Dep., Gen. Mot. Res. Lab., J. Suschkg Warren, Mich.). Environ. Sci. TechtmL 1975, 9(4), 343-7 144449u Determination of the class of danger of vapors sf (Eng). This study was undertaken to assess the importance of industrial toxic liquids. Kurlyandskii, B. A.; Zav'yalov, N. V. CO in photochem. smog formation. The effect of CO concns. up (Mosk. Gorodskaya Sanepidstants, Moscow, USSR). Gig to 424 ppm on the photooxidn. of nn ethylcne-NO mixt. was Sanit. 1975, (2). 90-2 (Russ). An equation is proposed ur studied in a long-path ir cell. The NO2 rate, 0:i rate, and O3 classifying toxic substances into exceedingly, highly, moderately. yield increased with CO concn., while ethylene oxidn. was and slightly dangerous categories, it uses the product of bolb.fi unaffected. The effect of CO on the photooxidn. of mixts. of NO the oral and inhalation classifications of S. >. Zaudol'nikof * with various hydrocarbons was also studied. Of the 6 hydrocarbons (1967), the sq. root of the max. permissible concn., and the bp. studied, CO had effects in the presence of ethylene, isooctane, A classification is made of 38 substances and the data on which C and mesitylene. The eifcct of CO concn. on the photooxidn. of a they are based. J. H. Scotf , 33 simulated atm. hydrocarbon mixt. was studied. The results were 144450n Carbon monoxide in the urban atmospheres' consistent with the conclusion that the effect of CO, at <35 ppm, Hazards to the pedestrian and the street worker. Wright, r* on photochem. smog formation would be minimal. Geoffry R.; Jewczyk, Stephan; Onrot, Jack; Tomlinson, Paul, ^ 144445q Dependency of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon Shephard, Roy J. (Sch. Hyg., Univ. Toronto, Toronto, OntV content on size distribution of atmospheric aerosols. Arch. Environ. Health 1975, 30(3), 123-9 (Eng). The CO CO Pierce, Ronald C.; Katz, Morris (Cent. Res. Environ. Qual., levels in downtown Toronto were 10-50 ppm in the summer and York Univ., Toronto, Ont.). Environ. Sci. Technnl. 1975, 9(4), fall of 1973, varying with wind speed and direction, traffic d,'. 347-53 (Eng). An examn. was made of the dependency of and the height of nearby buildings. Av. concns. in poorly: polynuclear arom. hydrocarbon (PAH) content on the particle ventilated underpasses and underground garages were much 1 size distribution of atm. suspended particulate matter. Ambient higher. Street closures for a pedestrian mall reduced mall level* aerosols were collected in specific time periods during 1972 and to the general urban background without large increases to | 1973 using size-fractional ing cascade impactors (Anderson concns. on adjoining streets. M. Alien: I. "`Hi-Vol* samplers) at particulate matter was 5 sites in Toronto. Ontario. Collected extd. with henzene in a Soxhlet app. l/*e' xpIo4s4e4d5ltpo Changes in pulmonary function in worker* | vinyl chloride and poly(vinyl chloride). Miller, Eight PAH and 2 oxygenated arenes were sepd. by thin-layer Albert; Teirstein, Alvin S.; Chuang, Ming; Selikoff, Irving chromatog. and identified and analyzed by absorption and Warshaw, Raphael (Mt. Sinai Sch. Med., City Univ. New York, fluoresence spectrophotometry. The efficiency and accuracy of New York, N. Y.). Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1975, 246,, 42-M the procedures involved were studied. The size distribution of (Eng). Spirometry and max. expiratory flow-val. curves of 348 PAH-contg. particulates followed approx, a log-normal relation workers in a vinyl chloride polymn. plant show a diminution to for suburban and rural sampling sites with the majority of PAH air flow in 200 (57.5%) workers. This correlated with age aw content assoed. with particles <3.0 u diam. Significant duration of exposure. A relation with smoking was noted only to variations were discovered in PAH content between downtown-urban, younger workers with exposures of <10 yr. When age is >40 jt urban, suburban, and rural arca3. PAH concn. in submicron or exposure >20 yr, the prevalence was similar in both smoke?* particles increased during the winter months. and nonsmokers, indicating that occupational or other environment^ 144446r Vertical distribution of nitrogen monoxide, factors were operative. k 1i nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid ns derived from stratospheric 144452q Safety measures and optimal solution of accident, absorption infrared spectra. Fontanellii, Jean C.; Girard, situations. Kopelent, Zdenek (Chem. Zavody, Cesk. Sovetsketo Andre; Gramont;, Louis; Louisnard, Nicole (Off. Natl. Etud. Prateistvi, N. P., Zaluzl, Czech.). Chem. Prum. 1975, 25(2), Rech. Aerosp., Chatillon. Fr ). Appl. Opt. 1975, 14(4), 825-39 96-8 (.Czech). Accident prevention in chem. plants is discussed (Eng). NO, NOa, and HNOj were ilctd. in (he low stratosphere Emphasis is given to fire extinguishment. J. Strnad (16 km) in June-July, 1973, at medium north latitudes. The I44453r Microclimatic conditions In coa) preparation integrated amt. of NO along the optical path is (4 1.5) * 1016 plants. Akhlyustin, V. K.; Prasolov, Yu. K. (SvercU. Gorn. mol/cm3 for a solar elevation of +2 to -1 above the horizontal Inst. im. Vakhrusheva, Sverdlovsk, USSR). Izu. Vy5V| plane; 8 x 10* mol/cm3 is the upper limit for concn. at the flight (Jchebn. Zaved., Gorn. Zh. 1974, 17(10), 139-40 (Russ). altitude. There is no significant difference in the integrated amt. For economical use of elec, installations, the probability d. curve* obsd. at sunset and sunrise. NOj concn. at 15.5 km is (l.l 0.2) were detd. for dust concn., CH4 concn., and air humidity kMG x 10* mol/cm3, in sunset conditions, and does not vary various sections of coal prepn. plants of 3 coal fields. ... significantly between 15 km and 30 km. HNOs concn. at 15.5 , P. Skrabanek' km ia (1 0.3) x IO13 tnoi/cm3 and increases between 15 and 20 144454s Future implications of some long-lived kin to a max. at 20 km of (2 1) x 10J0 moj/cm3. product nuclides discharged to the environment in futf 144447s Applications of bloassny of uranium. Alexander, R. E. (Directorate Regul. Stand., AEC, Washington, D. C.). Report 1974, WASH-1251, 209 pp. (Eng). Avail, Dep. NTIS. BYom Nucl. Sci. Abstr. 1974, 30(6), 1G018. The criteria for a U (Eng),. "Kr is discharged into the atm. and ifs crit, human organ bioassay program are given. A bioapsay program is necessary if ia the gonnda, T is discharged as water and its cyiti human'ojg^ T ' air sampling is needed fur purposes of personnel protection- The is the gonads, and !jeI is discharged mainly jpjo water, and extent of the bioassay program is deto. by the magnitude of air crit. human organ is the thyroid- Upper, limits for cuniula(ve v-j sample results. It must be shown that air sample results used amts, of each of these present in the environment up to the J3' J) for thin purpose are representative of personnel exposure. Under 2000 are estd. based on predicted fuel reprocessing ptogififlM 1 the min. program, bloassays are performed semiannually or and forecasts of somatic and genetic Tadiation exposure froi r- 1 annually for all workers to monitor tho accumulation of U in the each nuclide for populations of different proximity to the *ue* . X attn of agentsrarc used which could contribute to the haemolytic etTcet dfrrihe dust. Therefore, samples (7.5 mg) of KM I PVC %sere /vashed once, twice and three times (5 s each wash, in 3 fxMveronal buffer on a whirlimix; followed by centrifugation, r.p.m. for 20 min) and the haemolytic potency of the pushed dust samples and the supernatant fluid were compared forms of PVC dusts exhibit a high haemolytic puicuuai Ulkuu., of the presence of a readily soluble, surface-associated agent.Exposure to this type of PVC dust may thus constitute an additional health hazard because of the increased biological activity of the dust. Work is in progress to determine the nature of ihe haemolytically-active agent by assessing a wide with iKe lytic potential of an untreated P\'C sample (Fig. 2). range of PVC dusts of which complete knowledge has been After a single wash, the haemolytic potency of KM 1 PVC is obtained of the chemical processing. The possibility that VCM reduced by over 60% and subsequent washes reduce the is the active agent has been explored, but both samples tested I t activity of the dust even further. Thus the removal of some were found to contain immeasurable amounts of VCM surface-associated material, which must exist in a reasonably (< I p.p.rn.). Nevertheless, the present study indicates that solub'c form, considerably reduces the biological potency of the introduction of a washing procedure after the processing this PVC dust. It is also evident that this material, once removed of KM I PVC dust would certainly reduce or abolish the from the dusi surface and diluted out in solution, has very haemolytic activity of this material. limited haemolytic activity (Fig. 2). Wc thank Miss Karen Mitchell for assistance and two of The effect of KM I PVC was studied on the levels of cell mat us (R.D. and P.M.H.) thank the Medical Research Council DNA, RNA, protein and hydroxyproline (assessment of for financial support. collagen) in lung fibroblast cultures maintained in vitro for 24 d. R. J. Richards The methods of isolation and cell culture and the analyses for RASHMtRALA DtSAl DNA, RNA protein and hydroxyproline bate been detailed P. M. Hext previously*-5. Before addition of different concentrations of F. A. Ruse KM 1 PVC (50-200 jig ml'1 culture medium or 0.5-2.0 mg Deportment ofBiochemistry, per culture) the dust sample was first washed in a balanced University College, PO Box 78, salt solution containing antibiotics (see legend to Fig. .1). Other CurttitfCH /XL,, UK methods of dust sterilisation (heat, autoclaving, radiation) Received tune 2: accepted July 14. 1973. 1 Selikoff, I. J.. and Hammond. C.. (t;d>>. Toxicity of y>nyl t Mlttritle -Pofytm.tl chloride. Inn. V. Y. A cud. A146, 177(19731. 1 Hiiringion, J. S., Millet, K., and MiwS.i'v. U.. tint-iron. Act.. J. **5-117 (l97l|. > Ricltardv R J.. and Morris. 1 . C... t Ac Set.. 12. 441-451 * Afloan. A.. Ilurinsion. J. S., and llirnvuk. M. t exp. Med.. I2J, 141-161 (IVtai. J Rich;irH. R. J., and Wustfltv-n K S., in Tissue Culture in Sit do id Hetcutch. 91-9'f <Mcnmann. London , l7ai 6H Id fi Mechanism of induction of haemolytic j Mo ioT> :uu "tl if "' inii :tio PVC I Ivin 1) toacemruliuii (yig per ml culture medium) PVC' Lona.-nir.umii W' per ml culture medium) 2.x, 22t). anaemia by phenylhydrazine A compound with the optical spectrum of a fcrrihaemochromc was produced when ferricyanidc-oxidiscd phenylhydrazine was added to a solution of ferrihaemoglobin1. The three isomers of methylphenylhydrazinc similarly resulted in ferrihuemoehrontes. but 4-hydrazmobenzoic acid did not*. The induction of hae molytic anaemia by a substituted phenylhydrazine was related to the reactivity of its oxidised form with fcrrihacmoglobin to produce a ferrihaemochrome*-3. Further studies of ihe reaction of oxidised arylhvdrazine with ferrihaemoglobin have established that the formation of a femhuemochrome-like product and the character or the optical spectrum of this *1 4? A IMH ) 1 J. product depend on the nature and position of substituents on the benzene ring of phenylhydrazine. -- 2.t,! r Substituted phenylhydrazine hydrochlorides were obtained inn I4U, 20(1 H . l!H> 2l'P from commercial sources or were synthesised by standard PVC coiiconii'.mm I'VC cmiccmi.ilum procedures. Each compound was purified by recrystallisation (mu pur c-uhii.1'.-) llll : pci culture) from 2 N HCI or ethanol, and the structure and purity of the ! Fig. 3 The effect of different concentrations of KM I PVC on recrystalliscd product were confirmed by its NMR spectrum, lung fibroblast cultures, flic PVC sample was first washed with infrared spectrum, melting point, and analyses for C, H, N, an antibiotic solution (penicillin (KI0 units) streptomycin flOO and Cl. Oxvbaemoglobin solutions were deoxygenated by the | Mg) in I ml) and then added as a.single dose to 3-d-old cultures (in passage of oxygen-free1 nitrogen or helium, and the resulting logarithmic growth). Cultures were maintained in 10 ml of 20% foetal bovine serum plus Waymouth's medium containing ferrohacmoglobin was oxidised to ferrihaemoglobin by the additional ascorbic acid', changed tw ice weekly and removed for addition of excess ferricyanide. To a solution of ferrihaemo- analysis on Jay 24. globin in excess ferricyanide, a solution of arylhydnt/inc hydrochloride in water or ethanol was added, and the optical were not considered to lye feasible and while the washing pro spectrum that resulted was recorded with the Cary Model 17 cedure undoubtedly reduces the ability of this PVC sample to damage cell membranes (Fig. 2) tihroblast cultures treated with the dust all had lower levels of cell mat hydroxyproline after 24 d (Fig. 3). Some fluctuation in DNA levels was apparent with different dust concentrations but the significance of these is doubtful without further experimentation. There is ittle change in the level of total protein or RNA in the PVC-treuled cultures. From these preliminary findings we conclude that certain instrument. The spectra obtained with 3- and 4-chlorophcnylhydrazine were similar to that previously reported with unsubstituted phenylhydrazine1. The spectra obtained with 3,4- and 3,5-dichlorophenylhydrazine were distinguished by a more prominent absorption band in the red than the others. 2-Chloro- and 2,3-, 2,4-, and 2,5-dichIorophenylhydra/ine resulted in spectra with u single broad maximum at around 540-550 nm and without a band in the red. 2-6-Dichlorophenyl* hydrazine, 2,6-dimethylphenylhydrazine, 2-h>drazinohcn/oic uou Xjiwananjd aq oi punoj stw ^aJ Z IVN 3)dajrS laijad aip , iui uwop unds uaqi m qaiqv. 'isnp aqi oi Su.puiq uiqo[8oujaiq ,-.asraiaj aqi )0 aiuos jo aqi Aja^ij i^nu si )aajp sup inH .lunpaj aq oi siuaas siSApxuaini 'j)A<l J suoutjjuoauoa Sui u. 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UlIiI i il*P '8Z "!<' i'-'CI "VI '.) | il6l `*)l aunf p.-'.ua.^c ^rjv p.'Ai.w.i}, 0!lt9 uiios-suv 'sino'i 75 'r1HIJtpjJ\ JO fooips .\ljSMAlUfl UOlfiini/SP^ I '.uuojnuy Jo jujuo.iocfj(j 3DNna J CltVHJiy aoo.vv ai.ardivj Xpioojj siscuajas ajduiniA |tuontM aqi Xq pauoddns stw ^joav spix j|asii ||oa uutA\qa<; aqi jo sanjadojd oistq aqi jo vaipnis ui st jpvv sb J|jao uutAvqog put aqjnau uaatiaq uon.irjanii aqi jn sisX|mm jaqunj ui jnjasn aq Xtiu suoiitJtdajd avaqx suoiiiutd (uiui) aui)X >9uj> .-|dturs unci -ajd aqjnau ajtq jo siioiitpidod qaa uutAvqaq .ajnd, jaipta Su]u;tiuoa sajnijno jo avi auo saitj)sn|[i sixauoSomu ui Sm o or ot oo oc or uv o: 01 o r - o: ijnsai uointjauij paa uurwqa<;noxtaqijo uoiirvjacqouno \3uijjnooo XpAfian isoui vr uoiitjauas'aj a\jau ipiq w 111 suoiup -uoo in put uoinuouaSop uqaXui jo aiqq auau ptajdsapjvv jo X|iuopuadaput sjnoao uoiirjajqcud Jtqi `auau aui'ias paqsnjo jo pajaAas jo diums pnuixojd aqi uo suont.\jasqo Xq paitofpui os(t si uoutja.iqojd qaa uurwqog Sui^oaoju J0f U ui uovt aqi jo aaurjjodui] aqx `:XjnfU! qsnja Xq pa.mpu; ! fe -I 09 c si spaa uur.vups 'XiqtumsajJ 'put smaiudas uqa.viu jo jaquinu aqi u; astojaui ut *a,\jau |tuuou uj utqi jtuaitiu Suntja ua8ap ssa[ qaniu sapi.vojd siuaiuSas ujiaXui put s[jaa uui*.i|as jo Xipntd 11 ajaqw *aauu aii|doJisXp jo sjooj oajou jtjaqdija.' OR Itujjouqi? ai|i jo suojsaj qsnjo u| `osjy *uo\t oiSuis qara punojt sjavtj ajdiijoiu uf paqddt?ajts|}aaasaqi iptqw tv luiod t Suiqataj diums aAiau pqvip aqi ui sqaa uutwqas jo uon.inpoju 001 -jaAo a(qtnjmuaj t 01 sptaj a.\jau puaqduad c jo <qicuS?j x N. (1976). Carcinogenic ver Corner Res 36. 329- Neilu J. P., San Sebas(achanoff. R.. RIDDLE. Forbfx. N. and Hsik. quaniiiative mammalian K3PRT. in CApenmental coicgy In Strategies fee peru/C'orcmi'fmj (B. E. CRC Press. West Palm do. T., Okamoto. M-. SuciMl'RA. T. (1978). lO-azahen2o(a)pyrM>ebmrik oxides. Chem. -1953. J.. Farr. A. L., and measurement with the Turn 193, 265-275. SlKjfMURA, T.. AND of qutonoline and its -342. \ K., andOkamoto. timate mutagen of )0oxidation of 10-aza<a)pyrene-4,5-oxide. 2547-2549. Hanson, R. L-. i. W. E. (1983). Fracmutagenicity testing on. Res., in press. benzo(a)pyrene mechromatography. In Vol. 16, pp. 1-36. >fCompounds Which k Activity, National tion No. (N1H) 73.. D C. of quinoline derivline and its quater8. 2995-3003. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 68, 43-55 (1983) Chronic Toxicity Studies of Vinyl Acetate in Fischer Rats1,2 William Lijinsky and Melvin D. Reuber3 Basic Research Program-LBI. Chemical Carcinogenesis Program. NCI-Fredenck Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, Maryland 21701 Received June 1. 1982: accepted December A. 1982 Chronic Toxicity Studies of Vinyl Acetate in Fischer Rats. Lijinsky, W., and Reuber, M. D. (1983). Toxicol Appi. Pharmacol. 68, 43-53. A chronic toxicity test was earned out in groups of 20 male and female F344 rats with vinyl acetate dissolved in drinking water at two concentrations. 2500 and 1000 mg/liter. Treatment lasted for 2 years and did not lead to early death of the animals compared with untreated controls. The incidence of most types of neoplasm was similar in the treated and control groups. However, six females receiving the higher dose of vinyl acetate had adenoma or carcinoma of the thyroid and five had carcinoma of the uterus; Ihe latter were not seen in (he controls. The discovery that vinyl chloride is carcino genic was made first in experimental animals (Viola el ai, 1971), followed some years later by epidemiological observations in man (Creech and Johnson. 1974). More recently the closely analogous acrylonitrile (vinyl cy anide) was reported to be carcinogenic in rats (Maltoni et ai, 1977), and this report raises the question whether carcinogenicity is a gen eral property of vinyl compounds or whether, as is more likely, carcinogenic activity is re stricted to only certain compounds contain ing the vinyl group, perhaps only the two mentioned above. Indeed, styrene (vinylbenzene) is not carcinogenic as demonstrated in ' The U.S. Government's right to retain a nonexclu sive. royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering this paper, for government purposes, is acknowledged. 2 Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. DHHS, under Contract NOI-CO-23909 with Litton Bionetics, Inc. The contents of this publication do not nec essarily re flect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply en dorsement by the U.S. Government. J Current addres: 11014 Swansfield Rd., Columbia, Md. 21044. a chronic bioassay in rodents at maximally tolerated dose (NCI, 1979). One vinyl compound which, in addition to vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, and styrene, is manufactured in very large quantities (1 mil lion tons a year) is the ester vinyl acetate used for treating textiles. This compound has been tested by chronic administration in the vapor phase by inhalation (Maltoni, 1977) which re sulted in no significant increase in tumor in cidence. The dose received by the animals was necessarily limited by the small volumes they can breathe. The lack of mutagenicity of vinyl acetate in Salmonella (Lijinsky and Andrews, 1980) gives only limited indication of safety. We undertook an experiment in which vi nyl acetate was administered to rats in drink ing water for 2 years at concentrations of 2500 and 1000 mg/liter (parts per million) which resulted in doses much higher than can be given by inhalation. Because of resource lim itations we could not establish that 2500 mg/ liter was the maximally tolerated dose ofvinyl acetate, but we felt that it was sufficiently high to ensure a positive result if the compound were significantly carcinogenic to rats. 43 004I-008X/83 $3.00 Copyri$fil C 1983 tiy Academic Pita. Inc. All riffitt of reproduction in in, form reserved. 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