Document ZJrG2x6NR1qJNJynY0yw6EYBp

Heat Pumps in Europe Key Facts & Figures Brussels, July 2023 Heat Pumps in Europe Before you begin... Dear reader, This text provides an overview of the latest trends and developments in the heat pump sector in Europe. Feel free to use this content to enhance your communication efforts or create content for public dissemination. To ensure that the information you share is accurate, it is important to verify and properly credit sources. Throughout the document, you'll find hyperlinks that you can use to check internal (marked as 'int') or external sources (marked as 'ext'). We hope you'll find this overview helpful and informative. Enjoy it! - EHPA Contents 01. A Global Trend p.1 02. The European Market at a Glance p.4 03. EU Heat Pump Markets by Type p.9 04. Heat Pumps in Renovation p.14 & Multi-Family Buildings 05. Large Heat Pumps in District Heating p.17 06. Industrial Heat Pumps p.19 07. Electrification & Renewable p.24 Energy: Redefining Heat 08. From Gas Boilers to Heat Pumps: p.28 Energy Efficiency & Security 09. Making the Switch: Costs & Savings p.33 10. The EU Heat Pump Accelerator p.40 & the Future of Clean Heat 11. Employment & Innovation p.45 in the Heat Pump Sector 01. A GLOBAL TREND 1 A global trend Around 10% of space heating needs globally were met by heat pumps in 2021, but the pace of installations is growing rapidly (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.25). In 2022, global heat pump sales grew by 11% compared to the previous year (ext. IEA, 2023). In 2021, the increase was 13% over 2020 (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.25). In 2022, figures collected by the European Heat Pump Association indicate a sales growth of almost 39% (int. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, p.5). In 2021, heat pump sales in the European Union increased by 33.8% over the previous year, making the EU the fastest-growing market in the world for this technology (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.25). Figure 1. Annual growth in sales of heat pumps in buildings in selected regions, 2021: Source: ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.25) 2 Sources EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, 2023. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022. For inquiries, reach out to @ehpa.org eh p*a.: 3 02. THE EUROPEAN MARKET AT A GLANCE 4 The European market at a glance Sales data from 21 European countries (18 EU Member States, plus Norway, the U.K and Switzerland) collected by EHPA show a 38.9% increase in heat pump sales in 2022, outpacing the 34% rise in annual sales of 2021 (int. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, p.7). There are now around 20 million connected heating heat pumps (both air-to-air and 'hydronic' or water-based) and hot water heat pumps in Europe. They heat approximately 16% of Europe's residential and commercial buildings (int. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, p.7). Figure 2. EU heat pump sales development 2020-2022: Source: int. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023. 5 With around 3 million units sold, markets across Europe experienced substantial growth. The strongest relative gains were achieved in Belgium (+118.0%), Poland (+112.0%), and the Czech Republic (+105.9% - int. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, p.8). 87% of the European market volume was sold in only ten countries. The five biggest European heat pump markets in 2022 were France (621 776 units sold; +15.8% growth vs. 2022), Italy (513 535; +35.2%), Germany (275 697; +59.0%), Sweden (215 373; +61.3%), and Poland (207 992; +112.0% - int. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, p.8). The biggest absolute gains were achieved in Italy (133 564), Poland (109 890), Germany (102 310), France (84 665), Sweden (81 875) and Finland (66 984 - int. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, p.8). Nordic countries (Finland, Sweden and Norway) continue to have the highest heat pump market penetration per capita (int. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, p.8). 6 Sources EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023. For inquiries, reach out to @ehpa.org ehp*a**) 8 03. EU HEAT PUMP MARKETS BY TYPE 9 EU heat pump markets by type While air-to-air devices remain dominant in the market, air-to-water systems showed the highest growth in 2022, both in absolute and relative terms and in line with 2021 trends (int. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, p.8). Meanwhile, sales of hot water and water-to-water systems have slightly declined, whereas sales of geothermal and hydrothermal heat pumps are stable (int. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, p.8). Figure 4. Development of sales by category, 2010-2021: Source: int. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, p.8). 10 Sources EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023. For inquiries, reach out to @ehpa.org 13 04. HEAT PUMPS IN RENOVATION & MULTI-FAMILY BUILDINGS 14 Heat pumps in renovation and multi-family buildings Heat pump applications in blocks of flats are less common than in single-family houses (ext. IEA, Annex 50, Heat Pumps in Multi-Family Buildings for Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water, 2022, p.6). It is also because blocks of flats present a range of heat demand characteristics. Ensuring heat pump systems that can address a variety of heat demand characteristics is key to helping their take-up in multi-family buildings. (ext. IEA, Annex 50, Heat Pumps in Multi-Family Buildings for Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water, 2022, p.11). However, this market segment is growing with important success cases even in high-rise buildings (int. EHPA, Heat pumps in high rise homes, 2023). 15 Sources EHPA, Heat pumps in high rise homes, 2023. lEA, Annex 50, Heat Pumps in Multi-Family Buildings for Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water, 2022. For inquiries, reach out to @ehpa.org 16 05. LARGE HEAT PUMPS IN DISTRICT HEATING 17 Large heat pumps in district heating Large heat pumps represent an installed capacity of 2.5 GWth in heating and cooling networks, which is around 1% of the total capacity. Based on investment plans of some of the largest heating and cooling networks in Europe, the installed capacity for large heat pumps will increase by at least 80% by 2030, triggering profound changes in the generation portfolio and growth of networks (ext. EHP, Large Heat Pumps in District Heating and Cooling Systems, 2022, p.5). Large heat pumps used in district heating and cooling (DHC) systems are not new. In Sweden, heat pumps coupled with District Heating were installed in the 1980-90s to provide sustainable heat and balance the grid (ext. EHP, Large Heat Pumps in District Heating and Cooling Systems, 2022, p.9). Figure 5. Large heat pumps in District Heating - state of play: Source: ext. EHP, Large Heat Pumps in District Heating and Cooling Systems, 2022, p.10. 18 Sources EHP, Large Heat Pumps in District Heating and Cooling Systems, 2022. For inquiries, reach out to @ehpa.org 19 06. INDUSTRIAL HEAT PUMPS 20 Industrial heat pumps Heat accounts for more than 60% of energy use in industries. By using renewable energy from the air, water, sewage and ground, exhaust air from buildings (hospitals, hotels, offices) or waste heat from processes and infrastructure, industrial heat pumps can contribute to the decarbonisation of low-temperature heat supply within companies (int. EHPA, Industrial Heat Pumps Can Deliver, 2022, p.1) . Industrial heat pumps are a significant contributor to Europe's energy and climate ambitions. With current technology, they can deliver around 10% of the total final energy consumption of the industrial sector (about 2000 TWh) and this can go up massively. More needs to be done to recognise this potential for industrial applications and district heating (int. EHPA, Industrial Heat Pumps Can Deliver, 2022, p.1). 37% of the industrial process heat is currently below 200C. If you want to adapt all of that to industrial heat pumps you would need 105 GW of capacity, which would mean adding 300MW every month until 2050. Each installed MW of cooling capacity results in 1,2 MW of waste heat capacity. At 3000 operating hours/year, this means 3,6 GWh of excess heat that is discharged into the environment. (int. EHPA, Industrial Heat Pumps Can Deliver, 2022, p.1). 21 Today, industrial heat pumps are mainly used for low-temperature processes below 100 C, notably in the paper, food and chemicals industries (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.36). However, they can provide energy at temperature levels of up to 160C. Prototypes are operating at around 180C and industry experts expect temperatures of 200C and beyond in this decade (int. EHPA, Industrial Heat Pumps Can Deliver, 2022, p.1). Figure 6. Industrial heat pump technology readiness by temperature range: Source: ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.36. 22 Sources EHPA, Industrial Heat Pumps Can Deliver, 2022. lEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022. For inquiries, reach out to @ehpa.org 23 07. ELECTRIFICATION & RENEWABLE ENERGY: REDEFINING HEAT 24 Electrification and renewable energy: redefining heat In the EU, where space and water heating in buildings account for 12% of GHG emissions (int. EHPA, Carbon pricing for buildings and industry, 2022, p.2), installing heat pumps instead of fossil-fuel-based boilers significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions in all major heating markets, even with the current electricity generation mix-- an advantage that will increase further as electricity systems decarbonise (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.11). In 2022, the number of heat pumps sold replaced roughly 4 billion cubic metres (bcm) of natural gas, avoiding about 8 million tonnes (Mt) of CO2 emissions (EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023). Today, Europe's entire heat pump stock avoids 54 Mt of CO2 - roughly equivalent to the annual emissions of Greece (EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023, p.5). In 2022, the European Union saw a 2.5% or 70 Mt reduction in CO2 emissions (ext. IEA, CO2 Emissions in 2022, 2023, p.4). Data from Cambridge Analytics shows that CO2 emissions from EU residential buildings can be lowered by 46% in comparison to 2022 if the REPowerEU's target of having a total of 60 million heat pumps 25 installed in Europe by 2030 is met ( around 30 million more hydronic heat pumps to be added to the current stock of 20 million heat pumps present today). In this scenario, NOx emissions from household heating by almost 40% by 2030 compared to 2022 (int./ext. ECF, EHPA, Europe's leap to heat pumps, 2023, p.4). Worldwide, CO2 emissions from space and water heating, including indirect emissions from power generation, are expected to fall by more than 1.2 Gt, or more than a quarter, by 2030. Heat pumps account for nearly 40% of this reduction, which is roughly equivalent to Canada's emissions in 2021 (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.28). Advanced economies, primarily the European Union and the United States, can reduce by three-quarters their heating-related emissions due to heat pumps by 2030 (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.28) The impressive growth of solar PV and wind generation helped prevent around 465 Mt CO2 in power sector emissions. Other clean energy technologies, including other renewables, electric vehicles, and heat pumps, helped prevent an additional roughly 85 Mt CO2 last year worldwide (ext. IEA, CO2 Emissions in 2022, 2023, p.6). Globally, renewables represent almost 30% of global electricity use. This figure could be more than doubled, reaching over 60% in the Net Zero Emissions (NZE) scenario (ext. IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2023, p.36). 26 Sources ECF, EHPA, Europe's leap to heat pumps, 2023. EHPA, European Heat Pump Market and Statics Report 2023. lEA, CO2 Emissions in 2022, 2023. lEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2023. lEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022. For inquiries, reach out to @ehpa.org 27 08. FROM GAS BOILERS TO HEAT PUMPS: ENERGY EFFICIENCY & SECURITY 28 From gas boilers to heat pumps: energy efficiency and security Heat pumps currently available on the market are three-to-five times more energy efficient than natural gas boilers (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.11). Heat pumps play a major role in reducing fossil fuel use in buildings by 2030. The direct use of fossil heating for space and water is expected to drop by 29% between 2021 and 2030 globally according to the IEA, almost half of which is due to heat pumps (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.p. 26-27). Gas accounts for the biggest share of the total fossil energy sources, with its use expected to drop by over 160 billion cubic metres (bcm), or 21%, by 2030, around half due to heat pumps. The European Union contributes the biggest gas savings in the advanced pledged scenario (APS - ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.p. 26-27). A fast heat pump roll-out could make Europe less dependent on foreign energy imports by reducing the EU's gas demand in buildings by 40% by 2030 compared to 2022 and allowing the EU to reduce its energy import bill by 60 billion between now and 2030, according to Cambridge Analytics (int./ext. ECF, EHPA, Europe's leap to heat pumps, 2023, p.4). 29 Ramping up the installation of heat pumps reduces gas demand in the buildings sector by 80 billion cubic meters (bcm) globally by 2030 compared with today, including 21 bcm in the European Union (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.47). Figure 7. Prospective reduction in natural gas demand in buildings associated with heat pump deployment in selected regions/countries in 2021-30: Source: ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.47. 30 The transition from fossil fuels to electric heat pumps contributes significantly to the decarbonisation of building heating. Advanced economies, primarily the European Union and the United States, can reduce by three-quarters their heating-related emissions due to heat pumps (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.28). Figure 8. Energy bill savings for households switching to a heat pump from a gas boiler in selected regions/countries in 2021-30: Source: ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.28. 31 Sources ECF, EHPA, Europe's leap to heat pumps, 2023. lEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022. For inquiries, reach out to @ehpa.org ehp*a.:* 32 09. MAKING THE SWITCH: COSTS & SAVINGS 33 Making the switch: costs and savings With current fossil fuel prices, heat pumps will be cost-competitive options for consumers as they are on average 30% cheaper to run than gas boilers over their lifetime. More heat pumps and energy renovations also help protect consumers from future energy price shocks, by cutting average heating bills by 20% by 2030 compared to a business-as-usual scenario, according to recent research by Cambridge Econometrics (int./ext. ECF, EHPA, Europe's leap to heat pumps, 2023, p.4). Electric heat pumps are the most affordable option for consumers to decarbonise their heating. In high-density areas, district heating powered by heat pumps is also competitive. In the period 2025-2040, the European Consumer Organisation (BEUC) estimates that hydrogen will be far more expensive than gas is today (ext. BEUC, Goodby Gas: why your next boiler should be a heat pump, 2022 p.3). However, high upfront costs are among the major deterrents that prevent households from replacing their gas boilers with heat pumps. Household energy bills have risen sharply around the world, in some cases doubling. Governments have responded to rising prices by enforcing price support systems such as caps on household energy bills (e.g., France and the United Kingdom), direct cash transfers (e.g., Germany), and long-term supply contracts to ensure gas demand (e.g. China and Korea) (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.52). 34 In total, governments around the world have set aside approximately USD550 billion to protect consumers and businesses from rising energy prices as of September 2022 (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.52). Some governments offer targeted subsidies for energy efficiency retrofits and heat pumps. Several countries, mostly in Europe, have such policies, covering roughly one-third of global heating demand (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.53). The upfront costs of purchasing and installing a heat pump range from USD 1 500 to USD 10 000 for most homes but vary significantly on the region and the type of pump installed (ext. IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2023, p.p. 46-47). 35 Financial incentives can cover measures such as low-interest loans, grant programs, and tax rebates. They are often different for lower and higher-income households (int. EHPA, Subsidies for Residential Heat Pumps, 2023, p.2). Figure 9. Subsidies for residential heat pumps - overview map: Source: int. EHPA, Subsidies for Residential Heat Pumps, 2023. 36 In 2021, households that switched from a gas boiler to a heat pump saved significantly on their energy bills, with average savings ranging from USD 180 in the United States to nearly USD 300 in Europe. Under 2022 energy price increases, these savings are even more conspicuous, ranging from USD 300 per year in the United States to USD 900 in Europe (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.53). Figure 10. Energy bill savings for households switching to a heat pump from a gas boiler in selected regions/countries, 2021: Source: ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.53. 37 Taxes and tariffs need to be carefully designed to ensure they do not discourage consumers from installing a heat pump. On the policy level, both energy taxes and carbon pricing schemes need to be designed so as not to penalise low-emissions electricity over fossil fuel use (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.53). `Smart heating' (e.g. when it's cheaper at off-peak times) with heat pumps will reduce consumers' heating costs by up to 31% compared to conventional heating. This is because consumers using electricity smartly reduces the need for investments in electricity grids. The savings have the potential to reduce grid charges on consumers' energy bills (ext. BEUC, Goodbye Gas: why your next boiler should be a heat pump, 2022 p.3). 38 Sources BEUC, Goodby Gas: why your next boiler should be a heat pump, 2022. ECF, EHPA, Europe's leap to heat pumps, 2023. EHPA, Subsidies for Residential Heat Pumps, 2023. lEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2023. lEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022. For inquiries, reach out to @ehpa.org eh ,.: 39 10. THE EU HEAT PUMP ACCELERATOR AND THE FUTURE OF CLEAN HEAT 40 The EU heat pump accelerator and the future of clean heat REPowerEU is the European Commission's plan to make Europe independent from Russian fossil fuels well before 2030, in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The REPowerEU targets require the amount of newly plugged-in heat pumps to double each year. EHPA estimates that this would lead to 20 million more heat pumps by 2026 and 60 million by 2030, up from about 17 million units in 2021 (int. EHPA, EU Heat Pump Accelerator, 2023). To help reach the target, the European Commission announced a heat pump action plan to be published by the end of 2023. To input the plan, EHPA and other organisations worked together to build an `accelerator' document which identifies the barriers and solutions to faster heat pump roll-out. The document was handed over to EU Commissioner Kadri Simson on 6 June 2023. (int. EHPA, EU Heat Pump Accelerator, 2023). Over the past two years, 19 European governments have announced plans to phase out or ban fossil fuel heaters (ext. CREA, Shocked into action, 2022, p.5) (int. EHPA, Which countries are scrapping fossil fuel heaters?, 2022), as shown in the following map: 41 Figure 11. Current or announced bans on fossil heating equipment, December 2022: Source: int. EHPA, Which countries are scrapping fossil fuel heaters?, 2022. 42 If all EU countries implemented a ban on new fossil fuel boiler installations beginning in 2025, 48 million households would be required to switch to alternative heating options by 2030 (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.35). Simultaneously, a number of EU member states have recently strengthened their policy support for heat pumps (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.33). These extra heat pump installations will lower gas consumption by 7 billion cubic meters in 2025 and 21 billion cubic metres by 2030, which is roughly equal to 15% of Russian imports today (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.34). Figure 12. Deployment of heat pumps in selected European countries: Source: ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.33. 43 Sources BEUC, Goodby Gas: why your next boiler should be a heat pump, 2022. CREA, Shocked into action, 2022. EHPA, EU Heat Pump Accelerator, 2023. EHPA, Which countries are scrapping fossil fuel heaters?, 2022. lEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022. For inquiries, reach out to @ehpa.org eh pa,* 44 11. EMPLOYMENT & INNOVATION IN THE HEAT PUMP SECTOR 45 Employment and innovation in the heat pump sector Globally, meeting the Net Zero Emissions Scenario requirements in 2030 would require a total of roughly USD 15 billion in cumulative investment to expand heat pump manufacturing capacity, beyond what has already been announced (ext. IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2023, p.235). Supportive EU and national legislation alongside the current market growth are set to strengthen heat pumps' manufacturing base in Europe. To reduce reliance on the imports of components, the European Commission intends to increase domestic production by facilitating access to finance where necessary. Part of the objectives of REPowerEU aims to boost and support European heat pump supply chains by improving the regulatory framework, ensuring lifecycle sustainability, and supporting R&D (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.p.35-36). The Green Deal Industrial Plan with its Net-Zero Industry Act, launched in 2023, further expands the REPowerEU targets, establishing a large-scale skills partnership under the EU Pact for Skills to train and upskill workers in the heat pump industry (ext. EC, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 2023, p. 15). 46 According to a recent analysis by Cambridge Econometrics, the accelerated deployment of heat pumps (both in individual heating systems and in district heating networks) and a high renovation rate can increase the disposable incomes of households by at least 2%, leading to a 2.5% growth in annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and create 3 million additional jobs by 2030 compared to a business as usual scenario (int./ext. ECF, EHPA, Europe's leap to heat pumps, 2023, p.4) Leading manufacturers have recently announced plans to invest more than USD 4 billion in expanding heat pump production capacity and related efforts, mostly in Europe (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.14). Figure 13. Recently announced investments in heat pump production by selected manufacturers in Europe, in 2022: Source: ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.80. 47 In Europe, 13 manufacturers in Germany, Poland, Belgium, Republic of Trkiye, the United Kingdom, France, Sweden, Slovakia and the Czech Republic made concrete expansion plans public (ext. IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2023, p.p 236-237). Heat pumps create jobs locally. More public and private investments will boost heat pump manufacturing and job creation in Europe. Currently, European heat pump manufacturing happens across 170+ sites for a total turnover of 14.5 billion. It is interesting to note that most of these sites are located in less densely populated areas of Europe, providing employment and perspective to rural communities (int. EHPA, Heat Pumps in Figures, 2022, p.16). Figure 14. Heat pump manufacturing locations coloured by type: Source: int. EHPA, Statistics, 2022. 48 In terms of jobs, the heat pump industry employs a workforce in R&D, component and heat pump manufacturing, installers (including drillers), and service & maintenance. Based on the number of working hours required to install various types of heat pumps and experts' estimates of turnover per employee, the total number of employees in the European heat pump industry is believed to count 116,679 people, with approximately 37% of these working in heat pump manufacturing (int. EHPA, Statistics, 2022). Figure 15. Employment in the heat pump sector in 2021: Source: int. EHPA, Statistics, 2022. 49 By 2030, as European manufacturers and installers respond to the ambitious goals of the REPowerEU initiative and other national heat pump deployment plans, the workforce is set to become three times bigger (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.60). Therefore, EHPA estimates that the number of employees needed to supply the 2030 sales to the market will amount to between 450 and 500,000 FTE (full-time equivalent), compared to around 117,000 today. While some of these will be re-trained boiler installers, others will be new to the industry (int. EHPA, EU plan will boost heat pumps but aims too low, 2023). Worldwide, approximately 450,000 people work directly in the manufacturing, planning and installation, wholesale, servicing, and maintenance of heat pumps today. With an estimated 210,000 workers employed, installation is the most labour-intensive part of the heat pump value chain (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.59). By 2030, global employment in the heat pump sector is expected to triple to over 1.3 million workers (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.59). 50 Figure 16. Variations in heat pump employment by activity and region/country, 2019-2030: Source: ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.59. Globally, the number of heat pump installers is expected to reach 850,000 by 2030, while around 170,000 more workers are needed to maintain and service the additional heat pumps installed by 2030. Moreover, 700,000 additional workers will be employed in the construction and renovation of energy-efficient buildings (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.60). 51 Manufacturing workers need to be able to work with new technologies as well as perform manual tasks, similarly, to other industries. Training, particularly for installers, will be crucial in expanding the global heat pump workforce (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.61). Installation training programs, such as those proposed by industry associations and manufacturers, must be offered in both rural and urban areas. The heat pump manufacturing and installation sector, like the air conditioning industry, is dominated by men today. Gender equality efforts could be integrated into training and recruitment programs (ext. IEA, The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022, p.61). While it could take up to four years for someone without previous experience in heating and cooling installation to become a certified heat pump installer (depending on the level of qualification), workers with previous experience in installing heating systems could be trained in just a few weeks (ext. IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2023, p.211). More broadly, there will be major opportunities for growth and employment in all renewable energy industries. Clean energy technologies, will be worth around USD 650 billion per year by 2030 - more than three times today's level (ext. IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2023, p.20). 52 Sources EC, A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, 2023. ECF, EHPA, Europe's leap to heat pumps, 2023. EHPA, EU Heat Pump Accelerator, 2023. EHPA, EU plan will boost heat pumps but aims too low, 2023. EHPA, Heat Pumps in Figures, 2022. EHPA, Statistics, 2022. lEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, 2023 lEA The Future of Heat Pumps, 2022. For inquiries, reach out to @ehpa.org ehpa.:* 53 Heat Pumps in Europe Key Facts & Figures Brussels, July 2023