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442 CHAPTER '31 1959 Guide Table 10 . ..: Dtmensiohs of Ranged Cast-Iron Elbows, Double Branch Elbows, Tees', Crosses, Laterals, True YV (Straight Sizes), and Reducers (Qass'125) Nomteaf ' Pipe Size Ceator to Fact Inside Oia of FttSagt 90 0*9 Sbov, Feet, Crones, Tree T, and Double Brunch Center to Fcrce 90 Oeg Lung Podhtt Bbow Bbow' A 8' . Canter to Foe* 45 Deg Bbow C - Center to face LoFared D , Short Cantor to foe* True y and lateral e Reducer F Dra of Rottg* Fbkknea of flange Wati TMdcnen (Mini ,1 IX i* 2 2*, 3 3* * 4 ' 5 6 .1 1* i* '2 2* ! 3 : 3* 4 .5 6 8 10 12 . HOD 16 OD .. 8 10 12 14 16 .. 3X3X 4 4* 5. 5* 6 6* 7* 8 9 11 12 14 15 5 5* 6 6* 7 7* 8* 9 ` . 10*, ll* 14 16* 19 21* 24 iM 2 2* 2* 3 ' 3 3* 4 4* 5 - 5* 6* 7* 7* 8 5K 6* 7 8 9* 10 11* 12 13* U* 17* 20* 24* 27 30 m IX 2 2* 2* 3 3 3 3* 3* 4* 5 5* 6 6* 5 5* 6 6* 7 8 9 11 12 14 16 18 4* 4* 5 6 7 7* 8* 9 10 11 13* 16 19 21 23* Ms * Me * lHs X 1Ms lMs lMs l l* 1*6 I* 1* l*e x Xg Ms Xg Xg . * Ms * .* Ms H * Xg H 1 18 OD 20 OD . ,24 OD 30 OD 36 OD 42 OD 48 OD 18 - - .20 24 . 30 . ... 36 . . 42 : 48 - 16* 26* . -18 - 29 22- . , 34 25 . 41* 28* , 49 81* 56* . 34* 64 8* 9* - . 11. 15 18 21 24 : 32 35 40* 49 7 19 25 1*6 1*8 8 20 . . 27* H*e 1* 9 24 32 1* 1*. 10 30 38M 2* 1*6 36 46 2* 1* 42 53 2* 1**6 . 48 59* 2* 2 From Awrwa Staaierifor Cut Iron Ftp* Flange* n4 Flanged Fittings, Cte IIS, ASA B16.1-IWA All dimrtmom tjven are ia inches. * Doe* aos apply to tree TTa r doobto-flengsrf elbows.... 5. Solder Bndx: For use with copper tube in plumbing, heat ing, and air conditioning. Should not be:used at high tempera tures. * ' 6. Flared Ends: For use with light-wall tubing, either metal or plastic, and for sizes 2 in. and below. A flaring tool flares the tube end. and a ring nut pulls the flared tubing up ageingt. a seat on toe. valve. This'makes a lap-joint. 7. Hub Bads: Generally used for water supply and sewage piping. This type joint is used with cast-iron pipe. The joint is a socket type made by inserting the.pipe in the hub, then caulk ing: with oakum. After caulking, the joint is sealed with molten lead. Valves are made of brass, iron, steel,'and.to some extent malleable iron. Brass should not be used for work requiring temperatures above 550 F. The brass used in valves is similar to that used in brass pipe and contains some tin and lead1as well 85 copper and sine. Cast iron is generally provided in some alloyed state, espe cially in the larger sizes. Cast iron alone is not suitable for service (above--450.F). Malleable iron, which is a cast iron heat-treated to provide some ductility, is used to some extent, primarily in place of cast iron. Steel is used either in the cast or forged state. For corrosive service, alloy and stainless steel are used. Steel is used for high temperature, high-pressure work. Steel is the only valve ma terial that can-stand appreciable expansion stresses. ; The" characteristics of valves restrict their use. The five main uses for valves are listed below: . 1. Stopping .flow: The most general use for valves. Gate valves are generally used for this purpose. The gate valve operates by a disc moving at right angles to the path of the Pipe, Fittings, Welding 443 Table 11 ....-Dimensions of Steel Butt-Welding Fittings Long Rodim Elbow* 160 Deg Returns ShifgM Tees Hornteal Ripe Sj Owtdde eter at Bevel End Out 90- Deg BbOWf 45Deg Bbow* side Okmeter at BevH Centerto* A8 O toBode Face K Out side Diam eter ot Bevel Centor-toEnd Run Outlet' CM 1 1.315 1* X 1.315 3 . 2*6 1.315 IX 1* 1* 1.660 1* 1.660 3* 2* 1.660 1* 1* 1* 1.900 2* 1* 1.900 4* 3* 1.900 .2* 2* 2 2.375 3 1* 2.375 6 4*6 2.375 2* 2* 2* 2.875 3* 1* 2.875 7* 5*6 2.875 3 3 3 3.500 4* 2 3.500 9 6* 3.500 3* - 3* 3* 4.000 5* 2* 4.000 10* 7* 4.000 3* 3* 4 4.500 6 2* 4.500 12 8* 4.500 4* 4* 5 5.563 7* 3* 5.563 15 6 6.625 9 -3* 6.625 18 8 8.6251 12 5 8.625 24 10 10.750 15 6* 10.750 30 12 12.750 18 7* 12.750 36 10*6 5.563 4* ; 4* 12*6 6.625 x 5* 16*6 8.625 7 7 20* 10.750 8* 8* 24* 12.750 10 10 . . 14 14.000 21 16 16.000 24 18 18.000 27 20 20.000 30 24 24.000 36 8* 14.000 42 10 16.000 4S 11* 18.000 54 12* 20.000 60 15 24.000 72 28 32 36 40 48 14.000 11 16.000 12 Not 18.000 13* stand20.000 15 . ard 24.000 17 From American Standard far Sud Bult-WtUinf Fttttag*, ASA B18.S-1931. ALL Ainwratom m* ia ioebe*. Dimension A is equal to V4 of O. fluid. The fluid flows straight through the valve, hence, a gate valve offers the minimum resistance when it is fully open. Tbe gate is moved by a stem screw attached to the handle. Gate valves are poor regulators because at nearly closed position (where best-regulation is obtained) the fluid-velocity either causes vibration and noise, or,else tends to erode the disc. 2. Throttling flow: This is best accomplished by globe .or ' angle valves. These valves cause the fluid to change direction,. and consequently, offer considerable fluid resistance even when m the open position. Both the globe and angle valves operate by closing a plug into a fitted seat. The angle valve is nimilw to the globe valve except that the outlet face is at an nglo of 90 deg from the inlet face. An angle valve takes the place of a globe valve and an elbow. 3. Checking flow: Preventing back flow is called checking hence, a check valve is used. The basic principle of all check valves is that a reversal of flow will close the valve. Check TOves ."P either swing check or lift check. With a swing check toe fluid presses on a lunged flap. If the flow stops or reverses, tfe pap swings down and seats itself to close the valve. A lift check operates similarly except that the flap is replaced by a Pl"S ")*t w lifted--through guides--by the force of the fluid flow. The fluid changes direction of flow, as in a globe valve, and transmits a vertical thrush If the flow stops, gravity pulls the plug downward and closes the valve. A reversal of flow will close the valve. Two other types of valves are the relief valve and the pres sure regulating valve. Relief valves are usually spring loaded in order that some predetermined pressure can force the valve to open and relieve the pressure. Pressure regulators - are used to reduce a high incoming pressure to a required serv ice pressure. These valves are designed to eliminate a fluctua tion in the incoming pressure and thereby maintain a steady, lower service pressure (see Chapter 26). Table 19 contains data on the dimensions of flanged and welding end valves. Dimensions of other type valves can be obtained by writing to the Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fitting Industry. WaDING -Erection of piping in heating and ventilating installations by means of fusion welding has been commonly accepted in the past few years asan alternate method to the screwed and flanged joint. Since the question of economy of welding as against' the use of screwed and flanged fittings is dependent on the individual job, the use of welding is generally recom mended on the basis of: greatly reduced cost of muiTitonani^ and repair; reduced weight resulting from the use of a lighterweight pipe; or increased economy in pipe insulation, hang ers, and supports rather than any economy that might be effected in actual erection by welding on low to medium pressure heating jobs.' Fusion welding, commonly used in erection of piping, is defined as. the process of joining metal parts in the molten, or molten and vapor states, without the application of me chanical pressure or blows. Fusion welding embraces gas welding and electric arc welding, both of which are commonly used to produce acceptable welds. Welding processes and pro cedure are described in various publications.* Welding application requires the same basic knowledge of design as do the other types of assembly, but, in addition, re quires a generous knowledge of welding principles and par ticularly the welding qualities of metal and its reaction to extremely high temperatures. The ability to select and use the proper welding rods is important. This requirement ap plies equally to employer and employee, with the employer accepting all of the responsibility. Thus the employer should select his welding mechanics with good judgment, provide them with first-class equipment and tools, arrange for their training and use of acceptable workmanship standards, and at regular intervals subject their work to prescribed tests'. Rules for fusion welding of pipe joints, the qualification of welding operators,-welding procedures, and testing are con-, tained in the Standard Manual on Pipe Welding and in pub lications of other groups.1' *' * In general, the wall thirlmegs and chemical analysis of the pipe are the governing factors, not the working pressure. There are a number of safety codes which govern the installation of welded piping in many cities and states. A complete line of manufactured steel-welding fittings is now available, and a dimensional standard has been prepared under the procedure of the American Standards Association, (see Table 11) to unify heretofore divergent dimensions for the same type welding fittings produced by different mantifacturers. Standard dimensions for steel butt-welding el bows, tees, caps, and lapped-joint stub ends are given in Table 11. Dimensions for eccentric and concentric reducers are not shown in Table 11, but are included in the standard. Steel butt-welding fittings have beveled ends. For wall thicknesses less than Ms in., the bevel may be either 371/* deg. or cut square. For wall thicknesses of Me in. to and in cluding y* in. the bevel is 37Vi deg. For walls larger than X in. but not greater than IYa in., the bevel is U-shaped with a slope of 20 deg above the Ms in. radius fillet. For walls greater than \Ya in., the welding ends are prepared as agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. y