Document ZBpxjajkaeDyDbbLV8204LX4d

ALLIED RESEARCH BULLETIN Kumbar RC 30 SUBJECT PHTHAIAT3D NHITZ PIGMZtTTS "alton \ August IS, 1337 ALLIED RESEARCH LABORATORIES CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ' N12524 0007-SVJP-000006841 f'ud'I-ATED WETS PI SWOTS tementf V.S.: This p' roblem of e'lalking of aitanium dioxide is not new. That this R& is inherently a chalking pigment is wc-il Know... Hresevcr,. a new phase of Xir-S itess-lem has arisen. Thera has appeared rn the market titanium dioxide which rffpr 2T'80 excessively in comoarison with previously supolied material that its use, game formula and in the same proportion, is attended with disastrous m- The producers of titanium dioxide offer no explanation for the *^S| ayjJov B' , nor will they disclose any change` that might have been made in producjjbeedure which might .bo its cause. HfiafcNo one has yet' been able to distinguish between various titanium mi ' K^es as to their chalking tendencies, either through :hemical analysis or by pits f -micr oscopic examinations. Actual exposure is fill the only moans at hand. Wthis method is too slew for control purposes is evident. The inherent danger of the situation is apparent. 7.'ide variation of tendencies of titanium dioxide, oven the product of the same manufacturer, reported.. No short method of test for distinguishing a titanium dioxide chalk excessively from one tint ..'ill not has yet been found. Then it Mvisable to study the chalking properties of all the various titanium diox- ..... * ro all the domestic producers now on the market to devise a treatment for g the chalking tendencies of the pigment. By discovering the most effective treatment, we may be able to arrive at the explanation for the excessive * the material. Briefly stated tl.cn this problem is to determine an effective method ;iC^1g the excessive chalking of titanium dioxide. 0007-SWP-000006842 pforld'n process of ehnlkirg. is faaili&r to. .all who have observed wor itr lifetime. The excessive end rapid chalking reported resent cc-win nspnetr. which cliifor froa the normal process, ihing about the' phenomenon i r the rapidity with which it takes \* ' extremely rapid chalking, which is said to take place within after exposure of the films, is described by observers as chalking first show tiny ater spots after the sun and rain water spots rapidly spread and run together into a mass titanium dioxide is a chemically inert pigment is well known, the use of thi material is acrhrrlr.* .d with its poor wet'tabil- fSS|iGat is both cl.emicallv inert, as is ti* ..i'ua dioxide, and of poor bond between pigment and vehicle res -ts and the effect of air Ijito film is pronounced. A very slight change in process of manubh c ^UJ produce great exaggeration in a characteristic probably al- line. yaore, titanium dioxide is a calcined pigment. No doubt then do of titanium dioxide, in the dry pigment, is enveloped by a .to the surface. The existence of such films are discussed and ;,60t forth in proof by many authors. The influence of this film on solid is strong. Bancroft (1) and alker, Lewis, and McAdams (2) 00 subject.. Accepting as a fact the existence of this gas i`_l| /, ftj . particle, we may hypothecate an explanation of the behavior of the and grinding with vehicle in the usual manner, it may be possible over established between pigment and vehicle. The aggregates of 0007-SWP-000006843 rFiwrar-^' *?' ~ *. - 3J^roken down and tho pigment dispersed. Nevertheless each particle ' tains its gas envelope. V;hen a'film from such a dispersion is exposed r _ gaS film - pigment system holds tho pigment loosely. <*.ii MMM'Zl % : ti* SfcSjKKl/^' Then mechanism of tho rapid chalking may be explained ns follows: A ri. fiacDl outlined by Hoffman and reported by Bancroft (3), sorvc-s to estab- that titanium dioxide is a hydrophilic pigment. On exposure of the vabove and when the film comes in contact with water, tho titanium ^ ^et T/ith water which displaces the gas envelope due to the greater ! 'J *- i - " v. t... . ' is "*-..i fl . for the water and the T'iOg. Once the water has penetrated the film the t-mSl'jbood is further weakened by the action of water and ultra-violet light. dries again, the surface now contains free TiOg which appears as f-t ................ 9Kf/ The first thought that occurs in order tc strengthen the bond between St*ond vehicle in the file is to macro the- gas -.nvelope in order that the 'K S-t *.-**!.? Stem pigment.-vehicle without the intervening gas night be established. ' jftv? V process would seem to offer such moans. In this process tho titanium first be wet with water, serving to displace the gas envelope, and jgjjllsr would be displaced by the varnish vehicle. Under such treatment a will be established between pigment and vehicle. The value of our proven by the comparative chalking rate of films prepared from paints '*? V'.. j^wb methods. * rf * second factor of no mean importance is the destructive action of i-if,.' light on the films. Then it seems reasonable that if the filn be *' ' ' 'v*'fT ^lira-violet that the excessive chalking mav be prevented. A means of ^^ ' ^ ' 'V . been devised by H. A. Gardner (4). He says in part: ''Titanium ft special interest because of its rather unique property of i 'i. chalking properties of other pigments, such as titanium avidr. When |j|$[Sfjlr 000006844 ^r- cent is precipitated upon a bitch of titanium-barium pigment, 'Bent in weathering properties is noted. The Bos^ QCt^V3 factor in destroying protective coatings is ultraY'-ffiLfc. pigments which transmit this light alio*.? it to destroy the linseed *' gfi binder in which the pigment is ground. On the other hand, if paints wkich do not transmit substantial amounts of ultra-violet light, and tint retention should be good - - -- - . Most of the con- white opaque pigments transmit large quantities of ultra-violet in certain wave lengths. On the other hand, the phthalate pigments - ?<-V*'*=`-ir none or extremely low amounts of such light." *" j --' Gardner describes a method whereby pigments may be coated with the reaction, in the presence of the suspended pignent, of sodium Ssi*:'the desired metallic salt. He suggests * cnium phthalate as one of V. - .. . !tCiivo of the phthalatos which he has inve e .. ,-at-. d. The similarity of of Ealeic acid to *..;ithalic acid make c ;.l - :..;.l_r.tes of interest in the The third method by which the excessive chalking of the titanium di- a familiar one. That is, by diluting the titanium dioxide ite pigments with little chalking tendency. Antimony oxide is widely Purpose. `Two now pigments v:hich offer possibilities in this respect i. * introduced lead titanatc and zinc titanatc. ^jggg Thu properties of load titanatc are discussed at length by D. ?h : Ho states the pigment has high resistance to chalking, absorbs #*a- light lOQSf and imparts its characteristics to nixed pigments when it is*#* or more of the mixture. . Zinc titanatc is a comparative nevicomer, whose properties have not *; mA^~ ^?tcrnined It is reported as a non-chalking pigment and is thus of T)ork- 0007-SWP-000006845 - 5- V; foi' following ten titanium dioxide pigments wore chosen for invc-s%*T kt. * Grade Producer imi i| MO Titanium Pignent Co. LC Special Experimental Hon-Chalking FF Krebs Pigment & Col. Co. LO r^V*r' ;)# Ui SD Standard American Zopaquc Co. SI) Low Oil GD Rater Dispersible > - % wt*- Experimental The Burgess Laboratories ^'0% Y>1* ' * * ti&tftUi JS`; jjA:"bose pigments were given the- treatment . hown in the following a white paste with pulping varnish. This vehicle, which is a pbtlnlate vamixh was chosen because it is compatible both with lacquer formulation. The varnish is composed of 40^ non- . jttfv a thinner in which mineral spirits predominates. The body is 1 Tr.'rSj >;.v T ^ese pastes synthoitic enamels on a. typical Kom Automotive for-, 'x k Sw c on a low cotton auttoo:motive formula, were made. These- enamels and on panels .using the recommended finishing schedule for each were sent to Miami, Florida, for exposure and weekly n&% ' '^3^'' ' - V - r ^ ' : .w 0007-SWP-000006846 I f tr. I ^1 1 1. - o' ' ?' - .^jsi miuB Dioxide * *.= ' I# W` ' Titnnox $>* ?#>* 1&; ,%, a t & \ *? . T.C v; -fejt.- * mV 'M:- *- 5*- ..v^'- , "% ! j,. "-Jjsstomt ;.v v: : 'rf-*' "SMaj Pulped X X X X X X X X x Ground X X X X X V X. X X X Phthalated Pulped X X Maleated _ Pulped X X The tree tuent for the phthalr.tion of the el ecriun dioxide consisted a water suspension of titeniua dioxide a solution of sodium phthalate continuous agitation, a solution of titanium sulphate. The sodiun titanium sulphate were added in stoichionc-tric quantity to produce 5% based on the quantity of titanium dioxide being treated. of Titanium Dioxide: ..._ In order that the titanium dioxide should be well wet and that all av; :p ^'^jg^bcmld be broken U7.', 1QG0 gms. TiOg was put in the experimental pulper /^ 1* ^ ^uter was added slowly to fora a stiff paste. This paste was allowed ... fe : . ' 'S.ajfS'S and then diluted with water and transferred to a twelve liter '. Water was added to a total volume often liters and the suspension 1 - *. * -r * 0007-SWP-00000684 . , Solution: ^ ^ pas. phthalic anhydride was dissolved by heating in S00 cc * of HaOS was dissolved in 200 cc water. The two solutions were . \ `Ss^^EnsIient sodium phthalate solution was faintly alkaline to litmus. asj*vi X*;1t, S' ?y"awMfe^Y - was then added to the suspension of 1000 gas. Ti02 in water. >'Solution; ' e titanium sulphate used in,this work analyzed 21.34$ TiQ2 J&**K83i)2 wei>e P1^ *n 1 liter of water and agitated from time to time. A t*<3taHelew 20 C. aids solutions without hydrolysis. Sight hours were re- , wM'v ' - s: ''Vt aSofe'- il'Glear solution, while overnight gave better results. - "-`sssr- iBfien of the Phthalate: - the suspension of Ti02, to which the sodium phthalate solution ka, the titanium sulphate solution was adied dropwise and under con- tion. - lashing: `am' After the precipitation of the phthalate the pigment was permitted vfi^f * ^lle sapernatant liquid was tested for complete precipitation iecnuted. The pigment was diluted largely with water, agitate: mmliquid filtered. The cake was washed free of S04 ion with wwaal ter and ... _ _____ V.** ^he treatment for malcation of the pigment was identical to that wj * g J* *nt" Maleic anhydride took the place of phthalic anhydride. The 'W.rf fc ^ased on 1000 grams TiO? were as fallows: 72 gms. Ti(S0k)o; ;j ^^S^ ileic hydride; 30. 7 gms. NaOS. "'.'ll: * i. I -sU. U-.V * - 0007-SWP-000006848 w Considerable doubt arose that a sufficiently well wet titanium diMPfeaid be produced by simply adding water to dry TiOg. It can readily be Kfffiis essential that each individual particle of TiOg Bust be wet with BHKn aggregates be broken up in order that when the pulping operation is complete dispersion of the TiOg in the vehicle will be obtained. It ."vvr in mind tiiat the action of wetting agents on the TiOg was studied, ' s small quantities of dry TiOg were placed. To these tubes water - *' ` V > . * V""*: various *etfciaS -gents were added. The agents tried were: Avroly- .`TSe, -i *^cad end others. The tubes were shaken until the TiOg was well sus-fev- {&P- ..jibe liquid. A tube containing only TiOg and water without any wetting TSfV` ,tVv i^. -v 3J&r.> , v i'-P,ased for comparison. No beneficial action of the wotting agent could be rat settling of the suspension in the tubes. It was then decided to try pulpin=r the Ti:-_> by sinply wotting the `, i ith rater and then using this as the wet cake .ad nronoeding with the UlMrau After correction of a fev; minor details, it res found that asatis- * e;V_\^.'^dispersed TiOg paste could bo. obtained in this manner. f'Hj* . j -ots? On preliminary experiments in.pulping the TiOg cake, prepared as varnish, it was found that the pulping varnish would not flush 1 *-'"^`^0 the mass. The water was held most tenaciously by the pigment. The .* ^*--^pushing agent was resorted to. A 50T solution cf turkey rod oil in water the mass and later on equal portion of a 50^ solution of basic lead .&*& . - Hater. Under this treatment the water was separated from the pigment on frflfcfc- '* i,{ varnish and could be poured -off. Then the normal procedure for the pulping operation was as follows: v. *. . HRVj*-. .t r * * .t+i- 0007-SWP-000006849 -9- To prepare this pulp 1000 gas. dry TiOa was put in the 1 gallon size * V.-1 *?>ec. water was added slowly, taking tho pigment through a very stiff >: order that the maximum effect of the mechanical work of the agitators -'*' a '* ** ^fninod. This-cake was dumped from the pulper and" the operation repeated. pulping varnish was weighed cut. The varnish was added to the pulp in until approximately 300 ges. had hocn used. Mow the flushing ,-hvafr-.- V';w*%4ft<ided. First 25 gas. of turkey red oil solution, then later 25 gms. - p ,-**'*1. . `A <j.' i, 't;`acetate solution. Agitation was continuous throughout the entire' opera'?-3 ':Sz Eq the water had broken out and was clear it was poured off. Water pulp %T.ish .were added in alternate portions until nil of both were used. As '1 v.Treed it was poured off. Now all the water was removed from the mass by tuition of heat end reduced pressure. When there was no.further evolution from the pulper, the vacuura was released and cold water replaced steam iVS* i %**VVh H MM* bottom of the pulper. The mass in the pul, :r was thinned with xylol the lost volatile fron the varnish. The reuniting paste- was passed |hreo-roll laboratory size mill. The rolls were loosely set. This had for the smoothing put.-of all lumps rather than that of dispersing the pig- A table is. given he-retdth showing, comparative behavior of the various oxides on pulping. -'^>1i w:- W- a.- r .>10 j? -i : aH-,P x,-.. .TSf : Treatment None n 1! Otv. gr.is. 2000 2000 2000 Viator for Pulu Water Flushed Out Pulping Tarnish Turkey Red Oil Soln. Basic Lead Acetate Soln. Xylol cc cc gnSj. K~ms. Si 1000 ^ 725 1060 25 25 618 1000 625 1060 25 25 618 1000 .700 1060 37.5 37.5 618 0007-SWP--000006850 SiSiMfeiii awB - 10 - Treatment FB?J. Water for ms- Water Flushed Out Pulping Varnish Turkey Red Oil Sain. Basic Lead Acetate Soln. cc cc 103. fffiSv gms. Xvlol ^ , W- m' V?'.1-&\5'A- twis^*- ' - $'i~ ' *-, #?! . MSfe.?t : None tn n 15 2000 1000 730 1060 50 2000 1000 600 1060 25 2000 1000 650 1060 25 2000 1000 675 1060 25 2000 1000 575 1060 25 50 25 25 25 25 618 618 618 618 618 Phthalated 1500 S90 ` 750 795 0 0 477 ...^y ^ -73x II 2000 1400 960 1060 o 0 618 Ealeated 1000 490 250 530 12.5 12.5 309 II 1500 1170 1000 795 18.75 18.75 463 9* j&$ w With the exception of the pigments hereafter discussed, the pulping normal. The water broke from the mass with the same case and with the * >|^ of flushing agent. ; '/-V'Ji;'' In the- case of the water dispersible titanium dioxides, Ti Pure LW . y r-'. -p:v -VPjV. Ina^nthoermcaalsebeohfavthioer was encountered. 'l,y-:- On putting the dry Ti Pure LW in the pulper and adding the water k *t?: pigment set in such a hard, rock-like mass that the machine stalled. .a - * o!'?sife*K . Procedure ' i. e. putting the water in the pulper and adding the pigment if 4b'reto resulted in a thin, fluid dispersion of fi02 in the water. At the ' concentration all the other pigments gave pastes. Pigment from this Vision attached itself to every metal surface with which it came in contact, .V-.' *'.3" (V/ *r .V- a film very much like a paint skin formed on the surface. 0007-SWP-000006851 ^ 4BasEnisK0ffiaws^as|ssiBissii;cssSi'sai(l!f:niD,: * ^P- ran,iSh ** * P^P^S process, the mixtur, , lCa" thi<*- Iu *****. "* this <*>>. jMtia, -Tv&r piecents. ww,.a, wtor raniM not brook fron the Mss as ,.jfppi Erach again of the pulping .agents had to be added to get a normal Zopaque GD formed a nornal water pulp with the same quantity of Vr l ^ i-i. 'i,'. tif*|he same method as with the other pigments. However, it resisted * "intiffV' J$9& . '$ 'iT-- `T^.- Double the normal quantity of pulping agents was necessary to %M$sr jf:.*jPhs pigments which had been treated with titanium phthalate were V pulping agent was necessary to pulp them. They broke nicely on "S^v \ l\` &?!&. *i V ffiP to the filter cake in the pulpcr. caso - th*. uiaments treated with, "Itanium malcatc, pulping "quantity was necessary to bring about a -reck. order thf.t the bases propped from the- ary pigments nixed and .hide might bo comparable with the pulped bases, the same proper- vehicle was used. The formula is; 2000 gras. Titanium Dioxide 3/060 n Pulping Varnish "V '^J"ch CnSe ^-e pigment was well nixed with the vehicle and ground ^oratory size, mill to a 4P grind. 0 0 0 7 -SWP-0 0 0 0 0 6 8 5 2 pigments used in blending with the Ti02 in the enamels and 9H-vt',_ . . ' eiy,, *, !SS ' - rM V 1 antimony oxide, and load titanatc wweore nixed and ground was the original intention to pulp those pigments also. Pre- .?-* ''-iSh'. ~^^}S showed this '.-as impractical. The some technique as that used *v*, . fc. .  i.t^Sli.j.t*a.*r'*v W<- j^dlwdLde was tried. - IE On adding the vehicle to the water pulp the ' ^ rpi*\.b? water immediately and in a poorly dispersed and agglomerated MV* . > TV*j . %- \ _ t-lEale test to forecast the behavior! Tost tubes wore prepared 1-i 'f ' d `h&'t.a-* . . p'pjust. liquid, 7/ater on the bottom and toluol above. In this, tb0 various pigments 7/ore dropped. Titanium dioxide immediately * SiwSpblS<3j ailtiiu"ony oxides remained in the toluol phase and sine - ` at tthte. intoe,rface. hrom this we may reason that while titanium 'a'' ''hydrophilic, the otiiers axe definitely not. This while a "r.?$&*-< -VTfevjir mS proparod by TiOg raid-water that the other pig- rotted by the water and hence on pulping, a poorly dispersed base ` '-ftiir:./ naturally led to an investigation of wotting agents for the non- ,1" s. A few attempts wc-rc unsuccessful x.cl in order to expedite ,-j|jie<ldea of pulping sine tiinnate, antimony oxi h and lead tit,anate was ?vb; - 'j-v.' As on the case of the titanium dioxide these pigments were ground ..*\ '^v^^^anaer and on the following formulae: ".WS'h'S^^U.: V?;- J' 2000 gms. Zinc Tiinnate : 1060 " Synthetic Medium Oil Grinding Varnish 0 0 0 7-SWP-000006853 .. J- <4 `i-' - *!", e!- !'i T>' ;j * rntd^w i .xjf 'i'S - -vx \\ Si *.; * *. V- *V f H' lB\ i 'ItKfy^'Je*i * 2000 gms. Antimony Oxide IQGO " Synthetic Medium Oil Grinding Varnish 2000 gms. Lead Titanata 500 " Synthetic Medium Oil Grinding. Varnish .560 Synthetic Medium Oil Grinding Varnish Enanglt! * j. synthetic oucncls for exposure wore prepared by blending the '''-b'Tm in the formula below, in which titaniun dioxide was the only v/hito '<&&*> ** 1&egr*&'. s^V-V 'C?:^ -pST^S**' v v 4iY :' 1 >... 4"? 77 gns. Titanium Dioxide base 140 " Loup black tinting base 40 ' Cbrcne cranga tinting base 99 " (ills) Synthetic CF0 Med.Oilfixing Varnish ' US* * 1 # 193 " (2132) " Linseed" " " 25 " (4037) Load iirngnncso Naphtenatc Drier \- v 12.5 " (224?) Lead Manganese Cobalt Naphthonate Drier .. if'.- . j\ 111 the enamels containing the blended ahite pigments, 33$ of the V'vSf tlgaent base was substituted for titaniun die.:: 1U base. 1 ' ri Lacauers; Tac L'^uers wore prepared by blending- on the following fornula in titaniun dioxide is .the sole Y/hite pigment; i"'?v' '7.1 -".viREiv. mm* j. 260 gos. Bone Black Lacquer Base 42 Titanium Dioxide base . 200 Soc.R.C. Solution, 25$ Solids 14 " Glyptal *#* **% 20 " 40 " Butyl Acetate Rosin Solution in Toluol, 60$ Solids , 'tti v 172 " Glyptal Solution, 60$ Solids .t 20 " Butyl alcohol 10 " Lb thy1 Ethyl Kotone :H, i a ' ' I1 ^ 90 " Lacquer Thinner 0007-SWP-000006854 ji'tte case of the lacquers containing the mixed white pigments, ` v; ^tJiua dioxide base was replaced with the modifying pigment base. . Exposure Panels: T * '.3?' * \ k vS inc panels on which the exposures v;orc Bide arc 8-,,x24" crimped edge -L* ' "roy TMwe-Trho ccarefully cleaned of all greaho rnd sprayed rath one coat 45803 re duced 50% with Kec Reducer #75. This coat was permitted V,,;^.'. , --irnjK. \rri . ssaannddeedd lliightly raid the samples applied. * ,. ,.l ""'h ^rf" ^&>s. ^C. . ' synthetic cnaacls wore reduced 33-1/32 "with. Eon Reducer #75. - vtk ^.j^'ras applied by spraying. . j* ' . '%Td SS; ' -7-v?bj lacquers were sprayed on two coats, 30 minutes between coats, 's* : 'i ` " if*--' ^^^iuetion with lacquer reducer. . The panels were exposed 45<>-facing South in *iaai, Florida. They ^ i' & VsiYocily for gloss retention raid chalking. ` xCV v;~ The following table gives a resunt of cac . panel; -.* % %. *y*f. a- v?*: ^r '-\v -:r 3B-' >v;- V*-' -3 1 t '. i' Hr -ir; ?; * JV - ; ^ f: f'VtWTMS V ` "` f T* k -#- . Fnlte Pigment Titanox A LO Ti Pure LO Zopaque LO Titanox A LO Ti Pure LO N. C. Titanox Ti Pure LO Titanox A LO Ti Pure LO 672 Titanox A LO, 332 Antimony Oxide Treatment of TiQp Pulped Pulped Pulped Ground Ground Ground Maleatod, Pulped Phthalatcd, Pulped Phthalated, Pulped Pulped 0007-SWP-000006855 rowitasswifflasijisb - *. *- White Pigment 67% Ti Pure- LO, 35% Antinomy Oxide 67% Ti Pure-LG, 63% Antinomy Oxide 67$ Titanox A LQ, 33$ Anticony.Cbd.dc 67% Ti Pure LO, '63% Antinomy Oxide 67% Titanox A LO, 33% Sine Titanate 67$ Ti Pure LO, 33$ Sine Titansto 67$ Ti Pure LO, 33$ Zinc Titanate 67$ Titanox A LO, 53% Zinc Titanate 67$ Ti Pure LO, 35$ Zinc Titanate 67$ Titnnox A L$, 53$ Load Titanate t 67$ Ti Pure LO, 53$ Lead Titansto 67$ Ti Pure LO, 53% Load Titanate 67$ Titanox A LO , 33% Lead Titanate 67% Ti Pure LO, 33% Lead Titanate Titcnox A MO Titanox A LO Ti Pure FF Ti Pure LO Ti Pure LW Zopaque Std. Zopaque LO Zopaque GD Burgess TiOg Titanox A MO Treatment of TiO? Pulped Molested, Pulped Phthalated, Pulped Phthalated, Pulped Pulped Pulped Maleated, Pulped Phthalatcd, Pulped Phthalated, Pulped Pulped Pulped Molested, Pulped Plithalated, Pulped Phthalated, Pulped Pulned ft II II It II II IS Ground ti 00000^856 0007-SWP- ii I, ST- ^Mte Pigment ** v;u3l?' (Pont'd) - Y* *-^Pr'|-. Xitano:: A LO Nor.-Chalkinc Titaeox Ti Pure FF Ti Pure LO Ti Pure L7. Zoyaquo Std. Zopaque LO Zopaque GD Ti Pure IT Ti Pure FF 67% Titsr.cc: A i'O, 33% Antir^ny Quid: 67% Ti-Pure FF, 53% Jcticouy Oxide 67% Zepuquo Std. 53% Antinony Oxide 87% Ti Pure FF, 33% Antinomy Oxide 67% Ti Pure FF, 33% Antimony Oxide 67% Ti Pure FF, 33% Zinc Titanate 67% Ti Pure- FF, 33% Zinc Titanate 67% 2opaque Std., 33% Zinc Titanate 67% Ti Purs FF, 33% Zinc Titanate 67% Ti Pure FF, 53% Zinc Titanate 67% Titanox A MO, 33% Load Titanate 67% Ti Pure FF, 35% Lead Titanate 67% Zopaque Std,, 33% Lead Titanate 67% Ti Pure FF, 33% Lead Titanate 67% Ti Pure- FF, 35% Lead Titanate Treatment of TjQo Ground n n n n ti 18' Balcated, Pulped Phthalatod, Pulped Pulped II n Ma.lea.tcd, Pulped Hnthalated, Pulped Pulped n ti Malested Pulped Phthalatod Pulped Pulped If II Malcated, Pulped Phthalatod, Pulp'cd 0 0 0 7 -SWP-0 0 0 0 0 6 8 5 7 i Piets 15. //254-A Plats 16. //254-B This panel is very similar to ,?253, as would be expected fren the D3 1752 for V 7659 as the soybean portion of the combination 0007-SWP-000006858 %*7- i M' * ' v-: Plate XV. #25G- ** .: '*' V |fcA-. $# A " : bJB r.-V*" . --/*. \ Jr-`V_\v .-;i > ;.* $w Plate 18. #256-13 W ..i.i Again the good durability achieved through the use of a soybean lsf't? chicle DB'175 is illustrated. This verifies the resifUs sho^r. in 'vw \ JtM 0007-SWP-000006859 . From the above it appears very obvious that the high pigment-voli' B' ' jrisinc oxide pigmentation was superior to the low pigaent-vol'iine titariur ' - 'JwxttiBony oxide - aintc oxide pigmentation adopter literand subseauently -t1. ^ I `i '$r+f Results. Plans for Future Work; * : As discussed elsewhere, we are elaborating on these studies of * ' * ' ; >to include the present pigmentation mid the substitution of titanium vVi sE^-` s* *- >" asbestine mixes and titanium dioxide - asbestine - mica for the ^itancx `TSV#- 3 'lirTiginal formula, maintaining high pigment-volume. ->* V: In order of durability from the standpoint of vehicle we must rate * ' \jjjjji. best, linseed-perilla intermediate, and fish oil inferior. Gnfortun- ^ gKicannot take full advantage of this informatics because soybean oil li the drying, particularly under unfavorable cc.-.citicns, Ue are particu- r* -* Bered by lowered water resistance and increase of hydrophilic tendencies it' drying. This is very important in evaluating bulletin colors. In order to take some advantage of the increased durability of the vehicle we are investigating a synthetic oil which is intermediate 669 and (2109). This is V 7762 which is a 23.3 length synthetic oil, > 5 perilia, end 5 soybean. Algo, we will try a partial substitution of the soybean vehicle 4P3^ phenolic resins to improve the drying, and to reduce the hydrophilic . .. 0007-SWP-000006860