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I i PL.AN NOW TO ATTEND THE NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS OCTOBER 28-31, 1968 ) CONRAD HILTON HOTEL, CHICAGO a The Confess is always a big week, a worthwhile week for the 13,000 safety people who attend. At the 'G8 Congress you can meet other safety people, with the same problems and responsibilities as yourself. You can exchange views and ideas on accident preven tion, health, hygiene, and fire prevention ... on safety in industry, traffic, school, at home and on the farm. You can see the largest of all safety equipment exhibits at the Congress ... an opportunity for you to make wellinformed buying decisions for your company. I This four-day educational program, planned and pre sented by the National Safety Council, can be your most thought-provoking, most worthwhile safety expe rience in 1968. Make plans early to attend the 1968 Congress and bring the other people in your organization who have safety responsibilities. FUTURE CONGRESS DATES 1968 October 28 -31 1969 October 27 30 1970 October 26 29 1971 October 25 28 1972 October 23 26 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611 I National Safety Council OFFICERS--1967-60 Chairman, Hoard of Directors--1\. S. Am ion, K\<sti(iw Vi- iv : dent, American Telephone and Telegraph Cmiii-am, t'-w NewVmk Pretidont-lloWAnn I'vr.r.,, Piesidenl, National S if. iv r raj'll, Illinois ' i[ r !,.* Via; President for harms -Noum.vn Mi.vimoM. Dii-il..i Y . i 4-11 Sri vieo Committee, Inc., Chicago, Illinois Vice President for Fiiirrntr-J. 11. .ScmvAitii v, K\"<i!i>e Yin- l'i. dent. City I'loducts CorpouiHim, Chicago, Illinois Vice President for Ittunes [. It. Tvi i it Mt.Cn-.-.t 11 . 1*., -.j.-l, ,-i. M *, tvnreTTust Company, WilininRloii, llelawio.- Vwe President for tndustiu-H, S. McFaiii .vm, Hie, |.,r iv,-....... I Services, Ceneial Mnltiis Coipoi.itmn, D< lunl, Mi. InV in Vice President far Labor--An rmm P. Cum, S. i n-ian T n United Uiewery Workers, Cineinnafi, Oliin Vice President for Metnitct.sltijr -1 |i iim,\h Sim hi is. ('011(11111. <. Vice President for ^fator Transportation--Haiiuy K. Iopi i;ih<i>, S- n- i Executive Vico President, Fmelitmf (,'oipoiali*111. I) ! It'll!, } H* Vice President for Production--l\wnt Cum is, I Van, S< nalism, Diake Univorsily, lies Moines. Iowa ! ... Vice President far Pttidic lnjormaiion-JmiN ] Lnr.i, Viii- I t. Director of Special I'lojeels, CDS' I dc\is ion NYh.nil:. New York Vice President for Putdir. Sufrtu- Hum a. 1 A. Or 1 \ j, , I ; I .,1 (.'ill Wood Indiisliics, Inc., Wsn m-, Mi.lnj'an Vice President for l\clit(ious Lctw/rr.t-KnwiN j)_ c.s'o- . I .lir.., Chief, The Christian Science Monitor, lioslnn, Ma- .11: National Safety Council (oifkw, continued) t u c 1'ia.iitciu /m Hi m ii)i7i-Ndii\ in C. Kikm'h, M.D., Chief Medical Dios tor, Tin' l>|nilnhle Life Assiunncc Society of the United Si.ites. New Jmk, New Voik Vre n Vn-ddent for Sclwoh and Callcues-- Dii, Dewct F. Bauicii, Pres ident. Detroit Institute of Technology, Detroit, Michigan Viet' President for Shite and Local Safety Orfi/inizntinnr--C. IlUNiEti (htt.i'N, Vice Piesidcnt, Southern Bell Telephone awl Telegraph Company, Lonixs ilie, Kentucky Vice /'mident foi Tuiffic-- Ben West, Attorney, Nashville, Tennessee Vice Vieddent /or Women--Mus. IltniAta: Dawson, Illinois Stale Legislator, Fraiistoo, Illinois Vice Preddent foi Youth Actitifiev~Ar.ix A. Maleski, Associate Di rt elm Pimti.nn Sen ites, Boys' Clubs >f America, New Ymk, New York /.u*rtifite Vice lYr-rfi/rnf--John D. L.vwt.on, Executive Vice Presi dent, National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois Seciftuti) ami Treasurer--1{. L, 1'oiiNr.Y, Seeielaiy ami Treasurer, Na tional Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois Art Wont Treosioer-J. 1). FuLrouo, Director, Treasury Division, Na tional Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois National Safety Council TRUSTEES-! 967-60 Chairman of the Trrrr/ccr-ilmvaio) I'vi r, Pieeid.-nt, Nation il ' Council, Chicago, Illinois Vice Chairman of the Tiostees--A. K. Phhi.mvn. l'u siihnt, .......... -i trnl, New York, New Ymk 1 Members : A. S. Ai.ston, Executive Vice President, Ani-a n in "Lb |>I-i ..- I | Telegraph Coinpatty, New Ymk, New York (HvOllhjo) | E. II, Baii.kv, President, Union I'acifle lbiiluud Comp im . t`v!>a. || Nebraska I MijI.vin il. IlAKKtr, Ilmmuny CUnhnmn, National Sa(wmi t'.am > . | Uuffolo, New Ymk e | B, F. Haiikeu, Chairmao, PPG Industries. toe., PiM-.hiimli, 1 . .! e I: iria | | Mns. Oil vie A. Beech, Pirsident mul Chaiituan, H<<ali Ain rail *' >> { Wichita, Kansas 1 CiiAiit.r.s Dana Br.Mm.tr, Washington, D. t'. { HaiuiU) Bi.anoce, Former Clmiiman, Crlauese (.'oipmalien of \m t| iea, New York, New York :f D. W. Biiosnan, Former Chairman, Sonthem Pulwar Sr I'm, " t> inglon, D. C. WaLIEU J. Buiikf, Sccietnty-Trcnsnrri, United Sh-hunl.- i< <<l 'in- < iea, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Wai.teii F, Caiikv, President, Autmnohile Cnnim-. Lie., Him. '-Ii l.i gan Joseph F. Cvi.uiak, Thu. (`haiioiaii, Philip Moiii;. In. New Ymk, New York a-! ). Doyi.k DeAVi i r, Chaiinmn, I lie Tnnelet>., H oi, AMID* < * Ml I'ktfioiml Scifely Council (Timtrcx, ranlinucd) Hi i u. DcVih'm;, Chaiini.ui, Cmnheai Tiie & Hulilier Company, Vkrnn, Ohio Kimimos' Dpnn. Cliuuman (if till* Hoaid, AllliX Cmpmatimi, New Yes k, Now \ hik Kmii.i. I', nu Post, Uiietlor, I!. I. tin l'ont du Neimmis & Company, Ins.-.- WilmitiRtim, Delaware* I . M |-.\ vn.v. Cliaiim.m. Ctune Co., New Voik. New Ymk | |'im II. Coir, I'lrviili-nt, United States Steel Cniporatiuo. Pills- Imit'-li. lYiuewKanin K. IIoi. imi IhimiM vs. lit own lljtitlii-i I lari lutait :iml Company, New \ ink, New Ymk I V. lie mi. Cli.iimi.tii >il (lie lloituN, The Continental Insurance Com panies, New Ymk, New Ymk WntiiM A, Hi uui, Chaitnuvtt, Dveie & Company, Moline, I Hindi.? CiiiVi Ki i iiv. Vit>- f liaisoun. The ICipiilalili* I.Sie Assmancr Society nl (lie United Klali s, Ken \mk, Neiv Yolk Jami:? J! Ki.nn, Piesiiirnl, Avon Corporation, New Ymk, New York John- H, Kimiii m.v, Kimheily-Clark Coiporalimi, Neeualt, Wisconsin Jost eii L. l.iNii.n, Chairman, West Point-Peppoicll, Ine., West Point, Crnrjjia SiAKi.M 1 .tMHNFii, Yko Chaiininn, Phillips Petinleuiu Company, Harlies? ilir, C d.l.ihomi Khmonii I'. M oms, Chainnan, Helhlehem Steel Corporation, llethleIk in. IVnrist It ani.i I A. M\imi\u, Chainnan, National la-ail Cninpanv, New York, New Ymk ' llnisi M \min, In., Cli.u'im.ui, Union Ctuhhle Cmporalion, New Ymk, New link Ni;ii- Mcl-.i.ncn, Cliaiimao, 'Die Plotter & Camlile Company, Cintin n.iti, Ohio Mational Safety Council i /.... Ml 111,111 S. Oi i.m.vn, Chaiinian, I In National < a li it<- i-.I i * ' i"j Oaytnn, Ohio A. li. Pkiii.man, I're.sideiit, Pi im (.Yntial, New Ymk, New Vml C, L. Piiii.i.ieeic, Oliaiimaii nf (lie Hoard, (a-nei.d l-lniiie ' imop.m- . New Ymk, New Ymk UoWAllli Pvt.E, PlCxident, National Salely ('mini-i|. < .'ln'i a1'*', ll|i>. e (I'.s-Ollitin) r J. M. rtocin:. President, Cenersil Mntms (,'<>i|Hii:iiimi. Iiitioi', '-IT Ron II. I, llciMNr.s, C',haiunan, Atneiiean Telephone and I elmn:i|-h C> pany, New Ymk, New Ymk II. S. SrEVKNsoN, Clinirinnn, Allis-Chalmi-is Mamd-n tniiuit ( Milwaukee, Wisconsin - Dn. John F. Thompson, Itouoiaiy Chaimum, I In lo'i m >f>m, d Nickel Company, Ine,, New link, New Ymfc LlNN A. Townmsno, Chairman, Chiyslc-r Cmpmatinn. Drlinit, Mi`l-> Kan M. J. Waitnote, CJniiinmn, Ainistrwif! Cm I: Cmnjunt. t m .'< > Pennsylvania John L,, Weiniieiu:, Pat liter, Cnldman. S'mlis A Cmmum. New York '< U . lIl'NIKIt P, WlIAIt-ION, Cettcral President, IliteiUalimial tI|ii:o id ''I erutiuR F.nRtnecis, WashioRtim, 1). C. Honmir W. WooimufF, Chairuian, Finance Cmmmtii-'-. 'I In f Cola Cmnpnny, Atlanta, CeoiRia National Fafety Council BOARD OF DIRECTORS--! 967-68 Chairman of the Board of Directors-A. S'. Alston, Executive Vice Presklent, American Telephone niul Telegraph Company, New York, New York Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors-- Dn, Dewey F. Daiucii, President, Detroit Institute of Technology, Detroit, Michigan Members Knwsnn S. Adams, Director of Safety, lawn Farm Uorcntt, Dcs Moines, Imva William it. Aiums, President, St Itcgfs Paper Coinpany, New York, New- York limitin' II. Ai.nivsi it, Safety Coordinator, Corporate Personnel Rela tions, Monk (t Co., Inc., Railway, New Jersey Cm.i: A. Allen. Vito President, Aineticnu Mutual Liability Insurance Company, Wakefield, Massachusetts A, S. Alston, Executive Vice President, American Telephone am! Telegraph Company, New Yoik, New York Sidney Ai.ieiiman, President, Allerinan Transport Lines, Inc., Miami, Florida Dudley Andiiy, Manager, Metropolitan New Orleans Safety Council, New Orleans, Louisiana Rich,vun fC. Ayi:us, Managing Director, Metropolitan Safety Council, Denver, Colorado Dn. Di.wey F. Daiucii, President, Detroit Institute of Technology, Detroit, Michigan F, It. R.minako, Manager of Compensation nod Safety, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania M. F. Dixncaium, Manager, Safety & Workmen's Compensation ScrvktS AllN-Ch.ihncis MannfncUiiing Company, Milwaukee, Wiscon sin Dn. Hictiaiui W. Bisiioi', Associate Professor, Physical Education De partment, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida . Enwwnn J. Hock, Vice President, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Mis soni i Itomoir 1'. Dow-eiis, Director Personnel Relations, Chrysler Corpora tion, Detroit. Michigan National Safety Council (Hoill (I 0/ I'll! retie .. < i CaiiiioI.I. W. IIovee, (.'liief Editor - Fieri (hvnn \l <".n, iw. '! < < - Hill, Ine., New Yoik, New Yoik Caesaii Hit\nciiini, Manngei of Technical SVnios, 'll"' IAn"'1 d-l-Life Assuianee Society o( the United States, New Yoik. N< w i-mI. Cl.AliK D. BiudoEx, Managing Diiectoi, iodostiial Medical \- mi.ilion. Chicago, Illinois Ru.hkki.i. I. Diuisvn, Riickville, Mmyland I,IMIS O. ltimin. Piesidenl, James Bui|n lii-anaui e, Im .. S i< i mu u*o. (kdifoiuia '` IIauoi.o Buii.xtin, President, Diusoii-Maislellei Asmm i.ili N>-. toil. New York Clayion D. Calkins, Manager, Safely A I'nanmd, l'.i< dkTrucking Co., Sail Francisco, California KtiwiN 15. Caniiam, Editor in Chief, The t.'luiMiim Si ien>e M---"1- i. Boston, Mnsstulmselts Walti-:ii F. CaiiLV, Piesidenl, Automobile fauikas Ine , Flint. ML hi gan Allen L. Conti, Director of Industrial Solely, Eastman K'edd. C--i>i- pany, Hnchesler, New York Dll. SlyMOOII J. CoIU.M, 7 he Aoslie Kiuet .S'wias'-ign'-, ( hi- ". Illi-.-.e. John T. Collieii, Special Projects- Ollirri. Legislation and Public Af fairs, U. S. Department of Health, Education and Wellaie. W.i-b ingtoii, D. C. Paul II. Connku.ky, United Hmilicihnod of (.'ai|ienl<-isof America, Washington, D. C. |<u> i-.- Dll. John D. Connohs, Executive Secietaiy, (amunittee no S'det* and Occupational Health, American Fedriatinn of Labor ami C'-meo-a of Industrial Organizations, Washing!"". D. ('. John M. Couiuq, Vice President for Public Hi latino:, f'alien d \ eiation of Bioadcnslers, Washington, D. O. Hiinkst C. Cox, Deputy Dina tor, II......hi id Motor I'mi-i ;!!> Federal Highway Administration, Washington. D II. E. CiiAWi-onn, Vice President, Com ral Mntois Cmp' oi.-e, |s trait, Micliigau , ' -so, 1.1^ \p .,.. ixfQMRIt James M. Ciiaxvi'i or Vice Piesidenl; Iosiilj|f$^^|kn'i> or. i.| North America, Ilia, Penns} Ivaio'a 7- '. fj Hueh U. Cuuris, Moines, Iowa lout o( Jouruali-aM, Drake t'uiyii-its. !> 00061 I! National Safety Council (llniiid of Directors, contiuucdj Dii. C. I'n \7.ii:h Da muon, Professor of Safety Education, School of I'.dutution, The University nf Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin M. R. Dahlinlton Jit., Managing Director, Auto Industries Highway Safely Committer, Inc., Washington, D. C. II. C. Davlton, Diiector of Safety, Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co., Louisville, Kentucky L. B, Davis. Vice President fc General Manager, Defense Programs Division, General Klectric Company, Washington, D. C. Hon. Mai tie Rki.u; Davis, Judge, Metropolitan Court of Dade County, Miami, l'loriila Mas. IloiiAcr: Dawson, Illinois State Legislator, Evanston, Illinois Vst'.'cnv Or. Loetvro, Vh* President, General Motors Corporation, f.. \ f: ---- : i ' t.t.t:'.. ' - c ,'.t. i: ; v . : . C1-.1U11, Dei-ie 6c Company, Moline, Illinois 'TMi* IV l-'iu ni.ittcK J. Dodson, Assistant Vice President, Lilrerty Mutual Irarurance Company, Boston, Massachusetts " 1 7 ' Cl irr*_r T*- ' f irH 's M-:Lcao. Diis.vi.ii A. Doki i.ow. M.D., Assistant Dirrctoi, Department at Com* iimnity Health and Health Education, American Medical Assada* lion, Chicago, Illinois Emile F. du Pont, Director, E. I. dn Pont de Nemours & Company. Ine., Wilmington, Delaware Jami's P. Econumos, Director, Traffic Court Program, American B.n Association, Chicago, Illinois Ciiaiiu s W. Pi iust.!son, Senior Editor, The Reader's Digest, Pleasant* villr. New Yoik D. M. I'rnr.osvoN, Supcimlrndont of Safety - Personal Lines, Nation wide lusuiance Company, Columbus, Ohio Am in M. I'lani, |n.. Vice Picsident,-Rich's, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia A C. I'ii i n, In . Manager, Public Albius, WCN Continental Broaje.istiug Ciupoi.itiiui, Chicago, Illinois Mumia: Piseiign, Assistant to the Editor, Chicago Daily News, Chi* eagu, Illinois l?. National Safety Council (limit rl of / t|v t i tm *,, /onli Dll. LiWTU. 11. ITsIIKii, Cimidm.itoi of Si hold t mini.its I i > !., i i. -Uniwrsily of Illinois, Uihana, Illinois Dn. A. E. IT-OHIO, Piofcsxor of Safety Fdm-alion. iVp.utii" n* 11 Health and Safety Education, University ol Illinois, ( li mi|> i>* i* Illinois Paiikkh C. Foi.sk, Safety Adsisov, Mobil Oil (jii|*oi.ition, Nm '< > * 1 New Ymk Eikjah J. Eonio, The Coca Cola Company, Atlunia, (.Yoigi.i ILmuiy E, ITlui.Klitm, Senior Eseculiw Vice ITesideul. iitu lunl 1 <*i pmation, Detroit, Michigan Mies. John C. Fowlku, National Vice Chaiiman ul Volunti'i , I li* Ameileiiu National lletl Cross, Washington, D. C. WuLnv M. FiiaNI'a, President, Eastern Ivvpiess, tin , rein* Ibm'*- In diaiui John W. Ghiiionk, Director of Public Relation*., Aulcuiuiisr ,i*m Fomidalion, Washington, I), C. Am nun P. GiI.oka, Secretaiy Tieasuo r. United lti>**.viiy \Vn,l*i . Cincimmti, Ohio Roihoit E. Cch.ki*:, Vice President, Safely & Itrgiililun tUlatvm*. Creyhonnd Lines, Inc., Chicago, Illinois ClicmoK L. Coumu.l., Maiutgei, Peisninicl Safety. Monsanto Comp on. St. I amis, Missoni i Dan D. Gowincs, Assistant Professor, School of Health, Physical Edu cation mid Recreation, Indiana State University, True Haute, Indi ana Wm. Paul Guay, National Executive Secretaiy, l'ultue Eat urns ef America, Department of Health, Education, and U'elbne, W.rhiee toil, D. C. . C. Honikii Giieen, Vico President, Southern llrll Telephone un*l I < 1>*. giaph Company, Louisville, Kentucky (h.iiAtil) O. Giukitn, Manager, Ihi.'.inl CnnhnI, l)i iui Cnipni:*h u I'ittslmrgli, Peimsylvaiiia IIiiv. Roiikiit A. Gnui Seminary, St. Louis etor of Seminal' liel.*lioii^_^iMi i"*Im Samoi'i. R. Guaiiu, h and Chicago Daily Rov Hakusleii, Cldc thin, Detroit, Mlclii f.'llkt linit l|5c'.r:ii t It, (I iup ticatfo, JIliiMMN' '* , AiQrQ^'O 'il f :I,J' ^^^ ''1 -r> National Safety Council (ttottul of Utn'ctofs, continued) I jiu urn IV II u. i min, tiileinatioual N.dely Kepi cm itl.tlii r, hitrinaliiin.il Asset i.ilinn ill Fite Fighteix, Cmciminli, Ohio ViiiiUK A Il.v'-u v, See-it-t.irv. Tin- Hartford Insui.uuc Croup, IliutIhhI, ( 'mini i lie u( llnttinir It ou t is. President, Politic Sen ice Coordinated Transport, Maplewood, Ni n Jersey IV M. II.iiiimiv. Assistant Mallard of Compensation mid Safety, Ik-llili'licni Sir-el Corporation, Hctlilehcm, Pennsylvania \i.ni iu L. II vitk. Director, Safety and Public Hrlatuins, Trnnspuitation I'mlct witters, lor., Indianapolis', Indiana l.i win. I'. H am.-., Chief, Industrial Salety & Fire Protection Branch, Foiled Stales Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. G. Hniiuw G. 11 i niVice 1'iesident, Industry Allair*;, HEA Express, New Yoik. New- Yoik Iti'ssi i.i. 1%. IIrsn.i::, Director of Engineer tug, Griunel! Mutual lleinsiu.nice Comp on , Giinnell, Iowa W. G. Ill win, Senior \'ice President, l'liillips l'etroleum Company, K.iitle.sville, Oklahoma Dos'.vur M llieians. Director, Ilealth and Safety Seivice, National Giniiu.il, Hoy Scouts o( Ametiea, New Brunswick, New Jersey III Iti.v. M.srai. Crimea: G, Hiocins, Diieetor, Department of Social Aclion, National Catholic Welfare Goideteiice, Washington, D. G. Dn. Ki KNiaii i 11r *u iiiuKn, Minister, The Central Church nf Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Joxei'H IV Hoosi.i r, Attorney at Law, Ilngsctt, Sluiffer & Hooker, Kan sas City, Mi'.-.miri Da. Jiiiu.Mu II Hoi land, President, llaniptnu Institute, Hampton, Vitgiuia Dn. Gaikh.ii D. I hu s i ini:, President, Hacooe College, Muskogee, Oklahoma 1'ai'i. J. Hoovi u. Vice i'lesidcnt. The llallc Ihox. Co., Clew eland, Ohio W C. I Inn ion, Piesideut, Hus Horton Inc., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma I in n IIi'i.ui n. Cnipni.ilinii Director of I'eistnmel, The Hoeing Compauj, Seattle, Washington II M Huniisxion, Ceneial Supeivisni, Salety, International liar ' ester Cumpanv, Chicago, Illinois National Safety Council (Homit <<f Dis,-,/,'!. Miss Hum liAVi-a.i., .Slate Music CummiIi.iuI, Sl-ile D-p Pidilie Instruction, Haleigh, Ninth Carolina ' Paul, II. )oiiansi n. President, CruUiil Motm l.iius. Ch uh t>- v - ' Carolina Paul V. Joliet, M.D., Deputy Slate A Connie Ih-.dlh I 'I'u i. W V ington County Department of Health, Ilagei.slim n. SI.uy land T, La whence Jones, President, Ameiienn Inwiiani A*---n< i iiieu. ' York, New York i Ceoiice I.. Jorv, President, Hitmuiiinns f.'u.d 11|-( ilia-.' V ........ . Washington, D. C. Wll.l.lAM I,. Kanoei,, Policy Associate, ludie.lii.il 1 tT ilimr- D |m>! incut, National Association of Mauufactnins, Ne-.v Yoik. U-tml James L. Kahns, Administrator, Division of Mnlm Vrlm !. V i- e :* Motor Vehicle Dejiaitiiient, Madison, Wist oie.iu John J. Kaiiol, Vice President, Diiec tor of Hpr i.-d 1'iu.n el . < E'- !.1 vision Network, New Yoik, New Voile Al.lil lll II. KlXI.EV, Fcdeial Highwav Admini-tialien \\ a line t-.u. SI C. Niiiivin C. KtEiTii, M l)., (Thief Mrdunl Dintlm. "Die lapiii sM- 1 <r Assurance .Society, New Yoik, New Yoik Du, Denis J. Kuhn, Assistant Dean of Extension, \iVuiu M < I`>m \ ci.sity, Tempe, Aii/ona Kiaill Kiiiki'aiiik:k% Associate Inuhi Ditcilni, 'A 111) K"n-l > l-.eCornpnny, IJen Moines, Iowa L. W. KnaI'E, Jil, Chief, Aeeideul Pirn iiliun Sn lion, lu-.liti'1riciiltinal Medicine, The Uniieisits of loua. Imva Giiv, ln i ' Weiineh C. Knooe, lhesident, lie- Baldwin 1'oui|-.im-. I ill! I' I . Arkansas Max. Ilium Khimki Mux. John E. Kiiueoei ihs.idr ,, (!nlttN(H1:t :re, Wiwuusiu Fiiank E. Laiikhkh, I puny, Colmiihiix, Oh F. S'. i.AKE, Director Michigan uf S.lh tv, N;i(itinu ilr InMHjntytj f 000G1H 4 fe|j-, lllleislate ,S>S[| m, f d.in^ *{! `f John IX Len t on, F.\< Chicago, Illinois -V.. <! Mcif 'C'llCll Safety Council (lUuml of Diircfots, continued) I \ w I . I ( It nr, .S-i li t \ I Hm t liit, Pm t Lime I ( i until ,,\v .ii* i;if imi, ( .hi- ;*:. Illinois f I. f'. I .1 Ml)V, |t>i ol SditHil Transportation, Nrsv Mexico Stall' I )p i'.111 mi lit i*t Kil iii .it if *n. .Santa IV, New Mexico rulin' la-li. I'te-idr-nt. I In- Philip Le.slv Company, Chicago, llliimis Ri'i\ It. 1 iii ki:, \'i; > Pi* aiU'nt, Texas 1 anplos eis' Insurance A.s.sociatii'ii, I)allas, Texas I ell - I >. 1,1'irsnov. Supi i intcmlent, 'I Inn ntnn Tuunsliip Ilh:li Selumls ainl lunnn Ca'lle;'.!-, Halves, llliimis Will ism II I am l \ ii i I'ii-.iilrnt anti Tieasuiei, Inlaml Steel Com pany. Chicago, llliimis Inns I*. I.ress, Lxrnitisr Directoi, Katitmal Hide Association of Anna ii a, W'a.sliinetini, D. C. Ilnv Ci iisi.oini: !', \| ,i i i.wani:, Judge, C.'imiiinin I'lras Cmnl, Lucas ( Vimtx , "I olctlo, Ohio \V. St M si imiimi, Managri. Kngincriing Depsii Inirnt, "Die llaitfnnl Insurant r Cimi|i, Nrsv Yoik. Ness- York Ai.itx A M su.ski. Assoc late Diicclos, Pingr-uu Services, Hus s' Clubs ol Ann lira. Ness I ml:, Nrsv Yolk Hie u.um K. M.sm. sM*. Tu.D., Chief, Injury Coutiol Tiogiaiu, U. S. Tallin llr-nltli Seisic-e, Cincinnati, Ohio Miss M siuns' I'. Msiuin'. (amnnixsioiuT of Labor and Industiy, State el Maim , Augusta, Maine K. o M s i lot K.s, I.)iit i tor. Division of Seirnee ami Trehimlngy, Aiucti* an Tr tioleiiiii Institute, Nrsv Yoik, New York Mns Msnioiiii: II. M.sv, Diiector, Kilmation and Home Division, (tii-atia Ness Yink Sah Is Council, Ine., Nrsv York, N'esv Yolk I II. T x i in Mi-Ci>-:?:i i.i., I'lesideiit, Drlasvaie Trust Company, Wiim 1111 u(< in. Delassaie Itmniks Mi Cnnsni k Ksi tnlise Vier I'm siiliail, Inteiiialiimal liar s i .li t (tampans , (ilm-igti, I llinnis ltiinrni T. MtiCrnm. Tiesiilrnt, Ness pint Supply Company, Costa Mt sa. ( .ihlninia K <" Mi T sum v, I Jall.is. I is as II S. Mi Faiu.ano. Director of Personnel Seisins, (,'emaal Mnlms (.'npoialiun. Detroit. Michigan Hi I i National Safety Council i .*/ ir,,., Do. Iliiss A. Mi T'aiiiamii, ( tugg* nln im Tmlis m nl Apin.p-i*' II- M. iind Safely, llaivnid Selninl of Tuliiie Health. Ilostou. Mas.:nlm !! Tiiomah C. Mr.Ciour, Tresiileol, Imliistiial Iinlemnitv tVmi'air.. '.... k'laiuiseo, California Jack McLauoiii.in, United Stei'Ixvoikeis |,mnl ITI l,ft,nj lndiiu-i Du. IIaiwu) Mendelsohn, Professor and Direi to* el Tn~r.nl". ' ' irf Communication Arts, University of Deusri. Dr-im i . l.'ulmnih- Vmcni, J. Mr:vr:iis, Company, Safely Direelm. Ui'l.-m l lt'lii- ' e pany, Nrsv York, Nrsv Yoik Nouman C. Minimum, Diieelor, National Til Niniir t omeeii. Inc., Chicago, Illinois KiiMONO J. McincIsON, Diiectui, Wain Safely, lie Ameiii an .`.iti>n ! Hed Cross, Washington, D. C. Mils, ClIAtlUiriK Monioomi IIV, Contiiluitini: Lditni. Cmid It.-1 keeping Magazine, Westfield, New Jersey Tiiiimas C, Miiimn i., Vice Tiesidnil, Slate I aim Mutual AiMom I *1Insiirance Comiiauy, llliHmiiugton, Illinois Is, I'ltiaimttc Moiutnxv, Vice Tirsidt nl, Hank ol Amniia. N> *v V>> . New York A. II. MutirilV, National Dircclnr Snlely Sei s k ||,.- \m>"'> e. lional Ik'd Ctoss, Washington, D. C. Au.an D. Musoumii, I'le.xident, IMI. Tiright, Im , Salt I til..- '.its, Utah fCiiU AIil) C. Myrtles, Vice President and Assistant to Tn'idenl. I'm' I States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Teuuss h am'a Amos K. Nkviiaiit, State College, Pennsylvania Itimr.nr A. Oi.en, Vice President, (tar Wood Industiii .. Im . V. e M. Michigan CaIT. Das'III Ot.IVliii. USCC, Cllicl, llnatim; Sah Is lli.nn Ii. I`ml -I States Coast Ctuaid, Washington, D. C. An r ill'll C. Ti:ruv, Coinimmii aliims (aenilinatui. the f!iti,m.,t ' l''oi Crippled Cliildien anil Adults, (-Iiii.u*n. Illiimr. Im r.iciu u N. Ti.a i i , Mai merit Depailuient. I'oiil illie Stilels and 11 iplr.'. aVilj mpaits , I)i ,0 It.pmi, Mip liiiftm laniNt: K. I'omsi-s, Superii Star, Ltd., Toronto 4, Oi lliisv.sno Pvi.r, Tiesident, , 'Tiansppiilalif.pi an'! .' i a I p t v , t'aoe' 00UG;:() ' i :i(i lv ( .(Him il. ( li' Mlm * National Safety CoUllCll (llnmil of Diierfmv, nmlinuril) I. S. Oer.i.M.it. Manager, Salvly nml Fite Protection Division, K. I. ilu i'onl dr Nrnioms ft Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware I C.'. II.Mirui 11:, Sopi-nisor, Imhistiial Safety Sr-clitm, Ford Motor (Yimpnuv, 1 Ii -hImihi. Michigan I'l.irii lv HiNisim.ru, (Jt:ii1111;111 uf llir lluaiil, Ilainilliin I'tmiuliy lnr., Iiamillim. (thin Mauk lUinrsiiN, Viir Ptcsiclciit, Ycllmv Transit Freight Lines, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri I mixk II, Hina ns, Di\ isinn Vice 1`irsidrnt, Cential Telephone Com pany, Las Vegas. Nevada I u k J. Hnsr.nmicrit, JiM-entiie Viet* President, United Farm Bureau Muliial liiMiianu' Company, Indianapolis. Indiana Uom.iii I. lluss, Manchester, Michigan l'.. M Iltovirs, President, Smithian Specially Sales Cninpaiiy, Inc., New Oileans, Louisiana IIvusia C.. Jlussi I.I., Viee President, Planning, Pcpsi-Cola Company, Ni YinI:, Nesv Vntk F II IIviiiuiim, Viie President and Director Civil Affairs, Chrysler t aiipuialiim, Di linil. Mil hijjun t - k Si m m n a, K\rriilin* Vice President, Kiuplovrcs Insurance til V\ aiis.ni, Wausau, Wisconsin K.\iu. Setuu.ZK. Supervising Safely Kiiginrcr, Stundnid Oil Company >f California, Western Operations, Inc., San Francisco, California I. II. SniwAini n, Mvecntive Vice Piesidcnt, City Products Corpoiaiion, Chicago, Illinois Loomi.\ II. Sin [ in:, Dirccloi, Highway Traffic Safely Center, Michi gan Slate Uuiieisify, Hast Lansing, Michigan Donaui J. Siir.nuuNnr, Vice President, Industrial HelatUms, Pitts* liuigh Plate Class Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania On. W IIi-niiv Siiii i int.ion, Field Seciclary, Crncral lloaid of Pen sions o( the Methodist Chinch, issanslon, Illintiis Pi nt:v If Sun, Assistant Sccietnrv, Piogram Deiclupmcnt, Kiivauis Inleiuatinnal. Chicago, Illinois P. 1. Sir.Mii i.i.n. Piesidi nl, Intrinational Association of Machinists, Washington. D. C. 11 S. Si.mi4o.n-. Manager of Safety, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, Illinois National Safety Council f/lemd r/ /IiniNim < *0 i James M. S'i.svin, Diictim, Tinflic Inslitnlc, NoillmrsU m 1 oi 1 Ia.iiisIoo, Illinois KaHI. W. Smiiii, Ksccnlisc Vice Pirsidi-nl. Hallioioic S I. Is t IlnllimiMc. M.-uylaml il Du. Jin ian W. Smiiii, Diiedm, Onldoni I aim .ili'on P11*it_ ( r!l< of I'aliication, Michigan Stale Uniwisitv, Last Laming. Mil hi-: m : S'. F. Spence, Director, S'alcty and Lnsx-Pu-i i ufimi. Aim'w on t anainid Company,.Wiivitr, New Jersey Pl.ii: S'ma.iin, United Auto Winkers I.ocal 5.'ill. S'ouili floSl.or!. I Mi mu's Louis 1'. Sell?., ISxreulivc Diieclor, Ameiiean Av-n* -inlimi ol M-ooi Vehicle Adminisliatms. Wasliingloii, D. C. lliaiMAN J. Si'onuai, Canfield, Ohio WlN.NI.OW A. SlAIII.E, llc.sidiait Manager, Ltlenly Mutual liras nr' Cnuijiany, Spiiuglield, Massaiimsetls Wayne D. Stai.i-:y, Pie.sidcnt, The Duiiimi Cnmp.iuv. !m . Ii.en.n, Ohio ` W. I*',, SltUMNi:, Dili etm of Sail ty, Cauiei Coi pnialinu. Siiaia . New York Ki>waui> W. Tanquaiiv, Llnilnnsl. Illinois James F. Van Namek, Admiuistiator Accident Pieienlion, V. is.,- . house Ffeetric Corporation, Piltslmrgh, Pemisyh ani.i Miss Cauol Van Sickle, Public Helnlions Dep-.u litn-ni, '1 lie < .. .iin . . tnl Insurance Companies, New York, New Ynil Dll. Piiesion A. Wade, Professor of Cliuiial Siugi-iy, Cornell i'ne< i sity Medical School, New Ycnk, New Y'oik Mils. Itn iiAini K. Wauuen, lhmgm. Maine Cmami.es A. VVeiiii, Pres Owners, Washington, D. Miss Maiiv M. Weeks, P cation, Cill Scouts of tin York IlowAim M. Weiss, Vice I [Miration, Flushing, New V Hen Wes i , Attorney, Nasliv i;i(imial AsainaMtinn of iccinlist. Iledth ami S ifetyi!' Stales oi Ann 'is a, i\ru Y "d . Sr,,.,,Q.i* MRk...... M C; V . . r-ktf ionttl Safety Council tliaiiul oj Dim ton. continual) Miss liviiT It. Wi i vm, M.1M1 . Avsislmil Profcum, School of I'nlilit If.Mill., III.- I'liixcisily <il Ninth Cim.liim, Cl.apcl Hill, n'c.iiIi (.'.iiolio.i IIc.mui I'. Whait.in, tnl Pirskl.nt, InliTii.aioii.il Union of Opi-rllini: Kngim ru, Waxlimglail, D. C. (tnma-: M. Wjikviu., M.D., StTiio. Medical Dim lor, Mctiiipolttan l.ile ln-airance Company, New York, New York Vici.m !;. Win 11 ihhisi:. Director of Safely, Intel national Ilrotheihood of Klei It leal Winkers, Washington, D. C. I. II. Wii.kc.vxov, Di.ector of Safety, Dcpaitimnt of the Army, Washington, D, ' S L. Wii.i.mms, Safety ft lriie Protection Kngineer, K. I, .lit Pont do Nemours Sc Company, lm*,, Wilmington, Delaware Dim" iv 1,. \\ it ij.uimiw, Supctinlcmh nt, Tunning and Salety, Cleve land Ti.msil St stem, (,'levelaml, Ohio I'- d Wju.si.v, Kvtension Safety Specialist, Depaitnicnt of AgtituItnral Kngineeiing. Pindne University, Lafayette, Indiana Pun. WiKinuii, Secietaiy, llim-aii of Safely, Chicago, Illinois' Lmxn.i, I-. \\ iNciati, Pic-siclent, Mountain Slates Telephone and I .'leg. aph Company, Denver, Colorado P.u'i. S. Wise, Ceneial Manager. American Mntual Insurance Alliance, Cltie.tjtit, Illinois 1' man`ki in D. Ytmi n, M.D., Diiector of I'nhlic Health, Illinois Depart ment of I'nhlic Health, Spiingfield, Illinois ooog.^ ANNUAL COUNCIL MATING INVOCATION By HABBI MOBDKCAI SIMON Kveculive Director of the Chicago lloaid of Itahhis Almighty and Eternal God: Inspired by your ethical and moral teachings, we have come to gether to reflect upon our progress lo (his lime tuitl In ronsidn lin tasks slill before ns. As citizens of a nation dedicated lo the Fatlieihond ol (.'oil ami the hiothcrhood of man, wo tire charged to do justly, lov e men y and to walk humbly with Yon; to extend compassion, multislanding mul aid to the perplexed and smely-tried; lo love out neighbor a. ourselves. To these Immnnitniiun heights lias the National .Solely Com-* il dedicated itself through its ntdde aims ami put poses of vonslnndv woiktng, studying and planning for means that will tr nil in doextended health, welfaic and education fm till. To these noble ideals, we pi ay, may vve ever tenmiu (aitlifnl, a we develop it continuing sense of dedicated commitment to tins organization, our respective professions and those we stive, a r>m mitment which both elevates and ennobles. We beseech Yottr blessings upon all who have aliili.iletl liemsclvcs in the attainment of these common objectives. Ktnlow tlcm with the knowledge, wisdom and guidance tn c essai y foi ft nil (el leadership and success in the attainment of these goals . . . liej.in ns to labor zealously and unflinchingly for the peipeluatinn of lie American way of life. Ctiaul our county fiom iniquitous design-;, into!.ram > and blind prejudice. Keep our borders ftee from evciy enemy, both Imm within and without . . . Giant us cleat minds so tint we mu approach the problems of our day with loitluigiitness ami tm-adli- li ness . . . Spicsul Your tabernacle of peace over all tin- n.ilion- -! the earth. May the work of peace be righteousness, and ils ell.'-eedom from fear and want for all men. Amen. !<;<-: S'-Jimml S'fi/i fn Ctm/jicu 1`i v |V,ullrs of ! *(sl|i a t it if and ctiu,i>i,`d tutint' am- pmvided loi in tin- Act. A i it il action Im pi, v, nin e n-lnf. in,-lull ing :m application Ini .1 iri iii.innnl in I'lil|mimi\ iniiiiu linn, it-'-l -linin'; order, ni oilier otdvt, mat lie i11,1 j1111iiI In llie SViiel.uy in tin- district (.mill nf llm United Stitt* ^ l"i llm di-'.re I in v. Iiiili lli>- mint' in qiicslion i'. loi ill il ni in tvliii li llm iniim operator lit-; its priinip.il nllito, tt lionet ir :m opiialm |1) ti"l.il'.\ or lails nr irfn ms to comply stilli any older of wilhdtatvul and dcbarue-nl, or I 2) inlet(er-s ttilli, hinders, or d> l ie s tin: S'Cielaiy or his duly authorized lopie.-icnt.rthe. in carrying mil his duties under the Ac!, or (-3) refuse-- So admil :ui autlimized i> pii-i nlnlitc In a mine, or ( I) r< fuses to |>i'rniit llie inspection m hivesligntion of any mine, ni of an ntiideul. injuiy, or nrcitpatiou.d dia a-i" m i lining in or toniiri led wilh a mine, or (5) refuses In Iiimisli any inforlii.dion or iiporl requested by the Secn-laty. Upon t n?it it. linn, petMins nsav be pnn- i-dii il In a line ef lint 1'---t ill ill S1*HI, ot lilt'll I** in > 5.1'IH', ni In impi i-ounn 'll on! In e.l -hit da; s. os both. ttlieic ( 1 ! lb, ir is a iiol.'li"ii or f.iibne m irfmal In < amply v illi an ' liiiinii"-iil P.inji'T Willidi.mal I'ldei," nr I 2 t limit- i- a t iolalion nl a man- d.rloii --I.mdjid and failure oi itlns.il In comply witIi an order of abalenn ol if the failnie In comply with llm Older of abnlo- ni' ul lias ciealed an ''imminent danger", dial is, a danger slial could cause death or M iioiK phy-ical liaim in sue li mine iiuinedi- ali ly or Infoie (lie imminence of Mich danger tail he cliiliinaled. These eiimioal penalties hate a pi euliar Isci*t In them. In Senate Hepoil Nu. 12!)G llie C'oiiiiiiillei' .-.laled-- * Sri. I if *tt bi(b).. . inal.es mine npeiatnis liable In c muinal penalties (fines of SWO In -S 3.IHKJ and impriMmineiit for up to (JO dais) upon conviction in ITdcrul rouil of one spia ilii-d nfli-iise. Ibis olfriiso h: \iolalion ol, ni lcbt-al ot failnie to i oinple with, an mill a of withdrawal and debarment, if, nl the time die ruder is made, a danger cxblt 'that could cause clealli oi serious physical liaim in sin It mini' iiimu diutely nr before the imilliiit in e ol Midi danger can lie cliinin.itt-tl." "These uimiiial jienaltics do not apply, tlieiefoie. to a mine operator who has been git on a notice fixing a time limit for abatemerit ol a t iolalion of a maod.ilory health or safety standaid, wlio has I,ailed to abate llie violation within llie time allotted, who lias ihi ii Inert |iiven an older of withdrawal and debarment, and tvliu has then violated, luiletl, or it fused to comply ttilli this order --unless his f-i i In re- to abate the t iolalion lias ensiled an iiiuiiinent or iinincdiale danger of death or serious physical hatin by the tiuw the order of withdrawal and debarment was issued." '1 Inis, tt would seem that an offense lias been committed if between the time of issu ance of :s notice of ahalement fixing a lime limit tt itliin ttliieh In abate, and upon (lie etpiialimi of the lime, the failure to abate tin t iolalion ol a mandatory standard has irMillrd in a condition ol iiiuuiueiil or imimili a!'' d.uigei, *1 In- Act was elleilite on September !0, 1 flriti; lumeter the piotisions ttilli respect lo issuame of '`Imminent Danger Withdrawal Orders" arid "Khipsod-lime Withdrawal Or ders and .some of the penally piotisions dn not become cllcclive inilil one t ear after the date of publication of notice in the I'nlcral Jk'Cistcr of the designation of inamlntory standards. The meanings and iuli-ipr, latinos of llie Act in many inspects ttill have to await llie lime when tve rue faecal with actual situa tions mul ciicunislames which undoubtedly ttill min' niter the Act becomes fully opera tional. .Smile questions and disputes may not he cnliicly clarified in decided until casts ate heard ami decided by llie Hoard of Hcvietv and by lly^omts, 000623 OFFICERS OF THE CEMENT, QUARRY AND MINERA'. AGGREGATES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1 StT-'-r Ctiwiiil Clttihmini -). It, Tur.tnttv.tv, Safi It Dim lor, Vulcan M it. ii il.' ( ' !. : Ala. I:ir\l Vka C/wnmi/ri-MAimN D. Oinihs, Managei. Inrlii -l<i.il |:> I iiimiv, ...........I e. ii....1 Cement Co., Dallas, Tex. Sccrnul \Ucc C/m/imim--l',MTiit K G. Ibtin.n, I.abor Ib-laiimr A.I, |,l .( i Denver, Colo. , .SYrri fn/i/-Itoni.iu I. Giiomi.kv. Safetv Dim, tor. The Slund.ml '4 Ohio p,,,-. t c, Xi'i<.fetter Htlilor--Tn* It. Hit Minus, Dimlm of Safely, Midi,., p. iilu-l r' tmiiy, Diet eland, Ohio - . , AxwvUae Nnnlclicr Ktlilor-T. XV. Mims, Mgr. lanplrnm, ol and Sihly, 11................... .. liulland ta'iueiit Co., Ditisinn nl llie Miullaile (aimp-oiy, Middl,- Hi ,o, |>. f t-. I'mimm CniimoV/rr--Mauiiv D. Ci nmiv, (Chaiiman). M uia*". Iiid ilii -I r-1r,--M-. (Irneral I'orllaml Cement Co., Dallas, Tex.; IUhiiiii M. t Im m mi u. .S ,|, iv i ,i.,, Slamlarcl M.-deiials Die., Murtiu-Mmielta (,'orp.. New Vml:, N. Y : "Ihiv urn I' |..i. Division Manager, Industrial Helatimis, The Itnlimuid (amipniv. Hound it>,< ' . . Jersey; Siijnky A. Quin, Malinger of Loss I'mvenliou Dept., Il.nal Cl, I," l.i-m ,,,., i Dallas, lex ; K. J. Itocrux. Manager, AduiiuMialim S' rt i, . (N p ..... ; -if-.,. i., '.ago, 111. H.-IU ,-isnip c-omiui/rcc--movkv A. Quin, (Umiriuan). i. ltnynl Globe liisiiranen far., Dallas, Tex.; A. Vu.nm Anr.'i ||* Manager, Gypsum Assoeialiun, Chfeago. III.; C.imiui. Ilntv.tei . i. i Dimelor-Seeiclary, National Slag Assn.. Washinglmi. D. C: l-i r ( . *l.| III * * Cnncrcle Masomy Assoeialion, Ailinglou, \'a.: ia ov.tmi l> I n, n. Pin < *:! .1-1 Kaiser Ceim-nl f- Ctp.smu Ouip., Oakland, Calib; ISimei M |, U II Ph n* ufi'-slmie Insliliile, Im;., Washinglmi, D. C.; "I.im.ii: S. V oi i/. S .I* i ' I" id im _ lerials Go.. Midwest l)iv., Hillside. III.; Is. J \V \iu\f . * <1 .1! !. fl- HtiQidn, N. V.; (.'. Is. Wii.i.iams, S'ab it Dim i,,, Amri it .Ml Mr ' ( . V tilfe. Ohio !, , ^i'Jir.T rind C.V>ri/rs/.v Coiinnitlcr-Fomii si Mini it, f C'liaii man ). v y, Mm* . ^Ishinglon. D. G.; Ctmi. J. M ti.i.ot. Jo.. Admin. As-islaul. I,: 11- ill. I S.imi! I'icialimi, Silver Spiiug, Mil.; CiNinti. II,mum IYciim, krliiry, National Slag Association, W.-idiinglm,. D. fi. II I'tr-in, riiii;! ('ni.'imi//,r |)||ii:ili. \l. CiiiiNIT.L, ( Cii-CIi lil man, West), Safely KliJ'ini-IT, I'nitl mi! (Jt'iiu nt A . -ii., CluVng.\ III.; Li.oyii L. Csmi, In., Safety Diirilor, The Georgia M.uMi- Conipanv, T.ile, Ca.; Gea Mnei.ni, llniim Cement Gn.. Die. National Gynsimi Co., Alpena. Mich.: Vinitni Gali.smii.u, Manager ol Safely, Material Service Division nt Cem iil Diiianiii 1'i.m, |,\nir, III.; lloni ii I M. Hoi.nrmrn. Safely Coordinator, Stand ml Mil. iial-; Div.. M.-ntin-Maiielta Coin- New Vink, N'. V.: "Anvni Tienson. Dm elm of In-m.one and S.d.-ly. Matmial Scivice Div. ol C.'eoeial Dynamics Carp., Chisago, III.: 'Ll on- S. Voi.r/, Safety Engineer, Vulcan Materials Company, Midwest Die iimi, IIiil ide, ill.; \V. M. lloxu:, ((.'o-Cliaiinian, East), Solely Engineer, Corps of Engineers, New England Division. Waltham, Mass.; J. Mii.ion Duiiiiam, Safety Director, Mai tin Maii.il r Coip., New Vnifc. N. V.; I'. J. Jiox.-r, Industrial llclalioiis Manager, llmidaille Cimi-imclion MateiiaK-, lue., Morristown, N. J.; *IIow.\no Ilua i.NsrAitt., Man ager <>f Trainin'.: am! Safety, Alpha Portland Cement Company, Easton, I'a.; *Em:n E. S ioiic it, Dim lor of Safety and Personnel, The Whitehall Cement Manufacturing Com pany, Ceiiicnlim. Pa.; P.iiv C. Storr, Mining Health and Safely Engineer. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.; John J. Ssveenry, Safely Engineer, Bethlehem Mines (anp.. .Slum and Sl.ig Division. Hanover, Pa.; E. I.averatl; and Haines, Inc., Ituli.dn, N. V; P. u.i ii Wii.w, Aniciiean Mutual Liability liisuiaucn Co., Ualliiunrc, Mil. Yhiml Aids (.'.mwnitlcr-- "La st it; S. Voi.r/, (Chairman), Safety Engineer, Vulcan Ma li lids Co-.. Midwest Div., Hillside, III.; "Howard F. Johns ion, Division Manager, In* clu--lii.il Hi-I itiniis. 'tin- itiiliemiil Company, Bnillid Brook, N. J-; Bonriir T. SMITH, Di.no t*oip., Urj.-loue Div.. Neville Island, Pittsburgh. Pa.; Final .1. Horans, Manager, Administratiso Seisices, Gypsum Association, Chicago, III.; John J. McClelland. Na. lion il Cmdi..I Stone Association. Washington, IX O.; Cl I.stars C. Shelton, Vnlrtn Mat. li.ils Co, Mid-East Division. Winston Salem, N. C. rltr-Joh S.if. In (hmmiitter--). Mii.ion Duiiiiam. (Ghainnau), Salely Diieeior, Marlin Mari' Ita Gorp., New Yoik, N. V ; J. It. D. Biiosvn, Asst. Manager, Accident Prevention But.-an, Port!md Cement Assn . Chicago, III.; Lloyi> L. Cash, Jit., Safety Director, `I lie C.-ni'M.t M.iihle Company. Tate, Ga.; i.l nNAilli It. Flicker, Idirector of Safely. K.ii-ir tVmnil f. Gspsiiui (anp. Oakland, Calif.; Bov f!, Sroir. Mining Health and S'.ii.-is Fii'iim'ii. U S. Bun an ol Mines, Washington, D. G.; Don It. Hossionol, Drnvn l Vip.. t ."it-, inn .Ii. Ohio V'iIi1', if-v C.iii-iiii:...-- Pi-;\'i i m A. t I' l-.iaiua: (Clmiimau), Manager, Technical Services. N.iinmil l.iin.- \s--n.. Wasliin,il<.ii, D. G.-. CsniL 1. Malloy, Jn., Admin. Asxislnnl, Nalional Sand Giasel Association. Silver Spiing, Mcl.; William CAUir.lt, Executive I)iI'-'lm, Nation.'! Otirh'-d Stom* As-oeialion, Washington, IX G.; John J. M(:CLt.T.t.\Kr>. \" itiun.'l Cm In d .Sluin' Assoc inline, Washington, D. O. I mining Conni'Hln'--" How tun Bn tr.x.si sin. (('haiiinau), Manager of Training and Safely, Alpha Portland Cement Go., Easton, Pa.; J. Milton Dltiiiam, Safely Director, Martin Mnik-Ua Coip., Nets- Voik. N. V.; "William A. Kii'f, Manager-Safety, Universal Atlas Cement Disi-.imi, It. S. Steel Cmp., I'ittslmigh, Pa.; Gerald D. Haver, Logansporl, IwL /..a" fi.iugi- P/.imnVg G'.uumillri -'Gaul\Ni> E. Mimr.nr (Chainnaii), Safely Dim ter, Supeiio! Slum- Co. Div., Maitin Maiielta Corp., ltaleigh, N. G.; "Fiiancls W. Bush, Sn, Diim lor of Safety, M. J, Giovc I.imo Company, Frederick, Md.; "Howard E. Johnston, Divi'irm Manager, Industrial ltclnlioiis, The lluheroid Company, Bound Brook, N. J.; "Ilowsim Itu itnsr.'.iir, Maoag.'r ol Training and Safety, Alpha Portland Cement Com pile, Easton, Pa.; "Finn E. Sioncu. Diieetor of Safely and Personnel, The Whitehall Cement Mamifai luting Company, Ceuieidon, Pa.; "Aiivm Tienson, Diieetor of Imur an. < and Safely, Material Service Division of General Dynamics C-orp., Chicago, III; "I-i -Lie S. Voi.r/.. Safety Engineer. Vulcan Materials Company, Midwest Disv. Ililldilf. III 'Psin, ). Wonsrra:, Mau:i"er-Safcty and Welfare, Lehigh Portland Cement Or, A I'll. I'.l. Ilnspiliililij (.'.niiiiiirtee-lt.mi in J. Giiomi.lv (Gli.iinuan). S-l-t. I >ie .i I1- Slag Go., Yoiuigslmvn, (lliio; Jons' J. Mr.(ha i.i.anh. N .Ii..... I < >u led ' '"i" ' Washington, I). G.: "Aiivm Tiiinmin. Diic> |>u of liwu.m.. >> -I '>, t- r V-'-'i Div.nl General Ds nmidi s (anp., Gliim.go, III. .Yniniiiii/fn/j Coiiltnilli'r-- "Garland E. Mihyiiii: ((il.iin.i-n.), *. .f l IJ i - 1 . Slum* Go. Div., Maitin Maiietla Goip., Ital.-iidi, N. "I es- < . I'* o ' ol Safely, M. J. Chose Lime Company, Eiedrii.-k, Md. IVruinrrf l'rolcalivo Equipment Cotnmillrr-- "Paul J. Woiisi <-i:. Manae.-i Sar t. t ' . ! la-high Portland Cement Company, Allentown, i'a.; Hour nr J. ( .i-i-.i i v. Di- ' - Hie Standard Slag Cninpany, Youngstown, Ohio; Ghaiii.i.s (Sum m;.-. \ nl- -e Co., Mid-East Div., Winston-Salem, N. C.; C. litrsst !. M \ I I NIIV. "h |;. < 1 *. On intralion, NVville Island, Pillsbiir^li, Pa. Wambcis-at-Laiw--trr. \V. Joni:s, Vit o 1'irsidritl I'todm linn, n M r mi I i Now Ilavi'ti, Gunn.: Ivan I4*. JL.t Gonr*, S;tfrly J)ii`Hnr, 1"t>l.itfd f Ym nf (liittiKo, III.; O. Knoi.t*. Jtt., *1 lit* S'Limlaul Sla" t'm'ipim. % csi** i "< ! t t I' 1 `i- ''tnfi llrprcwntafive--Kimaitii J. Srm.\c i i;. Nniinn.ii .Sal*-1\ r.n,n. il. Uiica^o, Illinois CKIOII. v *,i, i,.- . Gtiicnil Cl taintint! 000 G'XM Health ('i'im)iittee--D. .!. Ku.i vs, M.I3. (C|i:iiiMi:iii), Mfi!if:il Director, Texas Division Dow Cli' ion al Company, Freeport, Texas; 11 L. Au'.vrai, Supervisor, Industrial IlygiciK Service, lntemalionnl Harvester Company, Chicago, Hi.; R. Is. IIawkinsom, Director. Division of Special Services, Employers Insurance of Wausau, Wausau, Wis.; F. A. Vas Air.v. Deputy Director, Ollice of Occupational Safety, Jiurenu of Labor Standards, U. S Dipailmrnt of Labor, Washington, D. C. Trilutiad I'uhlicalhii Cominillrc-K. Levins (Cliairtonn), Director of Safely, 0-11, Douglas Ain raft Company, Santa Monica, Calif.; C. M.w Dhiimiii, .Su|wrvisor, I'nlytrri Corporation. Ltd., Sarnia, Ontaiio, Canada; W. C. Mnvm:, Director of Technical Serv-ru*. Hartford Insurance Oioup, Hartford, Conn.; K. C. Honors, Assistant Manager, Safety & Fire rinleclion, E, I. dnl'ont dc Nemours A Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. Memhrnhip Committee--\V. J. Rvnkin (Chairman), Division Safety Engineer, 3M Coraparry, St. l'rutl, Minn.; P. C. Lamm, Safety Consultant, Englewood, N. J.; E. A. Niw, Safely Aihiiiiiisltalor, Hi sail Chemical Ctnnpatty, Paranuis, N. J. SM/ivfirs ,\nn/rntr tuul Safety .tiomlr Committee--W. A. SrAliKOVicu (Chairman), Dirrcl* ol Safely. .Sherwin-Williams Co., Chicago, III.; F. E. Mac.aui.ay, Safely Stipend'*. Wvnndulio Cln-niieal Cmpmation. Wyandotte. Mich.: K. L. Kfi:(,)t;ir,i,i;N, Safety A In- tliistii.il Mcdieiiu! Coordinator. Eli Lilly A Co., Tippecanoe Laboratories, Lalavettc, 1ml; It. M. Ni.viiy, Safety Engineer, Safely Affairs Dept., Union Carbide Crp,, New Toil N. Y. ' /'reining Committee--].. D. Sinnrrr. (Chainuao), Safety A Security Supervisor, U. S. Indiatrial ClieniKals Company, Tuscola, III.; Cronra: Annorr, Director of Safety A Send*. P'linsalt Chemicals Corp., King of Prussia, Pa.; L. Wiu.iams, Safety Director, Jeffer*'" Cheniical C(iin|iany, Port Neelies, Texas (!H- I lie-job Committee-- D M. Van Wi fa is (Clmiiman), Salety Coordinator, Stand-: Chenmal Company, New York, N. Y.; G. II. Mr:Nn,n, Safety Engineer, Biistol Lilmu lories. Division of I5ri'loI-Mvers Company, Thompson Road, East Syracuse, N. Y; .1 Mims, Safely Engineer, Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio I'lluciitUnuil I.iitium Of>nimi7fer~Ameiiran Chemical Society: Ml. H. F.AWcan r (Chainin' \ Teclmic.il Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, \Vnd intflon, D C.; Amciicau Assoeialion of Industrial Nurses: Mils. M. E. Shaver, R. S. Charge Nurse, Mobil Oil Corporation, Trenton, Mich,; American Society of Safely Eie neers: ,V. II. Cimixnvw I >i\ Nimi Safely Engineer, American Viscose A Chemical R visions, EMC Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa.: Manufacturing Chemists' Assorialios G. G. Ft rMi.vn, Corporate Din dor. Safety A Plant Protection, Celanese Corp., CharlotlN. C.; lntemalionnl Material Management Society: E. V. Clancky, Safely Enginv Kodak Park Works, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y.; American Inst, of Clicmi:' F.ngincr-r-:: *J N. Homint, Manager. Safety A Security, Research and Dcvc'opmf." Dept., Phillips Petroleum Co.. Bartlesville, Okia.; Federal Government Liaison: F. AAV Aitv. D< puly Director, Oliire of Occupational Safely, Rriieau of Labor Standards, U.5 IJept. of I.abor, Washington, 13. C. Xomiimlire: Committee-- f. N. Romivk (Chairman), Mgr., Safety A Security, Resend and Development Dept.. Phillips Petroleum Co., Bar tlesville, Okin.; *11. W. Ran* J' Asst. Knpt., Chemical Engineering Division, 'I he Travelers Insurance Co., Jlatlfir Conn.: *1. J. Pn vnci.os. Safi tv Manager, National Distillers A Chemical Corp., No irk. N. Y. ' K^Committce-'C. R. Cumm.n.a (Chairman), Manager. ,1. !y !,W, . Mi Lilly A Go., Indianapolis, Indiana; MI. II. E.uw , ,,, ||,,,ic,| Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Wadiingii.ii. 13. C < aiMger, Personnel Safety, Monsanto Company, Lindhoi;'h Hbd., ;,r. I Meisoy Committee-'A. L. Com, (Chairman), Director of tnd.-ninl gMn noiks, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y.; 'S. M. Mv.Cn o...... f Potato Safety and Loss Prevention, Dow Chemical Companv. Midi,.,,I M iu.tnssi:u, CtMrrdinntor, Corj-orale Safety, Mu,i: A Co.. I...-, It,h- ' VAHCAirrc, Senior Safety Engineer, Accident Prevention S, , ..j , ` Kodak lark Works, Eastman Kodak Co., Rot 1,.Me, N Y M llcprcscnttitfire--John Maiik, Nations Safely Council, ! M fj. Mi<hie cage, HI. 00811. i'avt Geueial Chairman OOOG2t; XV - - IMPORTANCE OF DUST CONTROL By IIENltY N. DOYLE Assistant Chief, Division of Federal Emplojec Health, U.S. ruhlic Health Srrvico 55Hi NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS Papers Delivered in the COAL MINING SESSIONS COAL DUST ABATEMENT Importance of Dust Control...................................................... Henry N. Doyle 3 What the Coal Industry Is Doing to Control Dust.................George L. Judy 6 Dust Control and Other Safety Measures on a Longwall Face.W. C. Morton 9 Summary of Dust Control Activity......................................... James R. Garvey 12 MACHINE GUARDING AND SAFETY DEVICES Protective Cabs for Operators of Face Equipment............ R. M. von Storch 15 Power Cut-Off Bars and Other Safely Devices................. .Joseph Taylor 19 Machine Design: Ventilation, Dust Control, Other Features. , A. Lee Barrett 22 HAULAGE SAFETY ; Underground Rail Haulage Safety............................................. John W. Hager 25 Battery Haulage Safety........................................................... Ellison 28 Bell Haulage Safely.............................................................................. W. R. Park 31 Officers of the Coal Mining Section 1967-68.............................'........................ 38 Five Years of Future Dates for the National Safely Congress........................ 39 Other Volumes In 1967 National Safety Congress Transactions.........Back Cover 000627 2 One could dispose of the assigned topic in iary and phngnest'* sj stems, thn-: inn: t hr! * very short order by stating that dust con the risk resulting fiimi rspoMur to indiKtu.d trol serves two primary functions-discasc dust and nlmnsphci ie pollution. prevention and explosion control. I would nswme, however, since you have asked mo to discuss this subject that you arc anticipating Those of us entciing the 'Ml and *5*d- cndrs of life represent thn iii.st geiri ilinn l<> be exposed to a umtimmus complex let I*n>- I much more philosophic treatment and, be Ingie contaminatimi of the gcima! almo--- cause of my background, your interest is in the health aspect. If we aro to view this problem from, tin; philosophic viewpoint,, threo factors must be considered! The biology of man, our present stale of knowledge, and our social concepts. First, let us look somewhat superficially at the anatomy of the respiratory system. Man's phere, coupled with the almost uuhenal practice of smoking. Thus, it .should 1* no shock to realise that inspiratory di s an* assuming a more pinmim-ul place 1" lb*" mtiou's mmhidity and inmtulity pitimi. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, ma t foim-: of lung cancer, and certain hums of toinie;tivc heart disease nil result from the rl> pn'i- respiratory system evolved to handle a rela tively pure mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, and the noblo gases. However, to protect the lungs from the natural contamination of the lion of particulate mailer in lie1 hnejs. I i>r those exposed to iudustiin! tins!, lie* liu' in! Is intensified nnd extended to other such ns pncimincnuinsk and heavy >i< i d atmosphere, such ns wind-blown dust and jxiisoniug. poflcm, several protective mechanisms de- Although epidemiologic niil'-'ii" is Ink ycJoiwd. The nose became prominent and ing, observations tend tnsuppmt the e*ln- Kas filled with many small hairs to serve sion licit rcspiiatoiy diseases oile r dun the as a filler device for particles ns sinnll as 5 classical occupational cue's arc mure hr-p*r ot microns. The respiratory tract brlween the ainoiig worker;; espnsed In iudieliid nose and. the major brandies of the lungs That massive riust cuiieentiatinns nnr a pro. developed fine hairlike structures which lougetl period destiny the natural tl-len-a-s of served to trap the dust particles and, by the respiratory system Urns leauni: dr body swans of n continuous upward motion, to susceptible to infectious and non inf, (ti-ur. reject through the nose or mouth. Finally, diseases is no longer n debatable ipr lieu. * a dust particle penetrates these defenses, From this point on, we shall bin- In -n- the lung tissues were equipped with phago fino our discussion to the; classic d in j uju. cyte cells which engulfed the dust particle tional dust diseases .since llii-i is die mu and removed it from the sensitive area. where our epidemiologic techniques am sub TJiuj, man is equipped to live in an envi ficicnlly sophisticated to demonstrate a < an ronment -which naturo planned many eons sa! relationship. Historically, this odiii-.i, ago. when the nnturnl defenses of the res has been known by uhseivalinn Im n-a < piratory tract arc broken down, the lung 3,000 years. Iliiwncr, it has nub I*...n Snaily becomes a physiological dust trap. within recent years that we Irne b aid- The miracle is that man can survive in to to place this relatinnship into li l --> p- day's environment which is vastly dilTrioiit spective. It took the work of main in'- tie-, homtoe environment which nature planned, tors to ultimately nrrho :it the (jv- f.-udiod ns who live and work in an urban factors involved in the production of du.t in iffcr a constant insult and an overload- duccrl fliscasrs, .-dtliooeb in mbr-p- I !h-o- jibe respiratory system due to man's appear to he. simple tcl.iiinn'hip-:. It,. li-,. dilation of the atmosphere. Suporim- factors am: on tire technologic contamination of liiosphcre with particulate matter, man 1. The size of the dust puiti-b mo t I -- such that it will peirliale (lr i--:oii-i- insults his respiratory system by lory sj stem- gem-r; b g which Is known to destroy the cil crons. !0<U Kutinml Stiffly Congress 2 I lie <ld*.t must contain :i toxic conipniicut; for example, silica or one of (lie heavy metals. 3. 'I he com t titration must he sufficiently ('.ier\t to overcome the holly's iiattiinl defenses. 1 The exposure must extend over a long period of time. 5. All imlii idunls do not react alike. Some lone greater resistance to the disease piocesses than others or, conversely, less resistance. Only within leecnt years has this relationslop been taken one step further and devel oped into a mathematical one which says that given a toxic dust of less than 5 tui tions, disease is then the product of time and concentration, or D (disease) = T (time) x C (concentration). The formula, of course, has several disadvantages, the foremost bring that disease has no definable starting point and, because of the factor of individ ual susceptibility, would apply to large jumps rather than to individuals. Coven a largo population ami using an ar bitrary diagnostic sign as a reference, it should be possible to develop a definable biologic relationship between time of expo sure and the concentration of toxic materials. If such a body of knowledge existed, it xvnnlil lie possible to inform a miner after .x particle years of exposure that further work in the mines may endanger bis health; that niter x -f- y particle years, be lias a certain risk of developing pneumoconiosis; and, after x -f- z particle years, his chance of do st loping pneumoconiosis is nltnosl 103%. I trust that the above will always remain in the realm of fantasy for the record-kccping job would he stupendous. Nonetheless, xx e have come perilously close to such a system on sexeral occasions especially in those areas where environmental controls xvero neglected. The formula D = T i C is generally used by the industrial hygienists in setting maximum allowable concentrations. Ideally, the product of T x C should be zero, IIovvexrr, under practical operating conditions, this is not possible. Therefore, time is fixed in accordance with man's normal working span and the concentration is adjusted in ac cordance with the relative toxicity of tire dust under consideration. Thus, prevention of the dust diseases becomes a function of conic ' '->g cither the time of exposure or the con lion of the dust or reducing the 1 production of the two to an acceptable levtl. The traditional method of control ill the mining industry lias been to limit the con centration of the dust by certain accepted procedures, such as ventilation and the use of dust suppressants such ns xx-nter. A recent study of the Public Health Ser vice lias demonstrated that a signilicint number of bituminous coal miners have i disabling respiratory disease commonly re ferred to as "coal xx Pikers' nnotnnneonioxis." Many rprestions remain to be answered esptcially regarding the etiology of the disease. That dust has a significant role in its etiology is unchallenged.' Although a similar disease has been known in the anthracite industry for many years, a review of the litcutun xvould indicate that the prevalence of pneu moconiosis in the bituminous industry.war hot very great until about 1950. The signs and symptoms of the disease me so obvious that it is difficult to accept the concept that the apparent increased preva lence is related to Improved diagnostic tech niques. However, the apparent increase and prevalence may be related to tho increasing use of mechanical equipment underground. Unfortunately, very little data is available which would permit a comparison of dust conditions before mid after mechanization. It Is possible that many coal mines may have reached tho ultimate in dust control xvith existing ventilating systems and mine layout. To change cither of these factors re quires a large outlay of capital-which possi bly cannot be equated with production gains. Thus we have reached the point xvliere other methods of dust control will be necessary. Certainly the industry has no! fully explored what can be done through al terations in machine design. Coal cutting and removing machines were designed ts obtain tire maximum tonnage in the shortest time period. Another design criteria needs to he added--with the minimum dust produc tion. AH effotts to date have been directed j! reducing to a minimum the value of C in the equation D = T s C. The cost of accom plishing this reduction to an acceptable level may prove to be inconsistent with economic returns. Should this prove to he true, thta efforts will have to be made to reduce tho T factor in the equation. This can bo accom plished in one of three xvays: 1. By complete automation. 000628 2. Limiting the work timo of ((f air Ins a mu ,.1*1 of - < employees. oyfcr.tbfrjpartiele tuuuhyr stifil u-1. 3. Dy providing tiie lafpe a tmi,l> nm with an artificial environment. between the weight of ! < tie- Complete automation does not appear to be feasible at ibis time although great strides lie being made to reduce the number of lungs mid div-.T-i: conditions win im rn Mich euirelatinii has been po.s-ihl-- v il'i t--i- tide number. In using the iii.w; r men underground. For obvious reasons, the method, dust evaluation e- much simp1 r -nl puuciple of job rotation to reduce exposure instrumentation permits the detemTi--F-'n ft time has never been acceptable to labor or individual exposures. Most of the Euin|-' or management. countries are moving toxvaid a neev r-l irhrd The provision of an artificial environment which will likely be in the maginlud-- "I 1.5 has the ring of an exotic method applicable milligrams per cubic meter of air. to lire exploration of space. In actuality at Only since about 1935 has !.n aVtv 1,1 this tempts have been mode to create such an en country recognized thirl it has a i<-.p u-d slvironment by the use of air filtering devices ity to those who have developed do-1 drwhich fit over the nose and mouth. Such do- ' cni.cs through their occupation. M-ind-'uv ikes, generally referred to as respirators, compensation was a shocking mm-i-t '.-i k\ro certain inherent disadvantages such as iscomfort, breathing resistance, and comluinlcatioiij interference. For these reasons, hbor and management as well as the health profession hnvo developed an Inanity regard ing the potential use of protective equip ment. It is difficult to accept the concept that a total life support system can be provided for t man in space but that we aro unable to design a life support system for a man in a hazardous underground environment. It is possible) that a major obstacle rimy be our image of a coal miner. It is difficult to vfsutlizc a coal miner looking like anything many when it was liist adopted. To of1' *. lire inadequacies of our first < ninpMilaws for the duxt diseases wax app dlinn to another three decades om present rnig> pi of compensation may bo viewed as ercl-ai*. European legislation which has e-.iabli In -1 the precedence for woikmon's romp--iati>-ti ill the United SlaP-s is lending lox-aid n--i- liberal benefits Im vvoikets uilli pwmm-mi iosis. Tho principle of pallia! dcabililv >'- will established in most Western Enn-p- .oi -in itios. In (lie United Slill'-s tin- x-oil-r af fected by a dust vti -oa-e is niton in -i I.< vorablc position than a prison dialled lx ether than a coal miner. To ncccpt him with the appearance of a scientist or a technician h almost an Impossibility. an accident or either oruipational di e.--. In many of the laws the time lii-iii it apply to the length of mpn.iit' , I" m 'fil . So far this presentation has avoided a dis cussion of a hygienic standard for bitumi nous coal dust. Such a value docs not exist iation of (lie disease, and tie: filing of < l-.im are loo short to take into account !-- !maiming naturi* of dust diseases. in the United Stales for exposure to hitiuni- Principles fur compensation id tin- ( mui coal dust and until such a standard Is diseases have tended to icniaiii in : t>. I developed, the C value in our equation has and rigid pattern based on know I'-dy ,!,:(i .!- no significance. Bituminous coal until recently was consid ered a nuisance dust nnd, ns such, the ACCIII value of 50 million particles for cubic foot (Ml'CF) was applicable. Epide miologic studies have not been conducted In the United States which would permit the establishment of hygienic standards for bitu minous coal dust. licscarch in tho European countries tend to support a respiiablc mass ifandard rather than one based on particles at least a quarter of a century on* of do. Such procedures have n sidled in to -* rJ. - that uio frequently unfair It* both t u*i Iligid adiniiiislratixo u't|uiioin.' il: a-id concept of compensation for only !!>* I>.' !! disabled bus doubtlessly been uni-d? to n: ? -- workers xvith bona fide eases of ot>. >n- >i,i- 3 piicuinueoniosis. On the olliet 'i'u1. -mcourts in ail attempt l men one- - > 11 -*! -1 -d minixtralivi! limitations have: pic'-d '.- 1- -. (on libcial in lln.-ii inti ipiela<i>m-. per unit volume of air. The mass standard illicit expresses dust concentrations in inillipams of dust of less than 5 microns per unit It is my personal opinion tlr-t . .1. pncurmiconiosis conip-n;-o hrvs if m- ' emi'/od, we may face in r- pc '-1 f. VI'.7 Stiii'Hiril GVri/jrr^? 1 000G2!) iidmini (fling a j'l'-l and fail system ol linnp- ii-. ilion lor lIn* dust diseases. Some i>( tin' (.if ter; vvhii-h need In hi- considered are: 1. A Im Il> i dciinitinn n( tlm-c disease nmdiliuns which an* cawed by the inh.d.ilinn nf dust. 2. Full recognition of (lie debtrod devel opment of the disease process. :5. Fnnipcnsation p.ivmeuts- based on llio d* ;;ico of dis.iiiility rather limn radio- lo'.!i< .tl appearance. -I. 1U mnvnl nf the Inst employer bility concept. Ill the last two decade': our fundamental gressed (miller than in all of the preceding centuries. Despite this, the dust diseases con tinue In he our most costly occupational dis eases in terms nf murhidity and compensa tion rusts. Tim greatest reservoir of pneumo coniosis is in tire hitiimhious coal industry. Despite these advances in knowledge, our preventive techniques have not materially changed in the last cpiarter of a century. Tire total elimination of this disease for width we have both the engineering artd medical tools represents a great challenge to this profes sion. However, if the job is to he done, new concepts of prevention artel control must be 1 ; the other hand, imne complex, irrej^wW^ifpfj, site ribs with the exhaust /inlet inly the and is contused by the fact that llOTiStii- '- Jdower disollrt(fcc%j||fJ|^e of a I.-.. - I.m ing of eoal dust has not been positively rec mounted on till! !n;n lnif**T7Wt op-ra'in-' v ognized with respect to its contribution to hausling with romped to lie- din -ti i of respiratory or circulatory ailments. Constant flow. effort is being made to find means of ptu- The most sophisticated innovation I i > (hieing less dust in the mining operation and vironmental dust cunt>o! is- tb- vr' e W. to abate, diveit nr collect the dust that is breathing apparatus vi hit h is brim; ! l ?.*. produced. a major coal piodueei lor me bv cn-tii-i >'< Ill conventional milling, the use of prop miner operators. The pi-il-lvpr d<-vi- erly situated high pressure water sprays, in sists basically of a portable rrvut*- nir sin* ; which the use of additives is sometimes vessel bracketed on the mi<-him* I"--tier beneficial, lias brought about a considerable with a heat exchanger and a qua fc d;-c--- reduction of dust at its primary sources in nect-coupled delivery hose to a Inc-tiling knowledge of the dust diseases has pro investigated. drilling and culling. Water-filled l'VC bags mask fitted with a demand type fr-gnl.-tut. for stemming blast holes, improved coal The quick disconnect and l-font I- ne.di H shouting techniques, and direct application ` (lose give the operatr-i le i ilniu of mm..... . I of (lac mist or fog sprays have proven effec and exit. tive in abating dust at its primary source in The pm table storage vrs-r|x ;nc /ills-. I m WHAT THE COAL INDUSTRY 15 DOING TO CONTROL DUST blasting. Secondary dust sources such as the surface from n blending tank into vl-t-h loading and transferring coal also can be liquid oxygen mid nitrogen are fed in pi -p-i 15y CEOHGE L. JUDY, controlled by sprays, and roadway dust proportions. When charged fully to 3 5 p-t. Executive Vice President nitimiinmis Coal Operators' Association 1 where a problem by welting or application the vessels weigh 28 pounds. 'Hu y uoa-me of calcium chloride. 7 Inches in diameter and 28 inches in l< n-dt Oias large mining company which began and are equipped with n pn scute g-w>< i I he emerging of mechanical minim; nf coal itr the United .States, coupled with all tire publicity today on air pollution, has brought the problem of dust control In She fur. ns id tie- iitittin'; industry's attention. 'I Iris' (told, in Ii>s In eu a< <nlualerl by tIlf appli cation n! the more Hindern methods nf viral reeot erv In continuous and Imrguall ma chinery and by tiro increase of rock drilling for roof holt installation. I In- industry Inis tccuguk-rd this situation with appropriate gravity and has take n steps to apply and advance the technology of dn-.t control. In light of our present limited knowledge vd the effects of inhalation of var ious t nueeiitrations nf dust over long pi rinds of r-.poMuv, cutimt control measures ap pear to he successful. Should further .studies prove that lower dust concentrations arc nec essary fur a healthful atmosphere, tire iiitlus- tiv will meet those standards by impinving cm rent rontinl measures or by developing mw technology. Such studies are now being undertaken jniirtlv he the United Stales Ihtrcau ol Mines and the Public Health Service of lire Depart ment (>f Health, Faint aliun, and Welfare with lire ruopcr.-tlimi of (he mining indie-try. Hepir snrtntiws of the ineiobr-r companies and staff of ** Ilitmninons Coal Operators' \s-of iatio e officially as advene; to tire an intensive study* of dust resulting from control valve. gov errmieirl ageneie.s involved in this project. conventional mining upon its introduction In Member companies art,* making available the middle 19Ws conducted dust surveys their facilities for dust surveys under actual which showed concentrations ranging from mining conditions. | 90 lo 227 million particles per cubic foot Tiro industry has. if fur no other reasons * without the use of water sprays during the !liran intreaced comfort and safety through bolter visibility, applied a wide-range of dust control methods ancl devices. Stronger loading cycle. With the combined use of wet drilling, compressed air blasting, "bug dust ing" units and sprnys on cutting machines, measures ate being employed or tested sprays on loading machines and at transfer Other methods ol providing do t (i- - rii at comfortable temperatures ,oniom-tm. miner operators such as bv lov.-pn -.we compressors or scrubbers ate heini'. e p! ->- ' Nora: of lliosis dev it r, has had sullii ii el ( < to merit comple-lo evaluation e.p'-i iaHv light of the unknown degree of tli'* plrv-tnlogical affect of Ine.rtlring bituminous ied dust. where silica dust is involved or where bitu minous dust is created in undesirable cn- ceul rations. Siliea dust is being controlled effectively hv wet drilling or vacuum collectors used with rock drills. Improved cutting hits have simplified these methods of control anti the acceptance by workmen nf the use of respira tors generally has been realized by the poblicity given to the recognizable problem of In entiling silica dust. Hock dust standards have been strength ened by lire lowering of the allowable limit nf flee and umilrined silica content from 2r peicent In 5 percent, llcdrrction of exposure to silica dust has been helped by the em ploy merit of conv ey fir belts and rttbbcr-irred vehicles for coal haulage and for man trips. All told, the industry lias found and is ap ply ing the' means to control the silica (but encountered in coal mining. Tile problem of controlling coal dust Is, o ? points, roadway sprinkling and salting, and with normal ventilation, typical emreentratiwir in million particle per cubic foot were reduced to Id.29 for undercutting and shear ing, 9.25 for drilling, 9.49 for blasting, and an average of 7.89 for shuttle car loading, tramming and dumping. This compares with concentrations of up to 208 mp/cf for handbading operations in the same seam. Continuous mining normally results in the production of more dust and longer periods of operator exposure. Here, the methane lib eration rale frequently dictates tire use of auxiliary face ventilation with its attendant benefits of dilution and prompt removal of dust. Exhausting auxiliary ventilation sys tems are more inefficient and are less effec tive for gas removal, hut are advantageous for dust removal in that the nir current is iw.iy from tire operator. This has been rentedied In various ways, either by use of both vliaust ami force tubing situated on oppo- Lottgwnl! minim' sometimes tntindu., ; significant cnm-enlialiow. of foil tie-! in'<i lire air stream in which certain ei'-v. rw tu bers arc exposed. Kneinnagim' result' in sup pressing such dust by high-pressure julm-ion of water in advance of the Joiigvv.ill I *< e have been experienced at the Ho. :M ' Ii of The Can lion Fuel (,'nmpjn>. Water infusion ami otlmi means of v- I- ting and of colleeling ilust dn liave the a-1 I-tional hcrielit of reducing the po-tl-il-tv ef dust being raisecl in the alimr-phcrc in i |.t. .siv'c amounts. Auvili uy vi-ulilation, < - p> wbere dust can lie effectively inlli f !i I i.i di luted at the end of the tubing, dues nut b this feature, ami when- it is iiecc-.'-.ii v l-> iiiainlnin high velocities, (lu.it ihel i*. ill !<carried for considerable di.tame. in ......... niiwyc Suspended (loat diet and pi-< ipil.il-. I e emuulatioiis can lie u-ml-n i-b in- *- the use of liiikle die-t-i . i--l-- d'>- lUCu Safety Conr.tc.'s i-unodi loth dte-l inli) llu' iiliim air slitam to dilute.* Ill'- foal dost In ail inert inivlme. Tliis has llie advantage of ronlinuotis piotcction anti obviates the need to reapply rock dust in back entiics. Some coal dusts me particularly difficult to net without the use of additives or in creased tcinprrnture to lower the surface tension of the water. The principle of inir*aMie; the water truipcr itnre to inipime "wettability" has lireii iim-iI with outstanding results by at least one major company for special applications .such ns transfer points in tipples and in a long inclined surface convey or tunnel. 'I hey have found (hat steam jets at critical transfer points will suppress the dust diet-lively through all .subsequent trans fer points including final rail loading. There is, however, little encouragement that steam could lie used practically iu nudcrgrrmml coal mines. Increased venlilation in the last open breakthrough and at lire face is still the most common means of combating air-horn dttsl. 'Iliis is | i'ivIv because of (he close relation ship of on thane and dust with respec t to their rates n! liberation t generation) and the necessity to dilute and remove them. Many mines circulate fptanUlics of fresh air several times the legal miniinimt through the last open breakthrough, Superior quality material fur line cut tains is now available ami is gain ing wider ir e in the industry for conducting air into the working place more clfcclively. Further, the industry ha:: endorsed the United Stales bureau of Mines proposal to revise lire permissibility schedule to require that boring-tv pc miners be designed with a 200.ci|unii> imh cross sectional area for ncc'liiinodaling auxiliary ventilation ductwork. As dcsciihcd in a paper presented at the 51 si Annual Meeting of the Mine Inspectors Institute of Aimnicn by M. fh W. Connor, Jr. of United .Stales Steel Corporation's Cary Division, a two-split ventilation .system de veloped iu that division is hrinjr used to con trol methane and dint and to diieet the dint ip-nirail'd at the face away finin peisonni I. ibis involved development of a mining se quence in which a separate fiesh-air split is coursed over tire coni unions miner ami dileet' d to the letmn pi iiuitliug the mining of two oi three places on rude. Tile .system made mine elTective use of the ventilating emrcnl at the face by minimizing the use of line brattice and eliminating the need for shuttle cars to travel through check curtains. Maintaining the line curtain ahead of tilt operator is essential in order to inlnimne dust in his vicinity and promptly dilute and remove gas. Little has hccu done effectively in tire medical fields toward the prevention or treatment of silicosis and other respiratory ailments. Tim "Aluminum '1 liotnpy" process involving inhalation of nhmiimmi and alu mina dust as a couiiteraclnnt which was de veloped by the industry-sponsored McIntyre It'.-search Foundation in Canada has largely fallen into disuse. This is partly because the Foundation rerprired those companies I# which it licensed the process to employ ex tensive engineering controls to abate dust underground, and that these controls, la themselves, vveic found to he sufficient. There is some amount of controversy re garding the methods nnd procedures for col lecting nml precisely evaluating dust sam ples. The standard instrument used for yean by tlm coal industry is the midget impinger. 'the midget impingcr has n sampling rliiciency of 80-100 percent. Threshold lim its for mineral dusts me based on impingcr .sampling, making the dust counts of snth samples directly comparable. The United States lint mu of Mines--I'nldic Health Ser vice dust study proposes to rise other types of sample collection devices for both am sampling and for "personnel" sampling, Gutcurrent impingcr samples will be taken in order to establish a basis for conversion of tire data collected during the many years of industry study of dust concentrations. Tbf personnel samplers will be used to determine the actual concentration of dust to which various occupations are c.vposcd, at lire breathing zone, over a full shift period. Tire experiment is expected to span a period af several years before menniugfu! data can lie obtained for comparison with clinical studio of respiratory ailments of miners. Iu summation, it Is apparent that coal dial c an and in most instances is being controlled to tolerable levels; and that the industry is willing to meet the challenge, posed by stud ies designed In determine whether ceal dost .standards should he Improved. S 000G30 DUST CONT&l!AND ttrf< IER SATE iiT11 MEASURES A LONGWALL FACE i By II. C. MORTON Division Supt., The Cnrbon Fuel Company, Carbon, \V>-vt Yi-gmia During the summer of 1003, along with very inefficient, since tie- hmgvvall *--1 n* mw other officials of The Carbon Fuel Company, service, the. mint.* has irmiin>-d in an 1 visited the longwall faces operating iu iiumicnlly sound position. Eastern Associated Corporation's mines at Our longwall fata: start'd up* ratin'; M u-li Koppcrslon nnd Keystone. Our purpose was 2, lOtit. On July I, J'!07, the .<(linn li <! to evaluate tire system ns a possible; solution operated 1,575 shills and had pitnhe d to roof control and recovery problems in our 1,103,202 tons of clean r eal nr 700. lit Inn-.- Ko. 20 Mine at Carbon, W, Va. No. 20 Mine of dean coni per shill. Arid about `.'.(f im is in tire Eagle Scam and at that time liad seam rejects and the total material handl -I been operating for a little over two years. vvasT,379,077 tons' or 070 Ions ; r shift. < >p- The roof in the mine is composed of a crating lime for these rale, illations im-hul-; strata of very soft and unconsolidated shale all the time the mini: operated iu'iuk I'>;* which varies in thickness from twelve inches time (he longwall equipment was rtcum" to ten feet. This roof strain can be held very nnd heiiig set up. Coreidrting the fait that well In entries with wooden headers bolted wc have experienced several rather seie-u: to tiro top nml timbered, however, when roof fails on the head and tail rntries and <*n ever 00 percent of the scam is mined by con tire longwall (ace and sullered from n'li-t ventional room nnd pillar methods the shale problems which slowed piodnclimi, we ru roof becomes hazardous and difficult to han nt least not ashamed of these iignien. dle. Consequently scam recovery was Invv, Seattt recovery as we an: pu-.< ntly !*-,t Mt over 55 percent, and tho cost of produc ing is good, `llu; first panel entries urn* tion was about equal to the sale price. No, 20 driven in sets ul three entires on 70 ft. n-n Mine was nlitmt to fail and we were looking tews. Tin; two rows of 51 it. v 80 it. > Icon lor a saviour. piihus were Idt in tire gob. While v.-nd im; I was greatly impressed with the longwall with these piojeclintis vv<- iiu- r> ee.- ring tystem I observed at Eastern Associated 8-3 percent oi the seam area between the l><l* Mines-it was love at first sight. I felt nt off and harrier pillar. Now. we an- ill rein;; that time that lire retreat langwnll method only two entries fur development. 3 lie d..... had the potential of the most economical, pillar between llu: eutii'-s whidr is Idt in the conservative mid safest method of mining grill is only 17 ft. thick and 78 ft. iimg, -u coal. Now, nftcr having been directly asso wc are now recovering !HJ 17 percent of the ciated with longwall mining for over three scum area. Reducing the number oi drain and a half years, my feelings have not pillars left iu tin; gob to ura; row of vep. thin (hanged. pillars not only increased seam iccovciy Iml Of course, the method Iras not readied the it also contributed to our vi< , ui'h the potential--it lids probably now only reached system by eliminating sqo>> zing in tin I >d a level of evaluation equal to the model "A" entry and on the tail side.* <>l the laic. Ford in that line of excellent automobiles. As In my opinion, Inigo uuu-y iddiiig pill u ; *c sajtg then, "Henry made a Lady out of left ill the gob behind the ia>-e nod between firry"--vve now have something mint; like a the caved area and solid r*'al l>> he min'd on bdy in the line of mining equipment. the adjacent panel lias been llu piiiag d No. 20 Mine is now operating three sec cause of the failures in 11 it- nfn it fiuem dl tional units of cipiipiuent. In addition to the method of ruining in mo t r.r-<-s, the; v ill bngvvall unit, one conventional shuttle car also cause squeezing and humping iu otic ' wit is used for developing longwall panel scams, over and under, when tb'-y me min--I entries and one for mining areas of the scam in later years. idjjcent to old mine workings or crop and There have been mmi'iun-. pm-vim' ; -i- : property lines that cannot he filled Into the connected with the ietie.it Inngnell -v .i.-n fcngwail pattern. Although tho development A lot of Icainim; has been net i v-ary an-l ( ' ion is driving only two entries which is lot mote is needed br-fme the x n l j IVbr olioual Safety Conflicts OFFICERS OF THE COAL MINING SECTION National Safety Council 1967-68 General Chairman--Win iam 1'aiiisi, Pittsburgh Coal Co., Div, of Consolidation Coal Co., Libtnty, Pa. First Vice-Chairman--Jamki Westfield, U. S. bureau of Mines, Department of lire Interior, Washington, D. C. Second Vicc-Chairmnn-HAi.eii Banks. Inland Steel Co., Sesser, 111. Secretary--II. F. Wi wru. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, Washington, I ). C Xeu di 'ler Ftiilar~H v\ nnr,' If. Fu.u.i v. Consolidation Coal Co., Morgantown, W. Va. /arbor HepresentitfiiTt--Ciiaiilfs Fkmiuson (Chairtnnn), United Mine Workers of America, Washington, D. C.; Ai.okut Pass, United Mine Workers of America, District No. 19, Middlesboro, Ky.; Ut.x Lauck, United Mine Workers of Anrerica, Washington, D. C.; Leonard P.v.vKovrtrit, United Mine Workers of America, Dist. No. 31, Fairmont, W. Va. Bituminous Coal Representatives--A. E. Cohiland, Pocahontas Fuel Co., Div. of Consolida tion Coal Co., Pocahontas, Va.; Boueut Williams, Colorado Fuel & Iron Co., Pueblo, Colo.; Cov South, Bell & Zoller Coal Co., Johnston City, 111.; E. E. Quenon, Peabody Coal Co., St. Louis, Mo.; William Meadows, Tire Pittsburg & Midway Coni Minin* Co , Sturgis, Ky. Aiit/mscife Rcptcscnlativcs--Caul Associations' Representatives--Qvinn Moivton HI, Execu tive Secrctaiy, Southern Coal Producers' Assii., Charleston, W. Va.; MIahey Gandy, Jb., National Coal Assn., Wnshinglon, D. C.; Foud Sampson, Ohio Coal Assn., St. Clnirsville, Ohio; Ge.ouoe TuEvoimow, Bituminous Coal Operators' Assn., Washington, D. C.; Circstkii 'I iiua.v, Ameiic.ru Mining Congress, Wasliingtou, D. C. V. S. Bureau of Mines Represcntatwcs-Vustrs: C. Memmott, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Dept, of the Interior, Wasliingtou, D. C. Mine inspectors' Institute of America Representative--1\. D, HiiAiircmn, U. S. Bureau of Mines, McAlestcr, Ofcla. State Mine Inspectors' Representatives-Ahnolo Snowden, Oiiio Div. of Mines, Columbus, Ohio; licniEnr J. M wins, West Virginia Dept, of Mines, Charleston, W. Va.; Leon RtiFr, Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, Springfield, 111.; Dennis J. Keenan, Penn sylvania Department of Mines and Mineral Industries, Cresson, Pa.; A. II. Makot, Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals, Lexington, Ky.; Waiid Padgett, Okla homa I' rnent of Mines and Mining, Oklahoma City, Ofcla.; If. T. William' 'r, S,,,:. ooop31 i, Birmingham, Ala.; W. l-! 1 1 1 f.^oiiie^Jtovy.;^;poN \i n IJ,e^pc*5,"|c>i..,!,i < '> ! Wtrdit`'^lutiaNs; Di\;. st>* F. Giionning Chairman, ..The "Iijdnitt i d '* ''`"`'----J Engineering Committee--Donald Mnc.nia.i. {Chairman), U. S'. Moo in i>( \tii>.f o' burgh, I'a.; E. J. Ulinsky, WABCO, Goodman Division, Chit ami, 111.; S. U >, Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, Ohio; G. A. Bailey, Applieil l!< <\m li I al-ud . U. S. Steel Corp., Monroeville, Pa.; James Elkin, Diupn-.iio Light Co., Cod I* ; l ritlslmrgh, Pa.; C. B. Fuellsen, Joy Manufacturing Co., I'lanklin. Pa.; la u S. McNickle, Hanna Coal Co., Div. of Consolidation Coal Co., Cadiz, Ohio; Ct mo mi Jksk, Senict-Solvay Div., Allied Chemical A Dye Cmp., 'Ii.der, W. Va.; 'Ii.m l.i-a. U. S. Steel Corp., Frick Div., Uniontown, Pa ; K. J. Uauius, li. S. Bmeau ! Mim . Pillsburgli, Pa.; S. P. Polack, U. S. Bureau of Minos, Pillshnndi, Pa.; W. W. I'v m-., Bethlehem Minrs Corp., Johnstown, Pit.; IUi.ru Kiiek, U. .S'. Ilm-au of Miu> . I'i** - burgh, Pa.; Haiut.y Younkeii, United Mine Wcnkers of AmmVa, I>i--tiitL No. Eh-i... burg, Pn.; James V. Buhcess, Madison, XV. Va.; John Katlic, Ka-M m A"v- iil d ' Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Entertainment Commiitee-EvEnr.rr White (Chairman), Mine Safety Appliances <: . Pin-, burgh, Pn.; H. E. Mauck, Mounlainccr-Conl Co., Div. of Cnnsniiilatinn Cual !'>. 1 moat, W. Va. JVflim'ng And Visual Aids Committer--Haiiold Davis (Chuinnmt), ('nil Age, N> vv ii !. N. Y.; S. II. Mooney; Woodward Iron Co., Woodward, Ala.; M.vumoi-; roui.in, Umquesne Light Co., Greensboro, l'a.; Paul Buhzak, Freeman Coal Mining Coip , V<-f Frankfurt, Ilk; Walteii Fleming, U. S. S'lrcd Corp., Birmingham. Ala..; jinn <!*.-, llannn Co., Div. uf Consolidation Goal Co., Cadiz, Ohio; Gi:onca: Kaiui , Mi J .an-Hun'i r Publications, Coal Mining Jc Processing, Chicago, 111.; D. S. Kingi ky. U. S. Rmr-m <4 Mines, Piltsbuigh, Pn.; F. D. Bakf.h, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pitlslmigh, Pa. rregram Commltlee-\VAtw Stahl (Chairman), U. S. Bm (an ol Mims. Dipt, nl tie' intwfor, Washington, D. C.; E. L. Bakeii, Lymli District, U. S, .Steel Corp., Lvmli. Cium.es D. Bowling, Semcl-Solvny Div., Allied Chemical Ik D)e Cmp., I oig:o-i-. W. Va.; Paul Lingo, North Ameiica Coal Corp., Ohio Div., Pmvh.it.m I'nint. Oi.j.. John Reeves, Mid-Continent Coal and Coke Corp., Carbomlale, Colo.; 15. I- Vn ;. Bituminous Coal Operators' Association, Wasblnglon, D. C.; Cm mills Ik Mu us. MinSafety-Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pn.; LewIS Jekaiosky, Hanna Cod Cn., Ur i f Consolidation Coal Co., Cadiz, Ohio. Membership Cnmmittrc-jAMEs Ilur.list (Chairman), Nmtli Am. ii. m r.,r.| (V.,,,.. i '----land, Ohio; A. J. Bautleit, Southern Coal Prudur ers A'sn , Charleston, \>.\ 1 ; Alex Keleman, Armeo Steel Corp., Coal Div., Montcmil, W. Vn.; 'G. E. I.em-i Island Crock Coal Co., Holden, W. Va.; Claiienci; Jesse, `.'einel-Solvay Div. Al'.' -i Clicmica! A Dye Corp., Tralee, W. Va.; Dennis I'iiailey, Old Ben Coal Cmp., It-ninn. 111.; S. If. Mooney, Woodward Iron Co., Woodward, Ala.; If. K. M,\uc;ir, Mount, Coal Co., Div. of Consolidation Coal Co., Fairmont, W. Va.: Jr si Siii reia o. I' ;> . Coal Co., Div. of Consolidation Coal Co., Cadiz, Ohio. M Control Committee--Francis 15. Boyle (Chairman), Flick Disliiel, U. S. SI-I ''-.ip, 10<>r iVi'l Safety Oengri-t.r John McCohmick, l'. S. Bmcau >>f Mines, Pittsburgh, l'a.; E. K. Qvenon, Fcabody Cad Co., St. Louis, Mo.; W, S. McConnell, U. S. Steel Corp., Gary', W. Va.j Edwarii Onust heck, Rochester & Pittsbuigh Coal Co., Indiana, Pa.; Emeuv Olsen, Western District, Coal Disc, U. S. Steel Corp., Dragerton, Utali; D. C. Jones. McLoan-Ilunlct 1`nMiealions, Coal Mining & Piueossing, ClnVngn, 111.; Cli.vm,i:s T. Holland, West Viiginii University, Selinol of Mines, Mmganlmvu, W. Va.; 'Joshua Smiiii, Eastern Association Coal Corp., Ml. Hope. \V. Va.; A. M. Smaitlii, Republic Steel Corp., Uniontown, I'a. I'ul licity Committec-l\tx Lauck (Chairman), United Mine Workers of America, Wash ington. D. C.; Il.Muuso.N Gilmeii, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.; IlEnur.nr Fostfii, National Coal Association, Washington, D. C; A. E. Floweiis, Coal Age, McGraw-IIil! Publishing Corp., New York, N. Y.; lloriEnr \V. Van Eveha, American Mining Congress, Washington, D. C.; Geoivge C. Lindsay, McLean-IInnler Publications, Chicago, III.; Waiuifn II. Moss, Continental Oil Co., New York, N. Y. Off-The-Jnb Safety Committee--Peieu Fjuiguson (Chairman), Bethlehem Mines Corp., Johnstown, l'a.; W. It. Paiik. U. S. Bnrcan of Mines, Mt. Hope, W. Va.; J. J. Gemacii, Jil, Virginia Div, or Mines, Big Stone Cup, Va.; Causon Ihumns, District 28, United Mine "Porkers of Ameiiea, Norton, Va.; Thomas LinnLE, Westmoreland Coal Co., Stonega Div., Big Slone Gap, Va.; William Muncie, Bituminous Casualty Corp., Bod: Island, III.; 1". W. Lewis, North American Coal Corp., Ohio Div., Powhatan Point, Ohio. Ctmtc.it-Awanix CommP/cc--MIahry Candy, Jil fC/iflirmonJ, National Coal Assn., Wash ington, D. C.; Bonnir Vines, Bitinuinmis Coal Operators' Assn,, Washington, D. C.; lti;n Lai'ck, United Mine Workers of America, Washington, D. C. Research And Planning Committee--'Wool's C. Talman (Chainnnn), U. S. Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.; "Anihiew IIyslop, Jil, Hanna Coal Co., Div. of Consolidation Coal Co., Cadiz, Ohio; "IlAiinv Gandv, Jh., National Coal Assn., Coal Bldg., Wash ington, D. C.; C. E. Linkous, Island Creek Coal Co., Holden, W. Vn.; *M. F. Bhennak, United Mine Workeis of America, District No. 7, Hazleton, Pa.; 'James D, Beillt, Hanna Coal Co., Div. of Consolidation Coal Co., Cadiz, Ohio; 'Joshua Smith, Eastern Associated Coal Corp., Mt. Hope, W. Va.; 'Cham.fs Feucuson, United Mine Workers of America, Washington, D. C. f.'oininatlnu Committee--'Woods G. Tai.man (Chairman), U. S. Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.; 'ArronEW IIvsLor, Jil, Hanna Coal Co., Div. of Consolidation Coal Co., Cadiz, Ohio; 'HAnnv Gakov, Jil, National Coal Assn., Washington, D. C. Staff Rc/ircsenfntivr--Clinton II. Ilooir, National Safety Council, d25 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III. COOJl. fir'f General Chairman PLAN NOW TO ATTEND THE iiAl IUNAL SAFETY 15 OH fill!-: r r OCTOBER 28-31, 1968 / CONRAD HILTON IIOTEI, r!!| The Congress is always a big week, a woilhwhil" v.-. for the 13,000 safety people who nlteiul. At the '68 Congress you can meet other safety |v.upi>\ with the same problems and responsibilities as yoiKSe!!. You can exchange views and ideas on accident pie/op tion, health, hygiene, and fire prevention . . . on -- aM in industry, traffic, school, at home and on lln> {inn. r /i i nMvl it You can see the hugest of all safely equipment exhibit at the Congress ... an opportunity for you lo make !' informed buying decisions for youi company. !. I * This four-day educational program, planned and pie senled by the National Safely Council, can be yum most thought-provoking, most v/orlliwliilo snh (v * ( \ rience in 1968. i! ' Make plans early to attend Hie 1968 Congress and bring Un the other people in your organization who have snfMv -7 responsibilities. FUTURE CONGRESS DATES 1368 October 28-31 1969 October 27-30 1970 Oclober 26-29 1971 October 25-28 1972 October 23-26 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 MOnTH MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 11 ]')h7 Xiitiounl Snl- lii ('mifiiru ininiinnni tiijm> In employers; In jitnmnli" lii.iviimmi illiiii in v; .uni In fill'll salines by pn\i-nliin: injiuv :iiiil by milncing inteiriip- Iintis i .inn il by oimpnlimin! accidents." I lm nliji tljvi* u.is folliiivt'il by mi outline nf methods nf n!i(:iiiiiiii! the ohjrilii*': I In* rlli-i l i\i nr-v nl ill'- Xrriili'lll Pies rnlinn l'l.ul will depend upon llu' paiticipntion stud i iin|ir|;ilinii nf si|| i vKni'i sand employers of nil i null:n Ini', :unl 1111 i <mt :i( lii-iignpril on llii'. piojrit, ami tlio coordination nl their ill nil: iii i.uniiii: nut tlm following basic 1'IUl -lllllCS: I. PI.inning nil work to protect against personal injury, pmpcity damage, and loss of productive time. 2 Maintaining a system of prompt detec tion and coi reel ion of unsafe practices and conditions. 3. Making available and enforcing tlie use of personal protective equipment, and mefli.ni 'll gumds. 1. Ivstabiishing an effective system of tool and equipment inspection and maintenance. 5. f.itablishing an educational program to insure liie interest and cooperation of all em ployers lliiourli: A. Pi imiii.it example and salely contacts. U. lnstriu linn in safety lcquhements ami iusj.u nee. on compliance with such rrqnuriiicnts. C. Safely meetings. D. I'lleclive n-u of bulletins, posters, m otbrr safety lileratuie. K. Investigation ol all accidents to de termine their cause and promptly tak ing the corrective action to pi event their recurrence. 0, leach contractor's and sub-contractor's principal supervisors shall obtain a copy of and shall comply with the Indiana Safety Code for the Construction Indm-tiy, and rides and regulations applicable to the work pel formed by each employer on this pmj it." ] iillou ing the outline of six methods to gain the objectives, the responsibilities of the chief piojoet engineer: the safely cooidiualor: the contractors and Mib-contiactoiv; and tlm job foremen are outlined. 'I be chief project engineer is rcspim*able feu tlm entile' plan as 1 have outlined it to ibis point and, in addition, must appoint a sab Iv toeiiliiialoi, auliioii/ing him In en force safety me.isuics and to in minuend coin live action uhrn stih-sfanckud pi.ictices and ditions aie ob'-vneil. "I lie lespiiusibility nl the safety coordina tor is to IoIImw all pli:i'-'s of the plan ns they have been outlined and in addition maintain adequate minuls. The responsibilities of the contractor anil Mib i iMili ii liu am: I. < 'nini'ty with all pint hunts of tlio Acci dent Ptuveitlion Plan, incImUng attendance at and participation in sab-ty meetings. 2.. Appoint n fluidified lepiesi'iillrllvu with full aullurrity to act on all tiiulteis iikillug lo the Accident Prevenlicm Plan. 3. Plan work to protect against personal injury, property damage, and loss of produc tive lime. 4. Cooperate with the project safety coor dinator. 5. Comply with the requirements of the Indiana Slate Code and all other codes relat ing to bis operations. G. Provide to employees and visitors all personal protective equipment required by the exposure and enforce the use of such equipment. 7. Insure that prompt first aid is adminis tered to an injured employee and Iranspoil blur lo the project clinic or as otherwise di rected by liie clinic. 8. Comply with all rrqtihcd accident re porting procedures. The outline of the job foreman's responsi bilities include: 1. Selling a good example for the men. 2. Instructing in safe wmk practices and work methods. 3. Use of pioper protective equipment and proper tools. 4. Cheeking for unsafe conditions awl practices. 5. Completely investigating accidents to determine causes and taking all necessary corrective action. 0. Promptly completing requited Accident llrpoils. 7. Holding meetings with men. The limns Harbor construction supervi sion and safety personnel are continually in the coiistiiicticm aiens and insist on strict compliance with tlio Accident Prevention Plan and the "(general Safety Holes for Con tractors". The fact that the Bethlehem Steel Corporation pros Ides wnikmen's compensa tion and gcni'ial liability iiismaiiec lo cover appioscd cciuliartois on the project greatly enhances ciiloiccmcnt of the safety program by Bethlehem ami compliance with the pro gram by the conliactors. j I 20 ooog;)3 Weekly .safely meetings a the craft union stewards, held by unions towaid a(rsfnmjl sal* li i < n*. b committees from these mcoli with plant piotcction and sa fl^{lpB^^q^liiii(i.S|,lheliiiu it'-.nliin-* i,^e^jiyjiia^Mid:4ailtu'i!itPm i Ibi p*"i- personnel of the Bums llark , .......o..T. iiT'-" "ffts"*mVt'u*'*5!frt4le/rl. Only J*11 .jo.-oi!-' her assist in the compliance by all cnnliai bavo arti<ms, ci!li-i linn lino i-mind. . , ! * ` !* tors tmvjml liie desiiril goal of masiuimii mipiiirtl In liline lie: 'alely ; *>** I - 1 sale working conditions. into line. 'Hu* aid of (In' piurli' in1; I* |>I I'eiinilieally, the business agents for the mi ni is eilli'.ted uln il the I.....I -.V , . -n nails make '.ab ly loins n| the const met inn let lire action',- li.nr b, eti ......... n*. n.-l !b: sieas with members of the cousliuction and piocf'dme lias I men nm.t elleiliie. safely departments pointing out vniiims- con Om pillgl.llil is not illiiii e rille I I f'l'l on: structive impmuinrnts to further iiuptove iii the eoiistriielion imhe-liy, Inn ine lie >*oi tlm program. nmn denominator nl pkmuiin'. im I: afinn. Cousideiable lime is spent working with the A.F.L. craft union safely representative lo insure a mutual understanding that, for a. safety program to he elfeclive, requires the coopcialinn of Irotli management and labor, Without the complete sincere support of the coumamiealion, and follow tbimndi n<-vir panied with dedicate*! liaid work **u dr* p*il of each individied on tie; sib*. We atPii*! in implement our piograni with eollm *':*.i*i and a diicclness of pm pose elimiin'in*: lip - - i-icc" ami the altilml'* "\i** will In.-!, at lieproblem later". OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN THE CONSTRUCT?* '? INDUSTRY By FlUSD OTIOBONI Senior Industrial Hygiene F.ngr., Iliiroru of Occupational ll.atlb. California Slate Dept. of Public Ilcaltli, Iletla h v, r,|q. Occupational health in the con'd met ion industry is a subject that has not vet ro(ciied any real interest or attention in the United States. Articles appear from time to lime in the American literature on a specific health Inward, such as Ittng cancer in asbes tos insulators, or lead poisoning in painters. Olkr than a few papers originating in Cali fornia, where a start has I>ern made on the kat, r. rise, and dust problems of heavy equipment operators, almost nothing seems t" have hern written on tlio present health status of the individual crafts or on the over all health problems or needs of (lie indiistiv. This lack nf iiilcicst and work is signifi cant. Fitlier there aie no problems in the in dustry worthy of mention, or there is an ap palling lack of some vital ingredient whiili is necessary for stimulating the growth r a systematic Interest in (he health of mom than four million American workeix. First, Infs define "occupational health". Ik trim has been so loosely used mcr tin* last few jeais Ihal ini* Higriil di'-i u-- i*u *f lire subject lias in en ilillit lilt, fbinir p. | |*' inlerpiet it lo mean rv. ritliing lin'o * nil finger In tlio mu i d ue|| b- in*' nl lb- , i !* .. man's family. Inn cun puipn-a x h* i-\ Inn*, ever, m-enpatioual lie.dlli in. an lb. |-i. e-.,. lion of woik-eaii'f il di.r.rr and iii .ll.ilii-- I- control of lire work eu\unimimil. n i wlieie IhiMi l.ibni and iii.iiug' lie nl i clear responsibility lm .*!* mi albi'i .I: . , siou, and lia/aul mnlinl. I his il linili.ni quilns p.iilieidn m-niiim; when .....- n ,li ; tint tlm majoiilv nl n. npatinu d ill . a - not etiiable; they am mill |>irve:it *b! kill: i mu hisions be* f*n*i"**l !** *u stmlies nf oeiupatinual In allli pii bl-iu j., the enii'.tmdinii indii tiv. Wp (>-, | 11,- * .. Inii*l.-nii< ntal, il pinpir-.s i. lobe m**!- lb am (lie iisnll nf mailv liie i.-ip: nl , linns in Ihilifnmia. 'I li* i ibam iii* alb n . -| liie lack nf intemst. tin- ku I, r-f p->> * the lat k of aclinu tb.il lu -f I lb- in,1,, i-- p is rreogiii/ed that lb- n 'mi- .1 .1 . r i'I'n S>tl`Iti 000034 ' .f| -... pp '-lit'', .vifi tv pm!>Ii iii'. in lli*- indu-liv max , in |mi(, I*** it -pini-able |ni Mihiucieiug ni>' conceited full u'sl iii health problems. Wliil- no attempt i; made heir> In detract from (lie important responsibility for acci dent prevention in llic industry, it is time lli.it programs in wink-indm i (1 disease pre vention begin to receive llic ;itli'nlion they Ini gel, faster, and mine powerful equipment, desie.neil without eonsideiation for the lonjfIrini health of the operator, is expected to intensify (his hearing loss piohlcni. It also is expected to introduce silicosis for the first time as a disease of the operators of dozers, power shovels, and front-end loaders. The equipment operator is not alone worker in mind. The factories critical iniluxtii.il health pn . i*S'. til woo fur dried1.1 |I' .... < aivcinm I Dili and early 20th eenlurit1 '"pendent upm it where the interest, the reserGvttf^UTKl the (lues-paxing mnntftT.f' for suppoit It: money has been invested. The emphasis $13,000 yearly total lmdiyt will not >\r-s today, although comparatively small, is still nano than a fraction of the coimliv'' ! 1. on the factory. As a result, the standard con louts, and that fin> lion xx ill In- I-.i'. * - < trol methods available in all the textbooks, ii tiled. / ilr .-ivc. High aci idi lit frequencies oriiinnt, liy any sticli.li of llic imagination, justify a I cl: of interest in licaltliy working enndi- tions. Our first conclusion--there is a basic need to recognize that construe lion xxotkers are now Midcring job-induced diseases and that new diseases will emerge with advancing teclin li.iyv. To the casual obseivrr or even a mcinher of the industry itself, it is reasonable to be lies e that occupationally-induced diseases in ronstmetion work are not a problem. The crafts have long histories of working outdoois in the bosh air with hammers, shovels, and other tools which have in the past tradi tionally presented safely problems, hut. not health problems. A look at the Federal or Stale health sta tistics appear to support this concept: not became there is a lack of problems, but be cause neither the Federal government nor r the states--with the possible exception of California--keep any statistics on the sub ject. When no disease is reported, it is natu facing these health hazaids. The recent re ventilation, isolation, enclosure, substitution, On this- basis, it is unlikely that lii.- . i ! I- placement of the plasterer's convention'll trowel with a spray nozzle lias Introduce! serious hearing loss problems Insofar as tbe plaster guns that we base measured are con cerned. Further, the gun application of ashestos-containlng fireproof coatings continue! : without control and without concern. Y't, data coming in regularly from itudiei ci men working around asbestos .dust lent and personal protection, are organized to make practical and economical sense in a factory setting. The factory hand works for the most part in a fixed location. Exposure Is repetitive and predictable over a long period of time. Utili ties are available and control methods can Ire designed, tested, and finally built-in as part of the company's long-term capital invest- ! subsidized work that went iulo in It..... !>*industrialist to uriili-i guild his prol ! -i- a n! to i `UStorn -tailor his euviionmeittal loe'u 1 will be available to the construe-lion 'Mdpr try. The facts are that (he responsibility ter providing a reasonably healthy place to v.-mb lies directly with construction labor, ui-1 construction innnnKcnieiil. very little doubt that the gun operator ms) other craftsmen tn the area are being sals meat. It is not unusual to sec ii $20,000 vontilation system built into a plant to protect The need for enx'iiouiooutal xliiudaid'i i groxving xvith each day. Noise nlh o. a fi,s jeeted to tbe risk of asbestosis and lung can 10 or 15 welders. cxnntplc: Heavy er|uij>iiienl, truck;, compies- cer. But look at the welders on the construc sors, chain saws, jackhammers, and a xx id- There arc many more examples. Plastic tion job. In n lifetime, each will have done variety of power hand tools are producin'' adhesive and surfacing materials have made shout ns nnirli work and generated as many hearing loss that is real lung scandalous pin. life an itchy nightmare for the tile setter and fumes as a factory welder. However, the portions. There are choices. The individual the cement mason. It is important to realist control system here is non-oxislcnt, because contractor can hire an aceousUes expert and that much of this skin disease is accompj the control methods in the textlxmks do not modify these tools at his own expense V. nied by a permanent allergy to the eporr rrmko practical or economic sense on a con another choice, he r an attempt to stuff r *p resin hmdener used in the process. The struction job. plugs in Ins men, a method that v.H! I - -! slightest fui thcr exposure to the hardener Factory spray painting Is clone in a venti no practical value mi a const ruction fi-T, :>--! brings on a repeat case of the itch and the lated booth, according to the books. Since a one that will probably reduce protlm r.U ip-. man is permanently disabled for any hutlm booth would cost too much on a construction A popular alternative is to do nothtue. work with the plastic. job, wc scratch our heads and spray paint let the hiwuanee companies xxnny :il>itl i\ ral to conclude that none exists. However, Another example involves today's welder anyway. 'llic sensible solution is to collectixt-K what appears as no problem is, in reality, no There was a lime when very little except ra Dust, noise, heat, and almost any health write a set of pcifoimaueo stauckuch fm information oil the problem. dinary steel was found on a construction job. problem is controlled by cookbook methods poxver equipment. 'Ilieu- can be wiitirn Experience In California supports this con An unprotected welder could work with very in the factory'. The cook liok doesn't work for right now, bom knowledge at hand, md clusion. In recent years, physician's reports little hazard from fumes. Alloys are changin} construction, so we live will) the problems would specify maximum allowable nor:- in of occupational diseases among construction this. For instance, inhalation of the fum and hope they will go away. tensities at an appropriate given li-.i:ui - workers have been coining into the State from manganese steel will produce an illness It Is now critically necessary that wc ac from the equipment. The tool manlike tou r- liealth Department at approximately twice xvhich closely resembles Parkinson's disease cept the fact that a construction job is not may have difficulties at first, lint their i ngi. the average rate for all California workers. Consider also that nickel, cadmium, vnni the same ns n factory job, and that the fnc- Ileering and research departments me av.nl. Since 1910, when recording ljegan in Cali dium, and some other metals arc toxle by in lory hazard-control cookbook--although free able and in the best position to control h".u- fornia, this rate has been continuously halation. -is not applicable. ing loss nt the lowest possible cost. among the three highest of all the major in dustries. The diseases involve the skin, the lungs, systemic poisonings, hearing loss--es sentially the whole i auge of illnesses nor mally believed to lie in the exclusive piovince of factory workcis. Fit.'! investigations suggest that mom is to conic. For example, an estimate based on hearing tests conducted at c onxlini lion sites by fully-qualified niidiologi.ls indicates that some 20.001) heavy equipment opciatois nmv working ill the slate haw permanent noise.induced ' -ing loss. 1 he trend towaid It is clear that the pick and shovel art gone, and along with them went the fresi air and the iron man. l lic construction In dustry has entered the era of machines and chemicals, and it should recognize this. A second conclusion--it must be recof ni/.cd that the methods which have been dtvcloped for tbe protection of the factory winker may not he feasible on a conslruclit* job. Most of the occupational health literature and practically all of the preventive methods in use were developed with the factor A third conclusion--we must begin to de velop our own occupational health .stand ards. The golden era of occupational health in the United States ended in the mid-1950's. The movement which began in the 1930's and provided wide knowledge of industrial diseases and excellent textbooks is slowly dying. The Federal program is small and without legal authority. Stale programs not only base been declining in manpower, but show little Interest in the construction indus try. Hie traditional standard-setting agency jMjfjfSpte labelling also must be considfSiMMRKy few of the materials rapaMe rtl LMfjmmgrcye, *kin, or lung problems rm It a plasitcs. paints-, welding toils, llnx-s, ...I vents, lubricants, etc., have useful wai'iiw labels when they reach the constructimi siti This has txvo negative ellei-t", in nddilimi t-i the potential for injury. First, even tire inlet, estecl men ennnot find, out lioxv I pint . tlrerhselvrs. And second, if tlg< tnal'-iiil lin earise) a problem, the men have, no < l> u in formation that might be useful In selm tin-* less harmful product for the p-- j.,|, no r .Vii-iiu'ii ' 7 i !lii- i: p.uliiiil.iilc di.im.iti/rd Iw lie* rvpcii Hi i' ill the crmeiil iicrouS, where l.iI'*ls ini' i'll, n mi vague a< In m.ilco ll impn- il'li- ('i tii> ai In d'tctmim* vlii-lii'f lilt' mh fining material liny mo expected to apply on a p'llivnlar job is a dcimalilix-causing epoxy, a 1'inin lni paMn-tMii'-iii;; methane, or a irl.ttivrlv c.ifi- p.'ljester. "I In' noise and lalirl rnnhloms are slraiglitfmv, attl. They follow the textbook closely. Olliers may not he so simple because of the nti'l'ili; 11.1(1110 of (nnstiiK lion wot It. Solu tions (o these will require imagination ami muni y. Idea'i from the spate program aie sen* to he li 'ofiil and we expect to see ex ploitation of llie tmilinlleil iiidisidn.il nviloiiiiu-iit in the hum of ail-supplied soil-: for pl.'Sleieis, cement masons, and vvtTdeis; and air-tondilioiii'd, noisc-and dust-tight capsules for lit ' erpiipment operators. Standards, once set, can mate these easily accessil.de at in.is5-pio<|i|c t*d costs. The logical appioath is to accept the respniisjliilitv and begin to develop .some standards Ibal can lie pul into contracts and equipment purchase orders; otherwise the indnstiy faces altiitiun of .shilled manpower, higher coiupensalion costs, hazard pay, and if the pinhlcm gels had enmi|;h, the irwitahli' application of the ill-filling indusliial cenl.hook to tlie'e coiislmclion jobs. inaikcd 1110111*11 lo ptevcnl further cmploy- Ibis has been accepted without question for mailer Imvv leg-il, in ilh- i in* i* - * inenl. At this point, eatise-clfect relationships decades. Yet during the last year the writer make diesel e;,Ti;ni.| I-II. < In in- l| . . are oh cine. No single event can be held re sponsible, and the work forte has a few Ins 'i i1 lias seen five construction jobs where sand to inhale. blasters were working. They all religiously The competitive indue* im-ii ! craftsmen. If by some chance the illness is i wore the proper helmets--blit not one had money by shaving and m! ' " recognized as woik-induced, the last em an nir-supnlv hose connected to the helmctl need not continue. Cnn-l ae|i!*e rl I i > !- ployer may lie held responsible for the entire Apparently the air supply isn't being figured artU, as they ait* d- v-! >iI uinhr rid.*! tost of compensation. This is no solution. lror example, eat tit mover operators have into the bids nnymote, even though it is still in the law. conclusion noted nlmve, ran be in :> pot of all construction umliacts mtd ;dl I dr* lottg suspected that somehow spinal prob Diesel engines in underground construc management contracts. In this v .<>. I-cd'V lems arc connected with their jobs. This may tion are an example of long-term, legal ero winking conditions will lie o|lieed!y or may not he so; there ate no statistics. It is hardly possible that all equipment opcratoB sion. Diesels were allowed underground only after long study and, finally, the setting of iii/rd ns a legitimate, cost of dcmir. I u s> and llir: loll will he paiil in doll nr I.-- , are horn wilh had lucks. It is most likely, rigorous standards by tire Bureau of Mines. buyer of services rather Ilian in !'* I- Ti however, that the vibration and bouncing on These included specially designed engines, mid longevity of the crail'-meu vih- p< ' some tv|ie.s of seals on some types of equip matching exhaust scrubbers, and ventilation them. ment ate causing spinal damage. Unless it is kitowtt, first, whether or not operators are rates based orr numbers which nceomptmlcrl lbs vehicle front the manufacturer. Compel!' Till* (`oustin' lion iiicheliy l> a '< ! >' 'hidden and pressing o'tnjvlii'wT truly suffering spinal problems and second, exactly which machines and what condition! live progress over the last 20 years lias led to the erosion of standards and the acceptance problems, with tunic lo come. For - 1 t term future, government rcseoc iln-s p : are responsible for the problems, prevention of "hack trorihlo" will he impossible. of any diesel vehicle with n honic-nindo scrubber, mid 'Ventilation rates based on air seem possible and a serious and pi v* ! fort by management and kileu I- ' With computers now available, it is feasi sampling methods that have not Ivecn proved needed. ble lo it*coreI the pertinent details of every jnh, cvciy illness, and every death for every reliable. Tho engineered nnd tested stand ards and safety factors prepared by the Bu T he cimstuiction imlieliv lias eni<<; I * * I hecoino addicted to the piivil-;;.-` e! li ed tttait working in the construction industry. This should be done by every craft union, with the cost shared by the employer. Rou tine computer output will then tell u! whether painters die young, or equipment reau of Mines arc being forgotten. Although a few contractors still use Bureau of Mines equipment, continuous pressure from the in dustry has eroded the minimum standard.' One thing is certain: eroded standards, no work and fresh air. Change is aha- T"i cult. But one way or another, lik- i' ** r-v, the tecliuolngy that we are using r,* -1-- the face of the eartlr will, lit lie- !*" !* change us also. operators get silicosis, or plasterers get em . A fnurlli ciim hi ioii--reroids and sl.ilelics itui I In kept, I u-pcat, lu'allh infmillation on voiking no n i' *ic*. 'Ibis is puiliciilnily so in the toiistrui lion industry because even tin; informiti'in that is pinions in a factory is clouded by the nalmo of cousimction work. A factory is a relatively pciinnncnl envi ronment. Jobs aecpiiic reputations: they smell; old timers get lung disease; this or that chemical will make you sick if jou in hale it. This is epidemiology in its most primitive hum, done without the help or the professionals or the government. Neverthe less, it is very effective in discovering dis eases and developing control methods. physema, and whether tire lung cancer lint has been found in asbestos insulators is being controlled or not controlled. A fifth conclusion--uniform, reasonabk regulation must he insisted on. Competition is very real in construction. In fact, it appears to he so fierce that It often is cited as the justification for poor Ircalti and had safety practices. For Instance, the question as to why water is not being used to control dust on a given haul road vety often will bring the reply that this is highly commendable; however, "it was trot included in Ihu job estimate because the cornpotiiir never includes such things, and in order 1 hid the job successfully it was necessary Is dispense with the water wagons". Contrast this with a construction job. The This is a standard answer for many prob ollice is often a house trailci and a single lems. Its effect is to penalize the legitimate craft is not likely to he on a given jnh for contractors and lo make the natural groi'th mote than a )ear. Who nmv is going to do of healthy working conditions next to intpoi- (lie pidemiolog'? Win 1 -induced In .illIt sible. This fanatic interest in cost-rcdurfi'* llama*., ailleied In a eiafl dining lire course scents to he eroding the few existing hcal-i of a single project v* ry easily passes vilhnul standards accepted by the industry. notice. It is not until a set its of snclt projects For example, everyone knows that a sand --and ;e 'use passed that disahiiily is blaster should wear art aitsupplicd helm*' "1 OP! ^ERS C?: THE ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1967-68 Gcnnal Chairman--It. JJ. Tuhney, Coip. Safely Dir., Texas Instruments Inc., Dallas, Ter. I'if.? Chairman mul Seen (nni-Ai.\o Him, Manager, Product Engineering, Daniel Wood- head Co., Northbrook, 111, Membership Committee--11. T, Kino (Chairman), Safely Engineer, Charles Bnining Co., Div. of Addri.-ssoginph-MiiIligraph Coip., Ml. Prospect, 111.; William II. Biu.ett (Vice Chairman), Safety Dir., 1-rigidaiie Div., General Motors Coip., Dayton, Ohio. JVogi.u,r CoinmitU <- A, F. Ciciiv (Cli.iinnnn), Loss Prevention Mgr., General Telephone 4 Klretn.nks Corp., Hew Yoik, N. Y-; \V. G. Mooiiiieaij (Vice Chairman), Adm., Saf. 4 Health Dept., A\IP, Iktuislnirg, Pa.; C. iYst. WAint:us, Manager, Lots Prevention, Autoniali-- I.lt clric Co., Noitlil.ikc, III. .Yeni Ciimmiffiv--N. Richmond (Chairman), Administrator, Safely & Hcncilts, RCA Si n ie.- Co., MM CVS I'loy-el. CiimainiiiMsu, N. J.; Giconca; llocurs (Vire-Chnirnun), Sup-iv Cm of Sah (y w Ace. 1'ivvvnlion, Wcslinghouse Elccliie Coiji,, BaHalo, N. T. II, it tn*h >.1-1 l'n;-hu i-iiii:! ('ammith e- 1'iuiM vs Mdlmi;; (C'liaiiman), Supervisor, Safely Si n i. i , \\ iliiiijhiinw Kin tiie f.'nip . Il.-dliuioie, Mtl.; Iorm Limaxsky (Vicc-Chniiinan), Follow Engineer, Vt-vlmghouse lileiiiic Coip., Aero-Spate Div., Baltimore, Mil.; Jack (!<nvv\v. Safety Director, Sylvan in Eh-c-liic Corp., Electronic Tuhe Div., Emporium, P: live v IIuikinv. Salitv Dint-tor, Il.iulaml Cmp., Chicago, III.; E. S. Korns, Bell Telepiioni- I, ih, Lauiclvhil", Pa.; L. 1%. Lvn.int, Managing Dinclor, Iutemalional Assoc, of V-U-i iiical Inspect!*!s, Chicago, 111.; Ci unr.E Mac Donm.d, Viee-Prcsulcnt, Self-Insuten Servite, Iric\, Chicago. 111.; Cir.u-i.i s H. iMrixm, Safety Engineer, MCA Corp., Lancaster, Pa.; Fr.n.xn Mit.iiit, Safety Supervisor, Wcslinghouse Electric Corp., Electronic Dm, Khvii.i. N. Y.; J. L. Moiainvv, Safi ty Engineer, Collins Radio Cu., Newport Beach, Calif.; J'.mar.i M\u:s. Safely Diu-ctor, Color Tn!*c Div., Mnturnla, Inc., Franklin Park, 111; Ci own II. Pan:, Managing Engineer, Casualty & Chemical Hazards Dept., Under- v.lilns" Lnbnratoiics, Noilhlriook, III; L. F. (Gus) SvviNntr\ur, Project Engineer, D-miel WoocIIh.hI Cu., N'r-ithbrool:, III.; Tin Woniioi., Safety Din-dor, National Video (. :p . Chicago, 111. % .'.i.hifvfiu,': mil! Tii.iuiiig t'emmiltec-A. J. Ciacsrii (Cliairman), Manager, Health and Saleiv, (.'cinral Mr: trie Co., Home. < ia.; J. W. Looi rii (Viec-Chuiimnn), Safety Dir., Natfuei! Cadi !ti;-i-.(rr Co, D.iyt"-*, Ohio; Russcll Johnson, Safely Dir., George D. i-epe- Culp.. Kaul. ik. -, III.; J. A. ia'vio.vhs, Piesident, Daniel Woodhead Co., North- l i.'i'!:, II!.: limn in D. M viio.N, Solely Director, Collins U-.ulio Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Huvv.vr.il P. Mu iiinii:, Manager of the Engineering (< Safety Rtgufations Dept., Nalinnaf I -I* cti ie Mfgis. Avii., New Yoik. N. Y.; Li:o A. ,Mii,t,i:n, Cliiif Safely Engineer, Strom- h- ig C i, Rot hr-iei. X. V.; E. G. Van Cata, Corp. Safely Oir., Skil Corp., Cliicaf III , R i ir.. t. i i tusma.m Mgi., SCM Cmp., New Ymk, it. Y. OjJ-thc-lob Committee,--Lawiiencb Zecfoinick (Chainnan), Salt ty Faiuhih! ! it Instalment Corp., Syosset, L. I., N. Y.; Mennocii G. rnvor. (Yitc-Chaiim m L ! Mgr., Allen Bradley Co., Milwaukee Wis.; C. E. IIayucs, Mgs., Saf. v: D.-tuil*. E Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa.; C. Lang, Supvr. of Saf., Wcstinghouse Elec. Corp . R- Instrument Div., Newark, N. J.; IIeiiueiit J. Pi:,vci:, Safely Engim fi'-i. l !* Electronic Div., Rochester, N. Y. Long Range Planning Committee--II. E. Wirnusiun (Chairman), Maingei, S i1: !' . M Services, Employers Insurance of Wausau, River Forest, Ilk; F. C. Ja iti cw, Safe neer, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Slanionl, C'di1i. Walwion, Saf. Supvr., Packard Elec. Div., General Motor:: Cmp., 'iV-iuin OM . Cameron Award Coordinators--Geouck MacDonald, Viec-Picshk-nt, .'>'<-H-)sinmh - : - Inc,, Chicago, Ilk; H, E. WiinEsmE, Manager, Safety C< Iteallh Jict-i-i 1 ' - surancc of Wausau, River Forest, III. < Staff Representative--Josei'H II. Vansicku*, Induvtiial Dept., Nalii-n.il Rafdy N. Michigan Avc., Cltfeago, III. GOGH. fast General Chairmen-1917-19, E. K. Tau.oii; 01919-50, H. R. Dluot; EM! :-E ' Biancauiji; 1931-52, C. N. Fogg; 1052-50, J. M. Thansui:; 1'i.Ttrif. M. 1. !<-. 1934-55, J. A, Ewmonus; 1955-50, J. J. Laui.uii; 1930-57, G. F. Scm.vr.rn'; "i'> , E. E. Gediiabt; 1958-59, G. W. Kocii; 1959 GO, W. F. Mc.Curr-in; c I'!:' i , ' Ttjuton; 1901-02, G. MacDonald; 19G2-G3, O. ft. Smiui; lOti'J-til. !. C. ' 19G1-G5, H. A. PniKiNs; 1905-00, J. A. Wai.iuio.v; l!l(irl-07, It. !;. ........... n.r 'Deceased. ' ?- Liaison Representatives From Associations--Lammi Deuiuiee, Association of Oilwell Servle- ing Contractors, Dallas, Tex.; E. H. Fallin, National Petroleum Refiners Assn., Wbington, D. C.; I. J. Fisher, Jn., American Assn, of Oilwell Drilling Contractors, Dalln, | Texas; J. F. McKenna, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y.; Paul Witt, ' U. S. Bureau of Mines, Dallas, Tex. Chairman, Advisory and Study Committce- Roland l'nvon, rhillips Petroleum Co., Battles- J PLAN villc, Okla. [;..now TO Members, Advisory 6- Study Committee--* Caul Adams, Continental Oil Co., Houston Texas; *S. Ross C.uui, Gulf Oil Corp., Houston, Texas; *Fiieu Ci-aiuoune, Pan Amo- r: ATTENDican Petroleum Corp., Houston, Texas; Parker C. Folse, Mobil Oil Corporator New York, N. Y.; *C. II. Linuiieuc, Sinclair Oil & Gas Company, Tulsa, Okla.; MI. T. ; THEMarki:k, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla.; `Glenn F. Stednuz, UOP Chcmfcil. t: Division, McCook, III,; *Qui.*;cv V. Tuma, Texaco Inc., Houston, Tex. Vast General Chaiimcn--C. D. A ii awav, Tliiukol Chemical Corp., Marshall, Tex.; G. 8. iBlack, Sun Oil Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; H. \V. Boccnss, (Ret.); Walteii Boon, (Ret); A. \V. Bm:Er.ANi>, (Ret.); J. II. BnowN, (Ret.); WiLLtAM F. Buruus, (Ret.); R. D. Ebetlt, NATIONAL SAFETY (Uin!dSL- OCTOBER 28-31, 1968 / CONRAD III LI Oil l!01 CL, C.lIUiVO f/irf.); D. M. Farrell, (Ret.); D. A. Klkmme, (Ret.); J. II. McKenzie, Mobil Oil Gap, 150 E. 42nd St., New York, N. Y. 10017; F. R. McLean, Consultant; J. Howard Mrtw, (Ret.); Cloiu-.e F. Piiussinc, Consultant; R. U. Boa mi, (Ret.) The Congress is always a big week, a woillrAul......... for the 13,000 safety people who abend. Staff Representative--G. Simiu.v, National Safctv Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave., ChicH III. 00011. Past General Chairman " At the '68 Congress you can meet oilier safely r ' with the same problems and responsibilities as ycmrvdl. You can exchange views and ideas on accidenl |jii"'>*:i. tion, health, hygiene, and fire prevention . . . on ii- iv in industry, traffic, school, at home and cn Hr- I m--. You can see the largest of all safely cquipirrmt cdiihih; at the Congress ... an opportunity lor you lo innl.o g informed buying decisions for your company. This four-day educational program, planned nd pi.;- sented by the National Safely Council, can I;' V-ui most thought-provoking, most woilinvhile rience in 1968. .!' Make plans early fo attend the 19G8 Congress :u;;l In mg the other people in your organization who Im.-e ; responsibilities. FUTURE CONGRESS DATES 1968 October 28-31 1969 October 27-30 1970 October 26-29 1971 October 25-28 1972 October 23-26 NATIONAL SAFETY C O IJ M M i_ 425 NORTH IgflUifiALL AVENUE CHICAGO ) 'H l 000B5B 11 Nominations Committee--'I'iiank Manning (Chairman), Ford Motor Co., Class Div, Dearborn, Midi.; John W. Bloom (1st Vice Chairman), Owens-Illinois, Inc., Fairmont, W. Va.; *C. Doan Nook, PPG Industries, Crystal City, Mo.; John J. Lonc, PPG Industries, Ciinibt'rl.inil, Mil. "Mowers and Tuggers' Committee-(Vx,t General Chairmen )-Fiu:d G. Anderson, Coming, ./ OFFICERS OF THE RUBBER AND PLASTICS N. Ye, II. V. Gaudnkr, Owens-Illinois, Inc., Toledo, Ohio; John P. Stephenson, Dali Bros,. Co., Inc., Muncie, Ind.; James L. Mourns, The Federal Glass Co., Columbus, Ohio; , J. C. DirrMiai, Cranford, N. J.; T. 11. Donociiue (deceased), PPG Industries; W, C. National Safety Council Hazard, Owens-Illinois, Inc., Toledo, Ohio; IIaiuiy A. Jackson, Frigidaire Division Plant jfj, General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio; J, II. Catjiell, American Saint Cobaln Corp., . General Chairman--L. W. Boulton, Safety and Plant Protection Sup\r., lityian Leu Kingsport, lenn.; John D. Fuixun, Kopp Glass, Inc., Swissvale, Pa.; Russell W. Fhani, l:! l,t.. Sarnia, Ont., Canada. Ferro Corporation, Cleveland. Ohio; Clyde C. Ruddick, Bethel Park, Pa.; John V. Skeh--`| uall, llarbi;gn-Walker Refractories Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; Edwin L. Wray, Ball Bros. t*fidy Flrrt Vice Chairman--E. E. Goi.nswonjit, Safety Dir., Gales Rubber C i., D'h : . C--1 Co., Inc., Muncie, Inti.; Clinton Ballinceh, Owens-Illinois, Inc., Gas City, Ind.; Joskph 'K ijff1 ' Is. Moiuuso.n, Houston Chemical Corp., Beaumont, Texas; John Rheinheimeh, Hunt Foods, Inc.. Fullerton, Calif.; Rodert W. Moulton, Ball Brothers Co., Inc., Muncie, Ind, ' Cy- Second Vice Chairman--J. R. Wethehiiolt, Safety ft Security Supt., Uniroyal, Inc., Joliet. I C. Doan Nock, PPG Industries, Crystal City, Mo.; Franc Manning, Ford Motor Co, Glass Dis'., Deal bom, Midi. ' Secretaru--G. W. Nickel, Mgr. of Safety, Armstrong Cork Co., Lancaster, Pa, Staff Hrpresi'ntntiva--Grant Shirley, National Safety Council, -125 N. Michigan Ave Chicago, III. COtiil Newsletter Editor--R. G. Forejt, Mgr., Industrial Relations, Ci iur il The and Pennsylvania Division, Jeannette, Pa. I iG "Past General Ciiaiiincn Engineering Commfce~T. B. Leah (Chairman), Safety Dir., Uniioyal, Inc.. 1 Sr*>P. : IF` --EL Q, IjAVWW-lCftropraUi Safety Engr., Uniroyal, lnr., New York, N. Y.; J II. Ham ' Safely Dir., Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio; J. E. Harvey, Safely Iv-ir... M=-i field Tiro ft Rubber Co., Mansfield, Ohio. L Health CommlUcelw. E. McCormick (Chairman), Mgr., Industrial Hygiene L a- .' j. The B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio; II. M. McInernev, Safety Engr.. G<;ct! c..r I - and Rubber Co.J Akron, Ohio; George Wilson, Industrial Hygcnist, Fii estmie T hi* n Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio; *S. A. Wright, General Supvr., Safety ft llmeC, |.i-- D , Inland Manufacturing Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton. Ohio, i * ; j'.i. Membership Committee--John Glenn, Jn. (Chairman), Pioduclion Mgr., Llrririe !! ! ft Rubber Co., Wilmington, Del.; W. V. Kelly, Personnel Mgr., Stokes Molded l'.'Otln Trenton, N. J.; *N. R. Hunter, Safety Engr., Dunlop The ft Rubber rV>!|*., I'i.!'; N. Y. Education and Training Committee--R. N. Johnson (Cbaiiman), Mgr., Safety *. See The Armstrong Rubber Co., West Haven, Conn.; L. Hartman, Dir., Ti.-' i'n;; ai-tl .r- Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Pollstown, I'a.; K. W. Glity, Asst. I - thi!.! Carlislo Tire and Rubber Div., Carlisle Corp , Carlisle, Pa.; J. E. F.c'-i [*- > Dir., Coodall Rubber Co., Boston, Mass. 000 (MO Publicity, Trade Association, and Liaison Committee--David J, Maiuait < Cb.m-.- ), * Engr., The Goodyear Tire ft Rubber Co., Plant 5, Akron, Chin. Code and Standards Committee--*M. It. Batciie (Clinirm.m), Mgi., Sab:'. ' and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Sfallrifr-t Committee--V. G. Cork (Chairman), Mgr., Safety, Urn , Tm.. ` Reclaim Manufacturing Committee--*R. M. Boyles (Chairman), Dir., Industrial Relations, Midwest Rubber Reclaiming Co., East St. Louis, III. Rubber Laboratories Committee--M. V, Batuta (Chairman), Fire & Safety Engr., B, F, Goodrich Footwear Co., Div. of The B. F. Goodrich Co., Watertown, Mass.; G. Wayne Bonseix, Supvr., Safety A Security, Lancaster Floor Plant, Armstrong Cork Co., Laacaster, Pa. Fire Safely Committee--W. L. Cato (Chairman), Mgr., Safely, B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, st. Ohio; O. W. White, Personnel Mgr., Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich.; D. K, >-j Da.vkesiieiter, Personnel Asst. & Dir., Safety, Hewitt Rubber Division, Hewitt-Robblni, Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. .:' V )', Off-the-]ob Safely Committee--D. E. Dunnow (Chairman), Corporate Mgr., Health and,'f Loss Prevention Section, Uniroyal, Inc., New York, N. Y.; Cooke O'Neal, Sec'y, S.PX-H' Accident Prevention Committee, The Society of The Plastics' Industry; InC., New Ycdc'f rF' ') : Synthetic Manufacturing Committee--]. B. Cuenowetii (Chairman), Safety Engr., Good- rieh-Gulf Chemicals, Inc., Institute, W. Ya. - ' . -. :< Long Range rianning Committee--*R. W. Fickes (Chairman), Safety Engr., Goodyear : Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio; ?C. E. Beck, Safety Dir., St. Clair-Rubber Co., Marys; viile, Mich.; *G. II. Buiikhaudt, Dir., Safety, General Tire and Rubber Co,, Akron,.Ohio;; *S. T. Burrows, Safety Dir., Mansfield Tire and Rubber Co., Muhsfield, Ohio; Franc C,.' Sr.-vnuum, Safety Dir., Firestone Tiro and Rubber, Co., Decatur,-IU. - ; .. " I 'Past General Chninnan. iy i j-.i $ i: * l I. I\" v* *,* *. ' 't r ;: i ..i ii7 S,it tonal Siijch/ CoopjM F.livliie \vc find the billowing t)uc<- sl>-ps p.irti.-id.uly fruitful; 1. Aujiuiinl private physicians with nalrne of wmk. irfpiiveinenl'i of Benefit I'lan, ami ftim-lion of company medical stall. Tin's lias been accomplished by various means, rang ing fitmi simple plume calls to plant visits to open (looses for community doctors. We find a direct coiu-lalion between the amount of lamiliaiity a patient's doctor has with the conipan and the length of illness absences. 2. Visitation of sit I: enijrloyees to discuss convalescent progress. This visitation may be done by supervision or nurses. In the past we base utilized visiting nurses, but we are basing tmr nurses piimaiily visit by tele phone now. It is still company policy to have snpeisision visit the employee to show con tinued interest in the employee while he is disabled. 3. Once a patient is ambulatory, lie is asked to visit the company dispensary. '1 he ability of the employee to return to his regu lar joh or to "light duty" eao then he dis tressed between company and private physi cians. Obviously, this kind nf close attention to employee's health, and to the work and home environments that contribute to it, can best be accomplished by an on-premise med ical force. A company as large as Western Klectiic finds the effort not only a humani tarian necessity, but one which pays off in on-the-job performance. The scale of Western's commitment to employee health can he seen in these figures --37 full-time and 99 part-time physicians; health ami safely programs at 57 company locations; programs ranging from biome chanics to computerized epidemiological studies, and fundamental research in such varied fields as heart disease and laser hnzaids. I appreciate that smaller companies can not spread tln-se costs across a large em ployee body. Many companies have found that private clinics cart take on this vital medical-management partnership. Others de pend on insurance benefit plans--a sure way to prolong absences. Many reports have indi cated there is a tendency for length of ab sences to incieaso as benefits increase. Sound management plan is essential to contrtd absenteeism. It creates the psycho logical and physical environment conducive to good attendance. The cooperation of fam ily and occupational physicians can do much to improve this attendance. This cooperation can restore Ihc ill and injured to work ns soon as possible and practice on a broad scale all that we mean by "preventive medi cine." Management and medicine can make a contribution to the operating efficiency of the organization. Out most important of all, a vigorous medical-management plan is a foundation upon which to build a healthy society on and off the job. As the pressures of our technological age increase, as our urban environment becomes more complex, it is imperative that we bring business and medicine together to seek mutual solutions to health and safely hnziuds. 0001M.? r OFFICERS OF THE INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1967-6P Vice President for lndmtrtj-U. S. McFarland, Director, lVi.uimrl .Serve. ,, Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich. , Chairman of the Industrial Conference--C. A. Au.cn, Vice Presideiil-Fngimeiing. Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Wakefield, Mass. c- a Chairman of Sections--H, M. Hartman, Assistant Manager, Comp* malion .md Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, l'a. Vice Chairmen of Sections-]. C. Radcliffe, Supervisor, Industiial Safely, Foul M-l-rr Dearborn, Mich.; K. S. Hedges, Safety Direclor, General Motors Corporation, D.'.r Mich,; II. M. Hontincton, Ccnernl Supervisor of Safely, Inlt-inalimml I bn v.-in t Chicago, III.; II. C.' Daulton, Director of Safety, Louisville A Nashville ll.tor ' Louisville, Ky. ! > Chairman of Committees-M. F. Uiancaiidi, Manager of Safely A Workmen's Con-. a,-.> Services, Allis-Clmliners, Milwaukee, Wis. Vice Chairmen of Commillees-F. ]. Dodson, Assistant Vice Piesidcnl, Lih.itj \!n- Insurance Co., Boston, Mass.-J. VanNamee, Administrator of Accident I'if.enti Wcstingliousc Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Paul Windmu., Srrnl.ny. IVi of Safety, Chicago, HI. I Secretary--Roy G. Benson, Manager, Industrial DcpniUncut, National Safely faun Chicago, III. I > i Committee Chairmen-- Associatjjins Committee--Dan Adair, Safety Coordinator, Pacific Co.tsi A-.m lu'.i-'u >! ! & Paper Manufacturers, Portland, Ore: Audio-Visual Aids Committce-T. II. Wilkinson, Director of Safety. I >; purlin Army, Washington, D. C, .1 - Contest and Awards Committee-]. II. Snyder, Manager, Safety A Haul Prole, i <, Walker & Sons, l'eoria. III. Executive Committee--C. A. Allen Nominating Commillee-S. F. Seence, Direclor of Sal. ly A bus-. IT. wntiun, Cyanamid Co., Wayne, New Jersey .. Occupational Health Hazards Committee-Y. E. Il viim n, M D.. Modi. .1 Honnel A Co., Austin, Minn. r,,. OFFICERS OF THE MARINE SECTION National Safety Council 1967-68 General Chairman-- J. Anihieae, General Manager, Marine Dept. Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. - Vice Chairman--Capt. Annum M. Knight, Vice President, Mystic Steamship Coip., Boston, Mass. Sccrctary-C. BnADFOiu) Mitchell, Consultant, American Merchant Marine Institute, Inc,, New York, N. Y. AwiVanf Secrctartz-llouEUT F. Caiui, Secretary, Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., New York, Editor, Marine Ucwsletlcr-CArr. Geohce D. Barlow, Asst. Dir. Safety Bureau, New York Snipping Assn. Inc., New York, N. Y. Assistant Erfitor-JoiiN R. Blackeiiv, Asst. Secretary, American Bureau of Slilpping, New York, N. Y. ADVISORY COMMITTEE (PAST GENERAL CHAIRMEN) }' CnANT` ^,,c0 President, United States Lines, Ine., New Yoik, N. Y.; Gait. Geonc* J J E. Buxton, Director, Safety Bureau, New York Shipping Assn., Inc., New York, N. Y.; D. L. Buchanan, Asst. Manager, Operations, Great Lakes Fleet, U. S. Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; R. W. Berry, Vice President, United Fruit Co., Boston, Mass.; Wain* wmcirr Dawson, Safety Engr., Bcllilchein Steel Corp., Bethlehem, Pa. NOMINA'! 1NG COMMITTEE ' Chairman--F. C. Chant, Vico President, United States Lines Co., New York, N. Y. Vice Chairmen--Wainwiuciit Dawson, Capt. G. H. E. Buxton, D. L. Buchanan. Secretary--BnuNo J. Aucenti, President, Marine Index Bureau, New York, N. Y. SAFE TY OF LIFE AT SEA Chairman-Aum. Will.mid J. Smith, Commandant, USCG, Washington, D. G. Vice Chairrnen-Hemi Aral C. P. Murphy, USCG Chief, Ofilce of Merchant Marine Safety, Mashington, D. C.; Ream Adm. Halert C. Shepiieard, USCG (Ret.), Westmoreland Hill, Washington, D. C.; Rear Aum. R. Y. Edwards, Chief, Office of Public & Interna* tir;< " Affairs, USCG, Washington, D. C.: Capt. William F. Rea, hi, Deputy Chief, Ollice of Merchant Marine Safely, USCG, Washington, D. C. . ' Special Hcprcsentalivcs--1Ii:nry A. Mohan, Safety Director, Military Sea Transportation Scmec, Department of the Navy, Washington, D. C. 20390; Capt. M. I. Goodman, Chief, Cilice of Snip Operation, Maritime Administration, 441 -G Street, N.W. Washington D. C. 20235. ' PASSENGER & DRV CARGO DIVISION Division Chairman--Capt. R. N. LePacf., Manager, Insurance Claims & Claims Prevention, Farrell Lines, New York, N. Y. Vice C/iuii man--Capi . R. J. Anueiison, Asst, to Vice President, Operations, Prudential Lines, Inc., New 101k, N. \ . Mcmlvrship-C\n. C. II. Waring, Manager, Accident Prevention Div., Lykcs Bros. SS Co., New Orleans, La. 9 F"\vn?f'C'rT' H` K Rosenc,,en' Snft`'.v Director, Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., Bror1 IS TANKSHIP DIVISION Division Chairman--C. L. Boyle, Vice President, Transportation. Sun Oil On., I'-Ml.n -l| ! Pa.' Vice Chairman--Capt. Philip Neal, Marine Dept., Mobil Oil Corp., New Y'oik, N. r . Membership--Capt. R. P. Walkeii, Mgr., U. S. Fleet, Marine Dept., Texaco. Artiiur, Texas. 1 Program--Rodeiit E. McCloskey, Marine Safely Director, Sun Oil Co., Inc., I.I.uew* l!< . Pa. ' GREAT LAKES DIVISION Division Chairman--John L, Hoiiton, Asst. Manager, Marine Dept., Cleveland Ghl!: ] Co., Cjcvcland, Ohio. Vice Chairman--John YV. Manning, Supt. of Operations, Steamship Div., The IFm t Mi ing Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Membership--IIilet O'Bhien, Fleet Manager, Inland Steel Co., Chicago, III. Program--William II. Chippen, Industrial Relations & Personnel Director, Amcil sui ' ' 0 (Boland & Cornelius),Buffalo, N. Y. i. . , STEVEDORING DIVISION Division' Chairman--Theodore R. Alff, Safety Director, Naciroma Operating Co., FV York, N. Y. ' Vice Chairman--IIobeut P. Alden, Safety & Wage Adm., Castle & Cook, lot*., llmml"! r Hawaii. 1 Membership--Capt. John W. Cain, Manager, Galveston Operation, Allnnlic Cull Slew : 'dores, Inc., Galveston, Texas. Program--William L. Rich, Jn., Asst. Manager, Industrial Relations, Grai:<: Lim*;;, K York, N. Y. SHIPBUILDING & REPAIR DIVISION Division Chairman--l. C. Yates, Safety Director, Alabama D.D. & S.1J. Co., Mobile, Al-> Vico Chairman--J. R, O'Donnell, Safety Director, Avondale Shipyards, Inc., New Odvnn La. Membership--Lloyd J. Pecoin, Safely Director, Sun Shipbuilding & Diydotk Go , ' In ;. .Pa. ; Program--John S. Smith, Jn., Asst, to tho President, Todd Ship Yard Corp., Honsto'i, Tew.a- * I BARGE & TOWING VESSEL DIVISION Division Chairman--Rali>h A. Guffey, Safety Director, A. L. Mccliling Barge Line, b e. ' Joliet, 111. Vice-Chairman--Lee D. Tracy, Director of Loss Control, Ingram Corporation, : u Gi leans. La. Membership--Uorert L. Guay, Manager, Marine Operations, Ashland Oil & ltefini;'. Co. Ashland, Ky. ' Program--F. McVey Ward, Southern Regional Representative, American Wateiways Cy erators, Inc., New Orleans, La. scussion Groups eiifSg Atlantic Area Chairman--A. YV. Cash, Snfet York, N. Y. *or, Intcinationa! Terminal Ci>., Ine,, hVv, Vice Chairman--RonEnr E Hook, Pa. Pacific Area ey, Marino Safety Director, Sun OH i ... i Chairman--Lawrence C. For I&klfspt,..Chevron Shipping Co., P 'rancisco, Calii. Vice Chairman--Capt. Joseph pF(6P, President, Portland Steven Crr, Pi-illand n.< Calf Au-ii Ch.tiiman--lOlue Davis, Operations Manager, Gu!t & South America Steamship Co., lue.. New Orleans, La. Yier Ch uman-CATT. Chaiii.es 1'. McFaull, Safety Director, Delta Steamship Lines, New Orleans, La. Crmf Lakes Area Chairmmi-V. W.vnnns Sieiiai.k, Safety Director, Great Lakes Fleet, U. S. Steel Corp., Cleveland. Ohio. Vice Chairman--Cumos E. Bauuy, Secretary, Buckeye Steamship Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Inland Waterways Area Chairman--Lee D. Truer, Director of Loss Control, Ingram Corp., New Orleans, La. Vice Chairman--Vince Gallacheu, Safety Director, Material Service Div., General Dy namics- Corp., Lyons, 111. Standing Commuters Pw-itam Cimimiticc.~C.wr. M. J. Sullivan (Chairman), Asst. Vice President, Marsh & McLennan, lire., New Vork. N. Y.; Rooeht E. Kratzebt (Vice Chairman), Mgr. Vessel Personnel & Services, Columbia Transportation Div., Oglebay Norton Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Statistics 6 Contests Commiltee-CAvr. J. F. White (Chairman), Dir. of Safety & Train ing. States Marino Lines, New York, N. Y.; A. H. Moobe (Vice Chairman), Safely Director, Farrell Lines, New York, N. Y. Membership Committee--A. B. Randall (Chairman), Safety Officer, Marine Dept., Humble Oil & Refilling Co., Houston, Texas. ... . Engineering Committee--Capt. H. II. Smith (Chairman), Manager, Safety Dept., United Slates P & I Agency, New York, N. Y.; Capt. Goiidon Beal (Vice Chairman), Marine Supl., United Fruit Co., New York, N. Y. Visual Aids ir Poster Commiltce-l\onr.HT M. Snow (Chairman), Consultant Safety Engi neer. Staten Island, N. Y.; Ralph Guifey (Vice Chairman), Safety Director, A. L. Mecnling Barge Line, Inc., Joliet, 111. . Off-lhc-fab Safety Committee--Gebalu Johnson (Chairman), Safely Director, Ashland Oil & Refining Co., Ashland, Ky.; Kaiil F. Kismeieb (Vice Chairman), Vice President, Loss Control Division, Johnson r Higgins, New York, N. Y. Maritime Associations Committee-CAiu, E. McDowell (Chairman), Executive Vice Presi dent, American Institute of Marine Underwriters, New York, N. Y.; Ralph E. Casey, President, American Merchant Marine Institute, Inc., Washington, D. C.; Braxton B. Cum, President, American Waterways Operators, Inc., Washington, D. C.; Vice Adm. James A. IIinsitFtcLn, USCG (Ret.), President, Lake Carriers Assn., Cleveland, Ohio; Ralph IS. Dewey, President, Pacific American Steamship Assn., San Francisco, Calif; Jack joins. Director, Accident Prevention Bureau, Pacific Maritime Assn., San Fran cisco, Calif.; E. M. Hood, President, Shipbuilders Council of America, Washington, D. C. Awards Committee (Best Papers)--Brumo J. Aucenti (Chairman), President, Marine Index Bureau, Inc., New York, N. Y.; Capt. Hewlett R. Bishop (Vice Chairman), Executive Vice President & Chief Surveyor, National Cargo Bureau, New York, N. Y. Ship Safety Achievement Awards Committee--Capt. Jones F. Devlin (Chairman), Maritime Consultant, New York, N. Y. . Public Halations CommitUv-Homcur Younc, Jn. (Chairman), Associate Editor, The Weekly Underwriter, New York, N. Y.; Roiiebt Wabe, Editor, Marine Engineering/Log, New Yoik, N. Y. t Staff Representative--Ralph M. Coe, Industrial Dept., National Safety Council, 425 N, Michigan Avenue, Chicago, III. OOG11 PLAN NOW TO ATTEND THE NATIONAL SAFETY C0tJ8RF;85 OCTOBER 28-31, 1968 / CONRAD HILTON HOTEL, CHICAGO ill ? i lit it The Congress is always a big week, a worthwhile week for the 13,000 safety people who alientl. At the '68 Congress you can meet otlioi safely pi-op1-.', with the same problems and responsibilities as yourself. You can exchange views and ideas on accident proven tion, health, hygiene, and lire prevention ... on in industry, traffic, school, at home and on the f.ni.i. You can see the largest of all safety equipment exhibits at the Congress ... an opportunity lor you to make !' informed buying decisions for your company. I This four-day educational program, planned anti pie | seated by the National Safety Council, can be your most thought-provoking, most woilliwhile safely cvp-; rience in 1968. Make plans early to attend the 1968 Congress and bring the other people in your organization who have safely responsibilities. FUTURE CONGRESS DATES 1968 October 28-31 4 1969 October 27-30 1970 October 26-29 1971 October 25-28 1972 October 23-26 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL "0 cmc.zns or ms METALS SECTION MAUCNAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1967-68 thmcnil Clubninm-- I), 1). Ki.ni, Salel) A Srcmily Supvi., Aluiiiiiiiiiii Company of America, D.nenpnrt, Iowa. I'nf! I,> Ch iin.uin- C. I1. Veinnrs, Mgr. of Safety, Jones & Lnughliu Steel Corp., PillsIiiiii'Ii, Pa. ir'i'i/ Vice Clmhmon--l. P.ui.ym;, M;y.. Imlusliinl ]ld., Frist Chicago Works, lllaw-Knos Co., Fad Chicago, In>J. I hiitl Vim Chau man- S'. Can u\s. Crucial Super. Safely, Midwest Sled Div., National Ski-I Cu'p., Pottage, Iml. >. i n |. Daki s, Management Representative, Belhlchcm Steel Corp., Chicago, III. '.'Uidi-fler LdUor-F. II. lu.u:, Manager of Safety and Secun'ty, Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, L'a, o-Cd.loi oii.l S/irtiktis' Jhun/u-ll, L. SriMrre, Senior Safety Supvr., llcpiihlic Sled Corp., I eiilial Alloy Dicliiel, Canlnn, Ohio. r u;a- s-. I :a:-!.nn C.auuvrtft <- !. E. Sruoui.'; (Chairninn), Safely Mgr., Caterpillar Trader Cm, ivtvj.i, ill.; Aus Cuauusky, Safely Eng., Colorado Fuel & Iron Sled Corp., Pueblo, Colo.; j. S. Chapman, Mgr. of Safety, Arnico Steel Coni., Middletown, Ohio; G. F. linn; Sales- Mgr., Columbus McKinnon Chain Coipotation, Tonnawamla, N. V.; II. M. t.'nvv !>iih:ic, Supvr. ul Safely, llrlliiehein Sled Corp., licthlchcin, l'a. t'ublir it'i ( iMui-i.'/fi .--Enw \i:i) M \Kimv (Cliuiimnn), Supl., Inchislihd ltd., Republic Steel Coil'., Clc\eland Disliiel, Cleveland, Ohio. i.fmirnl Publications Committee-}. H. AeueusoM (Chainnan), Safely Eng., Republic Sled Cusp., Cleveland, Ohio; J. E. Niciioi-s, Dir. of Safely, Reynolds Metals Co., Reyn olds Metals Rldg., lUdmiund, Va.; E. N. O'CiiAin', Safety Dir., New Departure Hyatt Cmting-., Gcneiai Motors Corp., Harrison, N. J.; W. R. Rohun, Manager of Safety, A!h fii- n Ludliun Sled Cmp., Oliui Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa.; R. D. Thanteii, Coporalc S.drly Eng, Ariino Sled Corp., Middlelown, Ohio; W. J. Schwackii, Supervisor of Saii-ty, '1 he YouiipsUmn Sheet & Tube Company, Youngstown, Ohio; Fiiank E. Dmp, Jn,, (A i(.orate Safely Director, f.ukens Steel Company, Coatcsville, l'a. .sb^;.:hip Committee-D. L. Johnson (Chairman), Manager, Pennsylvania Manufacturers .Vsu. luniraucc Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; E. E. McWmotion, Supvr., Per. Scrv. & Safety, Shaton Steel Corporalion, Farrell, Pa. '.'!j-the-]ob Committee--It. IV. Gildeiic (Chaiinian), Woiks Safely Administrator, Jones & Langhbn Steel Corpoiation, Aliquippa Works, Aliquippa, Pa.; J. D. Holtzapple (Past Ccn. Chr.); D. D. M.vra-.n (Past Ceil. Chr.): J. C. Cullen (Past Gen. Chr.); J. IV. I iciji; (I'avl Ccn. Chr.). / mining and I 'location Committee--C. il. Reilly (Chniruiaii), Safety Eng., Admin., Coiled Slates Sled Coip., PiUsInitgb, Pa.; R. Riiown, Supvr. of Safety, Youngstown Shed t. Tiib.' ('o., least ClmAgo, tud.; A. T. I'ociiiukh, Safely Dir., Allegheny Ludlum Sted Coip., Lerchburg. l'a.; L. C. 1'aiik.eii, Satcly Dir., Granite City Steel Co., Granite City, jlk; H. L. S- 'etz, Senior Safely Supvr., Republic Steel Corporation, Central Alloy Dis- Cimlcvl mul Aiands Committee--). F. Dwvm (Clmiiiium), Saleh Hop. i , R.-pnl-li ! .. Corp., Chicago District, Chicago, Ilk; R. Riiown, Supvr. of Sahty, Yeung .town M, Tube Co., East Chicago, Iml. Foundry lndmtiy Committee--IV. II. Deckeii (Chaiinian), Safety Dii.. (Viiitnl I .!-> Division, Danville I'll., General Motors Corp., Danville, 111.: Hk.-iiaiih C. Ku i.ci.e. ' ! < Dir., Cooper Bessnier Company, Mount Vernon, Ohio; G. IV. Davis, Iv.I f'i i n...... I National Castings Div., Midlaml-Ross Cor))., Shinoii Winks, Shainu, l'a.; T. I,. 111 v : Dir. of Industrial ltd., Vulcan Mold & Iron Co., Lalrohe, Pa.; J. F. Tu'U.i:. Sii., M u Industrial Rd., Union Sled Works, Founthy & Mill Mach. Div.. Itlav. -Km>\ Co. I > ' . burgh, l'a.; R. L. Duncan. Personnel Supvr., Anniiiaii Steel Fouudiies. Indian;: I Works, East Chicago, link Sled Service Center Committee--P. Walteh (Chaiinian), Asst, to the IV-.,. Kwl...... I Steel and Aluminum, Evanston, Ilk; It. UNnnwnon, Mm. of Label P.rk. Unit. I 'a v Supply Div., Chicago, HI. Industrial Hygiene Committee--IV. E. Shukvia' (C.'liaiiiuaii), Chief Imlir-tiial lljeiiiri. Republic Steel Corp., Research Center, Independence, Ohio: J. A. Janous. Sen. lode 'd-I Hygiene Eng., Jones & Laughliir Steel Corp., Pittsburgh. Pa.; IV. M. Smiiii, Mgr., In dustrial Hygiene, IVeirlon Steel Co., IVcirton, IV. I'a.; I). L. IVep.mi it, Iiidietiia! !I- -l!l Eng., Bethlehem Sled Corp., Rethlehem, l'a. Steel Industry Committee--M. E. IUuiy (Chainnan), Mgr. S.ifety, Ladeik- Sir- 1 < M . Ilk; A. H. Sauiui, Coipmnle Safely Dir., Phoenix Slvel Cmp,, Clnynmnl, Di I.; I,. V' Jn., Pit. Saiety Engr., Rctlildiem Sled Corp., Sparrows Point, Mil.; It. C. Di * i ' Corporate fjafety Mgr., JnterJnko Sled Corp., Chirago, III.; R. D. Mr sn\ueii< Magaucso Steel Div., American Rrnke Shoe Co., Chicago, Heights,' HI-. F. T. F.ii.i Supvr., luduslria] Safety Section, Steel Div,, Fold Motoi C.'o . Iliad.... . Midi.: ti 1 Nichols, Asst, to Vice Pres. Industrial ltd., Noillnveslcin Steel ami VViic Co., SI do;;. III.; IV, P. Saunoeus, SnfetyiDir., Universal Cyclops Steel Cmp, Riidc/-vi!l"\ Pa.; K. '! Cowdiiick, Supvr., Safety, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Bcthldieiu, Pa. Non-Ferrous Industry Committee--T.T. l'lNiii it (Chaiinian), Safely Dir. t-a-nnn .<lt ! Corp., ttlalr Copper l)iv., Salt Lake City, Utah: J. A. Two;, Dir. of Sab !> A- In In *i llcafth, U. S. Metal Refining Co., Carteret, N. J.; Caiiy P. Fisheii, Did.inn Mgr., Tai Aleminimi te Chemical Coip.;: Oakland, Calif.: J. E. Nic-hols. Dir. ol Saib-tr. I'o '1 Metals Co., Richmond, Vn.; JAMaiiana, Iajss Piereutiou Supvi., (limi t Com .. H.m ii!>)! Ohio; n. R. Akeii, Safety Supvr., Phelps Dodge Corp., Moieud, Aii. . !'. It i.u\ * ager of Safely & Security, Ahmiimim Co. of Anteiica, Pittshuigh, l'a. Fabricating Industry Committee--E. J. Collins (Chairman), Safely Supvr. IKtlili Id m S'b * I Corp., Leetsdnle, Pa,; R. Cuzour, Frontier Steel, Muskogee. Okla.; F. P. C\v.\, l'cr-om 1 Dir., Pittsburgh Bridge (s Iron Woiks, Rochester, Pa.; E. A. Biv.yi ru\\, Src\,rt Fabricators Assil, Chicago, III.; M. II. Zli****""'1 MMTI'I.. A ,.U'5. Div., Cary, link; C. F. Jonas, Mgr., Industr rt'ons, Atin?M>Btpil.iiij Div.TtekKWR.),- Co., Elwood City, Pa.; J. iikFouest, Indu Station's blr.^Tntci u.il ional 'Sted't' Evansville, 1ml.; Dean A. Di:xi ru, Safet; Brook, III. tV'est Coast Committee--R. C. Becks h ad ( American Smelling & Refilling Co., Salt Lake Members at Large--Homkii K, Lamiih: (Chat Jftvr., Chicago Iliidge A lion Co. " 0 OOtM 7 u rd)natnr). Dir., Safelv A I < It, JU., ` all. ,**,*3 , t* t/Zi?1, J r.t i Oakland, Calif.; Haiiiiv Sciiwaiiiv, Pres., i 1'ituu i rtt ,\t> i:-Km E, M.musus (Lh.iimmn), Fidciatct) Metals Div, American Siiu lti; * Ji(lining Co, San lMniieiMO, P. 1'. PuioN, Jtt., Safety Fin;., Bcllitchcm -`S'' I ( a>rJPinole I'ninl WoiEs. Hit lnnontl, Calif. Soilimc^t .An-ri--Jami s AuMsinn.vn (Chairman), Safely & i'rot. Super., ffydro-Aluininuni li C/icnnVa! Corp, Tu-ntwood Work*. Spokane, Wash.; It. S. Jamah, Salely Engr, Betlr- hhem Steel Corp, l'aeilie Coast Div., Seattle, Wash. /,<i, .tn -. /cA .\rn/~Eimi" S. WvNMior f Cinitnmn), Bethlehem Steel Cotp, Pacific Coast OK., Terminal Aunt:?., Iats Angeles, Calif.-. H. K, Cuuason, Safety Engineer, Ilarvey Aluniinnin Co., Western Are,, Toireiue. Calif. y>:!/ Lr/kn Cihj .boo--Tut ii\- T. PiNtn.it (Chairman), Safety Dir., Kciniccnlt Copper Corp, J Utah Copper Div., Salt Lake City, Utah. f llt vtHf/i miff AtUhorii C(inwiittcc~mS\!. T. McLean (Chairman), Gen Supvr., Safety and Sanitation, United Slates Steel Cotp., Gary, Ind.; *G, Lwnime, Asst. Dir., Safety & Plant Protection Dept, Inland Steel Co, East Chicago. Iml.; CiiAtu.us E. Wilson, Safety Eng, I'rthlehom Steel Corp, Bethlehem, Pa.; J. W. Tyssc, Mgr. of Safety, Republic Sled t'mp, Bt-public Building, Cleveland, Ohio; `Jamks G. Cou.en, Div. Safety Eng, Engine A Knumliy Div, Kou) Motor Co, Dearborn, Mich.; *D. D. Mauim, Safety Coordinator, S'-iii ty Die, (ones & Laughfin Stcef Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa.; *Ii. I. Pisi.t, Supt, of Industii.d ltr-1, Hepuhlie Steel Corp, Chicago, ill.; J. D. Holt/.apple. Mgr. of Safely, Blow- Kno-c C.'o, Pittsburgh, Pa.; *G. E. EicENtuiots, Safety Dir, McLouth Steel Corp, Trenton, Midi.-, *G. 0. Gun rw. Mgr, Hazard Control, Dtavo Cotp, Neville Island, Pittsburgh, I Pa-; 1I. S. Simpson, Mgt. Safety, Cateririllar Tractor Co, l'eorin, 111.; *J. L. Ridince*, f Dir, Safely and Plant Protection, Inland Steel Co, East Chicago, Ind.; *P. E. Ciiundman, f Salely Eng, Armro Steel Corj>, ltnslless Div, Baltimore, Md. j Spi/f Ilepirv'iifttfi'cc--E. E. k'm:M, National Safety Connell, -525 N. Michigan Avc, Chi-1 rag.*), Illinois GOGH. 1 Past General Chairman. PLAN NOW TO ATTEND THE NHI IU nt\ L 5 A I* L I T U U I' li I j OCTOBER 28-31, 1968 / CONRAD HILTON HOTEL, ClUrv-'' Tfte Congress is always a big week, a woilliv/hik! , 1 for the 13,000 safely people who atlcud At the '68 Congress you can meet otlrm safety /-->ipl*>. with tfte same problems and responsibilities as your; Of You can exchange views and ideas on accident pur/in tion, health, hygiene, and fire prevention ... on *:nl .p in industry, traffic, school, at home and on the bom. you can see flte largest of all safety equipment o^iulrii-at the Congress ... an opportunity for you lo make wellinformed buying decisions for your company. This four-day educational ptogtam, planned and pre sented by the National Safely Council, can bn yin most thought-provoking, most worthwhile safety >'>rience in 1968. Make plans early to attend the 1968 Congress and biinn the other people in your organization who hove rah !v responsibilities. HJIUftE CONGRESS 0AIES 1968 October 28 31 1969 October 27 30 1970 October 26 29 1971 October 25 28 1972 October 23 26 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 Nonru MmmtikULAvruui: cmicano, ilumpis * ' * <?/ 00U(M TUR MINER AND HIS ENVIRONMENT liv r. T. M. WHITE .MucUimalil Puifc-jo-nr of Milling Euginecilug and (li.mm.m. I)f|iiiilineiil nf Mining Hiiginceiini; A- Applied Geophysics, McGill I'uin-isity, Mmiiu.il ``I in itouim-iit" has been defined as "flic ng-:ir|-.ile nf physir.il, leginnnl and ciieutn- st.-mtial renditions lli.it siuimmd and inlluince the life or development of an individual or a < oiiinmnity". When this definition is ap plied to the mining industry, the term de notes something nnuli wider than ground cnntiol, mine ventilation, and dust abate ment. the ttspec Is of the working environ ment that have so fai received must atten tion. 'I lie object of this paper is to review, somewhat critically, the total environment of mu imluvtiy insofar as it concerns those who constitute tin* productive wink-force. It is for this reason that tin* topic `The Miner and Mis I'tiviissitiut.-iil" lias been .selected. 'I he paper mil, llieieftne, be in the nature of an anal} sis of factors and principles relevant to the creation and maintenance of a proper total mining environment, certain aspects of which are seldom examined but which me, in fact, highly relevant. Mining by surface methods has gixen rise to little anxiety concerning the physical etivi- romne l but, as operations have proceeded hi dcpti. more attention In the working en vironment has become necessary. Most thought has been given to particular func tional aspects of the physical mining envi ronment, namely, ventilation and airborne ininciahzcd suspensions. 1 he industry's in- teiest in these aspects of the underground environment is almost as old os underground mining itself. Even in the palco-inctallurgic era of the ancient world, the importance of natural ventilation was acknowledged, and we know from the records of Agricoin of the new approaches to induced ventilation (by file, Irollmvs, and the like) in Ids day. With our morn modern methods, undoubted prog ress lias been made in the physical environ ment. In the composite costs of mining, the cost id labor is usually the hugest .single item and it is through an inciea-e in the efficiency of labor--the output per man shift--that tho greatest i- cements in this item ran lie achieved. initial appioach to nellies c gieater cllicicncy was to make the working place safer (from the obvious structural viewpoint). From these beginnings, it is now widely accepted tliat working places should also be more healthful and comfortable and that our mining activities should be designed in such a way that a reasonable performance of lalror can he achieved without discomfort. Much by way of increased productivity lias been achieved by increased mechanisation, which is reflected by improvement in the man hours per ton of ore mined: in metal mining, from 1.R9 man hours per ton in 1952 to 1.09 mail hours per ton in 1902 and, in non-nielallic mining, from 0.50 man hours per ton in 1952 to 0.27 man hours per ton in 1902. Hicsc are significant improvements In productivity. Hut, mechanisation has intro duced additional, ns well as Its own special, problems. In more recent years, ft has be come evident that the physical nspects of our industrial environment must he correlated with psychological, ns well as sociological, aspects in flic establishment of a comprehen sively attractive working environment. The total environment of mining is there fore, I suggest, a composite one of physical, chemical, biological, psychological and socio logical elements: together, they constitute the working conditions within the industrycadi giving rise to problems of control. In turning to these environmental component!, there ore some upon which I shall touch only briefly. Hock Stabilitij/JnstahilUy. "Falls of ground" are a feature of the physical environment that constitute the highest cause of mine fatalities. These derive generally from inadequate safeguards of loose material on the one hand and/or igno rance of the relative stability of the rock slriictme eu masse on the other. Usually, tho (list of these relates directly to inadequate inspection of the "hack" of n freshly-broken excavation and to inadequate remedial ac tion; the second is part of the established practice of giound control and is often tk piohlem nf inadequate support at a locali: t 000IM9 part of the workings or oQwlftgffifrfrojfltfS .^tehtF.iqktty.tSiid'ft^ln'nl: of air n;-dl: : ' ings in relation to kno'fffi^ggiusfrcctec}. is' being Concerned brincipally v id' ' - stresses within the rock ma.yafesVft : ! nliirediumidil^/jClUMcnncciii sh-m'd !' tb : In the past, tho npproacli to the theory simultaneous'ctiiTthii of purity, ii-'ti.m and practice of rock mechanics has been beat content of (lit.- air. In tho pa-1 a-d m largely through the experimental investiga today, too little attention lias li- >-n. ei tion of the physical properties of rocks, the paid to this essential .xiiimltniiet.-n: rln.1. application of stress-strain measuring tech Thermal exchange hclvvc si the .t niques, photoclasticily, and the like. These body and lire environment depend- re---: have reflected largely a somewhat static ap four external physical factors: air li-i-;-in proach to the structural problem of rock fail line, ladinnt temper,ituie, air velo-jiv. ,!d ure. It might well be that n more dynamic moisture content of the air; but Ihrim-il approach can be envisaged (through "geo change is also subject to delicate Hi i.i dynamics''), involving a change in emphasis cal controls through vaiiations in tin i->- * :- through concepts of inherent instability boiic rate, the rate of chemical and i*;!1*> rather than of apparent stability of excavated processes within tiic human hotly. 7 r> o structures. In any case, much moro still 're*' physical environmental faclois am im! H mains to he done fn correlating the influence ently variable nnd may be combine J in hi- of design nnd layout of workings with the ferent ways to product: the same !h*-ui 7 ef stability and instability of the rock structure. fects upon man: an increase in air tHo -ity This is largely a matter of mining engineer will ofTsct a rise in air temperate".-; a <-<u- ing control Involving a knowledge of the sidcrnblc elevation of air tcmperalmi cm I structure nnd the principles of ground sup tolerated If the relative humidity i !; .-**>d port by the judicious design of pillars or use So on. Such cnmbiimlmns- of llicinrd i >* 11- of support materials (such as timber, con tions that induce the same llinmal .--.v.:- crete, "fill", etc.). The aim is towards com tions arc called ihinino-equivaI'li1 -<sicl- plete extraction of tho economically mineral tlons. The normal ant! basic Filer live Veni- ized material. We have yet to leant much peratnre Scales give the combiii.iMm of more concerning the mechanisms of "fill" equivalent conditions as ri< >I ly i|i- consolidation (cither by normal compaction btilb teiiipcratuic, wet bulb I'-hi|..-i j. or tlie use of cements nnd other chemical and air velocity. 1 limned cmufoil in Mi :i- mixtures), the method 'of attaining unifor vironmeut is the piimmy puipmc of Hi mity. in properties, nnd the subsequent ruck ditioning. Inasmuch as mail ge n: mi-s li- S| mechanics of the consolidated material. nnd is comfortable at cm iiouiiit lit d li-mp a - Hie non-enginccilng interest is a statisti nliires below body tt-mp<-i cal one--statistics nnd classification of acci loin generally is one of controlling tin- h .>! dents caused by "falls of: ground" "Fill", in lost from the hotly, not the pioMmu of b- ;- the form of the coarse fraction of commi lug tho man. Nevertheless, in outer to uniu- nuted material. Is now a common form of tain an environment that will icgiilih- ground support and, apart from certain loss of heat from the body, it may h - m -. minor aspects (such as chemical reactions snry to supply heat nr humidity, to --r l m producing carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, to dclmmidify, or to rare the velocity >! :!.< snd other gaseous contaminants in small air movement in the atr-.i. Most .-ippln ei amounts, and/or the presence of residual underground will u-quire the . on- !! ,,i polluted water), piesents relatively minor of more than out- of these to :i11i* - ,< non-cngincering problems. satisfactory euviromoeiil.d i midition. Mine Air Conditioning. In North America in wintei, the 'Mi i.p. of heat to a ventilating system is op u , The term "mine air conditioning" has tl'al. Ilifelly, (lie addition of hep i- i> ie l|. been dclilmrntoly used, since, in the matter attained eitlu-i by i.idialimi. the li m -oi of ntinospliciic ciiviionuieiital cmiliol, wo of eneigy by un.ius ol il><'o r,, i should he concerned with the simultaneous waves of very /on*; v.avi-lfiigdi; >-i. control, within preseiiliod limits, of the qual commonly, by mnvr< live ln-.it lian ! > j- ity, quantity and temperature-humidity of llit-r nnluial or fnued i iu ulalion c l lb.- m the air within a designated space or in a des around a lieat souice. I In- po. HI iliiii .1 ignated circuit. Fundamentally, ventilation is heat exchange by olhei ohvire,- m- ,i concerned with air quantity or air move- Ilian iliu-et heat ulili.-at im-M I - ''r ~ I'-il S,if, hj (.Y'ug/Viy iindr w.-i I, !hmI Fumi nearby inslallalimr:, Pirife anil lltiiliuliotn. 'i.iini ii >1*111 nil fioin iillti i iimleiginmid a m.. i't -itlir i m:il heat fmm rock at drplli, itr llr* lm.it contained In largo bodies "f water in l.il:i*s mu! livers (e\en beneath ev-rappieg-; in ivinlei ). In l<-i-ji inming. as :l Ivnlar (in India), nr on tin' \Vitu-.i(v>si Old. or in Northern An.lralia, lie it icmni.d iioin (lie aii slirain j; iierc.ss.ny. Km 11i; < a;-or.ii.il > innlim' is in 1 or, alli'in.ilivi ly, flic ail i. p'-isi'd mer < hilled roil .sy tcin;. Mtlionr li m lead of the iaic c:im' in minim; ili il (.alls lor Ittnnidiliialion of an air slir.nii, <V-|iinnMih("ilicii is Jiei|iienlly nunc ihr-imhl". I In- iilfima'i' and eriln.il lirnii.ilI 111 in mod. in niiniir: is ilcpt'u, in w-hivli tin* pmbI-ins id In il, largely lliiriur.il geolheim.il i-i idicnN, i ari Li; very seiious. Coniliincd eoriliii!: and <Ic-!tiiinidilic-ilicm ptocesscs have mciss.uy to pnnide d--riiabl<; emii"iiiii-"ut il enojitions in semi.' mines. AwdJoi.-! o! Inttni liliealion is attempted by n*-"i *><! !n diy diillire; and a reduction in the ini v.a!' i v. I ii Tevei po-sible, hut such I :if I in (toil I i.e; ii ;e to other piohlcms. Ooality eoiiiiol id lire ein iioninctital :tl- wo.pheie has not jecehi d :i; much atliriitinii i i in- lal-miiiing as il lias in eolliciies, hut a ie;.!ei av. arenrss is e\ itlcnt nowadays anning t on i.illih soils milling ciiginecis ie -1 -leihle Im mine .-limomliUotiing. The me ni il-vlii...tl analog!;..- coiupiilris olh-is a rapid init iv of s'linrllancons conliol of a niiinli r oj : ,i !>: .. Mm I, remain; In lie doin' in the '-tnih of Imliiil' i-t irsi,lance to How in mine aii and in the decelnpinenl ol ii ihinU ol lenlil.ilion m lunik analysis. 'Ihe ha/.atds associated with dusts ami ra diations are ainom{st tin; most seiious of nil those with which the mining engineer must contend Iml, like ventilation, have been recch in" >iu leased attention in recent years, pai I ii ofn h,- Min e Ihe insidious elfccls of ra diations have been dramatically demon strated in the luaimuu minis of ibis conti nent mid elsewhere. Although much work has hecn done on this important subject, much still icmaiiis to lie learned concerning dusts and ladiatious. | The dust hazard-; derive from combina tions of p-.utit le size range, freshness (or sur face reactivity), composition, and tiro sus ceptibility of the individual exposed thereto. Dust particles of pathological (or combusti- I I'le) consequences arc predominantly below t 10 microns in size; that is. less than .0001 [ iueli. 1'mticlcs huger Ilian JO microns arc un- !. likely to remain in airborne suspension in air J stuains of even moderate velocity. Tho haz- t anions dusts cliaracteiistieally have a mean [ particle size in (lie range of 0.5 to 3 microns, j and generally the chemical reactivity of lire L riiinerallic material increases with decreasing f paiticle size. Dusts below 10 microns, having j no significant weight nr inertia, tend to re- I main .suspended someu lint indefinitely in an J atmospheric cmitoiinient. On the other f hand, we know so little about actual dust particle behavior, particularly of the fibrous , lyprs such as asbestos--fine tul'-likc struc- ' hues of almost constant diameter (0.5 micron) but of varying lengths. Du they lend towards picfeiential concentration, waiting aimut hi Vet lioiafis.ilioii is a far ho ill c.'ii iioniiiciiP. Ihe atmosphere and settling under "JiindJiitli rlaims mir aibntion in the iudusSr.- vii d" conditions? How do we assess atiuos- !cr nit.on conditions. 'Iho exliemo In at i evil-inn d'-plhs of niiaiie/ give ii-,e to I'lolihni; ol heal tolerame of iho individual ! !_ v. iih ill'm. those ol acclimatisation. 1 he adiiisiieout ol niineis to elieine.s of en. iuiiiiiieiilal le.it may Ire piolunj'ed and. e n wl i ii ac e!jinali/< d. yia-lu.d lowering ol lh-` ini'In alert body to norma! tempeialme, i- iriijie'il mi. At i liniali'. liiou is also netcs ain the ease of high allitnde locations; ! ir example, in the Andes at elci aliens of 1 f.(K)0-10,IK>; li l t, tdme i! lain s tho foim pheiic concentrations of such dusts with ac- curaey? Since dust particles may lie cluctii- ' tally charged, tan they, or do they, attiact to their surfaies coatings of even finer, more fissile dusts in parasitic fashion? Is this tire reason for the intense activity of some essen- ! tially silieimts dusts (as on the Hand ami : elsewhere) when; pnciiimicouiolit' symptoms a/rpear lo Jiavt: been aeceJerated by some 1 agency, peihaps oxhiincly fine radio-active ( coatings? `J hesc arc qiie-.lious that still re- f main lo l>c settled. * -I adjuclim lit to o\j vn <1> lir ieuty and `Hu n: arc a nuuilier nf categmies into J; millnice ol m i r-e\eilion. A>. t liniatlsatinn which dusts can bo classified; (a) pulmon- j i. a j'oiMinal adjustiiienl in Iho uppiuach lo, aiy dusts, which aie harmful to the respira- { uni withdraw I.? nt;1 Hindi' 'in, these nnusn.il environ- lory system (such as silica, silicates, beryl- ' limn ores, iion incs, and easdlciilic ores); UOOtJf'n (b) toxic dusts-, which arc ij to body iimli'iptoiiml iivln; organs and body tissues ( lead, mercury, melon, lliori (c) radio-active dusts, wl; because of their radiations SatsSitE.-r', crt-Stsecl, si!hwb i lo app Jpihifi/s-^e'sji-a.tind -iTovdj lepilis < " hlet, siliodjjK_ 'Cl" III uranium, mis hazard" nf`ter l`ess !hm Ii.' lb l" i tlioiimii, etc.); (d) explosive dusts, which ilrigimnid winkror; e pn.itri-. il, - arc combustible in aiiliorue suspension (coal of pailielcs, wl...... v il.iv- . b (lasts, sulphide dusts, and the like); and (c) imatcd with highly m'iie film: >1 inert dusts, which allegedly have no harmful clusls, lias yet In be fully i'ivr.1" a1 effects. .Sonic dusts have multiple ratings In any case, tin; lure* j " -i.- and, as our cxptaicnco grows, tunic ami and/or radiations Inis an rulvr i"- | more dusts arc being added to the harmful cal elleel upon niinei. I'n.iii lb'' lists: (hero is, in fad, ineieasini: reason In aluile. llieir aliab un ill is imp>.>i il doubt whether any dust is really im-it or liaie nuisance i.ilev. io Ibai ibi; pathologically hm mless. visilulity, eieale inn omlei lablr- i > Dusts can vaiy in their injin iousiiess when till <:11r Ii111ni. and ii"ul' :ji ribm associated with gaseous- contaminants which, H and dissalisf.-u lion. in their own field can lrnvc adverse physio The subject (if abllemenl still i logical clfccis through asphyxiation, toxicity, adequately studied. Wat* r lee: b r " or radio-activity. As with oxygen depletion, versally applied mcdimii, Imi !; i-M tho physiological cireet of a gas varies with open lo qm-stiuu enr' il li e: m i i the cxpoMiu: time and the individual. Ihtdiin, example, in certain v.inl'l time > because of its decay products, gives rise to livitics, wet (hilling is vistu lly ' particular problems of surveying and assess Newer methods ol ah: b oe-e1 mii'J ment. A vast amount of work has yet to he tigalcsl. Ellurls hair I c--i m :" dime on tho sources of radon, its migration electrostatic conicntiali'ui to * In mine, waters, and llid mechanisms of its but with only parted -.mo*:;: . release into tho winking atmosphere. Can its Sunn; me of tin- on ucni that o'l solubility dillcieiitial in water and oily liq mis should ho inveslig.ileil. Siinui ' uids lie put to beneficial control use? Its dis apidyiug lo aiibiiine loin--mlllc-p.: astrous assimilation in the blood stream is pciisions the snuio soil el piiuci|T based upon ibis marked solubility dilfeien- apply lo walci-boiie.* sii-.|>i-ii'in:i lial. | ihcssing pioccsses? Is it pe ' il le ti< i Generally, in our assessment of the haitn- dust sinfaco activalois which w<n-| fulncxs of industrial dusts, several factnrs Ihe dust particles rn--i- amen i!! i emerge ns imixnlnnl. Mineral composition is lion and, llieieluu', ab men!, I ; * prolrably nunc impmtaiit than chemical bulbs ami foams? Ibi: is one II- !>! composition, and the physio-chcmicnl prop allic soil.ice chend.li; Ii- q enuhl ' erties me probably more important than (lie taut, l! might olb r ............bai > physical properties. The surface activity of age-old piohlem. particles is important. Permissible concentra tions vary from dust to dust. Radio-active Afinr liltimiiwlion. and other toxic dusts can be harmful at con Iiiadequale alle'iliou Ii :. o '-is centrations less than onc-fiftli that of a tradi mine slighliiig. Allhou-di mu > i tionally accepted harmful dust, such ns sil valu es have been ineli- in iilei-du n ica. Exposuie limes are found to vary enor Heeling, mu imliels; bas 1 ; -> 11 - i-: mously. In some eases, silicosis has been advantage of ihe iv- i'i". I- i diagnosed after less than one year of expo- most any handbool on ibniidn.iline sine; in other eases, only after 15 or 20 years siljle In lirnl tallies a hi h lei onlii or even longer. Radiation damage gcneially Inin.ililig vnndilinn'- ba Ini"' - does not make ilscll obvious until after sev tiial ai'lirily, with lb" iml- eral years. Even in a single mine, me there minim; variations in Ihe silicosis-producing proper To say that Ii -lin" he ties of quartz at vaiious depths? This would pinlrlem iiiMleiginniel. i.!-<- d` appear lo bo so. Enr example, at bol.tr in leases much In be ;!i ir - il. i India, with shallow depths, classical silicosis dcislaleuieiit. >"v ;r b1 e was rare even in niineis with a lifetime of Any m iv apple .-Imn n e i1 ifJ:d j 'atioiwl Solely Congress (In: ability of (lie eye to nd.ypt itself to ade quate visibility at relatively low illumination and brightness levels. Generally, we are con fronted with poor natural reflectivity from the rock surfaces of our mine environment, and this means low eye adaptation. Paucity of data from mining operations makes it difficult to prove conclusively the beneficial effects of improved illumination. The direct effect of lighting on underground efficiency as reflected by "cost per ton of ore" or lv "output per man shift" has not generally been studied and tire indirect ef fects (for example, the raising of personnel morale by improving lire brightness of the working environment) are still considered largely speculative. Improved lighting un doubtedly improves worker psychology and morale in surface activities and there is no reason to suppose that similar results cannot be achieved underground. Total injuries in surface mining operations arc a fraction of lire total accidents in underground mines. '1 here is therefore some satisfactory conclu sion to be drawn concerning the merits of good natural lighting in tire surface working environment when compared with poor illu mination conditions underground. Heller underground visibility should re duce the total mining accidents, of which a large proportion are cottcerncd with dexter ity cad mobility, both of which call for co- mdii.-I.'on of tire visual process with bodily movement. Visual performance deteriorates with advancing age, and such deterioration can best be countered by improved environ mental lighting, Fatalities generally ate higher in the older age-groups of under ground miners, despite the fact that com pany policy may ensrtre younger men being emplojed where greater alertness and dex terity are called for. Oir the surface, where visibility is better, fatality rates decrease when lire older men are given less arduous and less dangerous tasks progressively with their ace. Evert where accidents to older men may ho duo to a combination of nltcu- tuated traction lime, reduced dexterity, and slower movement, data show that bettor visi bility counteracts Ibis. Adequate visibility undoubtedly assists in the avoidance of acci dents associated with increased mechaniza tion and contact with moving equipment. In considering illumination, we should take as our criteria the combined effects of illumina'' and all of those factors which control determine visibility. This will calf for a new approach to "minfng visibil ity", but it should achieve more worthwhile results, with minimum expenditure, than continuing to apply popular ideas based solely upon illumination levels and tire num ber and intensity of lamps installed. The term "visibility" is used to denote the ability of the eye to receive n visual impres sion; "visual perform,nice" involves interpre tation by the bruin of the visibility stimulus that it receives and the outward muscular reaction which lcsults therefrom; in oilier words, reaction time is a factor. There are four important factors that effect visibility: (1.) the size of detail to be seen, (2.) the time available for seeing, (3.) tire lighting and color contrast between the observed ob ject and its background, and (4.) lire bright ness level of the visual field. To some extent, these four factors are interdependent. The adequacy of underground lighting calls for on appraisal of the task characteris tics involved in terms of visibility. The "vis ual task" not only involves the nature of tire job itself but the lighting environment pro vided; that is, details of the size and shape of objects to lie seen, their relationship to bnckgiound and suiroundings, nnd so on. These must be assessed, along with tiro gen eral aspects of the lighting environment, at tire Unie of observation in order to define tire visual task. Visual tasks arc placed into three categor ies: (I.) tcloramic, in which the important objects are at a viewing distance greater than six feet; (2.) mesoramic, in which the principal objects aic less than six feet, but not less than 12 inches, from the eves; and (3.) ancoramic. In which the tusks con cerned require close viewing distances. In mining operations, the ancnramic tasks are few but nevertheless important (inspection of a working face for structural features, undciground surveying, and so on) but the majority of tasks are tcloramic or mesoramic. However, seldom in mining can we consider the problem solely on the basis of one visual task. The viewer performs a number of dif ferent tasks and, even when his principal fob involves work at close range, there will be the need also for long range vision. The analysis of underground visual tasks is tbercfoic not an easy one. Fortunately, the procedure is simplified in that many of the tasks underground do not call for concen trated detail (such as would be necessary in, say, precision machining in a works!) (HHHio 1 and these is little dillic] ilermiojng When these piqjfiM tin not reim critical detail in order dr the task work under; oftlemalion, orgo-i'c: satisfactorily. must ovcicome;:.tl|e eye's I"''1 nr u, Nevertheless, bccausefr&we'use point awayTro'm thc-wxiil. inwnid Ih" le-kl -om sources of portable light, much of the visual Tills is a fu-queiil cause ol #li- -></>i: field in mining is not illuminated at all and fatigue. It is something that \u i'-i.- .'ll wc find ourselves asking not "IIow well can porioneed limit ignmml \th. -i L 1 see?" but "What can I see?". There is ob someone wealing a cap-lamp. Iv- I ' viously a need for more general illumination. was once thought In be prieie-l. Expanded use of flood lighting in the gen excessive use ol (he eye ....... . * . n!i. S'. eral underground environment helps tremen vision, but a nmic cuuuiiuii cun- I dously. is (lie tension that mixes when opp.- >V ' 5 Many attempts have been made to mcas- muscular movcmciil-; mo (in.- 1 ' I. i' i B me the ease and ability of seeing and to pro creating a conflict. duce an "index of visibility". One promising instrument Is the Luekicsh-Moss visibility meter, used to determine the relative visibil ity of various objects nnd evaluate the visual task, 'flic Instrument observes a portion of the visual field against its background and compares it with the brightness of a thresh old value when the field is only just discerni ble. A great deal of work remains to be done in applying the principle to mining. Indirect lighting i.*; the be-.I hi* !' ml producing uniform ilhimiiialiuu fin .! vantage is its cost, :-iure ciin- c!' > M light lost through ahsoiptioii and pum u-J- re.1', livily. Lighting is a fertile lidd S <i min!; research. Gaud lighting is cheeiful and stii ulnliug and, in many cases, impi-k-iI ;-t. tice can be alliibiiteil In implored le.b'e Noise nnd Vibration. One approach would be to divide the vis ual task into its essential components: con trast, size, time, brightness nnd "emphasis", the latter being a factor that takes into nc. count the degtee .of mental concentration necessary to perform the task. Certainly, re search should he (directed at establishing some basis for visual performance of under Airborne sound is due In o'-.I'Ve. in mospheric pressure and. im i simple t-s that is, a sound Inn acted* od by a -iiejb nof pitch--the number of limes j-es sices that the pressure changes (hmugh a plcle cycle is the frequency of tic The assessment of sound /' on !-'i. :! scale. ground tasks in a properly illumined envi ronment. Travelling ways have probably received closest attention but inucli depends upon the service being performed. Although lighting may be adequate to observe the approach to an ore train, the illumination is often so ir regular and inefficient that men arc unable to discern the uneven'nature of the floor or tli^ presence of loose equipment lying about. Most people fed annoyance vh-.n .*ul ,i with a noisy device or in a s-.<i;>* nr. ii*u went; in mining, wc have both n.:i y r! ,iami noisy cm-iunnm ls. .`iubj-i ie. ds* fort often dinimidies ns the v.nif1 c-n,'in to work and come; to accept I'n' w-i a . natural background to bis la.!,, c peci i'l when he himself contributes to nd ' t'eo-n bis job. This is particularly ;ippli i! operator of n vm k shill. The continual change from dark to light conditions, particularly in passing from trav elling ways to work places, creates riot only psychological but physiological problems for some individuals. It takes some time for the eyes to become adjusted to transitional light ing conditions. When an individual moves quickly from n lighted environment lo one which is less blight, there is an adverse ef fect upon visibility before the eyes become completely adapted to their new environ ment. Lack of uniformity in the visual field cre ates other problems due lo the fact that the eyes tend to fixate points of intense light. Nevertheless, wn are reliably * foji- = that part of the adaptation of the :\. !: , t- the disturbing noise involves the e- ...Nine of extra energy in his rcspuiw. ; :-i>l n- advised to pay more atten!ii"i ( (h- Utmxhip between personality trei* :e. i ceptibilily to distraction from n- -i.e. ' who are bared or maiodjiiM'-.! m ' e ' their woifc uniuti i< ting or dil'i. o': qucntly complain about the -Ii * tis.- . (. feds of noise in their eiiviic-im' n(: i= n, instances, their complaint-' are sc> 11- t - . nliznlions to e.-cu-e ' v lac1. <' i themselves and fu cl Novel (hob tv- ,..i ; ]!.">? Nation/:! Stiji ly Congress ir.u lions lo noise, bniHi'.i* il is kmiuii f)i:il intcileienee levels aie evaluations of impor I lie accumulative effects of prolonged expo- tance. The consonants contain most of the miic ;m: pin sjologicnlly dangcious, through informative values in speech but unfortu loss of -.rn-.iliviU In tours, through detoiiora- nately tbey are more readily masked than tioii of the hr.iiiog 11nic-tion of the inner ear, vowels because the consonant sounds are :liul eventually through permanent audioniet- weaker. Noise may therefore mask certain ric damage. Psychological factors are also speech sounds and not others. The energy of involved, the various speech sounds is distributed over Ciilainlv, noise seivrs lo distract and re- the fiequeuey range of below 100 to above clner Ihe elleetiveness of a winker and do- 10,000 c.p.s. The "s" in speech has an en ciense his output. Inlenniitent noise is the ergy range of from 4,000-8,000 c.p.s.; in most obnoxious, particularly during any pe contrast, mod of the "re" in speech is dis riod of adjustment to a new task or in new tributed below 4000 c.p.s. Such variations in surroundings. Evidence Indicates that, if a sound frequencies account for failure of worker remains in a noisy situation which speech communication in noisy environ distinct* him initially, he may eventually ments. adapt to it, and regain his original loss of Insofar as industiial noise is generally un output. While this may be so, the fact is pleasant, it may be assumed that its correc often wrongly interpreted lo mean that, in tion will lead to better worker morale for the the long run, continued exposure to noise same reason that any consideration for the does not have any adverse effects. Such a welfare of employees tends to produce a fa generalization is definitely unjustified. vorable reaction. Intermittent, high pitch, Sume investigators have found that the ef and high intensity noises are the most dis fect of noise on work output depends upon turbing so far as emotional reactions arc con the nature nf the wenk; a long term job re cerned, Some individuals arc hypersensitive quiring constant vigilance is especially sus to noise and cannot make effective adjust ceptible, The effect of noise is more likely to ment. lie a higher rate of errors and accidents Ear defenders will invariably serve a use lather than an actual trilurlmn In total nut- ful purpose, but it Is difficult always to "sell" put. 'll- - attention of Ihe worker wnudcis (lie ptineiplc. lYrsonali/cd ear plugs, cast for from the : h in hand mine often as the noise individual ears, are probably more readily level inn eases. Fmthei, noise is more likely ncccplablc. The use of inufllers and machine to lead lo increased criors and accidents if enclosures have proved partially effective in its value exceeds 90 db., nnd high frequency reducing noise levels in practice, but the audible noise is more haimfiil in this icspect noise surrounding even the muffled rock drill than low frequency noise. is still dangerously high. The greatest advan Noire and its effects have given rise to tage in relation to rock drill noise abatement much ccuitiovrrsy in industry, llow danger will probably be made through improved de ous can it hep Has il a deleterious effect sign of the equipment and the application nf upon worker performance? Docs it effect human factors engineering. certain types of work more than otheis? lias In every mine, some staff member should it a detnmcnlal effect upon worker adjust Ire responsible for the noise hazard. lie ment? should he equipped with noise and peak The intensity noise level is probably Ihe level meters, an octave band analyzer, and mo't important single factor in determining other standard equipment and he should he the severity of cxposiue, hut the duration of liaincd in their use and in interpreting their exposme is also impnilant. The llucshold data, l'citodical noise suivcys should be car- level of noise that the ear can withstand for lied out and steps taken to mitigate this nui some time without nudiometiic damage is of sance lo pcisonncl, impediment to produc the older of 90 db. Since llic average pneu tion and menace to health. In many cases, matic percussive rock diill pi educes some simple remedial steps arc effective: others 120-lot) db., the problem is not one lo be pit-sent topics for research. Of particular hi- burhod aside lighllv. tore-d, ami something vve know little about, 'Ibe underground mining environment lias is the influence of icverberntion upon noise become progiessivcly so noi,y that speech levels from machines and at the operator's ioniiimiiic.i' n a confined area is difficult ear: this is of importance in development if nut impi* and, for this icason, speech ends, rises and other headings. in s UOOtif Closely allied to noise is tljB&bn-of --.e.vey,^4igjt;lujio spoiatijji'-di" iic-i l-iie vibration and its effect upon{nKnHhrhis lions'Vorg-Vombliiitih: 4-lr.nlv iimwi'E ! various parts. The human bod>dfcf|3oclinn- willi Uie'capacities-of ihe epm Pi ;. ''< ical system of considerable coinJfliBaiyv It has slow speeds, the vxtirkm may 1 >i- **i!> i;.-pu a very' limited passive range and, in the pres limit, and fast .speeds may ill !i ul l.'-u b--- ence of vibration, its role, is usually passive. enuso of his inability lo keep up >,rb >' . The physical effects of vibration on man are In either case, accidents can lupp n '! primarily mechanical, effects that produce the most impellent concepts in lm>n m ' motion nnd relative displacement and which lois engineering is the design of equip - ' may result in injury. in tciins of human r np.dnlili--- :vu! ' Biologically, the body responds to stimuli thins. presented to its receptor organs ami, of Difficulties aiise uhen the m>- ' ! '( these, (lie netvo endings are adversely af mechanisms bunnies loo ei rupl'i hid bn fected by vibration, l'iston-opcralcd pneu normal lumiaii m-tinns. Willi -u imp i in* matic tools produce significant problems, due work-productivity tempo, il lolhiv s (!vi v to their vibrations which vary, ns the strokes, mytliiiig must lie done to design the c pop from 250 to 6,000 per minute. The hendief' inent mill to set lip the opi-i.iliin; p'n !=- the tools usually the slower the vibration so as lo facilitate the y,'c:,l .l po. in rate. The "throw" of the machine also conics efficiency suid safely. These are the niou --! into question. Mechanical tool vibrations can human factors engineering, Ihe npidi-.*i! >i produce occupational disorders by injury to of which can have a big inllucnre up-m ib- the soft tissues of the band (pni Ocularly flic futurc working environment. `I liens me \ palms), impairing the function of joints in oral points that can lie more pieveclv -tut. d: Uie arms (the elbows more than the wrists first, the designing engineer niie-t Ii < ;sn and the wrists more than the shoulders), mid understanding of the sense nipaii; mi! creating vascular disturbances (evidenced by intermittent pallor or cyanosis of the extrem ities, the fingers in particular). The latter is known ns Ihe ltaynnrd phcnnmritnii, which Is liable to Ire present in miners, livetcrs and the operators of vibrational tools gener ally. Vibration rates of 2,000-3,000 per min characteristics of human perception and n*. spouses if a satisfaetuiy npriuliu p-acte-ti i; !* Iw obtained from sound-:, lights, ngt- is. god other media in (he ope i it ion id ipdp'm o' --man himself i-. a pom monitor id > .pop moot; sceond, the rlr-dgisri must iu,l p'g><liiiieasonable demands upon lh<- op i.= l<e ute appear lo be the worst offenders, but (ill, say, reaching and operating a i*-u r-l m much still has lo bn lenrnrd nlmut the sever a lever, or in cleailv dilli'rontuiinv. !> |e> - e ity influence of the "throw" of the machine. two or more controls); (bird, the il.-i-in Human Factors Engineering and the Envi ronment. i In recent yems, attention has been turned lo tlio co-ordination of machine design mid human adaptation to the machine itself. While ,t!io ultimate, though unattainable, goal would be for equipment nnd methods to Ixs developed for each individual operator, the more practical view obviously is that op timum conditions should be discovered and Incorporated in the design of equipment for groups of woikcrs. As work becomes mom physically demanding, accidents may bo ex pected to increase. The importance of work speed as n factor in safely is frequently un der-estimated. Ordinarily, xvilli mmc stren uous operations, the speed of xvork falls off considerably towards the end of a woiking day and, as a result, accidents may not be ns high from tin's cause as they otherwise would be, unless physical fatigue intervenes. IIow- must bear in mind that the opendnr >ev no' always.he at his peak lint may Miffs r fm-.i temporary impairment of Inni tier- (through, say, fatigue) tlieu-bv c.ni-i'e: in I ficieney, and Ilial (Inue may lie chaw. : in functional activities gv a it-- nil of a-.in 's . el finally, the environmental conditioi,:; in xvliich tins equipment and np'-iali p; !> operate must be studied and llne.-w-M- . sidereal. Altiibulilig an idi-nl-; lo human f.,. alone has someliines been ovei .-mpli.i-1 Often, tlio undeilving i .iuse id tie- > id- . ; can be tinced lo poor or ioadi ipi q,- .1 : ,. of equipment, partial luily in lt-fiiim. !' cmiliols. (It might be pointed i-.-i :!. < greater eonsideiatioo could be gp . p to |;.. design of rooltid: in ent-liii (vp--. ,d j, drills fioiii the vieu point of midi.... ni. damage to the oprintoi at . ............ ,. positions. Experiments h- sliouu f! a. ; .* some machines, tlu i- ,-u- r live ' 1 c.-.y.-vq >. `V' .'A. I'j Con..uvs 00OHbd aid"' po -gums dial would In- Ie>s h.r.iuhms i> 'I lii not e irn iilinii i, I It"' v.mkiny, place is oiil> one a-p i! of lln- ttiinitir. no iionmcnl. Tilt: machine is anntlicr and tillni an iqually mipuil.uil one. H follows dial s|-i.-,-iil conxitlcialiuii 1111:11i lie `liven lii i.imx sin. nydi, '|itid mid .lci-m.n-y ol 1 ndilv movement-, in illation lo lln" de.'i ni of machines, includin'; tie ir shape, sue, diircti-<n of movement. .-.pied, ami die loca tion ol their toniiols. Tiuj rv.i' l'.oh'iiicti! Mining Enviionmcnt. M !!: Uiiic, work vvj; ict'-.nded as a jilo.Mf.d jiliriionu'iion and productivity was lli=* onl< uni ', of ilia ;i|i)ilit alien of plrvsicnl I'i- : Iml im n an. no lunger t onsuleivd lo In; in-le maciiinrs. W'o expect and receive pindirclivily Uiitnii'li ; combination of men ial and physical vvoik. Menial work lifers lo (li.il hit in of achievement in which venicm- bciiii;', thinking, reasoning and judging arc contributing elements, and physical woik tsinlnates tim e nc.livili.is where speed, coor dination, and intensity of muscular response me the main concern of the individual. Min ing is one of those occupations where a com bination of both physical and mental coordi nation is called for nn<l, in many cases, it is impos'd dr to separate the distinctive ccmlti- liiiliiins math; by the respective factors. Tlu* most readily observable elfecls of physical activity an the individual arc in creased breathing rale, pulse rate, tempera ture, blood pressure, anti oxygen consump tion, and it is lowauix then: physiological changes that mint! air conditioning ami other physical environmental controls nre directed. Productive efficiency is bound up with both energy output and fatigue. Physical fatigue is derived from sheer physical causes and momentary "blocks" in an iudii itlual's ou!put can be ascribed lo bis goncial physi cal condition; but we cannot ovcilook the menial aspects of faligue, one of which is boredom, when the individual feels llial his work ptva'tits no challenge and when his in- tcrc-t in lln: immediate accomplishment of that wod: disappears. When this happens, he cods tip in a motivational conflict and la's piiitliu.thit'- sutlers. dim piol'I-.'ins uf menial fatigue Ihnl mist; bom repetitive atliviiics me not as pro nounced in mining as in sumo ollim indus- tiies. Neve less, they should not be over looked. A' topic limn coal mining in the t'nilt d K n is pci haps of hileicst. 'I lie pxyelmloi'it tl tllt-tl of mcihani/atiim had l)i*<-n iioli'tl in (be hmgvvall mining of narrow seams, vvillt I lit- same monotonous operations being repealed several limes a sbift. This ap plied particularly lo llic power loader opera- lor wbo was called upon to travel lo anti fio along the loogwall face. Difficulties and dau- geis Ittmt 1 iim-cloiii arose. Iml wens overcome by arrangin',' for the loader opemtor to change jolts willi out: of flic "stable" men at tlie cud of each face tiavei.se. The impor- lanco of such psycliological factors in acci dent prevention is well-iccogniml. Effective motivation can create a highly desirable mental and psychological environ ment ami, lor this reason, factors in the mo tivation of a mining wink-force demand closer attention (hail they may have received in the. past. Motivation of an individual can lie very different fiotn motivation of a team. Today, men function liolli as individuals nml as team nu-mbeis nml, in iudusliial tenin re lationships, the psycliological factors in volved can sometimes lie used as criteria for evaluating productivity. j Productivity varies from woiker to worker, \ and an individual worker's production limy vary hourly, daily, or weekly; how much lie produces is influenced both by his physical condition and by his psychological attitude lo employment. Differences in production rales between groups of workers are usually Jj gtcaler than diUercnces among flic hidlvidu- S als forming each specific group. When varia- T titinx in achievement and response vary from P group lo gtonp 1:0111(11 ising men of eoinpara- J blc skills, some of the vaii.itions can lie at tributed to I lie groups themselves. Perhaps one group has been accorded more sclf-di- rcctfon than another, or in one group some individual emerges as a leader. In other words, some groups become teams more so than others. The increased working solidarity within the group often extends to increased solidar ity in their off-work activities. This sort of tiring could become very important in the sociological problems of an isolated mining community. Hut, group productivity may suffer, if sociological factors are ignored or treated as unimportant-in spite of incentive payments that could normally be expected to stimulate productivity. Studies in the efficiencies of large versus f small mining work organizations lmve been undertaken overseas. Some time ago, nr' was made of the comparative success small mines, particularly col)ier|8&k`^,owcr accident rales and increased ]fi2$|fittiVily were ascribed to a higher ratio or y^janhgerial supervision". Current studies 1fcnd lo show tirat the beneficial elfecls Walilished job to maintain high unit'd' high pmdiicti'. its l.vr *1 >j-a ' gel her. ` - - ._i 1 hr Snoinhigii nt Minor' In> under these conditions' can he applied to the I d Its loin IIIOMI-.-III:" il to u'-orgnniznlion of larger mines. The princi cal aspeels of mu minor in. pal change that has been recommended in tire existing organization of large mines is stead of studying hem ro U he ol iudiiidii.d or pee-i-'iii' I ib.*i the strengthening of on-the-job supervision eiology is till! Mudy of .";:d or "management'', by recognizing the work between people, in li mi oi v,.1 ing face as the basic unit of production and by building from there n stmctuic which vision of labor, authority pa'S.- u 'fheie is more In I lie h'havh limits the size and diversity of any one level of managerial supervision. It has been sug beings (Ii.in can be c.pluimd in l- i.i! dividnnlx, 'J bo statement !>j .... gested that, from a human viewpoint, large mine organizations would function very bet- _ " , should he rioted: lion peifoniv: ten "tie ui-hm in lu ni l liuuliiie > I ; ! n - ter if they were, in effect, a colleclirm of smaller mines, each with a sense of irtdh ide ality and purpose. nomic one of produrim.* goods ai'd out! of creating mid di-'lihulin". hie a Indian among (lie p>cob* iiid--i il- In such ways ns those human relation ships, both individual mid group, me brim: vastly improved in the United Kingdom coal lion. If tlio compile.'':, hnui.ui ie-.;iii out of balance, nil of dm , Hit in.-' in Ilto world would not impir t* (h mining iudiisliy. The individual worker feels closer identification with the job mid the su With the inlioiltirSi-i'i f m , " techniques and ter linolo il pervisor '`senses" better control of tire opera tions. It has been contended that organiza tions can perhaps become too largo for the individual woiker to develop any sense of "belonging", which is an essential clement in full worker cooperation. ' that consideralion be give n to both !'; and psychological cmi,oi|w-Mt<-,- ri i< I Iron. Even with existin': method . to- r ) ciological influences should be <: ie -I. Vei.v little work appeals (o have h' <- At this juncture, I wish to refer momen tarily to the psychological aspects of acci dents and of safety consciousness. Tire psy on the sociological aspeels of lln: n a,: dustiy on this eontinent. The litl!e tin I ! been done should be studied. For ex: in I nn analysis of (he pi <hhtiie slnili-s chological facets of the accident environment should leecivc much closer attention. Tim Kastcm Kentiii hy mal i-imirr; i . ....... rewarding, mete adaptation of breezy accident preven tion slogans and the competitive registration but slud/crr of eOT id'-l.-'h!-' '-i r1" have rrcerrlly been n-oihti 'id in ;! < i of lost time statistics are not good enough, lire "gtid" theory, that was originally de signed for managerial interpretation, has been found to be applicable to supervisory Kingdom and are ln-ii: (nntims'd. !> (cresting study comer us the iiiimdir litcclmiiizalion lo n pi ire tin -1-' i ' winning inclhods of uul miniii". I" responsibilities and, it is suggested, could be equally effective in its application lo safely training programs. cases, a change that was lerhiw' ' efficient was only paili.dly si'ev ti-l i- The role of the supervisor is cxlieim-ly im cffeclivcoe-.s hrc ui r i* cut ;i -i,- -. ! >.! valions. These rliilli'ullies have ;a . I portant as an environmental factor. Is his to be an emphasis centered only upon higher productivity? or is it lo be an emphasis on his subordinates' welfare? or is it to be a blend of Irolh? The role of the supervisor in been oveieomc tii'oir'.h Ih" <I*-\ , more strongly-knit piiiu 'iy e.nd; ...... . A somewhat related stiulv of le-- conneetion betvvreu v.mki- - ii,d |'i-h logical ioleiests is also ;e--. ilal)*-. !' 'i ' mining activities is distinctly different front lli.it in other industries. lie is confronted with widely-spaced work points, difficult of 'afely has long her a | n>! ! mi ing, where safely rleiimid- opun . - ; ness of individual and inter access, in unusual conditions of roek struc hility Tor the vveukine imide ns I,-': ' ture, of lighting, of noise, mid the like; his is eis (who follow on the i Ti'}: ' a network of supervisory activities. It is bis i lo-e r;)im|) h eliiie eeel.l it '` I i.i li Ni./Wu Crn-'ir i uoocrM With nu rhaiii/nlimi, acrid- nls showed a se Such mining enimiumilics present certain rious iliac.1 sr and it was considered llmt the special environmental features that may af drrnp'ion of social group* by mechanization fect the working and social lives of tiro com nd-dit i . a <n ljm eaten'. In an attempt to munity--tin. miners and llrcir families. In ii'iK it tliis pinhlem on the job. m.uiagrmrnl their tlevcbipmcnl mid strrn tnre, these com took Mops t<> u build tin' MHial me. rmVatiim munities follow broadly the same pattern os of tl a* wink f<inn| (.If tbn iob l.v recreational tire mine that they serve: tire leeomiaissanec, i'i< -olive . At llie suin' liiue, lliov rmpha- the development and, finally, the productive '< I the iut' ole (K-iicIcio c (.1 (in' shill .groups' or mature, stage nl establishment, in each of and 'lie social organization of tin- mine as a which management, in its relation to the "bolr. \\ itliin lcs limit a year, (lie accidents community woik-Inree, can face problems in tin', mitres bandied in this manner do differing in scope and in intensity. rr eased significantly in cnmpaiison with sim Tiro composition of these later day com ilar '.mils that did not follow these policies. munities varies from those of the early set I be wasitir ilv of soc ial faelnis both on and tlers in North America. Hcplaeing (be small If the job should be piopt-ilv studied and free trade industries of limiting and fishing, i !i. d i Ihotivcly by management. mining communities' are closely related to In (in i ..dilation of pioductivity, the < ec>- (be expanding industrial growth of the cities uainii-, mental, nod social environment of llte in that they rely upon very much the same r.mf.er tnnM be taken into account. At one type of labor and skills us their urban coun- time, iodu-liy tended In * oneenltalo almost tcipails. For tin's icaMiii, some degree of ur lotiiely o|iim "economic cowndi'iMlionx"-- banity is essential to these new communities the amnoot of product, (lie ipi-ilMy of prrul- since, in order t<< compete with city-based in t. v.c- t-e'e, ciiois, d.im.rgt*. Inst time, ciiiii- i d u s t r i e s, housing, amenities, and ( ii'.'linii claims, and mi no. Some; attention salury/wagi! scales mii.t be adequately nt- :s tlic-si given to itic "physiological and li:u live. pin ical demands" on the industry--safely oi.l ioioi ii , sbciil term film vet, permarieul i Heels cut allli, abscotet ism, and SO Oil. In limit' nvrnl >cars, "psychological considera tions" have been receiving .some attention-- lativric', < 111--1Iinn, monotony, job pride, work .(i.faclitm, motivation, personality adjust ment, etc. Now, industry (intis it both neces sary and advantageous to include "soclologi< d faetnis" in its considerations--worker ndpiitiiH nt, family eonteiiti dness, level! and damknds of living, cultural ami social amriiilies, Ifie impact of adolescence, the pinb- l ins of isolation, and lire litre. In order to minimi/c the problems arising front the mobility of labor artd labor turn over. mine management is finding that it must gives more limn cursory thought, not only io bousing artd amenities, lutl to the social nnd Icommunal life of tiro mine work-force. Cov. crnmcnts also have an important environ mental part to play through the provision of roads, educational and communicative facili ties, and tire like. It has been said that inadripialr planning Iras been a feature of many of the isolated mining communities even in the recent past, and proposals for the future suggest that lire 'llif Minin;: Ctniimiiniltr mu} ihr Minin,". I'll i nonmeni. essential aspects of comimmil v dcvclopmcnl which should perhaps receive closer atten tion include siting, planning, administration, 1 he mining induvlry of bulb Canada and housing policies, recreation, community insti ,\l.i4.:i i-: a powerful far lor in tlm develop tutions, nnd public relations. ment til I how enmitries. Many mining com- It is essential to develop a fttll apprecia iiiunities, ji.nticularly tire newer tines, are: <">- tion of (ho sociological ofl-lltc-job factors to s.'ilrally single enterprise in tlieir eoneejit bo introduced into the concept of mining and are usually lueated nortli of the Mi ip of towns of tiro future. Employees should be x-t dement along tire U.S. V Canada buielei. encouraged to enter upon all phases of their Hi' <" romimrnilics, which roirtilulo "isn- social environment as full community partici 1 t"d mining environment-", aie deslincd to pants, heed from any form of company po j.l-<y an even riitne sigeilsr.mt mle in tbu fu litical pressure, and should be encouraged to tile', particular1 ns (l- mining industry if act and behave as citizens. Management and . If e'.panil. .lends its lintdi-'is fmtlier inert both have a part to play in community ii atliv. nil. affairs anil, in a romnmoity .sense, must each contribute to the other's over;ill p.fhkipa- one. whistle--"hi:; n>|- 11 li' ! In single enterprise communities industrial relations could well become, in e(Tcc$y#<jrii- munlty relations because lire company comes into contact with the miners themselves and with their wives and children as well. In tire early stages, the company lias often been called upon to play the combined role of employer, banker, chief taxpayer, home pro vider and local government, a role which has sometimes led to dillieull social relations Iretween company officials and "townspeople". Under such conditions, the company may have been impelled to assume n paternalistic attitude towards its employees and their de pendents, in an clfnit to make the cmniuii-'' irity "one happy family". should In: a "buffer" by way trf a n1 < belneen (be town-hip sfte-aod th Units site to retim e sin h iitijim;; m- < ' Strenuous r'llniK `borM bo mini ing recreational la< itili*'.. c'iinmimit`. *: A , COmpany-Mipiwrltctl, to rat* r for I'll-v.. * t . sure periods. Shill work |<>-*' `its ii-' did problem:; in any .**, 1ml j; i.-. V dur.'e accessibility to true iliumd f' unless special airang* in- ids are i< 1 ciimicnl.s have a vital ini < -i in i .< mitring communities, v.lm-h, by ,r<i!>!!iy being, constitute loci of Imili'r naUmr" I - vcfopurcnl; it is important I hat up o minute nous or (be i. ilimial Km he; *.< games eau be enjoy*-k mil only in ' 1 and Mmilieal. but. in tie mo i i-r-l <s * "Keeping the wives happy" is often a dif ing commtmily. ficult organizational problem. Wives develop icclings of claustrophobia, notably in com munities in tire midst of or up against moun The automobile straddle? tin- d!b: I : tween the isolated ((immunity rml its *- I ncighhttrinj' largo toil!.*. if lii' lr<> tains, or surrounded by forests or tire rela provided. Mimas arc able i< be ,-u ; I tively barren Canadian shield. For pcisonal the mino nl leasnuabh f*<-| .: contentment, wives enjoy the ability to simp, One gathers dial it is tin v!-,. of i|> to have a "hair-do", to participate in church nets of some of the >iev.-< t i ul.,ti d i < < or recreational activities nil of the year tics that, if piojredy used, die In--, o'* I round, nnd to feel that their children too me nnioiittsl (Ire trees, re-1', wal-i. eud in irn adequate social environment. Some are nalmal featinc: rould be s-i i!i v-I. i|-*.l ; confronted with the predicament of adoles cnentuagu die company t t<jt - hi-'. cent youth, who, growing into adulthood in family In drink of du n lomnimiilj m .<e . tin isolated community, arc faced with a di resort than ns a miiii-ilmo city. II rii' lemma that tiro city youth does not ciicoun- couhl be peisuatled to ;n-e. pt .ir-lr a ' '* * r ler--anxiety regarding a future vocation, or living in an isolated tonummily, mm-lr r merely the future (particularly in relation to probably be done to impio.e tiro toe"--- daughters), education (particularly second environment, wliieit imping* npo;> lb ary and higher education), and so oil. These to-day mining activities. are the problems of iltc miner ami his family In Canada anti Ala- ho, v.lr- n dm '--r'i as a unit, giving riso (o anxieties which may of mining arc prebing f<n.'b<i ;<<t'l b"*( Ixr carried on to the job. Companies are find noithwmds, and wlmiu mining in in!' ing it bencGcial to make every effort to assist will call for the solid Ion of lie pir;' family units to overcome these problems "arctic" miuiirg, the npp* r < i*i k-ps *.( which, through their impact, could have ad ngi'iueril me now n-ali. iu<; die impir'. t1 verse psychological surd sociological effects these sociological ami (nmin'ina) pi ! ! i upon company operations. will have on (be exploit d!*)ii of lh*. In tire isolated mining communities, one sometimes Items the continent: "When you come home front tlio mine, lire mine comes with you". Tliis rollouts the mental attitude of both the miner arnl hi* wife. It is proba bly more omphalic if the living rpiartcrs arc within car-shot of the company whistle or if tire miner lives in a company-owned house. The whistle itself lias been known to create problems through resentment because, in the 'ogle enterprise eninmiiuily, dure is only nent's mineral wealth, tcrobilitr 'tmlr. the fotorc most embrar*' m.l neiv lb. cal and economic faetois, but dv t< * factors ns well. NeM '-s'l* v.ill (< . dovc-lnilhig of llii".e (;;*- !; *,l m-.' iir *.-** * Ix'hnvilir. Hut nerr-s-riy IcnM not ! ' only Imp* lliinf motiv di* n I <: : ibisfry as a wlinlo sbenM. on l a i.1, conditions of its r-.| aeilie" o\i ;* *- picciate the importance <' fI<> -< fni.<> their compiisite cimtid":!'-e tf'iual i-nr iiomoent. 1 n '!7 '/ Conr.rr:.'! In leeiYv.-, ;t ttmiil f of topiIt'S, tiliiih a low virus ago would not have been consiclcieel relevant to the mining environment, have been diseusM'd: some of tire topics would have Iiron considered beyond the scope of the engineer ami engineering ni.inagcuient. It is possible that lilllo new lias beta introduced into individual environmen tal facets, blit tin- review will have served a useful purpose if it lias brought the several facets together and demonstrated their inter relationships insofar as the total enviioniucnt of our industry is concerns-si. In the past, mining engineers have nut hern callt d upon to study closely the psy chologic.!! and .sociological problems of their own industry and even physiological aspects have not been ns fully appreciated ns the background to many of our physical environ mental controls should demand. Today, we arc realizing that they arc important, not only in day-to-day policies of safety and ac cident prevention, hut in routine processes of personnel lOiitrcd and [mtsoooc! manage ment. The engineer is rapidly expanding his knowledge and his intUicuu: into these in vvr fields, because feasihiiily studies of new tniititn; ventures trceigmVe them ns fac tors in the ultimate muc-css of the enterprise. Educnlionallv, the mining, engineer must be trained to think in those broader terms. His is nlfcii (li'.; decision cm problems that em brace. or arc influenced by, oilier training ami disciplines which impinge upon his own professional responsibilities and which arc coming more and mote into his orbit. I am impressed by both the potential and the problems of the nortlr, problems which lie within the sphere of responsibility of the management of single enterprise communi ties, of which the mining industry provides the principal examples. I consider that an understanding aml fuller appreciation of these problems should be included in tire present day training of mining engineers, upon whom will fall the future task of plan ning, and bringing inlo production, the min eral resources of this continent. Even established managements may find it beneficial to recast their thinking and modify their appioach to industrial problems that are constantly in n slate of change ns indi viduals and communities develop their self expressions and modify their attitudes to wards environmental conditions. In many of the older mines, it may perhaps be difficult to adjust fully to the changes and tempo, not only of newer technological development, but present day trends in social and person ality adaptations. The management of newer tniiV'R can grasp the opportunity to analyze and benefit from tire broader approaches. In our joint planning, as mining engineers con cerned with the training lor, and application of, out- profession, ail aspects of tiro miner and Iris environment must necessarily be considered. onofi.r:.ri THE NEW FED^Mt SAFETY UK'IS!.AT 10! ' AND rbim OPERATIONS j By ROBERT II. MePIULLAMEY Ass't. Solicitor, Mines and Coal Research, Oliicc of the Solicitor. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. An interest in safety in nil phases of in tion of health and safety in im id dustry, particularly the mining industry, is nomnctallic imlusti h s. manifested in various forms of positive ac 2. The Act provides for a modi!!- I i ' ! tion to promote and improve safety and is Federal-Slate pmgtani of iij'.podinue b-. being carried on by individual companies, an agency of the stale lias adro" il - 1 * mining associations, safety organizations, mi authority to enforce ils own e-xi.-tinc I- !.h neral trade associations, employee organiza and safely standards which in the i id- m tions, and by agencies of tlio Stale and Fed of the Secretary of the Inlriiur ;*t .<>! !-i i- eral governments. (ially as effective as list* mandatory slnehe One method of positive action in the field promulgated arid adopted by 111" -a! 'i/, of mine safety is lire enactment of a law. and which provide for inspection a! k i t an Tliis method does not always meet with uni nually of mines oilier than ipintries an 1 sand fied agreement when the law provides for and gravel pits that arc subject to the .'!. the entry of the Federal government into n 'ibis aspect of the law idlbids lb" n| i "i field of activity, whether it is in milling ac rrily for. and emphasis on. the ikn-.-! j-t.i a tivities or .some) other industrial activity. and administration of health and Some would prefer that each segment of an codes, standards, or legiilalinn; h. industry develop its own safety programs, Stales. The Stale plan pimKiYux of ' > ' adapted to its own peculiar conditions--in will be discussed later in inure detail. short, "self-policing". Others would prefer that authority to develop and administer safely codes, standards, or regulations he left at the stale or local level. The position is taken by some that the activities of tin* Fed 3. Tito Federal gnveiiiiwiit is hir'l-- i. jerled inlo tiro piogiam of pn-ilitr a, "s-*n * i till: area of health and safely n,,rr.!t li. .'win ing and lilt: collection, eniiipilalinn, u > analysis of accident i.tati-tic-.. 'I In .' ! eral government should lie confined to im proving health and safety research, training, and tire collection, cintipilalkur, mid analysis of accident statistics. Tlio Federal Metal and Nonmctnllic Mine Safely Act is a composite of all those views, and there is room for all vides that expanded program-; ;I-ouM - veJoped for tlio eiluealioii and It.'mine -* employers and employee s in tie: o - r . avoidance, and |ttc.wulicni of acrid o' . unsafe or unhcalthful winking con-Tb... ;.i the mines. The use of (be term hi to operate concurrently. programs is a iceogniliem c>f nlial 'h l*i> The purpose of the Act is to promote rcau of Mines lias boon doing lor \e . :!ii health aryl safety in metal and nomnctallic tire cooperation of employs is ami < i.ipk . mineral industries; or, expressed in a differ Tlio Act fm(her provides that op-tdor ej ent manner, to reduce the accident rates and mines shall submit, at least mutually :i->d ( improve health and safely conditions in min such other times as the See n tar v o( tkr ' r . ing and milling operations. lior deems ncecssaiy. reports ed a-g ( Having expressed a purpose xvhat docs the Act do to accomplish it? injuries, occupational disesixi-s, me! '!. .( data, and the* informaiin;i obi-i:>n ' fee these repents shall ho rouipil-d. ; !. . 1. It establishes a Federal program of sys and published, either in !"pu-';uy ' tematic inspection of those operations of foim. Alt (lie infomiali >n and i< pi i( ' each mine the piodnets of which regularly pidili'Jied and iele:r<d i-i am i;,|. < 1 niter coinmcico, or (be operations of which son and liny shall ! n il a ; ' affect commerce, and it leipiites the devel public iii-.jii-e lion. opment, piouiiilgnliini, and cnfoicemeut of *1. Wlieie lines "-el! eg' V 7 '* health and safety standards. Tims, the Fed picture:? Standards mac I M . J , eral gor eminent is injected into tire promo promulgated; statistic . ir . ! ' ih-autl Snj. t'.nni'.ie.,s omeans on run lyil/IiUt? SECTION Motional Scifoly Council 1967'68 {.Vi!, W I'.hauman linin.it i M. Sill. 'I hr ll.nm.i Mining On., Agents, Iron Hirer, Michigan. Citnitnnm t li 11-i : IX Look, U. S Itnieao of Mines, Dnlnlli, Minn. S.eoml Vir ,--ChnU mint -\l. U. Fiivmii. Mines Auident Pier.-nlioii Assmi-.ilimr of Ontarw. NT,11111 |!.ij , Onl.. Canada. 1 hinl Vu e-C.'/wii limn I'isy CL Sim l, l'. S. Huuan ot Minos, \V u'-hiuytmi, 13. C. S,, n lain ||. G. I'll Ml [II-;, u. S. linn an of Mini's, Salt Lake Oilj, l'lull. I Cluiiiniriu-! !rtl Engineer im{ Committee--Oil rnus C. IIilion (Chairman), U. S. Son Itiio' ltiTiiiinu \- Mining Co- Sail I .nisei City, Utah; Lriuiv S. IIa'.'SIvN', Noillnvestcni Mniiin> Di jui Inn nl. Ainetii.m Smelling A- Helming On, Wallace. hlalm; ill.n. H- UltXEi II.- I; \lininn Coiniunv, I li l r Oils , I'lull; E. Wuin l!ic ii.mihs. The Hamm Milling Coinp.im. \ucnls, lion Hiret. Muliijiaii: Din Turns, U, S. Steel Company, Jrllerson City, lino.; Itmjri: Mi'i.i., Eiie Mining Ciin|iaiiy, If(i>t Lakes, Minn.; Maisvin E. JcniNfSOW, Tin: Aimetmdn Company, Until', Mimt.; Imn G. Mtcuris. While Tine Copper Co., Will* I'inrs. Mulligan; linniui Johnson. Miami Copper C.'o.., Div. 'I eimessru C.orp., Miaiwi, Aii/'inu. Ilmiieiir (iiiil Ventilation Coinniith- I. H. Item in (Cliaiiinan). I'.ii** Mining Company, Hint Lakes, Minn.; It. ]. Si:aiii.i;, l'. S', linican of Hed;imnllon,_Snll Jaike City, Utah; \V. A. UAiunn n n. Department of Mining & Applied Geophysics, McGill University, Montieal, Oiii'Ik'c, Canada; Don n o I,. Wahneii, m o.. Department of Industrial McUIcine. Last Hanjic Clinics, Lid , lhnt Lakes, Minn.; Kiiuaho DesHociieiis, United SIMeJ C.yp-inn Co.. Chirai'.n, Ilk; T. E. Niaikiuk, Mdnlyre-Pmenpine Mines. Ltd., Schumacher, (Ini.n in, t solatia. Off-the Job S/eli, Committee--Ai.u.n D. Look (Chairman), U. S. 11orcan of Mines, Duhilh. Minn.' M. It. Fpaslii. Mines Accident Prevention Association of Ontario, North Jlay, Do! . Canada; Hot G. Situ r, U. S. Hnrrnn of Mines, Washington, D. G. Statistics CommitWc-Owkn 11. Boland (Cliaiiinan), Calami Ore Company, Lid., Atikofcan. Onlaiio, Canada; Fonm.si T. Mot eh. Chief, Accident Analysis Branch, U. S. Bureau ot Mines, Washington, D O.; Douglas F. Cou:man, Bethlehem Mines Corporation, Corn wall. Pi Wti.tin-n I I't i.Lirrn n, Lake Asbestos of Quebec, Ltd., Black Lake, Quebec, (* m.iif.i. /'{in,-/ II Sr-<-ond Vice Chaiimmi Neti.s/rffer Ldifor-Loeis J. /..went., U. S. Bori-.m of Mines, Dnlnlh. Minn. /mini'ii" t'ommitiee- C N'li'im (Cliaiiinan). loti-ioalional Minerals A- Chemical Corp., Lsli rli.i/v, Snsk , ('.in nl.i: I. A. Brr.'m it. D. S. Bon-aii ol Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa.; 0. J. IIaii iii. Alumna (lie I'mpeiti's Div.. Alumna Sled Cmp., Wnwa, Out., Canada; to. //i.rsy- 'iita-.li ('oilip.in\- of Aiiifii'a. .V.i.skaloou, Saskalclieu'an, Canada; John S. Kei.lt, C. s m of Mines. i'illsbuigh, Pa.: D. W. Hough, Wabush Mines, Wabush, Ltd dm, i a; P. L, Rowan, The An.imnda Company, Brittaniiia Beach, IL C., Car -i Odours; i Visual Education Committer--W,\i;i i:if. [i CUnki.Mj'j (Cliaiiinan I In H-uin i !r Agents I libbing, Minn.; 11. J. Ann*,.,, Ilomesliike Sapin I'aitn..i...>.-., Giants, -. J*. C, Ot: Naum, sum/ f fill*,. Otltnni ( Oiv., (J.iluti= munj-m, Tlu* ,\im<fMitla Co., GienlljMk Alimt.; A. \\r. Ni,\nv11 an Jleliniiiu Co., Salt Lake City, Utah; William L. Smuii, *1 lit' Cn.. Hi if- lana; Melvin IL 'J'avlom, G;iii:oum CotiMiIitlithtj Mining (:.Jt s \ Cyun.` Mc.vini; Ho.v JI,, Soui man.axij, sJ cum'SKCi* CUtuu* ! OMnjr.utv, i!;ill l> m Asuwiathns-riihlicity Committee--,losi i'ii ll\u, (Chaiim:>n), lies, n . \|i,,j|..- c Bay, Minn.; Gkuiigg O. Aiu:ai.i., Jn., E. M. Wmld Mining, llmssi k. Bel".imn L Knoulock, Mining Congress .lonnial, WnsJiinglmi, /). C.; Ar.vtv W, Kmo nr. Kn and Mining Journal, Nutv York, N. Y.; Cuius Ma.mi-:n, Canadian Minin;; lomi. ! ( vale, Qnc., Canada; Hicuahd N. Paull, The Hanna Mining Co., Agents, ililil.ine, J. C. llicKABV, Intcrnntionn) Nickel Company, Copper Clifl, On!.. Can-eli: I.', Skillings, Skillings Mining Review, Dnlnlli, Minn ; W. J. Tun a :;, ii-j-nl.li' lip-! Port Henry, New York. t- Panel III Thud Viee-C.'/niiniiaii Piogrmn Coniiiii(ftv-~Hinu:iu W. \ .vv Fa int 11 L Amaiicnu Mining Congress, Wusliington, D, C.; 11. D. Sinn, C.ilniiu l fi II- !. Evanston, Illinois; J. W. Jkffiues, Mines Accident Prevention Assn, nl .^Ian>T<., 818, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Wksi.isy C. Johnson', In!and Steel t,Tn"i-: peming, Mich. hlenibershii) CommUtca-T. T. Piniucii (Cliaiiinan). Utah Division, Keuu-'intt Cnpp i Suit Lake City, Utah; D. W. JIhniiy, iler-Ia Mining Companv, M'all.in-, I>i 1 - Doyli:, MacLeod Cockslmlt Cold Mines Ltd., Ceialdltm. Onlaiiu. Canada ! Baldeck, Internalional Suit Company, Clarks Smlimit, /'a.; J. I\ Mum. t.-:. SUudl-1 leal Company of Wyoming, Giecn Hiver, Wyo.; E. P. Stimm, ( liii-i, Div nl Prevention ft Health, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washinj'lnn, D, CL; J'imiii 'I. '>!>- Kay Mines Div., Kcimivcutt Copper Corp., Harden, Aii/,, Entertainment Ctimmi/lcc-~Evi:ni;i r Winn; (Cliaiiinan), Mim- Sib it \i1 . Pittsburgh, l'a.; F. D. Wot.kiikn, U. S. Steel Coipniatinu, X'iigini i, Minn. District /ie/oc.Tco/a/iH.'r-Norllieastem District, Jnsia-tt 11. Wf.hu s. New |nsej /im pany, Ogdenslnirg, New Jersey; Soiillicastern Disliic-t, Josreii II.muhmin. Temu . * < PcrCo,, Cop,*,'r 11 HI, Tenn.; Western District, W. Lvnn IIaui, Anieiiean ;*n"-U s i Jlclining Co., Wallace, Idaho; Southwestern District, B. L. Jniivsir:, Chino Mim > Kermcctitt Copper Corp., Hurley, N. M.; Eastern Canada Di-liiil. 11. II, I'm. Editor of Panorama, Normula Mines Limited, Noianda, Qnebic, Canaila: MT .liin ada District, J. D. McDonalu, Mining Association l B. C,, Vamnm.i. II. C. < r Research and Planning Committer--*Haiioi.d F. 'Jiiomimjn, Anu-iiian /ine t o. `; Tcnn.; Hkiuieut A. Wendkl, The Anaconda Co., Bnuaii ol S'alcty. Jlulli-, Man!.: A. Cooke, Falconhridge Nickel Mines Lid., Falconluidge, Onlaiio, Canada- fFie. n LEONAnu, Inland Steel Co., Ishpoining, \lich.; *C. It. Ni.il. H'-llib h< m ,\b-., i Cornwall, Pa. Nominating Committee--*11aiioli> F. Thompson (Cliaiiinan), Aim iiian '/.in-- Cn, '! Tcnn.; IIhiiiifiit A. Wknmel. The Anaconda Co., Bmeau ui Saleh, U"l!-, V.mt . A. Cooki:, I-'iilcnnlnidge Nickel Mines Ltd., Falumbiidj'e, Onlaii'o. (.'.umcIi Staff Representative--Ci.inion II. Hocn, National Safety Cniiiui!, -L' i.'. MiChicago, Illinois (itKiil. - Past General Chairman. p i i OFFICERS OF THE PETROLEUM SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL T? ; General Chairman--O. C. 11aii:ii, The Standard Oil Co., {.in Ohio (jh|). i. C rl. I Vice General Chairman and Newsletter Editor--V.. W. Mil '.'-, Tin M.-iailiFindlay, Ohio Assistant Newsletter Editor--*Glenn F. Si i:hvi r/, OOP Chcuiif .1! Dh i inn. M- el Program Chairman--}. G. Lowhance, Service Pipe Linr Co., Tnlss. oM.i. Secretary and Cameron Award Chairman--C. W. Lisit.n, Phillips tTTii*lc-in Or rllle, Oklii. Chahman, Dio. of Manufacturing--}. IhnvAitn Stauk, Suiitid- I'.rliuim: Om Cliriili, Tex. Chairman, Dio. of Marketing--W. A. Mallov, Texnen Inc., New link, f. V, Chairman, Dio. of Pipelines--L. W. Kinison, Shell Pipe Line Onp., Mi-o%inji, '! Chairman, Dio. of Production, Drilling, ir Exploration Ki.nnciii V. Oil Co., Tulsa, Okln. ! Chairman, Off-the-Jab Safety-- IIaiuiv llitni, Allaulit liidilii Id (in.. I'ml Arlhm. Chairman, Education 6- Training--C. N. Smoi.jan, Moliil Oil l.'oip., FI:- I (:hn .e Chairman, Health Committee--Dn. IlAnot.ii W. S'rit.s, American Oil On . Chi-.at > Chairman, Publicity and Public Relations--\\, ]. I.mimi:;, Thr An-.ul On.. Mm, Twfrim;-:, Aclwllics and Membership: Atlantic Region-A. D. Joii.-mon, P.in- '-ni Long-Island City, N. Y.; Gulf Coast /legion--Stanu v Aunnrov. (idly Oil O Ion, Tex.; Great Lakes Ilegion--A. A. Fnnmvcii. Universal Oil Piuthnls Co., IT III.; Mid-Continent Ilegion--Fiiank K. LicirritKir, Skclly Oil On., Iid:i. Ol In Coast /legion--Miiiihay Hamilton, Moliil Oil Co., Tnii.inre, Cali!. 000GS7 wers-At-Large--\V. L. Aviikii, Moliil Oil (Tup., New Toil. N. Y: |). I i flair liefilling Cn., I/arvcy, III.; XV. A. Di:n:i:s\ |h., Moliil Oil (.'nip., I'nis!-. y, Paulshoio, N. }.; Alexis on T.UiNmvsKY, Pun; Oil Coiup.iny, :i l)i> i.i- < . Oil Company nl California, Paliilim-, 111.; Hoiiim Dn.i.-i vr i o, I "ili- . S-r,-i<. ' ^ ' York, N. Y.; W. K. Dotson, Great Northern Oil Ciniipnny, SI. J'.ml, M:-io : iM.LEV, Aoiciicau Oil Co., Chicago, III,; J. U. I'aui:i.ii. ilonil-lr Oil v I!, li- jston, Tex.; Dai.i; Hickaiiauoii, Cities Sen ir e Oil Co., Il.olie-- idr dl.C lfv&.iMs, Elhyl Corp., Houston, Tex.