Document ZBD5oE98De4B4BQp0B0GVojep

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1934 Oct DOC#: NSC059 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the NSC - 23rd Annual Safety Congress Vol 1 o : l-s ~ i a j s n <== - - = - 2 5 "U. to 1 wCL.^O J --'w-*- .. T >, i " = ~CT' M Mi P; J-M"_ r ' ~N O - P-NSC-3 V -j o\ V, 1934 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated T, -V ' TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Cleveland, Ohio October 1 to October 5, 1934 The Cleveland, Carter and Statler Hotel Cup>rijht, J9J 5, NT:..- .Su/Ny Coiuw;:. /-.c. Si 3 T H E T R A N SA C T IO N S of the Twenty-third Annual Safety Con gress, National Safety Council, 1934, arc published in two volumes. T he first, containing the General Sessions, the Special Subject Sessions, and the Industrial Section Sessions, is presented herewith. It is sup plem ented by a sm aller volum e containing th e sessions of the Street and H igh w ay Traffic Section, the Child E ducation Section, and H om e Safety. The large volume is being sent autom atically to the Industrial m em bers of the Council; the sm aller .volu m e is se n t autom atically to m em bers w ho are believed to be chiefly interested in those sessions. It m ay also be secured on jccquest by other Council members. , For the benefit of many m embers who have found it advantageous to distribute copies of these T R A N S A C T IO N S to supervisors, fora m en and others am ong their personnel, who m ay keep them for contin uous reference, the follow in g quantity prices are quoted: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume, $1.50 each; 11 copies and over, S1.25 each. Copies of the smaller volume, $.50 each. T H E P L A N O F .P U B L IC A T IO N is the sam e as that followed for the last three years. It is a condensed record- The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been assembled, edited with care and discernment to eliminate extraneous matter and abbreviate the less essential portions, and the concise remainder is presented for study and reference. Although not "complete" in the sense that every word is reproduced, it is an interesting and valuable record which em phasizes the memorable parts of each paper or address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council Library, available for additional reference as desired. Although the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from discussion at its conventions matters which are not pertinent to its purposes or which are contrary to its policies, the Council cannot ac cept responsibility for the view s expressed either in the papers pre sented or the discussions thereon. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago 7 . ' 4 ;r~ J, -on- .ons, sup:rcct ome .cm* may :ous are.tin- 10 ach. for ;ach 'th ;c tor cry :nai nal om its acTC* 1200911 33C1O N T E N T S ; Council Officers and D irecto rs...................................................................... Council Purposes and P o lic ie s............. ; ...................................................... Annual M eeting of M em bers...................................................................... Annual Banquet ............................................................. ..................................... Subject S ession s-- _ D ust in In d u stry......................................................................................... Fire Prevention in In d u stry ............... .................................................... Fusion W elding and C u ttin g .................................................................. Industrial Nursing ................................................................................... Industry and Its Motor V eh icle A ccid en t P r o b le m .................... M aintaining Interest in S a fe ty .............................................................. M echanical M ethods of H an d lin g M a teria ls................................. N ew W orkers ............................................................................................. Poisonous Fum es and V a p o r s............................................................. Safety Equipment ..................................................................................... Safety Organization and P ro g ra m ....................................................... Safe U se of Chemicals in In d u str y ...................................................... Safe Use of Electricity in In d u stry ..................................................... T h e Injured W ork er................................................................................. W h y People F a ll........................................................... ; ........................... All Ohio D a y ........................................................................................................ F E R A Safety C onference............................................................................... Industrial Safety Lectures-- Selling the Safety Id ea ............................................................................. The P sych ology of the Safety M ovem en t in Changing T im es Accident Prevention Equipment M anufacturers' S e c tio n ................. Aeronautical Section ......................................................................................... .A. S. Si E .-- Engineering S ectio n ................................................................ Autom otive and Machine Shop S ectio n ..................................................... Cement Section .................................................................................................. Chemical Section .............................................................................................. Construction Section .................................................................., ................... Delivery, Taxicab and Bus S e c tio n ............................................................ Food Section ...................................................................................................... Marine Section .................................................................................................... Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather In d u stries S e c tio n ................... Metals S e c t io n ...................................................................................................... Mining Section .................................................................................................... t aper and Pulp S ection ................................................................................... I etroleum Section ............................................................................................. lo w e r Press S ectio n ......................................................................................... fu b lic Utilities S ection ..................................................................................... C'uarry Section ........................................................ '.......................................... f efrigeration Section ........................................................................................ l ubber Section .................................................................................................. Safety Section, A R A -- Steam Railroad Section, N S C ........................ tex tile Section ................................................................................................... tra n sit Section ............................................... ................................................... W ood Products S ection .................................................................................... H d e x ........................................................................................................................ PAGE 4 9 .. 11 . . 21 . . 23 . . 31 . . 41 .. 45 . . 51 .. 59 . . 67 . . 73 . . 79 . . 85 .. 93 . . 99 . . 103 .. .. 113 121 .. 127 .. 131 . . 135 . . 140 . . 149 . . 153 . . 159 . . 163 177 . . 187 . . 199 . . 209 . . 219 . . 227 .. 24S .. 255 . . 269 , . 289 .. 307 . . 325 .. 337 . . 349 .. 357 . . 365 . . 383 . . 413 . . 419 . . 435 . . 445 National Safety Council Incorporated HONORARY MEMBERS A ssociation' of I ron and S teel E lectrical E ngineers Robert W. Campbell A rthur W illiams O F F IC E R S (1934-1935) John E. Long. President. Robert I. Catlin. Vice-President ior Public Safety. D, D. F ennell. Vice-President ior Public Relations. Leu- R. P almer. Vice-President for Safety Councils. A lbert S. Rf.gula. Vice-President for Engineering. C. W. S mith. Vice-President ior Industrial Safety. R. T. S olensten. Vice-President for Membership. D r. C. H. W atson. Vice-President lor Health. A. W. W hitney. Vicc-Prcsidcnt for Education. W. E. W orth. Vice-President, for Finance and Treasurer. W . H. Cameron. Managing Director and Secretary. E X E C U T IV E C O M M I T T E E (1934-1935) A. L. A rmstrong. Eastman Kodak Company C. B. A uel, Par- President. J. I. Ban-a sh , Past President. C. W. Beroquu:. Past President. F. W. B raun. Weed Products Section. W. H. Cameron. .Vaiional Safety Council. Robert W. Campbell. Past President. T. H. Carrow. American Railway Association. Robert I. Catlin. Aetna Casualty S: Surety Company. J. E. Culliney. Bethlehem. Steel Company, Lewis A. D f.Blcgs. Past President. -Marcus A. Do"'. Past President. D D. F ennell. Consulting Engineer. D. L. Fennell. Kansas City Safety Council. Capt. E. W. F ume. Jr.. Marine Section. R. E. Fortuin, Lehigh Valley Safety Council. H arry Guiliiert. The Pullman Company. Mf.rlf. C. H ale. A.uioniotive -V Machine Shop Section. G. T. H ellmuth. Chicago. Xorth Shore & Milwaukee Railroad Co. Hon. H arold G. H of f m a n . Street & Highway Traffic Section. T homas P. Kf,a:-.n -. Industrial Commission of Ohio. W alter G. K ing. Past President. 4 F r a x k u s M. Kfe.-n- lo u x E. Long. The i T tw i. Hi MacDonald. K, J. Mejire.v. PL I W. Millard. A.cc: 1 i H arold L. M iner. E. '. i Arthur T. Morey. ? l [ Ltw R. P almer. Par. C. E. PrrnuoNE. Par. C. E, Ralston. Wester Albert S. R gula. P v Lt. Col. H. A. k i n :: Georoe E. S anford, S ob e s t L. S chmitt, h H arry A. S ciiultt. V Chasles B. Scott. Pa- Lestejs D. S eymour, . C. IV. S mith, Standsr W alter D ent S mith. R. T. Solensten. Fhh | Clarence P. T ayl.-r. C. P. Tolman. Par, P J. A. Voss. Metals S-. George H. W arfel. V D r. C. H. W atson. A i A. W. W hitney, .'hr W. E. W orth. Lit:::. Arthur H. Young. ? i' l K F rederick A rcher. -h W illiam F. A rueen, : A. L Armstrong. l : f William H . B ake?,, C J. I. Ba.v a sh . Constat: H. D. Baxta, Paper A Ernest \V. B eck. 1'r.n. f W. a . Bennett. VV rc C. IV. Besgouut. f David S. Eeyer. Li' -r E. F. Blank, Jonc;-:: t C F. Borkeniiagf.n. : F. \V. Braun, V <,-,h V Col. P hil H. B rock- P reston D. Cai.i.u ::. 1 W. H. Camf.ron. X.-.-.a, T. J. Caknf.y, Chicago , Atwcu t --Officers and Directors r F r a n k l i n M. K?.eml. Evanston Safety Council. JottK E. Long. The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Carp. T hos. H. MacD o.\".au>. United States Department of Agriculture. E. J. M ehren. Portland Cement Association. I. W. M illard. Accident Prevention Manufacturers' Section. Harold L. Mine?.. E. I. duPont dc Xcniours & Co., Inc. Arthur T. Morev. Past President. Lew R.. P almer. Past President. C. E. P ettibone. Past President. C. E. Ralston. Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. Albert S. R eglla. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. H. A. R eninger. Past President. Geosce E. Sanford. General Eletcric Company. Robert L. Schmitt. Louisville Safety Council. Harrv A. Schultz. United States Steel Corporation. Charles IT S cott. Past President. Lester D. S eymour. Aeronautical Section. C. W. S mith. Standard Oil Company iTudianal. W alter D f.xt S mith. Delaware Safety Council. R. T. Solex stem. Elliott Service Company. Clarence P. T aylor. Massachusetts Safety Council. C. P. Tolmax. Past President. J. A. Voss. Metals Section Gecrce H. W aee.el. Union Pacific Railroad Company. ' 35) Dr. C. H. W atson. American Telephone & Telegraph Company. A. W. W hitney. Rational Bureau of Casualty ft Surety Underwriters. W. E. W orth. International Harvester Company. Artiiy:-. H. 3' xo. Past President. DIRECTORS (1934-1935) I'HELlEE:ck A rc :zs. Child Education St Will:. .m F. A :.:zrn. Snietv iJiv.. Mil-. A. L. W ill:. m h . .neh. Quarry Section. J. I. I A.VA-H. ; Rncrincer. H D. r.\.\'T.\. Paper vV Pulp Section. F.kxes'w r - Products. Inc. 'A'. A. Benne- ?. Worcester Suietv Ov:: G. W r.FROE v: U eiicrr. IZJecirie...(' Dwir 5. B eve i.iherr.- Mutual In<;:r; 1impani'. F M, f . :-LWV. ,v5 Ov l-.T'.Iuiliin Sice! (. rp. -*<k :;:. Kv:*-<iu-\ Saictv >" .uni': Beai-" " 1E -d P: duct' Secti' w . St. f.wui- Im o ;, ,w Sam" X'.ui* Safety U* : ' -.iuno-s S.::S :v G-unci:. 1.^4 m V-H ""**** -VL- Sw.'-iMj, ,:. ,*. oooonm v ; ljemVV ay fS S isa p^27^ '7-%'i v^-t-;' ~Ti'cntx-thira A n i m a l Sn~ Connrcss---\',:::nua! Sarny: Counr, Robert I. Catlin, Aetna Casualty :: Surety Co. Cam. C. Clements. Rcirigcraik.:-, Section. R oscot D. Co x u .n. Rahway Safety Council. H. H erbert Corson. Safety Dept.. Nashville Chamber vi Cutmnerce. J. E. C vluney. Ecthleheni Steel Company. Edward D ana. Boston Elevated Railway. E. A. D avidson, Consulting Engineer. R ichard H. D avis, Elackstonc Valley Safety Council. C harles D. D awson, Grand Rapids Safety Council. Lewis A. D eBuhs, Consulting Engineer. J ay E. D ecker. Mason City Safety Council. J ames B. D ouglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Company. Louis I. D ublin. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. C harles H. Eames, Textile Section. D. D. F ennell. Consulting Engineer. D. L. F ennell. Kansas City Safety Council. Donald A. Finkdeiner. Toledo Safety Council. Capt. E, ML F iske, Jr., Marine Section. H oward B. Fonda. Burroughs Wellcome & Co. ( V . S. AM Inc. R. E Fortuin, Lehigh Valley Safety Council. E. X. Goldstine, Construction Section. Otho M. Graves. The General Crushed Stone Co. H arry G uilbert. The Pullman Company. Isaiah H ale, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fc Railway Co. M erle C. H ale, Automotive X: Machine Shop Section. M ajor Bolling H. H andy, Richmond Safety Council. D. T. H arrington, United States Bureau of Mines. G. T. H ellmuth. Chicacofi North Shore X Milwaukee R. R. Co. C iias. E. H ill, New Vork Centra! Lines. H on. H arold G. H offman. Street X H ighw ay Traffic Section. Claude J. H olding. Albany Safety Council. J ulius ML H orse. Hudson County Safety G'tmcil. H arry D. Immel. Pennsylvania Dept, of Tuilxir X Industry. Lex Jensen, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission. E dgar P. K able, York County Safety Council. T homas P. Kearns, Industrial Cur.mission of Ohio. K. T. K eller, Detroit Industrial Safety Council. Ira V. K epxer. Pennsylvania Sal; Manufacturing Co. E. J. Kreh, Public U tilities Section. F ranklin M. Kreml. Evanston Safety Council. C. L. LaF ountaine. Great Northern Railway Co. F rank J. Lanahan. Fort Pitt Malleable Tron Co. John Lauerman, Meat Packing. Tanning X Leather Industries Section. S imon Lazarus. Safety Council. Columbus ('Ohio} Chamber of Commerce. Joseph LtLLicn, Rochester Safety Council. ' D r. FL M. Little, New Vork Department of Education. G. 0 . Lockwood. Petroleum Section. J. E. Long, Tile Delaware X Hudson Railroad Corp, ML R. Loyd, Safety Div.. Birmir.cham Chamber of Commerce. r .'-WiSTEAt H. M.u'D T. Me A s m ut Millie McCl:xt T |(, .MeKenne ; \ 1 . McW hoet I 1. T. M artin. F < p n . M artin, l V r . ML Matson. i tl. J. Mehren, -p F t . 0 . Meisner. 1 L W m. G. M etzger : [. w . Millard, - L H arold L. M ines . H enry J- M i.xeu: Laurence M. Ml f R, B. Morley, I John A. Oartel, L George C. A. Opp j Lew R. Palmer. | John C. P arker. David A. P atton. p. C E. P ettibone. L Gen. George B. F f- J. B. P ower. Sear | C. E. Ralston. V L A lbert S. Regula J Lt. Col H enry a i. .Marilnus Riter. F j-. G. E. S anford, Go I. H enry G. Schaff >; T. A. Schendf.l, I f Robert L. S ch mit f: H. V. SCHREIDER. y. H arry A. Schult: : Charles B. S cott, f Lester D. S eymou: f Earl S. S hartzer. Ray H. S heets, M D r. L. A. S houdv, , Ernest I_ S imonds Lee E. S keel, Clev C. \V. S mith, Stai W alter D ent S mi ' R. T. Soie.vsten, I E. C. S pring, Lans : George R. S tephen Lucius S. S tosrs, '\ifciy Council Co. 5 -jctio o{ C^ni; Officers and Directors f A. E. Lundstf.adt. Delivery, Taxicab 5; Bus Section. | Taos. H. MacDuxald.. United States Department of Agriculture. [ L T. McA rthur. Peoria Safety Cauncii. f yiiTLER McClixtock. Harvard University. { t H. McKenxev, [Hindis Steel Company, South Works. I A. D. McW horter. Safety Div., Memphis Chamber of Commerce. \ H. T. Martin. Fisk Rubber Company. [ J. 0 . Martix, Employees' Publication Section, r p. W. Matson. Minnesota Safety Council, t , J. Mehren. Portland Cement Association, f X. 0 . Meisxes. Power Press Section, jr Wm. G. Metzger. Mining Section. IS I W. Millard. Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Harold. L. Mixer, E. I. duPont dc Xem ours & Co.. Inc. H enry J. Mixecr, Elizabeth Safety Council. ;; Lawrence M. Moore. Eastbay Safety Council. ^ R. B. MoRLEY. Industrial Accident Prevention Associations. Section. Jottx A. Oartel. Carnegie Steel Company, t George C. A. Opp. The Detroit Edison Company, p Lew R. P almer, Equitable Life Assurance Society. I John C. Parker. Brooklyn Safety Council. D avid A. Patton", X'cwark Safety Council. C. E. Pettisoxe. American Mutual Liability Insurance Company. Gf.n . George E. P illsbcry. W ar Department. J. B. P ower. Seattle Tramc & Safety Council. Is C. E. Ralston. Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. Albert S. Recvla. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. H enry A. Rexixger. Lehigh Portland Marine's Riter. Paterson Safety Council. G. E. S anford. General Eletcric Company. Henry G. Schaffxer. Erie Safety Council. Cement Company. 1. A. Schendel, Food Section. kuRERT L. Schmitt. Louisville Safety Council. H. V. Schreirer. Transit Section. Harkv a . Schvltz. United States Siecl Corporation. LiiARt.F.s B. Scorr, Bureau of Safety. Inc. Lester D. S eymour. Aeronautical Section. I.arl S. S hartzer. Utica Safety Council. Lav II. S heets. Madison County Safety Council. ^ H' L. -L. S iioudy. Bethleheni Steel Company, LR\t..%x L. Simoxds. Xew Haven gaiety Cuuncil. Li. S nell, Cleveland Safety Council. ^ S t a n d a r d Oil Company (In d ian a'). ' At-TER Dent g.\tmt. Delaware Safoiv Ctiuttcii. k. T e, . ______ r ... - " '-EN-'i-.,. Lhtott gervicc O'NU'nny. '.C SpaixG, Laosdale.- Ft. - L---Hens, gaiety Bureau. Cutialu Chamber ui Commerce. ""'1 Limed Railways X Electric Co. X / :v( j / v- '/) .`(j.-itj/ S ti t v ; m.-i/nv. -- A . V . " . " D r. F. M. S ulzmax. Troy Safety CMuncii. A lfred H. S u wnf.. 'juicral M>turs CA-rnurativn. Clarence P. T avl Massachusetts Safety Council A rthur M. Todf.. C.nsuhinir Marine Engineer. V\ . W. T rf.xch. SSrenoctady Safety Council. W. D. T urdf.v:lle. San Antonio Safety Cuur.cil. L A. Voss, Metals Section. H. A. W alker. Rubber Section. George H. W arfel. Union Pacific Railroad Company. D r. Cassius H. W atson. American Telephone & Telegraph Cotucar.y H arry M. W ebber. Illinois Bell Telephone Cumpany. A lbert C. W hite. Jr~ Springfield Safety Council. S. E. W hiting. Liberty Mutua! Insurance Company. A. W . W hitney. .Ustionai Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriter: W. H. W ixaxs. Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. D r. C.-E. A. W inslow. Vale Medical School. H arry W ise. Sr.. Chattanooga Safety Council. J. M. W oltz. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. W. E. W orth. International Harvester Company. E. I. Zauft, Safety Bureau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce. Earl W. Zimmerman*. Safety Div.. Syracuse Chamber of Commerce. J. E. Zook. Cement Section. Council iviKiaroenwl P''rT'!- : ... 'h .orki S>'al m --cupe. apn,,f . rccliy reaches our mure y.: arc jroni poiincal arpiia... c--ic:Hial suonai nisitn-eparablc irom accme: conditions and preventim! ' Tudav there are -UW :t ,,{ jjjc Canadian Province: includes industriai corner; commerce, clubs and The history of the Cue detailed here. Suthce to sa miner auspices of the A.? waukcc. in 1912, and. as a : York the following year w.t >)iip increased to 971. The pioneers of Amerce denis were an unneces.^ary proper remedial measures u theory, and to develop the could be prevented. The ; convinced that accident? cr< vented. Striking example? lion. r- Since the Xationai Safe: death rate in all fields exet motor vehicle accident preb slight decline in fatalities :n a slight increase, and the ri ot 1934 that the year will average results in motor in commercial vehicle fiecu laws and in cities wtih an spots indicate that the na::y cation of the methods win:: The Xationai Saicty U and the best results arc : i ments have been made. The rate among employees 75 largest steel industries have scores of industrial estnhiD:-. aiding injury amoiiji^tlieir^ Along with these reciuc* Employer and employee h-v.; they did some two decade? i, ]!'E S 7 V - T H I R D A N N U A L S A F E T Y C O N G R E S S N A T I O N A L SAFETY COUNCIL Dust in Industry FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1934 The session devoted to a discussion of Dust in Industry was called to order by Dr. E. 3. Meiter, Director, Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual L ia bility Insurance Co., Milwaukee, who presided. Dr. Meiter briefly welcomed the delegates and then introduced the first speaker. tsl i%k -ryfi..; cv. &* g-,. rf ;. V" at -AD fev5"' f: 7:-> . Types of Dust That Cause Occupational Diseases B y L E R O Y U . G A R D N E R , M.D. Director, Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, of the Edw ard L. Trudeau Foundation, Saranac Lake, N. Y. The speaker said in part: Experience has demonstrated that the lung tissues can toUratc very large amounts of most kinds of foreign dust particles without serious ntertcrcnce with function. The lung may be intensely pigmented by colored dusts w in no evidence that respiration is impaired. But dusts composed, in whole or in p in . of silica have been shown to be dangerous because they stimulate the growth of :r.e connective tissues of the lungs and bring about the iormation of scar tissue. Th:Is destroys the normal elasticity of the organ which is necessary for respirat an and it thickens the delicate membranes so that a tree interchange ot gasses is inr.peded. Fortunately, these results only follow the prolonged inhalation of very lar: _Exp< rirr. animals k:V When leak Most non-*: fhown 'hat arc ver-- r,r in one rea. With larger particles the rate of reaction is so slow that little change occurs with in a year. A s a general rule, the finer the panicles, the more rapid the cellular ponsc. The reaction to fine silica begins within four or five hours and it continues If [\ C <; !"ch active cause tf c :V but mo: t r !>n ch.lmt e changes. The silicate of magnesium, asbestos, does -tissue in experimental animals and in the human lung, not generally recognized as irritating. Recentlv it has !3 respoisih 15 often ;j:: 24 Tii'cuty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safety Council ferinff from silicosis However, at least two types of seriate have tailed to excue significant changes when injected into animals. Experiments with this substance arc still in progress. Kaolin, an alum inosilicate of potash, has also produced quite cliaracteristic changes in the lungs of rabbits. But our present knowledge does not permit us to assume that silicates as a class will produce serious tissue damage. Most observers now believe that uncombincd silica, or quartz, is poisonous to the tissues because it is slowly dissolved in the fluids of the body. Certainly the majority of the experimental observations suggest a chemical injury, but it is diffi cult to understand how enough of such an insoluble substance as quartz could be dissolved within eight hours to produce a well marked, acute inflammation. If solubility were the only factor one should discover a more active response after the injection of the more readily soluble silicates, but such is not the case. For merly it was held that silica produced its effect mechanically. The hard sharp quartz particles were ixdievcd to abraid the lung surfaces and excite the forma tion of scar tissue as a manifestation of healing. This theory is no longer tenable for when animals are injected with other hard, sharp particles like diamond, carbo rundum or aluminum oxide, there is no inflammation and practically no formation of scar tissue. Ultimately it may be shown that the irritation of silica is due to some unrecognized property possibly related Co its atomic structure. When quartz particles are inhaled they produce three specific effects which are not excited by any other type of dust yet studied. They alter the behavior of the pulmonary phagocytes: they stimulate the formation of circumscribed nodules of scar tissue; and they subsequently increase the susceptibility of the lung to infection, espe cially tuberculous infection. Phagocytes that ingest too many quartz particle* arc killed by this irritating substance. As the cells die they liberate their burden and several new phagoc\aes come out to take it up again. By a repetition of this process enough phngocvtes accumulate so that many of them ingest only a .few particles. Under such circum stances the stimulus is not strong enough to kill hut merely accelerates the motility of the cells. They naturally tend to leave the air spaces, enter the lymphatic ves sels and accumulate in the lymph nodes. This process Incomes more rapid under the influence of the irritating silica and very considerable numbers of particles are consequently localized in the nodes. " After six or eight years the quartz in the nodes has caused a marked over growth of the fibrous elements in these structures. Ultimately the reaction develops to such an extent that the node is entirely replaced by a mass A coarse, glassy sea.: tissue fibres, often several times as large as the original node. Such nodules em . croach upon and compress the lymphatic vessels. The drainage -ystem of the lung is clicked and effective removal of subsequently inhaled dust is gradually diminished. Dust now accumulates around the lymph vessels and sheets of scar tissue deveb p in this location. These preliminary changes do not constitute the disease, silicosis; they involve only the lymphatic system. The respiratory tissues arc not .v preciably affected. In good stcro X-ray films these preliminary changes may be v:it:a;ized as a thick ening and beading of the shadows cast by the blood vessels toe-ether with a* widen ing of the shadow of the root of the lung. The blood vessels are thickened because the most important lymphatic vessels' course through their walk. The beading is due to the minute nodules of silicotic scar tissue in the lynr.:: nodes within the lung. The root shadow is widened because of the silicotic reaction in the lymph nodes in this location. If still more dust is inhaled it can no longer lie effectively carried off through the lymph vessels. The phagocytes now carry it into the wall: of the air spaces. Often the cells group themselves in nodules hut sometimes they are scattered. la these locations the silica again stimulates the formation of scar tissue. The resT.: is a general thickening of the septa between the spaces ami n relation through.x: the functional rti<>n of the lung. This change seriously lnterv-rres with functi ns interchange gn- cannot take place through the thickened v.zlls of the air spaerr and the tissues their normal elasticity. Loss involve'.! air y ecS dilate and rn.t.r walls stretch, nr-dweing the condition known as cmphy-cma. v. ::cL is also, iuc-cr- patible with effective respiration. With the formation of silicotic nodules in the functioning parts of the lung :r.r i'r.s ! in l ni ry 25 disease. silicosis, is said to begin. On the X-ray film such iwdules ca?t clear cut. : jund shadows. As they increase in number and size tney blot out the formerly jrccjnuatcd linear shadow of the blood vcr.-ds. In a uc-il marked case both lung fields may be thickly ceded with hundreds ui >uch sharply defined, rounded, nodular shadows. M here there is emphysema, oiten at the bases, no markings arc visible a m the him appears black. The condition ot silicosis is a progressive one and' it continues to develop after a man has left his dusty occupation. Serious results only folluw. however, when he ic2.'ccs with many nodules in the lung tissue itself. As such nodules increase in size i\ cy replace important functional elements. Obviously the continued growth ot oniy a few nodules situated in the lymphatic system could have little cncct other than to increase the obstruction already present. The serious part of silicosis is its frequent complication by tuberculosis. This rray arise from reactivation of a pre-cxistam latent infection or it may resuit from a new infection from without. The danger of infection increases with the amount o: silicosis present. The course of the infection in the silicotic is usually chronic and it often fails' to produce characteristic symptoms for months or years after its onset. Many times it is accidentally discovered in routine X-ray examination of croups of active workmen. However, evidences of disability arc much more marked in silicotic individuals with infection than in those with uncomplicated disease. Occa sionally tuberculosis may run a very acute course in the silicotic subject but this is also true in other persons. The cause of the susceptibility of the silicotic lung to tuberculosis is not perfectly understood, but it would seem that the action of the si ica on the tissues creates a medium favorable for the growth of the bacteria. Toe tubercle bacilli multiply and a slowly progressive tissue reaction ensues, but the. usual clinical symptoms of tuberculosis are often held, in abeyance for a long time because the chances for absorption of poisonous products of infection are mini- m.zcd by the obstructed lymphatic system. It is also possible that some of these poisons may he absorbed on the silica particles, as Cummins has suggested. Ulti mately the infection gains the upjcr hand, symptoms develop and death from tuber culosis ensues. The only other type o * cam* U severe pulmonary 'V 'iifie t r ifeim wttnTf. This substance is fibrous in character and is more readily soluble than quartz. Apparently the protective ufper respiratory mechanisms seem inadequate to prevent the inhalation of many such fibres and even quite long ones tnav penetrate into the finer bronchial tulies. These structures have irregularities in their walls which seem to hold the fibrous dusts. In this location the asbestos particles are surrounded and ingested by phago cytes. The cells do not seem to be particularly irritated for they are not espe cially numerous nor do they migrate rapidly into clumps as in the case of phago cytes dealing with quartz. Apparently most of them carry their burden of asbestos tenements directly into the walls of the tubes in which they lie. The mildly irri ta ing dust sets up a proliferation of the connective tissue cells in the wails result ing in collar-like thickening of the tubes. Contraction of the new connective tissue narrows or closes the tube and thereby shuts off the ingress of air to the more pe'iphcral air spaces. These spaces then collapse, a condition known as atelectasis. Tins in itself is a cause of fibrosis or scarring of lung tissue. The result is a fibrosis of numerous relatively small areas in the lung due to the collar-like constricting fibrosis about many small terminal bronchial tubes. The lymphatic system seems to pk y little part in disposing of asbestos dust and very insignificant amounts of this dust are found in the lymph nodes. Xot a few cases of asbestosis die of tuberculosis or bronchopneumonia but the prevalence of the former infection is probably much less common than in silicosis. Purveys of large groups of asbestos workers fail to reveal such a high Incidence o tuberculosis as found in similar studies on silica workers. The inhalation of unusual amounts of non-siiiceous dusts apparently fails to pro- dv:e significant alterations" itf the htng. It is of course possible that injurious ones ^ r ultimately lie discovered, but'none are recognized today. The non-?iliccous PS "tides enter the lung and arc ingested by phagocytes as in the case m quartz. T ic cells arc not stimulated to move very rapidly and as a consequence many of then remain within the air spaces for a ong time. Some, particularly those con- n n r UL'i, 26 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safety Council taiuiiig' relatively few particles, make their way into the lymphatic system and accu mulate in the lymph nodes. In sufficient concentration, or perhaps because they aremixed with small amounts ot silica, they set up a low grade, non-progressive cr.rc.ccc inflammation. But this reaction results only in a little thickening in the l>= : c ` nodes and about the lymphatic vessels. The lung tissue may be variously pigmcr.ec. black from coal or red from iron, but there is no formation of scar tissue that inter feres with function. The susceptibility to tuberculosis of the person with such c e mentation is not increased but it is apparently quite definite that pneumonia is unduly prevalent in coal miners and that chronic bronchitis results from tiic in-cchtion of cement. The X -ray films of men working in nou-siliceous dusts shows t.'S.zc nothing at all or a more or less marked accentuation of the linear shadows cas: Ij the blood vessels. This, of course, is due to the chronic inflammatory changes the lymphatic trunks in walls of blood vessels. The effects of mixtures of free silica and non-siiiceous materials arc less cicirh defined and should receive more serious attention. It would seem unwise to assure, as has been done in the past, that the non-siliceous substances serve only as iecr: diluents and that only the quartz component of a dust is of significance. Experi mental and ciinical data are. accumulating which suggest that at least some otr.tr dusts may materially modify the action of quartz, both in its capacity to procure nodular fibrosis in the lungs and to increase the susceptibility to tuberculosis. F .r example, animals inhaling heavy concentrations of a mixture of equal parts of part silica and hematite dust for eight hours a day over a period of 14 months hire shown not even the slightest indication of nodule formation in the lung, whereas pure quartz dust, inhaled for only two hours a day, produces definite Modulation, i: also seems to be true that animals inhaling such a mixture arc much less susceptible to tuberculosis than those exposed to pure quartz. In the case of the human it-jz miner, some lungs show definite silicotic Modulation, others only a very few nod-Et? and many no nodules at a ll All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles with i cellular connective tissue reaction. When these findings can be correlated wish chemical analysis of the lung tissues and the approximate amount of rock w--.ee which these miners have performed, some relationship between the exposure :: silica and the fibrous nodule formation may be established. Tuberculosis in thtft iron miners is apparently less prevalent and much less severe than in men c:\po-r: to pure silica. What has been said of iron miners is also probably true ot fourcrworkers and coal miners. It is generally accepted that men in the latter occurcu.c have less tuberculosis than the average for the age period: Cummins believes thi: they have the infection but that it is so atypical and benign in its manifests::::.that it escapes diagnosis. Mention should also be made of mixed dusts like certain slates and grar.gr containing large amounts of free silica in combination with silicates. ExpcnmeniaO; these substances behave atypically and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless there is complicating infection. The same may also be true in human beings. Unques tionably such dusts are capable of producing typical silicotic nodules and they pre dispose to tuberculosis. From a theoretical standpoint they should receive rr.ucc more intensive study to clarify our views on the whole subject. At the present time it appears that the action of their quartz component is modified and partially r.;ctralizcd by the other substances which they contain. Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust B y S T U A R T W . G U R N E Y and D A V ID S. B E Y E R Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, B oston The speaker said in part: A number of our states have had references to car. elimination in their labor laws for a good many years, but no state has as ; -r thoroughly enforced these laws. Tire codes A five states winch wc investigav:'orovide that grinding, butting and polishing wheels should be exhausted, althou::two of the states' exempt from these provision^ wl TTV-- 'isnw** 000013 Dus: in Industry 27 Thii .cms ill-advised, since a study or wet and dry grinding in Connecticut by WinfiO'v and Greenburg has shown that the application oi water docs not by any means tiiminatc the dust hazard. It nay be remarked that, with everything else equal, a high static suction will Avc a higher velocityat the point oi origin of the dust, t'ume or gas than a low oae; bit this alone is not a measure of the effectiveness of any exhaust system. Wiscon. n has adopted the principle oi specifying a limit to the number oi dust particle.. of respirable size per cubic foot of air. After all, this is what we are primarily interested in. to keep the dust contamination down to a point where it will no be harmful. These variations and conflicting provisions in state codes merely reflect the gen era! Iac< oi authoritative standards. It is accordingly fortunate that definite steps arc nov being taken by the American Standards Association to develop the proper basis fer such codes. There arc two committees working on this problem; the Ventilation Code Committee, sponsored by the American Society of Heating & V en tilating Engineers, an d . the Exhaust Code Committee, sponsored by the Inter national Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. It is also arranged to appoint sub-committees to take up five specific subjects: Abrasive cleaning, chromium plating, granite cutting,, rock drilling, and spray coating. Iif addition a Sub-Committee on Fundamental Principles of Design and Operation and Maintenance of Exhaust Systems will be appointed. The two most important considerations in an effective exhaust system are: 1. Velocity of air flow; 2. Arrangement of the inlets (from the standpoint of near ness to the dust source, shape, etc.). Many an installation that is otherwise all right fails to remove the dust success fully merely because there is not enough air being drawn through the system. In a series of tests that were conducted under actual working conditions by Theodore F. Hatch, Department of Industrial Hygiene, Harvard School of Public Health, a machine used in dressing stone was employed, and it was noted that with an air flow through the hood of 230 cubic feet per minute, there were over one hundred uillion -lust particles in the surrounding air. When the air flow was increased to a little over 2iQ cubic feet per minute, the dust concentration had dropped to forty million, a marked improvement. A s the air flow was further increased, the drop in dust rouccntration was relatively slower, and it took a volume of about 3S0 cubic feet per minute to bring the dust concentration down to ten or fifteen million particles per cubic foot, which was considered reasonably safe for this type of dust. It is accordingly possible sometimes to' take an installation that is not satis factory ind, if ;he remainder of the system is well designed, by merely speeding up the tlower or adding a larger cr.e. to bring about the desired results. Another very important consideration is to get the inlets of the exhaust system as dose as possible to the source oi the dust. The drop in efficiency as we get further ;.\vay from the inlet is really surprising to one who has not studied the prin ciples involved. It should be remembered that if wc have the open end of an e x haust pine or air duct in operation, the air tends to flow in from all sides, even from behind the opening. As wc move away from the end of the pipe, the velocity drops very rapidiy, so that even at a distance of five inches from the hood the velocity n av be less than 10 per cent of that right at the hood inlet. This is the most important consideration to keep in mind andone which is frequently lost sight of in designingexhaust systems. It is not uncommon to sec an exhaust inlet a tew inches it diameter with which the person making the installation hoped to draw dust iron a distance of several feet, but the air flow even a foot or two away from the entrance to the inlet may be negligible. Still mother important consideration having to do with the design of the inlet, is the addition of a flange. The e rec t of this flange is to cut down the air that 'rould flow in from behind the opening, thus drawing it nearly all from ihe front. Thus the efficiency of the system is substantially increased and the scope of the e x haust expended appreciably, without increasing the power consumption or otherwise adding to the expense of keeping up the system. There are also other considerations of perhaps lesser importance. For example, air cannot be oiled" from a distance hv merely directing an exhaust pipe toward the point in question, hut it can be "rushed" or blown, directionally, for a consider- 28 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress-National Safety Council able distance. This principle may be used advantageously in directing the du toward the opening of the exhaust inlet and thus getting the desired results \vi a lower exhaust velocity and power consumption than would be required it suctk alone were depended upon. This principle has been applied effectively in drillir material containing asbestos, where the exhaust inlet is placed at one side of 11 drill and a small air jet at the opposite side of the drill, blowing across the tab! turns the particles that would fly out from this side and directs them hack in: the exhaust system. It is also being applied to foundry shake-out work. Other considerations in designing exhaust systems include the elimination t unnecessary bends or curves, the provision o f clean-out doors, and the proper cot struction of joints. Where there is a general ventilating installation and one or raor exhaust systems, care must be taken to sec that they do not conflict with each othe-. After an exhaust system has been installed it should be tested by taking aenu dust counts to see that die dust is really being cut down to the desired- point, am such counts should be taken at intervals after the installation lias been made, t see that it is still functioning properly. The fact that the dust particles that cause the trouble are so small that the are invisible under ordinary conditions (less than 10 microns or 1/2300th c: a. inch in diameter) often makes it hard to convince the practical plant manager iha there is any dust present; it also makes it impossible to tell, without the use of rpe cial instruments, whether the completed exhaust system is actually removing thdust It might seem like an insult to one's intelligence to say that after an exhaus system has once been installed it should be maintained in good operating condition However, the numerous cases one encounters in the plants where tins obvious acres sity is not carried out, indicates that it is really one of the major consideration ir connection with the elimination of dust or fumes. Cases are not unknown when the blower has in some manner become reversed so that the air is being ejectec and diffusing the dust, rather than drawing it in; other instances where the effi ciency of the system has been lowered or its value nullified by clogging rp. d is connection or wearing out of the piping, etc., are all too common, j One concern, of which the writers have knowledge, has a "U" tube permar.er.tiv \ installed in one of its main exhaust systems so that the foreman or safety rr.ar. can j tell at a glance whether there are any changes that would indicate a break-<Tum in 1 the system.Ah such installations should have regular inspections by some cixrpe* j tent person as a routine part of their upkeep. j It will be sufficient here to discuss respiratory equipment very briefly. The j simplest form T this equipment is the filter respirator. Such respirator? hive a ! definite value f.r temporary use such as sweeping up. cleaning ou: bins, shoveling : materials, etc., but they require careful fitting and constant supervision to see that \ they, are being properly used. ) It is our opinion, after watching thesincere efforts in a number of plants to i enforce the use of these respirators, that it is rather impracticable to require Tern j to be used on full-time operation. One notices the men, under these conch; :ns. | surreptitiously pushing the respirator aside and gasping in tree air like a fish out ] of water. Certainly, if they arc to be used any considerable length of time. :re- j quent rest periods should be allowed where the men can get out into the i r t t air ; for a few minutes refreshment. 5 There arc also the large air-fed helm-tts, with which most of us arc j used for sandblasting, etc., which have been carried to a high state of peri urn .m for the purpose? to which they are adapted. We believe, however, th.v/m uch more use could be made advantageously : We type of apparatus that lies midway between the filter respirator and the :r-:ed helmet, namely, the light, air-fed respirator which covers the no'? Pud m.ngv: u d leaves the rest of the face exposed. With a light hose attackm-mt. this ti'uce otters considerable freednn of movement, and if air outlets were supplied ?* the hose could be quickly transferred from one outlet to another it w '.uid seem " uc practicable to them o\ cr a considerable area. They a fiord the c/ivamne-.- f a pure air stippiv vitimur excessive weight ami withoui the rv=tr:c*.; to b --:v :u:c that h imposed by the niter respirator. D u s t l Duittslrv 29 The Medical Supervision of Workers Exposed to Dust By w , j . M cC o n n e l l , m .d . A_siis:ari: M edical D irector, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., N ew York City The speaker said in part: The harm fulness of dusts varies widely in accord- jicc will the physical and chemical natures of each individual substance. Certain U5Z5 arc soluble or slightly soluble in the body fluids and their harmful effects arc nrui'.moual to the toxicity of the compounds formed. Lead, mercury, and arsenic arc examples of poisonous dust. Other dusts exert their harmful effects locally uri c skin and mucous membranes and through irritation to the respiratory passages. Cor.'nic acid and alkalies arc examples. Attention recently has been called to the prutably harmful effect of dusts arising from radio-active ores. A fourth group of costs which arc insoluble or very difficultly soluble in the body fluids may initiate Etaxxfful pathological lung conditions. These may be subdivided into non-fibrosis arid fibres is producing dusts. The organic dusts, mainly the vegetable fibers, such as ojetor, jute, hemp, etc., are non-fibrosis producing dusts. The fibrosis producing dnsrs aro limited, so far as we have evidence, to a few uf the inorganic mineral du3- such as free silica, crystalline silicon, quartz, and certain combined silicates. Of' e librosis producing dusts, those having a high percentage of free silica arc aderned y the most important because exposure over a period of years to such dnscs distinctly predisposes the individual to tuberculosis. The effectiveness of dust control measures in preventing diseases produced by fiuss can be determined only by careful physical examination of the workers so excised under the guidance of competent medical supervision. The benefits which senme to the employer and employee, alike, as a result of the physical examination cx tH applicants Inr employment, as well as periodical examination of those already encaged, would indicate very careful consideration by industry of a program for jrfV cotrrul at sickness. Such a procedure protects the employer from engaging an ppCfcan' already physically or mentally impaired who. later may claim disability ora; ccndition cither not associated with employment or contracted during a pre views employment. The applicant's physical and mental condition is established and by keeping record of his subsequent illnesses and accidents, the question of rc- apccsibilitv for injuries and sickness need never arise. The applicant is protected from encaging in work for which he is physically HI adapted which, it undertaken, might easily bring about serious impairment of Hs hea th. For example, an applicant with an arrested tuberculosis who seeks wrark: in a certain dusty occupation, if allowed to engage in such work might readily convert an inactive tuberculosis into an active one; thereby endangering life or atTeast seriously impairing the applicant's future efficiency and earning capacity. Whereas the same applicant if assigned to a position that involves no such e x posure, might be expected to continue for years as a useful and productive work- -; tcacc. The examination of applicants for employment likewise protects those that inn; already employed from the risks of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and various acute respiratory and other infectious being introduced into their midst fry a new applicant. Many of the younger individuals who seek employment have never before re curred thorough physical examination and consequently arc unaware of the de fie s from which they suffer. As a result of physical examinations, many defects are located which may be removed or corrected before they have caused irreparable fi^ a g e thereby increasing the efficiency of the worker and .often averting definite od finally chronic diseases. Furthermore, incipient tuberculosis, unsuspected dis~ of the heart, kidneys, and a licit of other diseases of a similar nature, arc *r. discnve ed and the applicant referred for proper medical care and treatment which otherwise might have been postponed until too late. r~{- Of ;vcn more importance than the initial physical examination of applicants is tfe periodic examination and care of old employees by an industry. Sucli a pro- cenmre serves, to check the efficiency of preventive measures designed to prevent -v occupational diseases. It oners the rr/Mt effective way of controlling the health of 30 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safety Council large groups of workers by discovering early not only occupational diseases, i;cr: many other conditions that go undiscovered until the worker is acutely ill cr r ^ comes disabled. If the various contagious conditions go unrecognized others :ecome infected, thereby causing serious economic loss, as well as endangering tzie health of a group of individuals. The information obtained from physical examinations affords the medical strpzrvisor the opportunity to make certain that employees arc engaged in suitable were out of which they arc getting maximum results, to correct the effects of undue e x posure to harmful environmental conditions, and generally to lessen all occrca.tional hazards. As a public health measure, it is impossible to over-estimate -- value of periodic examinations in establishing interest in sickness prevention. The set-up of a proper program for medical control of workers exposed to depends upon the number of employees involved and individual plant conc;r::cjs. A series of articles under the title of "The Medical Department Manual" by Tr. Hart E. Fisher, appearing in current numbers of "Industrial Medicine," gives a c:ztprehensive account of the organization and operation of a medical department 1. The establishment of a medical department with adequate facilities and mecical personnel who have qualified in the field of industrial medicine. A analysis of all operations in the plant should be made and the medical superw-ir should list all possible health hazards and familiarize himself with their phyr!-:logical effects. If necessary, lie should conduct research studies to determine harmful effects of new substances introduced into plant processes about which !:'rde: is known. In cooperation with oilier departments, he should investigate the e x tc r of the hazards and dense measures of control. 2. T h e routine examination of all applicants for employment. The procrdzrr should include a detailed history of the applicant's previous illnesses and acciderr5 classified under (a ) diseases of childhood, (b) general infectious diseases. : respiratory diseases, (d) venereal diseases, and (c) accidents and resulting phpica." defects. A detailed history of previous occupations encaged in is very importer:" . A mere statement of the type of industry in which the applicant was engaged ra~ slight value, if any. The exact duties performed in each occupation should de noted and information ascertained ns to the probable length of exposure to hscari ous substances. After the history has been taken and a photograph for identifica tion purposes (if part of routine) is made, the applicant should f>c directed to roeexamining room where he is instructed to remove his clothing for physical e:zL.~ination. This examination should lie made as complete as is considered nece-riry to determine the applicant's physical condition. If the applicant has been or will be exposed to dusts which induce lung fil-*eascs, an X-ray picture of the chest is an important part of the examination. T':A part of the examination may be referred to an experienced rocntgenclogir_ the value of this method of diagnosis depends upon the type of pictures taken ir-`. die experience of the reader who interpret; them. The examining physician A-' may need additional information obtained by laboratory analyses of the snutum. and the urine. These aid to diagnosis should he provided or made *:"able when desirable. 3. The rating and placement of applicants. In cooperation with the pcr*rrt*t:* department, the applicant should he rated and placed, not only on his training liu past experiences, hm also on his physical and mental abilities to fill vacancies oerr*ring from time to time. The record of his physical and mental examination srr--'-: he the confidential prooerty of the medical department. 4. Periodical physical examinations. The frequency of periodical examina-fix. necessarily must defend upon individual circumstances according to the need L " such examinations a determined hv the supervising phvsician. Where examinations arc-made for the first time, the employees of long standing shou;J given ample explanation of the benefits of itch examinations and he given z s'or nnces that their job-; are secure. a. Provision for die disabled. Employees who develop disahilitic5 during course of employment should he rc-asigned to occupation? wide:' will not in: e r g " with or aggravate the disability, or they dvaud he provided for in other ways. a d j o i 'p.x m e x t S6 Tzvcnty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safety Council the manufacturer. It is not enough to say in a code that: certain hazards must cot be permitted; the code must specify the actual type of safety device to eliminate t i e hazard. Specifications for safety devices should be set up by competent and experienced engineers or safety directors. These specifications should be largely uniform so dze as it is possible. There is no reason why one state should require 55,000 pounds tensile strength in a window cleaning device and another state should require 60x03 pounds tensile strength. If 55,000 pounds tensile strength is sate for a man's 'die in one state it should be safe for a man's life in all states. Manufacturers oi saiery equipment should see to it that the states adopt a uniform standard in safety ecccn- ment. Safety devices in the shop have an almost incalculable visual value to employees. The very sight of guards brings to their minds the thoughtof the employer'sdado ing and willingness to prevent accidents whereverpossible. The employeecamten sec any proof of money spent by his employer when it is expended merety :'c r oral safety directions, meetings of committees or engineers; but there is a t-iyr.ir presence oi the employer's interest shown in every safeguard used in a shop. Again there is an added gain in the mental reaction of the employee in a vetli T guarded shop. T o illustrate, we are prone to be careless in our personal harm? if we work or frequent a carelessly kept workroom or office.' W e do not tereur. ii throwing a cigaret butt or a paper on the floor of a dirty room or office, bet w e hesitate twice before doing so on a floor of a-scrupulously clean and well-kept rotor. I believe that in a well guarded shop, the moral and mental stimulant to become v ' a safe worker is greatly accentuated due to guarding and that we can expect the workers to react by conducting themselves as safe workmen. There are plenty of instances where prooi can be obtained as to the value -z- safety devices in accident prevention. A short time ago a project was camriced: within our own state, in the nature of road building, lasting only a few weeks, ixcl yet during that time thirty-six pairs of goggles worn by the workmen were broken- * Had these goggles not been worn, there is no question but that thirty-six perspex would have had eye injuries resulting probably in the loss ot eyes to some of tbsm_ A t the Greater New York Safety Congress held last winter, statistics were .-re lated to the effect that the loss of an eye entailed a monetary loss of anproxnratty- $12.000. In the instance I speak of, the wearing of thirty-six pairs of goggle; = - sured a possible money saving of some $-132,000. In the olden days the operator of a mill expected accidents just as surely as un lK expected breakdowns in his machinery. The situation is different now, however. : re ar. accident in a mill means an investigation as to its cause, a rigid inquiry irm- somebody's carelessness, and in most cases, a punishment for the man in charge re the operation because oi the accident. All we need to do to size up the value rr safety devices is to imagine what industry would be like today if all our setter devices arid safe .practices were abolished and manufacturing plants returned to truer former careless state of years ago. Protecting the Feet and Legs, Hands and Arms, Face anc Head of Industrial Workers By H. R. BIX LER Industrial Relations and Em ploym ent Department, Union Carbide Company. N ew York City The speaker said in part: In a recent publication of the Industrial Comrruirix of Ohio, under the heading "The Destructive Big Six." I find the tollowing: f "An analysis of occupational injuries in Ohio in 1933 shows that a large centagc o: the total of all mishaps in industry are directly traceable to six pr.Tv::g*causes. The most prolific source of injuries to industrial workers is that of karri.::-: objects. This cause is chartrec with 26 per cent of the total injury claims tor six causes for the year 1933. Next in accidentally;1 5 machinery, with 3**'Trrwriyft) . t. 0 GC C 13 Safely Equipment 87 .---m. Hand too]} next. '.: per cent. Falls oi persons, while lotirth iti order of 1--r:-:; -.cy witli 1- per lead in severity. Stepping upon or striking against Joee:. are fifth m di id -;r cent; and the operation of industrial motor vehicles , <toel< this is not diretftiy "elated to our subject) is sixth with 8 per cent. In sum- .-nunx tp the 1933 totals ::r these six causes, it is found that they were accountable ijr- ov;r 73 per cent oi ah injury claims filed, for over 4-4 per cent ot all fatalities, x r approximately SO per :;nt of all permanent disability eases: and were charged x X a time loss oi over per cent of the total for all causes." On-: of the major ccr_s:dcrations in the design of protective clothing for special usees, ie addition to the mechanical features of such clothing and equipment, is that ca dee materials with which they arc made. A specialist in the design of safety egrare offers the following comments: -"Piimarily, three type; ot material are used in the manufacture of safety apnarei. These are leather, asbestos., and fireproof duck. Duck of this kind should pTv be called "flame-priaf." Flame-proof duck when exposed to flame or fire, even" at high temperatures, will not ignite. There will, however, be a process of oidiation which will cvcnraally consume the cotton in the duck. Fireproof duck is the cheaper of the three substances ordinarily used and is suitable where the - E ssrd encountered docs not require impervious protection. Asbestos, the second msxr&l. is also commonly used in the manufacture of protective clothing. Many people think that asbestos is a heat insulator, while actually it is a heat conductor. AstesOs can be compared in this relation to any other mineral and while it will not canine: heat as readily a; metal, it certainly will conduct some heat. Such cquip- E d therefore. should hire some iieat insulation, as for example, a cotton lining jh m asbestos glove. Asiestos. of course, is absolutely fireproof. The third material ccomoniy used in the manufacture of protective clothing is leather, which for most g - A apparel is horsehiie or cowhide. Leather can be cither grain or split termer The grain leatr.tr is comparable to the tough outer layer of skin, while the split, leather can be esmpared to the bottom layer of skin. In tanning leather fit as necessary to use c:'_ W hile there must be a certain amount of oil in the fccher the buyer oi nrct grave apparel must be careful that there is not too much ou in it, since such leather, when used near hot operations, deteriorates rapidly." la he estimation oi tri- specialist, leather is the best article for all-round wear and ha rd usage. He bddeves. for example, that a leather legging should out wear ;,t: least three fireproof duck leggings, and from two and a halt to three asbestos leggings. This same comparison applies to leather gloves. He recommends nsirr Father for all general purposes except those where its weight will defeat its ectroose by tiring the oxer or making him too hot while working. Many types of specially designed protective clothing arc made of rubber, or of a composition ot some c:n;r material with rubber. Such equipment is usually de signed for protection . in trnnection with operations involving hazards because of I s o r s . fumes and vapors, work in wet areas, and those operations involving the . ` Fanning of liquids. Special rubber protective clothing and equipment has been ceshmed {or electrical hzrsrds and include rubber gloves. boots, overshoes, sleeves, com . hats, and line covering material, such as blankets, line hose, insulator hoods and prttectors. reit is used in some p pcs of protective clothing as a protection against heat, "mem he use of clothier made from fireproof duck, asbestos or leather is not de sirable. One industrial -.mcern having electric furnace operations uses paper- f a - pressed felt to make protective jackets and trousers for its furnace operators, because of its protective Tenures, comfort of the wearer, and relatively low cost. Tics material is pure wop felt and offers good protection from radiated Iieat on acm.mt of its low thermal-conductivity: while it will burn, it will do so very slcwly jnd without flame. F.eicrring to the first two sections of our subject, without attempting to go . sec the physical detail; :: material requirements and mechanical design, let us say that protective clothing for the feet and legs of industrial workers would in duce siocs, toe guards, pats, leggings, knee pads, thigh guards, and aprons, for a-ost: operations. In pretesting the hands and arms safety gloves, hand pads, mit tens. firger cots, arm prelectors, sleeves, jackets, and the like are commonly used, la addition, for complete tody protection, are found protective suits, consisting of 4 9 i 5 1 1 : 1 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safety Council jackets and pants, or complete jumper suits. Protective ointments are also used for the skin in operations involving acids, fumes and vapors. The third division of our subject, for protecting the face and head of industrial workers, is'o n e which is receiving increasing attention because of the hazards in volving the eyes and respiratory' organs. While eye protection has long been a part of industrial accident prevention work, the necessity for the use of goggles is * not fully recognized since we learn from the National Safety Council that there were 300,000 industrial injuries to the eves in the United States last year, each re d sulting in at least one day of disability. Of this number 70.000 were compensable cases, which means seven days or more of lost time, for which the average cost was $375, and $125 additional for medical cost. In 2,000 cases there was com plete loss of vision in one eye. while 75 persons lost the vision of both eyes. The total estimated loss of 3,600.000 days per year from work was attended with a total cost in time lost, compensation and medical bills of approximately fifty millions- of dollars. Perhaps the most authoritative source of valuable information for safety engi neers at this time concerning the protection of face and head of industrial workers is the head and eye safety code, which is now being revised under the supervision of the American Standards Association. The title of this code is being changed to the "American Standard Safety Code for Protection to Heads. Eyes and Respire- * tory Organs." A study of the code's revisions, even in its present tentative form, will be of great value in the individual's consideration of our subject; and in its final form, when published, will be of inestimable value. Of special interest are the following requirements for respirators and gas masks, as proposed in the revised code: Requirements for Respirators and Gas Masks `TThc respirator, gas mask, with mechanical filter, or hose mask is permissible. "The respirator shall be so designed and constructed that, when it is worn in its proper position, it will permit only air which lias passed through the filter to enter the mouth or nostrils of the wearer. The material used for the body of the respirator shall be such as to combine mechanical strength and lightness of weight. The respirator shall be comfortable to wear and shall not impede free action by the wearer. The facial contact edge of the respirator body shall not irritate the skirt of the wearer and shall not allow leakage of unfikered air. If rubber is used, the rubber compound shall be free from lead and mineral sulphates. If used in work requiring goggles, the respirator when in place on the wearer shall permit the use of various types of goggles without impairing the effectiveness of either the goggles or the respirator, or the goggles may be permanently attached to the respirator. An automatic exhalation valve is optional. "The gas mask is permissible tor limited exposure. For higher concentrations and for longer exposures to any gas. a hose mask, or a hood with positive air supply may be used. "The hose mask shall be of such design and construction as to completely protect the respiratory organs of the wearer from toxic gas and dust, and make a gas-tight fit when in its proper position on the wearer. "Canister type gas masks shall be of such design and construction as to protect the eyes and respiratory organs of the wearer from acid and organic vapors, am monia. carbon monoxide, dusts, smokes, and mists, either singly or in combination, where the oxygen content or the surrounding atmosphere is not k-s? than 16 per cent. In places where only non-irritant gases, such as carbon monoxide, arc present the eyes need not be covered. Gas masks shall be of such design as to insure a gas-tight fit when in proper position on the wearer. Cartridge-u pc masks shall meet all requirements for the cani<t';r type except as to canister, connecting tube, and body harness." Among the devices designed for :r.c protection of the individual worker against dusts, by far the most important is the positive pressure respirator. In particularly dusty operations, such as sandblasting and metai grinding, where the particles msy injure the face, the helmet type of re*pirator is 2:* Jfl/W y Eituipn 89 .rr.-u '..on;, it is cnem ial that the apparatus ; rovided with an adequate air -- drawn iron; a pure, dust-free source. h .n c authorities recommend as n o i a.. x cubic feet per minute, while others are of the opinion that respirators r~_crac:t'i-. on modern principles arc efficient when used with hut one or two txx_: oi air per minute. The source of air surpiy is cquially important. The i: frequently n;ade of taking the air directly iron; a compressed air line rr_a.t:t: .roviding the air intake to compressors with a filter capable of removing a: :::e dust particles. Sometimes the air ot ti;e compressed air line is wet and ::y ir.d mere may be a possibility ot carbon mor.vxide poisoning due to oil being rrnmT.y burned in a reciprocating piston-type c*. mpressor. The air, under these .-raii^ion:. is unsutted for use in the respirator 5r.z it becomes accessary to install x rtah rotary compressor blower, supplied irom a clean source 01 air. This mmr me mud is applicable particularly to plants r.jt equipped with compressed air. Irspiiators should be selected for their comfort to the wearer and tor their arn-_r_i;vc efficiency. The manufacturer should be required to submit a laboratory rcp.rz of the efficiency of his device, for the purpose elected. Although respirators -horn: never be regarded as substitutes - for local exhaust ventilation, they provide 3. practicable means of protection tor. workmen engaged in dusty operations carried a :cly occasional!)- or for short periods of time. The positive air pressure type o( rc^TLratoi. unfortunately, cannot be worn by workers engaged iu operations requiring Ttrcum to move about unhampered by air hose. The only available protection ::c e worker under these conditions is to wear a respirator with a filtering me-iirrr: Jt fibre or tissue. Only those types which have been demonstrated to the necessary filtering medium to give sufficient protection against fine '1*3 should be selected. The importance of the use of the positive pressure respirator in dusty work patitffon; is illustrated by the results of an analysis conducted by Dr. Leotuird Gnsdaurg and Charles Pierce, of the Laboratory of Hygiene at Vale University, n oinr.eaion with the study ot the subject of "Ventilation and Its Relation to the C-jnrc-1 of Dust, Gases and Fum es."' They found that air drawn from a cabinet nrrmr.inr 61 millions of dust particles per cubic root retained four and one-half nI3;n panicles per cubic toot when drawn through "a respirator; two million parades were drawn through helmet and respirator: four-tenths of one million of 'iusc panicles per cubic toot were drawn through helmet with positive air pressure; > 3iid but two-tenths of one million were drawn through a respirator and helmet x : pus live air pressure. This demonstrates conclusively that a respirator alone has 'imitations in effectiveness when used in heavy concentrations. The reason for This lack of satisfaction arises fromthe fact that the fit of the respirator to the face is tmde by soft rubber which, even though the be*: available, is not airtight when die "vearcr is working. Where dust exists which cannot be otherwise controlled, isrm i ( rotcctiou can be obtained through the use of respirators; however, if pructcab.c. a positive pressure helmet system ;h:uld be installed, since it gives om-s: complete protection. Sa::s Protective Equipment as Related to Accident Prevention B y R. B. ROAPER Safety Engineer, Hum ble Oil & Refining Company, H ouston, Texas The speaker said in part: I am convinced that a combination of education and equipment is essential for accident prever.t:;n work. The use of protective -rntment cannot prevent all accidents, nor can the training of employees prevent ^1 accidents. Vo matter how proficient employee* may become iu the performance r,L a duty, they must not lose sight of the fact that certain hazards and conditions protective equipment. Li order to determine just what equipment nr:;; be used, it is necessary to study experience in each class ot work. If it is trend that men engaged in certain of work arc prone to receive injuries to ctrtain parts of the body, even in il Sof sty Ce nudi i the vision to avoid exole of Ituman nature ar.d ivc to us ant we can so As oi leaders needed for them. x.-. TI C E X T V - T H I R D A N N U A L S A F E T Y C O N G R E S S NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section Officers 1933-34 .General Chairman-- B uell \ \ \ X'utt. Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland. Ohio. Vice-Chairman--^. \Y . Millard. Industrial Gloves Corporation, Danville. III. Secretary-- George S. S hull, Safety First Supply Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Treasurer-- L. J. Bowkf.r. Mine Safety Appliances Company. Pittsburgh, Pa. .Exe cu tive`Committee at Large*-- E. \ \ \ B ullard. E. D. Bullard Company, San Francisco, Calif. Frederick W aiilkrt, Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation, Brooklyn, X. Y. C harles H. G allaway, American Optical Company, Southbridge, Mass. BUSINESS SESSION September 30, 1934 The annual business meeting of tiie Accident Prevention Equipment Manufac turers Section was called to order after a pleasant dinner by General Chairman Buell \Y. Nutt. Safety Equipment Service Company. Cleveland, who presided. Re ports were heard from the General Chairman and the Chairmen of Standing Com mittees on activities during the past year. The report of the Nominating Committee ,*'as then called for. and new officers for the Section were nominated and elected is follows : Chairman:---Irwin \Y. Millard. Sccretarv, Industrial Gloves Corporation. DanviIPl III. ^ n v-O u irm an ;--George Siiull. President. Saietv First Suppiv Co., Bradv Bldg.. Pittsburgh. Pa. -it- ' Secretar-::--W illiam Wahlcrt. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp., 176 Johnson Brooklyn. X. Y. L. E. Dickson. Yire-PrcCdcnt. Standard' Safety Equipment Co.. / ir*5* M 2cker Drive. Chicago. lib Committcc-al-Ldnic :-- J- T. Ryan. Y-Prcs.. Mine Saietv Appliances Co.. 201 X. Craddock. Pittsbureh. Pa. 1'- R. Davis, President. Davi- Em crvt ,,Ey.tinmcnt Co.. 55 Van X e'v Vork- City. v. A Accident Prevention lieuifnieut Manufacturers' Section Eag'- Signal Corporation. Moline. Illinois Yraffic signal equipment and industrial timin' Elliott Service Company, New York City Elimination of waste, promotion of efficiency and safety Evsns Products Company, Detroit. Michigan Eatircad grade crossing and barrier and traffic signals Xhc Gerson-Stewart Corporation. Cleveland, Ohio Soaps,. disinfectants and cleaners for planned sanitation KarlC}'-Davidson Motor Company. Milwaukee, W isconsin Special police motorcycles and equipment Hunter Auto Equipment Company, Inc., New York City rlcct specialties, rubber mirrors, stop and tail-lights Hyoson. W cstcott & Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland Mcrcurochrome and Thantis lozenges Industrial Commission ot Ohio. Columbus, Ohio Occident record charts and graphs, educational safety International Shoe Company, S t Louts, Missouri Safety shoes Jui kin Safety Appliance Company. Louisville, Kentucky fiaiety guards for punch presses Waiter Kiddc : Company, Inc., New York City Permanently piped fire systems and portable extinguishers Lctigh Safety Shoe Company, Allentown, Pennsylvania Safety shoes and boots Lima Cord Sole & Heel Company. Lima, Ohio Non-slip soles and heels for footwear Liquid Carbonic Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Fumigant for infestation contril M icwnyte Company, Kenosha. Wisconsin W ire rope and braided slings Martindale Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio Protective masks, safety roadway signals Metropolitan Life Insurance Com;any, New York City Insurance, industrial group, err. Mine Safety Appliance Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Mine and industrial safety equipment National Automatic Safety Signal Company, Chicago, Illinois Safety Hash signal for rear c: trucks National Safety Council. Giicagc. Intnois Poster, Library, Research ar.c Education Divisions T ic Patent Scaffolding Company. Chicago. Illinois Ladders and scaffolds for industry and construction Portable Lamp & Equipment Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Electric mine lamps and saiY.y equipment The Positive Safety Manufacturing Company. Cleveland. Ohio Power press safety devices Frotectoscai Company, Chica Safety cans for washinc, bt-v.:r.. storage, etc., tank fittings Fuimosan Safety Equipment C< "le gation. Brooklyn. N ew York Rcspiraiorv protection and e ^ ^ J lt:`?nfcty -eq:uipmem.-__ MM 152 Twenty-third Animal Safety Congress-- Xanonal Safety Council Pyrene Manufacturing Company, Newark. New Jersey Hand fire extinguishers and systems Recce Wooden Sole 5hoe Company, Inc.. Columbus. Nebraska Wooden sole saiety footwear The Safety Clothing Company. Cleveland. Ohio Safety clothing and equipment The Safety Equipment Service Company. Cleveland. Ohio Goggles, safety clothing and other safety equipment Safety First Shoe Company, Holliston. Massachusetts Safety shoes Safety Signal Devices. Inc.. Chicago, Illinois Safety stop-light for cars, trucks and buses The Service Recorder Company. Cleveland. Ohio The Scrvis Recorder for trucks and buses Shepherd Saiety Shoe Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Safety shoes The Sight Light Corporation, New York CityInstruments for measuring light in industries, etc. Standard Safety Equipment Company. Chicago. Illinois Dust protective equipment and general safety devices Stonehouse Signs, Inc.. Denever, Colorado Metal accident prevention signs The Surety Rubber Company, Carrollton, Ohio Rubber safety equipment tor linemen and industry W eaver Manufacturing Company, Springfield. 111. Automotive testing equipment W'est Disinfecting Company, Long Island City. New York Disinfectants, insecticides and sanitary supplies W illson Products, Irx.. Reading. Pennsylvania Eye, head and respiratory protective devices W il-X -M 'f g Corporation. Brooklyn. N ew York Fire extinguishers and equipment TU-' E X Chainuau Cuv-CY:: York Secrete.'"/ Counc: in e . t!ie A me: Mr. Johr vention ( ,;f-r ; / -y-s...S *.<; ?/;;. ".A; . idi American !.' helium shin TWENTY-THIRD a n n u a l s a f e t y congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL American Society of Safety Engineers-Engineering Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman-- S. E. W it m x c . Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Vice-Chairman-- E. E. Blank, Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman-- A. S. R egula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.. New York, X. Y. Secretary-- \Y. D ean K eefer. Xational Safety Council, G ucago, 111. Members at Large-- Cyril A insworth. American Standards Association. X ew York, X. Y. ; C. B. A c e , Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co.. East Pittsburgh, Pa. J. I. Ba n a s ii. Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. E. W . B eck. United States Rubber Co.. Xew York. X. H. R B:xler. Union Carbide and Carton Corp., Xew York, X. Y. (M etro politan Chapter). C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee. Wis. J. E. C ulliney. Bethlehem Steel Co.. Bethlehem, Pa. R. E. D onovan. Standard Oil Company of California. San Francisco. Calif. W . M. Graff, Xational Bureau of Casualty fit Surety Underwriters. Xew York. X. Y. H arry Guilcert, Pullman Company, Chicago, III. A. P. H uckesteix. Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry. Pittsburgh, Pa. (W estern Pennsylvania Chapter Y R. M cA. K eown. Industrial Commission of W isconsin. Madison. Wis. G. A. K uechexmeister, Dominion Force & Stamping Co.. Limited. Walkcrvillc, Ont.. Canada. M. G. Lloyd. United State? Bureau of Standards, W ashington. D. C. John P. M cCa n n . Xew England Power Engineering ar.d Service Corp., W or cester. Mass. (Boston Chanter). W . S. F ane, Aetna Life Insurance Co.. Hartford. Conn. G. E. S anford. General Electric Cu., Schenectady. X. Y. C. W. S m ith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind. . Chicago. 111. jm a m c y m -National Safety Council rks, Inc., -Niagara Fads. X. V. Co.. Xiagv-.ra Fads, X. V. iracturing Co., Menominee. Mich, ridge. Mas;. < 3: Co., Wilmington, Dei. ahor, Trenton. X. J. .. Inc., Boston. Mass. Cilmington. D e l ; Co., Linden, X. J. ;cc Co., Heston. .Mass. )iscussio:c program was a general IWand Table .-s to the Hands and Feet oi Workers A. " Armstrong General Supervisor ink *.pauy, Rochester. X. V. This mk! ...uiongli interesting and of 'value ' I: X T TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS N A T I O N A L SA F E T Y COUNCIL Construction Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--Joitx R usseli., J r., United Engineers & Constructors, Inc.. Newark, X. J. Vice-Chairman--W. G. W iieelf.r, Building Trades Employers' Association, Xew York*, X. Y. I7cc-C7hnnMOJi for Engineering Projects-- P. R. M axetta. Jr.. Thompson StarreU Co., Xew York, X. Y. i'ic,'-Chairman for En tity Construction-- C. H. B lack. Stone R Webster Engineer ing Corp.. Boston. Mass. I icC'Chairmau for V. S. Enaiuecr Department--C aTT. Ei.UOTT I 'an'DK.van-tf.r, C. ct E.. Oflicc of the Chief of Engineers. Washington. D. C. Crere/rtrv-- Rodent M cK inley, Genera! Accident Fire & Lite Assurance Corp.. D e troit, Mich. Aexes Letter Tailor--E lgar X. Goldstine- (State Compensation Insurance Fund ot Calif.), San Francisco, Calif. Enginecrina Committee Chairman--J. C. Forestejl The L. E. Mvers Co.. Chicago. III. Membership C.muuttee Chairman--X ormax W ellixgs. Booth, C Flina. Ltd., P itts burgh. Pa. Easter Committee Chairman--J amf.S X. Doyle. James X. Regd.. Montreal, Quebec. Can. Erofjraai Commniee L l.iiirm m t---R, J. Reigelutu. C. Haven. Con:;. Doyle Adjustment Bureau. . BiekcsR'c C Sons, Xc.v 1 :,b!ieiiy^ Ceinnr.ttcc C h a ir m a n -- T ho m as W . W alton*. Co.. P hil - Cun:r.;i;tee C'ci>m,u;-- W. A. S now. A,- C ..tractors of A~**>ca. l.- .c .. \\V h m v w . D. C. tl. ....._ Ww I . r. A , F ^ r - i : . Midi. Mi;< E. A i ; :)Kr_ .'.'cRr.vry M ar ble C- tv... Xew Y'rifrfc&: V. 0CGQ T (J ^ R. re. M.iO. Bureau >,i C-mtract luf- rinate lifc.-'-Yva-hniet-hl-Jj. X . H-ONNK W: a. Builder^ i MniuhacruriT* M::: d f t f e - D < i-- " 1 ' . Jtr .Y , Cl -rprri M M 0M jw ra w cr. * <S^ - N a t w n a l S a f e t y Council rks, Inc., Miagara Falls. X. \ . Co.. Xiagr.ra Falls, X. \ . picturing Co., Menominee. Mich, vidge, Masi. . S: Co.. Wilmington, Dc:. Tibort Tremen. X. J- [nc., Boston. Mass. Vihnington. D el Co., Linden, X. J. .ec Ca., Cestn. .Mass. nscussior,. program was a general K.n.md Table .. to the Hands and Feet ...i_ \ \ orkers '. a . ' Armstrong General^ ;upcm sor ;;,k pan'', Rochester. X. ^ . Tins >nd ,,..nougii interesting ana ot value TAT TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATI ONAL S A F E T Y COUNCIL Construction Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--John R cssel;., Jr., United Engineers & Constructors, Inc.. Xewark, X. J. I'ice-Ouiinnau-- \V. G. W herlf.r, Building Trades Employers' Association, Xew York, X. Y. I'icc-Chainnan for liujincerlug Projects-- P. R. Manetta. Jr.. Thompson StarreU Co., Xew York, X. Y. I'ice-Chairman far I'liHfv Construction-- C. H. Black. Stone & Webster Engineer ing Cnrp., Boston. Mass. LLv-C'/falrmfUi for C. S. Pnuinecr Deportment--CaPT. E luott Y anlevanter, C. or E.. Office ot" the Chiei ot Engineers. Washington. D. C. Secretary-- Rodf.ut McK inley, General Accident Fire & Lite Assurance Corp.. D e troit, Mich. Arrci Letter Pallor-- Elgar X. Goldsttne, (State Curnpeusation Insurance Fund ot Calif.), San Francisco, Calif. En^inecrino Cunnnittec Chairman--J. C. FORESTER. The L. E. Mvers Co.. Chicago. III. Membership C,mm(ttec Chairman-- Xorman W elling.;. Booth, L Flinn. Ltd., P itts burgh. Pa. Poster Cxunmiree Chairman--James X. Doyle. James X. Dnyie Adjustment Bureau, d.. Montreal. Qu vhec, Can. ij Program Cfjj;n::fj,v Cl.ninmm--R. J. R eigellth. C, W. Biakeslee l: 'Mis. Xc.v i x Haven. Conn. ^ibliciiy Com:r:::rc Cr..r. nui,i--T homas W. W alton. Heitwgi^^-i.'r-: Ca.. Phil- j adelplna. Pa, r < Co;i:r,-.y,iee Chairman -- W. A. S now. A.-.cin tcd & S ^ ^ l C ..traemrs ot A"HTica. pc.. WT-hl-- tom D. C. ,> / ......_ W w" v-`. 1-. A , r A - . r . . ! : . Miel,. C ' N- -Mkp; C. y C am:. .Mcl.aury Marble C rn.. Xw.v Y-irjfrfc&L V. 0 C^ 0{-' CC l ' ^ iC Kn .- cur. i Crean <a Omtract Lm riuamu. hV'Wva -hnim r--Jp. X - sk . -'V"/" - L''V*i;e V, : . -A, ]Y:ihi*:r>, and M.'nunaeurer.; Muiu.M fr^u I ')9  'i v E N T Y - t h i r d A N N U A L N A T I O N A L S A 1: T T Y C O U N C I L 4 # ;. isV Marine Section Officers 1933-34 'General Chairman-- Frank H. Cogax, Railroad Marine Service. Xew York. X. Y. yicc-Chairman in Chan/r of Posters and Slides) -- Robert F. H and, Standard Ship ping Co.. Xew York. X. Y. ricc-Chainiwr. in Charae of Publicity)--A rthur M. T odf.. Consulting Marine Engineer. Xew \o r k . X. *icc-Chairuuv: 'for the Pacific Coast)-- A. 0 . W oll, General Petroleum Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island. Calif. Secretary-- E. C. Holden, Jr.. United Stales P. X, Y.' S'ncs Letter Editor-- Hr.sv.\ Black stone. United Francisco. Calif. & I. States Agency, P. X I. Inc., Xew York. Agency. Inc., San Enyincerinn C inmittcc Chairman-- P*. C. E dwards. Consulting Engineer. Xew York, X. Y. Membership Committee Chairman-- \Y. R. Stewakusox. Colombian Steamship Co.. Xew York. X. Y. Proi/ram Cc remittee Chairman--J. S. H l'xtkk. The Atlantic Refining Co.. P hila delphia. P:.. Statistics C< "r.ntce Chairman-- Ben jamin It. S elf. Travelers Insurance Co.. Xew York, X. Y. Sic~ecdoriii<: C inmiuee Chairman-- F. C. Gmf.iimrv. Lnited states Employees' Com pensation C :v.nns<ion. Washington. D. C. Members a: L j m e -- F rank F. A mts. Lvkcs. Bros.-Ripicy Steamship Co.. Xew Orleans. La. W. P. f.: Xavy Department Safety Engineer. Washington. D. C. C. F. E:.ackt"n. Erie RailroacJ Co.. Jersey City, X. j. A. R. L - n . International Flare-Sienal Co.. Xew Y- rk. X. Y. E. W. F : - ne. J r.. Standard-Vacuum Transportation O .. Xew York. .V. Y. C haKL*.- H. Blathers. Eastern Steamship Lines. Inc.. Boston. Mass. F. P. F Shipping Federation of the State 'if Washington. Seattle. Wash. J. M. F ::-;er. Alabama Dry Dock X Shipbuilding C ... Mobile. Ala. W m. C, \ mv.v ter. UnOn Oil C". ->i Calif.. Lm< Ar.rckes. Calif. Wm. F w. r r. k. NES. Cuilf Renr.ing Co.. Xew \ ork. X. Y ;x. Marine Surveyor. Xew %*rk. X'. .lv. Tide Water Oil Co.. Xew York. X. Y. tfS & riK fcjE?.:.- Ip. t.w s r .-m v .r r v . W % 1 ' A' T } ' - T H I R D A N N U A L S A F E T Y C O N G R E S S ?p! fVltT'V ' fe x NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL r -jZs V* i.:;VSCn . Marine Section Officers 1933-34 *(7tticral Chairv,urn--Frank H. Cogax, Railroad Marine Service. Xew York. X. Y. ''Vice-Chairman in Chan/r of Posters and Sdes)--'Rooert F. H and, Standard Ship ping Co.. Xew York. X. Y. ricc-Choirwor. in Charge of Publicity)--A rthcr M. Tode. Consulting Marine Engineer. Xe'-v \ork. X. f e ViCcea-liCf.h, aiTrmeramnin'aflorIstlhaendP, aCciafliicf. Coast)--A. 0. Woll. General Petroleum Corp. oi $ v- *$ccrctar\--E. C. Holden. Jr.. United Stales P. & I. Agency, Inc., Xew York. X. Y.' Xras Letter Editor--He.ykv Plackstone. United States P. X I. Agency, Inc., San Francisco. Calif. Enifinccrinn C-mmittec Chairman--P. C. Enw.ums. Consulting Engineer. Xew York, X. Y. Membership Committee Chairman--W. F. Stkwakusox. Colombian Steamship Co.. Xew York. X. Y. Program Committee Chairman--J. S. H i.'ntkr. The Atlantic Refining O.-.. Phila delphia. Pc.. Statistics C, -mittcc Chairman--Rknjamin It. Seek. Travelers Insurance Co., Xew York, X". Y. S/cccdoriin: c Imitinee C hairm an--F. C. Gkf.iImky. Lnited states Employees' Com pensation C :unnsC<m. Washington. D. C. Members a: Lome-- Frank E. A mes. Lykes. Pros.-Riplcy Steamship Co.. Xv Orleans. La. \Y. P. F ; :<;s. Xavy Department Safety Engineer. Washington. D. C. C. F. E;.a'vktox. Erie Railroad Co.. Jersey City. X. j. A. R. L -4;i, International Flare-Sienal Co.. Xew Y- rk. X. Y. E. \Y. ? : - kk. Ja.. Standard-Vacuum Transportation O .. Xew York. X. Y. Chakl*> H. Flatiifrs. Eastern Steamship Lines. Inc.. Boston. Mass. F, P. . Sitipping Federation of the State of Washington. Seattle. Wash. J. M. \ V M. - > ;er. Alabama Dry Dock X Shipbuilding C ... Mobile, Ala. '\n wari:K. Union Oil Co. ->i Calif.. Lm< ArcAes. Calif. W m. ; J -a'es. Culli Refining Co.. Xew York. X. Y. w. r .;x. Marine Surveyor. \*ew F-<rk. X'. R. K. iLY. Tide Water Oil Co.. Xew York. X E T ..Y-'.N.GS U N S J.I r N N ~ sssS lilii# u - . Y -rJi 22S T A n n u a l S u r e t y C o n g r e s s -- .Viit t o n a l X .: v / r C'onucil J. L. L rJK7.X5ACH. American Eurcau or Shipping. Xew V rk, X. V. Dmel J. Mrfci'nv. Murphy. Cook & Co.. Philadelphia. ?a. Byrox 0 . P:CK.\KD. Pacific American Steamship Asm.. Fan Francisco. Cain E. J. RoBfi.'-w. J r.. Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry D<x*k Co.. Newport. X"ews. Va. J. K. Roemmv. Sinclair Navigation Co.. Xew York. X. Y. J. C. RoifL.rr. Standard Oil Company of Calif.. San Francisco. Calif. H. L. Seward. Yale University, X cw Haven. Cornu A rthur R. Savage. Peninsular & Occidental Steamship C.\. Port Tampa. Fla. A. J. S mith. Marine Office of America. Xcw York. X. Y. J. H. T omb. Xew York State Merchant Marine Academy. Xcw York. X. Y. Elliott V andeyaxter. Capt.. Office of the Chief of Engineer?. Munitions Elder., Washington. D. C. John* W right. American E xport Line. X ew York. X. Y. G. D. Zrn. Associated Oil Co.. San Francisco. Calif. i TUESDAY MORNING SESSTON October 2, 1934 The opening session of the Marine Section was called to order hy General Chairman Frank H. Cocan. the Delaware. JLickawanua and Western Railroad Co., Hoboken. X. J.. who presided. Chairman Cogan introduced Mr. Herbert C. Jackson. of the Inieriakc Steamship Co., Cleveland, who cordially welcomed the dele gateCshainirmthane nCaomeaenotthtehne pCreitsyentoefd Calevberliaenf dr. eview and preview or Marine Section 4 activities during the past year, including the work of sectional ''(Peers and chair men of committees. Tire chairman then introduced the first speaker. The Economics of Accident Prevention in Handling Marine Cargo By H. W. HEINRICH A-ssdstant Superintendent, E ngineering and Inspection Division, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. The speaker said in part: According to data provided hy the U . S. Depart ment of Commerce. 342.4S9 tons of cargo valued at $10.910.429.000 were handled for export and import in the United States in 1932. This includes cargo handled on the rivers and lakes as well as at ocean ports. The payroll required was $183.000.000. Estimated payments for compensation and employers' liability* claims and for medical and hospital services amounted to approximately $ 14.000.000. In addition to this, the indirect costs of accidents in stevedoring work is approxi mately four times as much as the direct costs, or $36.(HX).iH)0. From these data accident costs may he expressed in terms of tons and payroll. as follows; Total c<At per ton, 20c. Total cost per $100 of payroll. $37. Part ti total cost per ton not covered hv insurance. 16c. Part of total cost per SlOO <{ payroll not covered hy insurance, $29.60, It is fair to compare accident costs with other so-called overhead costs in han dling cargo in order that a true picture of its relative importance may he had. Stevedoring operators in the Port of provide the odl'ivvtmr esumate?: Overhead costs. .668: labor costs, .68; .OCJ-Trpr^A^^lS ; accidents. .23. Fror. me -Tofit ' id ah ;;iuc!i a A rno' h> th e w n > r\ (nie. T o h A ! :rt'ncr ance rates, n Arc; pne Inciter. Fr 32 per crm. known; non ever Case AT. hatch. The X x earned clear oi .mashing tee ir piaccd from the the dup, a io the ground. The direct : insurance comm Property dam a: 3U0. Tue tota viously. howc\w Cose Ac. 3. man. a hatch man to hoist started e '.vu-c The job was ing cicar o; the he was thrown : and various r : the accident u?.o partial disahouy. There was r.*' additional cr':*. rate of c0 mus and immety.ate " goods ?'kki the ambulance got under nay the next hour work there " i 00 tons, and :r. was paid hy It has her and medical ?.:*. dent. The rerr. other heads. The peeve" is not dilHcv.t accidents. An acciwm basic condor: or mechanic-arc to he pre i ne un.-a:. and theremre he <!*:tcrm::w Once it has must be "'ry. m 22S T r.r;::y-.'>::ni Annual Safely Congress--\'ation,o Safety Co-anoU | J. L. Lucksn'Racii. American Eurcau of Shipping. Xew V rk, X. V. ! Damcl J. M r m iv . Murphy. Cook & Co.. Philadelphia. ?a. B yrox 0 . P:ckaud. Pacific American Steamship A.-m.. Pan Francisco, Calif E. J. Robfe- v. Jr.. .Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry D<xk CM.. Newport Xews. V s . J. K. Roms-ay, Sinclair Navigation C a. New York. X. Y. J. C. Rohlta Standard Oil Company ot Calif.. San Francisco. Calif. H. L. S eward, Yale University, -New Haven. Conn. A rthur R. S avage. Peninsular & Occidental Steamship C x. P un Tampa. Fla. A. ]. S mith. Marine Office of America. Xew York. X. Y. J. H. T omb. Xew York State Merchant Marine Academy. Xew York. X. Y. E lliott V anpevaxter. Capt.. Office of the Chief of Engineer?. Munitions Eld?., Washington. D. C. Jrni.v W right. American Export Line. X' ew York. X. Y. - G. D. Zrn. Associated Oil Co.. San Francisco. Calif. t : J TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2, 1934 The opening session of the Marine Section was called to order hy General Chairman Frank H. Cogan. the Delaware. I-ackawanna and Western Railroad Co., Hoboken. X. J.. who presided. Chairman Cogan introduced Mr. Herbert C. Jackson. of the Imeriakc Steamship Co., Clcvciand. who cordially welcomed the dele gates in the name of the City ot Cleveland. Chairman O.can then presented a brief review and preview of Marine Section activities during the past year, including the work of sectional officers and chair men of committees. The chairman then introduced the first sneaker. The Economics of Accident Prevention in Handling Marine Cargo By H. W. H EINRICH A ssistan t Superintendent, E ngineering and Inspection Division, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. The speaker said in part: According to data provided by the U . S. Depart ment of Commerce. 342.-IS9 tons of cargo valued at $10.910M29.000 were handled ior export and import in the United States in 1932. This includes cargo handled cm the rivers ar.d lakes as well as at ocean ports. The payroll required was S18S.000.000. Estimated payments for compensation and employers' liability claims and for medical and hospital services amounted to approximate!v Sl-i.000.000. In addition to this, the indirect costs of accidents in stevedoring work is approxi mately four times as much as the direct costs, or $56.0U0.OlXh From these data accident costs may he expressed hi terms of tons and payroll, as follows.; Total c<.t per ton. 20c. Total cost per $100 of payroll. 337. Part of total cost per ton not covered l>v insurance. 16c. Part 'f total cost per $100 -.f payroll not covered hy insurance, $29.60. It is fair u> compare accident costs with other so-called overhead costs it; han dling cargo in order that a true picttic_nf its relative imp'.nance may lie had. Stevedoring operators in the Port of Overhead costs. .068: labor costs, .68 From me v1 - r - n t -><' i!,nv' h. tiic A , ! ,, l o . o uw . .. \ {-.:rt!'.cr .UK1.' r7ltc'- _ inener. : : n per cent. k n o w n : Mf. 'AtfV? r ' C<i5A Co. T hatch. T h e raiicci c^eac o. .m aihins tec lrws: placed iron; m e : the ihi\>. 1 c.ttc;: to the gru'.tct. T h e d ire c t '."tu insurance company Property uamaee $300. t h e nna: ; viousiv, however. Case W \ 2. k man. a haich 'em m a n t o h o i s t `.y e started ' The j,,h was ' -'n` mg clear of the he was thrown and various ^trier the accident partial disabun;'- There wa$ additional cr':*. rate of rO tmti P and immediate ' goods skid r- the ambulance % got under *' ay ^ the next hour work there " 60 tons, and the was paid hy 1 It has her: c and medica; *t:d, dent. The rcm.au other heads. T h e prevent!1 is n o t dim e::.: accidents. n ''-'a A n acrid-.--:: y basic Cuiidun '.a or mechanics. c,%: are to be p r e e n i tie iin.-am ami theremre he d ete m v , ne-' O n c e it h a s m ust be I J Line ha; iclv-t to : in Luscr 'loci: com the -own the pub';c ".ctshee 7ted a r^;'icr ; cr; -L :istgr. ck-e-s not .:ions of Co,.-.r at. i whicii are kcpt part mi ob. pub ic. Aether '-roduct lv-fch news thrcLcrh menu! tbc the irresistible due: media is it not - \v:Ln all accidents-- i car. be accomplished. 'Oun*: to periorm their to themsch cs :: they lent prevention. This .Marin to buy tilings '.ember ot 'he Marine inriutrtcc thr workmen e notice ot the timely :fcc v.'-icli Ir: I-.;as been "I ccd omcwherc. 'CC. .mder we:u some denvent tile su Bering, to ta <e." He will be c cmcicnt \ cri;cr bcmake him m. me isfetyhe a:tribute of safetyAsses which m L11w all :tablc jt is f sat -afety hme :~cld as a lac boarc such : ran be the 5 Candare Shupping re in operat::n today. ' are ever c<nspicuous ot tc see tiic se boards idea"atclv ii uminated. cat and clem i Poking. ' arc "Tturalhr meuisipean. :r>r we:As withMl. tn this wnv. ap'ey :r"'ire th:: 'n-'iards. earns almost s. am i "cntcl items P05` ,,thereof. These hu!R: :n hcnr-R. Act'. muloubt:'iiv. can 'here sicvcrh. res per'.'"tie: 'action :r -indcr wr e 'tccivnhl: marine 1] ^ tvinoelnnrtmi\ i> dine 'aictv ;tessnees ycr w idles. M arine Section 23n Some men's minds, of course, are more sluggish than others in absorbing Ocas 0j this nature: but safety can be visualized and is being visualized every dnv in almost every shop, plant, dock, ship and quarry in the country, k is being "fold" to the workmen through the medium of posters as certainly as hv verbal instruc tion and every other means, such as the Safety Instruction Cards obtainable through the National Safety Council. It- must be borne in mind, however, that the posters should not be allowed to become common-place. Report of the Nominating Committee At tliis point Chairman Cocan called for the report of the Nominating Com mittee, and new officers for the Section for the ensuing year were nominated and elected as follows: General Ciiainnan--'E. W. Fiskc, Jr., Scouy Vacuum Co., Inc.. Xew York. X, Y. Vice-Chairman (in C/.un.v j j P osters and Slides) -- Robert F. Hand, Standard Shipping Co., New York. X. Y. Vice-Chairman (in Chorea of Publicity)-- Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer, New York. X. Y. Vice-Chairman (for the Pacific Coast) --A. O. W ull, General Petroleum Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island. Calif. Secretary-- John S. Hunter. The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. New s Letter Editor--Henry Blackstonc, United States P. & I. Agency. Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Enninecring Committee Chairman-- B. C. Edwards, Consulting Engineer. New York,"X. Y. Membership Committee Ci.airman-- E. C. Holden, Jr., United State P. & I. Agency, Xew York, X. Y.. Program Committee Chairman-- Frank E, Ames, Lykes Bros.-Riplcy Steam ship Co.. Xew Orleans, La. Statistics Committee Chairman-- Benjamin H . Self, Travelers Insurance Com pany, New York, X. Y. Stevedoring Committee Chairman-- F. C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers Union, San Francisco, Cain'. Members at Large-- \V, P. Biggs, Navy Department Safely Engineer. Washington, D. C. C. F. Blackton, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey City, X. J. Frank H. Cogan. The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., Hoboken, X. J. F. P. Foisic, Shipping Federation of the State of Washington, Seattle, Wash. J. M. Griser, Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding Co., Mobile, Ala. Wm. Groundwater, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif._ Henry J. Heidorn. Standard Shipping Company, X ew Fork. X. Y. Willard F. Jones, Gulf Refining Co., X ew York. X . Y. W . P. Kain, Marine Surveyor, X ew York, X. Y. T. F. Kavanagh. Grace Lines. Inc., X ew York, X. Y. R. K. Kelly, Tide Water Oil Co., X ew York. X. Y. Stewart Lee, Jr.. Xew York Shipbuilding Co., Camden, X. J. J. L. Luckenbach, American Bureau of Shipping, Xew \ ork, XL Y. Daniel J. Murphy. Murphy. Cook & Co., Philadelphia. Pa. Carl E. Petersen, Xewport X ew s S. B. D. D. Company. Newport Xews. Ya. Byron 0 . Pickard. Pacific American Steamship Assn.. San Francisco. Calif. H. W. Proom. Black Diamond Lines, X ew York, X. Y. J. K. Robison. Sinclair Navigation Co.. Xew York. X. Y. J. C. Rohlfs. Standard Oil Company of Calif.. San Francisco. Calif. Arthur R. Savace, Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co.. Port Tampa, Fla. H. L. Seward. Yale University, Xew Haven, Conn. A. J. Smith. Marine Office of America. Xew York, X. Y. J. H. Tomb. Capt. U SX Rid.. New York State Merchant Marine Academy. 'V I f. 1 \ VT kmc ha; iclv-i to : in ilustr ioc^ com- -own the ".c?c 7ted p-b*;,c s a re` rJcr the -"ah t:ieirt-cr. u x$,<-*.-*, m,'it 'ions Col.-.r i wlva, are k-p, P*7 t~< Jty . f " 1' lc- 'ynether product which it nev.-} tiirct-rh mental l.,5c " !hc irrr}ijtii,|e -in? media is t 'v:- 1 all nccicenti-- < ; car- bc accompiiihcd : ouny. to perform their : to zr.;-niscl\cs :: they lent prevention. This lildyen to buy tilings xnnxT of the Marine mrinir.ee the workmen e no.tec of the timely :icc which In h -5 betn 1 ccd omewhere, .mdcnvetu some derivcnt tJic sunenno' to take." He will & c cmmient \ orikcr bemake him nr .we SEtctylie a;tribute of safetyosses which fo! Am- all :table jt is t sat sfety lime :odd as a lacboarc; such can be the S ^andarc Sihoping rc in operamon today. ' are ever conspicuous ot tc >ce the iclcava-.clv ii undnated. ;cat ar.d clcm l looking. r e natural/ v meuisipear:. :nr we :ks with- m tin's w n v , apey -.m'.nre tb.: iv-'ards. a r r .; almost i::v'inn- ar.-i "entef items P05` jhcreor These huPetm hnnr- A. octiv undoubt.Mv. can ' lierf sicvcrh, rc? per- .ruction :r mulcr !rr c -ICCl'v.-llli,' marine colnriui a lters '-rtinent -Atic.h is llln- --nictv :ucirnees h e r tvislics. Marine Srrlion Some men's minds, of course, arc more sluggish than others in absorbing ideas of this nature: but safety can be visualized and is being visualized every day in almost every shop. piam. dock, ship and quarry in the country. It is being "sold" to the workmen through the medium of posters as certainly as by verbal instruc tion and every other means, sucii as the Safety Instruction Cards obtainable through the National Safety Council, it- must be borne in mind, however, that the posters should not be allowed to become common-place. Report of the Nominating Committee At tiiis point Chairman Coiran called for the report of the Xomiuating Com mittee, and new officers for the Section for the ensuing: year were nominated and elected as follow s: General Chairman--'E. \ \ \ Fiskc, Jr., Scony Vacuum Co., Inc.. Xew York. X. Y. Vice-Chairman (in Chara,' j f P osters and Slides)-- Robert F. Hand, Standard Shipping- Co.f New York. X. Y. Vice-Chairman (in Chorea* of Publicity)-- Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer, Xew York. X. Y, Vice-Chairman ( for the Pacific Coast)--A. O. W ull, General Petroleum Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island. Calif. Secretary-- John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. N ew s Letter Editor-- Henry Blackstonc, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Enoinecring Committee Chairman-- B. C. Edwards, Consulting Engineer. Xew York,"X. Y. Membership Committee Chairman-- E. C. Holden, Jr., United State P. & I. Agency, Xew York, X. Y.. Program Committee Chairman-- Frank E, Ames, Lvkcs Bros.-Riplcy Steam ship Co.. Xew Orleans, La. Statistics Committee Chairman-- Benjamin H . Self, Travelers Insurance Com pany, Xew York, X. Y. Stevedoring Committee Chairman-- F. C. Gregory, M atenront Employers Union, San Francisco. Cain'. Members at Large-- \V, P. Biggs, Navy Department Safety Engineer. Washington, D. C. C. F. Blackton, Eric Railroad Co., Jersey City, X. J. Frank H. Cogan. The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., Hoboken, X. J. F. P. Foisic, Shipping Federation of the State of Washington, Seattle, Wash. J. M. Griser, Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding Co., Mobile, Ala. Wm. Groundwater, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles. Calif. Henry J. Heidorn. Standard Shipping Company, X ew Fork. X. V. Willard F. Jones, Gulf Refining Co., X ew York. X . Y. W . P. Kain, Marine Surveyor, X ew York, X. Y. T. F. Kavanagh. Grace Lines. Inc., X ew York, X. Y. R. K. Kelly, Tide Water Oil Co., X ew York. X. Y. Stewart Lee, Jr.. Xew York Shipbuilding Co., Camden, X. J. J. L. Luckcnbach, American Bureau of Shipping, Xew \ ork, X. Y. Daniel J. Murphy. Murphy. Cook & Co., Philadelphia. Pa. Carl E. Petersen, Xewport X ew s S. B. D. D. Company. Xcwport Xews. Ya. Byron 0 . Pickard. Pacific American Steamship Assn.. San Francisco. Calif. H. W. Proom. Black Diamond Lines, X ew York, X. Y. J. K. Robison. Sinclair Navigation Co.. Xew York. X. Y. J. C. Rohlfs. Standard Oil Company of Calif.. San Francisco. Calif. Arthur R. Savace, Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co.. Port Tampa, Fla. H. L. Seward. Yale University, Xew Haven, Conn. A. J. Smith. Marine Office of America. Xew York, X. Y. J. H. Tomb. Capt. U SX Rtd.. Xew York State Merchant Marine Academy. New York. X. \ . 1 E. Storm Trosdal. Jr.. South Atlantic S. S. Line, Savanna TAN 00033 m / ,: s V C o mal and both of these rally treated from a 't etween the doctor it r.-'. fuspuion ot dis* , receive compensation ary human nature into ion : bounJ to occur, hy the company he is employee ar.d in favor 'lust around: for suspi'octcr to keep his eyes my unfair hvors from corporatior. physician com: ensatio i eases, he IS paiicnts. simply be- j /-//' X T }' ~T H I R D A X X U A L S A F E T Y C O X G R E S S I X A T I O X A L S A F E T Y CO C X CIL snt\ Metals Section Officers 1933-34 'timi E. -iggeration d du e to ti patient's nent Anal c: &.i?geration .non or pro enging the ext those pi iients who mos difhcu 1 and trv- ouch is expc -tcri of us `. inr. c for thorough ague and ob cure com- IV sees. Tn many C 1 .y doctor, before cult or us to tell the ht de vclop. A few of i t ait t.rcir va; ions aches patient resignation to ana expect something Ic and cast away the or even tragic mistake ial part of ( ur efforts are really il or about T o an extent nccescxaminc these patients, appearance a id human :er, we can fcc of some seek inforn rtioii and routine mm any bush s concerning not only t relatives a r d friends, annot afford lie neces* c child into the tonsil sician to cai c. for Ins 'rk and asks us to call u operated upon. The me at all times to act All this cot ies to us ce. It is w uallv not on. T h e d o r r is open General Chairman-- E. F. Blank, Jones Laughlin Steel Curp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman--J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corporation, Youngstown, Ohio. Vice-Chairman-- H. \Y. D arr. Bethlehem Steel Company, Johnstown, Pa. Secretary and AY:vs Letter Editor-- A. Eerql'ist, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, East Chicago, Inch Engineering C o m m i t t e e Chairman-- J. E. C c l l i x e y , Bethlehem Steel Company, Betheiehem, Pa. Health Committee Chairman-- D r. R. C. E xcel, The Corrigan, McKinney Steel Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Membership Committee Chairman--R. A. C haffin, Continental Steel Corp.. K o komo, Ind. Poster Cotnmittcc Chairman--\Y. D. Speight, Keystone Steel & Wire Co.. Peoria. 111. Program Committee Chairman-- C. M. A llex, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. Publicity Committee Chairman-- A. M. Lytle. The Newton Steel Company, Xew- ton Falls, 0 . Statistics Committee Chairman-- C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. O artel. Carnegie Steel Com pany, Pittsburgh, Pa. Foundry Committee Chairman-- F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Com pany, Columbus, Ohio. Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman-- P. J. B rand. Pullman Car & Manu facturing Corporation, Pullman. Chicago, 111. Members at Large-- L. S. A dam. Hubbard Steel Foundry. East Chicago. Ind. J. A. Coltrix, National Radiator Corporation. Johnstown, Pa. H. M. Croghan, Inland Steel Cerrpany, East Chicago. Ind. G. A_, D avis, "Illinois Steel Company, Chicago. 111. Johx P. Eib. Illinois Steel Company. Joliet. 111. E. A. E llis. Wheeling Steel Giro., Wheeling. W . Ya. W . T. F ilmer, The Youngstown .Erect and Tube Co.. Voungy ^ Qhio. A. C. Giqsox, Spang, Chnlfant C Cornpanv. Inc.. Pittsburgh. d03 oocc il 'I .S I Sii -X ? N/'-.'.'v C o u i f I I'?.:- and bo-Ji 0 f t h ,, c trcaicd from 4 t tween 'he docior it f us pK'on of dis- - receive c nipcn?ation ary human nature imo ion :* boun J to occur. by the con l^ny he JJ employee ai d in iavor 'u3t ~ o u n d ; for suspj. 'octor to keep his eyes my uniair nvors from corcoratiot nhvsirian com: ensatio i eases, he IS p atients. simply be- { f i r - E X T } - T H I R D A X X U A L S A F E T Y C O N G R E S S I X A T IO X AL S A F E T Y C O U X C I L .vy, o^rv.. 'jju f-1. Metals Section Officers 1933-34 'timi E . -iggeration d d u e to ti c patient's n e n t 'onal c: Mggeration .non or pro enging the ext those pi iicnts who mo? difficu t and trvouch is expc tted of us * inr. c tor ? thorough ague and ob cure com- IV sees. Tn many e i y doctor, before cult or us kO tell the lit d e vclop. A few of ;i mt t.rcir va; ious aches patient resi ^nation to and expect something le and cast away the or e\ e n t r a e e mistake ;al part of tur efforts arc rear il or about T o an extent nccescxaminc these patients, appearance aid human er, we can l:c ot some seek intorn r.tion and routine cnin >any husi- ;s concerning not only T relatives ar d friends, annot afford he ncces- c child into thc tonsil sician to cm e for his Tk and asks ns to call 1 operated u| ton. The :i>cr at nil tin ics to act All tins co! ics to us ce. it is u- uallv not ori- The (lor r i> open General Chairman-- E. F. Blank, Jones Laughlin Steel Curp., Pittsburgh, Pa. y tee-Chairman--J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corporation, Youngstown, Ohio. Vice-Chairman-- H. \Y. D arr. Bethlehem Steel Company, Johnstown, Pa. Secretary and Xczcs Letter Editor-- A. Eerql'ist, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, East Chicago, IncL Engineering Committee Chairman--J. . Ccllixey, Bethlehem Steel Company, Betheiehem, Pa. Health Committee Chairman-- D r. R. C. E ngel, The Corrigan, McKinney Steel Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Membership Committee Chairman--R. A. C uaffix, Continental Steel Corp.. Ko komo, Ind. Poster Committee Chairman--\Y. D. Speight, Keystone Steel & V ir e Co.. Peoria. III. Program Committee Chairman-- C. M. A llen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. Publicity Committee Chairman-- A. M. Lytle, The Newton Steel Company, New ton Falls, 0 . Statistics Committee Chairman-- C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. O artel. Carnegie Steel Com pany, Pittsburgh, Pa. Foundry Committee Chairman-- F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Com pany, Columbus, Ohio. Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman-- P. J. B rand. Pullman Car & Manu facturing Corporation, Pullman. Chicago, 111. Members at Large-- L. S. A dam. Hubbard Steel Foundry. East Chicago. Ind. J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corporation. Johnstown, Pa. H. M. Croghan, Inland Steel Cempany, East Chicago. Ind. G. A, D avis, Tllinois Steel Company, Chicago. 111. John P. Eib. Illinois Steel Company. Joliet. 111. E. A. E llis. Wheeling Steel Cero.. Wheeling. W . Ya. W . T. F ilmer, The Youngstown hect and Tube Co.. Young.p.w i^ Qhio. A. C. Gibson, Spang, Chalfant R Company. Inc.. Pittsburgh. ooec". W r' w :- T; rii . lim im i SiUt". t mil, - X a um m l .V,:r, '"ml L hah fa \Y. H anko. Pitt.lmrTh Fit'ci t.Y,. ,\k>uc>.cu. Pa. O. F H arvey. American Car and Founcry Lu.. Xc.v Y'.rk. X Y. S. K. Ida u KH.~. MaeWhyte Cunipany. Kcn.-ilia. \VX. v G. H e.vsel, The Vuumrsunvu Sheet avid T!w Cuiiiirany. Utica,, (| W. J. U klaxiv. Idnhler Co.. Iddiicr. \YX. \V. A. jAKcrs. Tlic Chase Companies. W'aterhnry, Conn. F. A. Lal'Ehman. Republic Stcei Curyoraiion. Smuh Chicane. Id. T. H. McKenney, Illinois Steel Company. South Chicago. III. D. V, Medaue, lnterlakc Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. W. E. Megraua H. H. Robertson Company. Pittsburgh. Pa. Roder" L. Schmitt. Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Company Loui s-vilie. Ky. J. K Tafford. Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co.. Decatur. III. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 1, 1934 n The opening session of the Metals Section was called to order by General Chair man E. F. blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation. Pittsburgh. Pa., who presided. Chairman Blank introduced Mr. Donald C. Gillies. President, Corrigan, McKinney Steel Co.. Cleveland, who made a brief address of welcome on behalf of the Con vention City. General Chairman Blank then presented a brief '`Resume of the Year's Activi ties" of the Metals Section, giving in some detail the activities of officers and chairman of standing committees, whose work for the Section was highly valued. Chairman Blank then introduced the first speaker. Practical Safety from an Operating Standpoint By G. D. TRA NTER General Superintendent, M iddletown Division, The American Rolling Mill Co, M iddletown, Ohio The speaker said in part: If we seek the rmuion of the accident problem by the same methods used for operating control, we will more quickly improve the plant safety record. For example, safety rules must be regarded in the same manner as operating rules and practice. Some years ago, safety gates had bee installed in the rear of open hearth furnaces for the protection of men working 0 tap holes and runners in a certain plant. The safety appliance was not accepted wholeheartedly by the furnace men until a helper fell oft the hackstanding and was fatally injured. Cut after this accident, the gates were always in place. Here is another case. A gas maker was seriously injured during the burn-out of a gas producer. Investigation of the accident disclosed that the man had previ ously received a number of minor injuries while working on this particular job. It further developed that he was unsuited to this type of work because of ace and previous training. If this man's foreman had considered these minor injuries in the IjjdlLjM a danger signal and transferred the man to a less hazardous job. this accident would have been prevented. Discipline in accident prevention as well as in operation should be resorted to . nly when other means fail. Men usually rest" .vflJJjing1y to proper inspiration end' leadership. In cafe of a violation of s a f e t y a word' ironr-tlny-aipor. ' in d en t to the person who committed ik e net way. In going about * 00003 TWv oA o^ , or ' r.Yuuvn 01 me ; . flowed to c due to ui ,Y cr an a c c id e n t .'V'goien. 'industry is n , Nr*rwnccd wori- ;sl;l through mo the Other ha -,'v previous ms c*a`yy s work throe vr:;ona! injury t ' We- cannot si: ^ tio n and expe ,*;ocrinteudcut ai training, not Y.-m the standpo ire closely rciau -urc experienced The question ridcal instruction the hazards conn instruction by th ri his long exper bv the iorcrw have a great inr groups of new n ihe new employe- addressed by the t-vc. In addition for advancement, rive the new m e When the new 2s to the hazards a printed slip ot 7-opcrlv instrucu rented to the Sa ::cns. Training an c ere required to d training be accor. cxr.cctation of st. and direct appeal Tarn to work in cr other piece of safety problems ;art and ask que Safety campai movement, it is v ;iien is over. A Wnt record. First aid trai the patient ar light to every- raently' in orePer aid training prnc Health plays *.* par in this r which can be m conditions which. . . 1 n r ri-f ^.1; ';'*<>? $ m V A.M: r'fe d * . ft a k i- iJHi f t I' il Hi i fjl m -jgf :!'4 A s. BiMl 'Ta ;<A'Cl'* .Mil -1i... .. i-lbit-En-i nft.--w 256 7 \\ ; /;.-rT . liu n ta l Y n /vrv (. Y;/<, - X a t i t ' i u i l Ciwiv: "ml Lu.\>-:.j..' \Y. H a .vko. Pittsburgh 5tcci uY.. M uno'cn, Pa. O, F H arvey. American Car and Fouuory Co.. New York. X. Y. S, K. H aw kk.a MaeWhyte Company. Ke:i"rha. W'is. H ak'.t:v (i. H e.xsel, The Yuungsiuwn Sheet and Tulie Company. Chicago []| \ \ \ J, Ikklanu. Kohler Co.. Kohler. \Y-N. \Y. A.. J.\kvr?. The Chase Companies. Waterbury, Conn. F. A. E a l a h m a n . Republic Stcei Corporation, South Chicago. Eh T. H. McKenney. Illinois Steel Company. South Chicago. III. D, V. Medalie- luterlakc Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. W. E. Mecraw. H. H. Robertson Company. Pittsburgh, Pa. Koder" L. Schmitt. Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Company Loui svillc, Ky. J. K. Stafford. Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co.. Decatur. III. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October I, 1934 The opening session of the MetaU Section was called to order by General Chair man E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation. Pittsburgh. Pa., who presided. Chairman Blank introduced Mr. Donald D. Gillies. President. Corrigan. McKinney Steel Co.. Cleveland, who made a brief address of welcome on behalf of the Con vention City. General Chairman Blank then presented a brief "Resume of the Year's Activi ties" of the Metals Section, giving in some detail the activities of officers and chairman of standing committees, whose work fur the Section was highly valued. Chairman Blank then introduced the first speaker. Practical Safety from an Operating Standpoint B y Q. D. T R A N TER General Superintendent, M iddletown Division, The American R olling Mill Co, M iddletown, Ohio The speaker said in part: If we seek die solution of the accident problem by the same methods used for operating control, we will more quickly improve the plant safety record. For example, safety rules must be regarded in the same manner as operating rules and practice. Some years ago, safety gates had been installed in the rear of open hearth furnaces for the protection of men working on tap holes and runners in a certain plant. The safety appliance was not accepted wholeheartedly by the furnace men until a helper fell off the hackstanding and was fatally injured. Cut after this accident, the gates were always in place. Here is another case. A gas maker was seriously injured during the burn-out of a gas producer. Investigation of the accident disclosed that the man had previ ously received a number of minor injuries while working on this particular job. It further developed that he was unsuited to this type of work because of ace and previous training. If this man's foreman had considered these minor injuries Jn the bgh.GjDf a danger signal and transferred the nun to a less hazardous job. this ccident would have been 'prevented. Discipline in accident prevention as well as in operation should be resorted to when other means fail. Men usually rcs\"tS>.<w4UingIy to proper inspiration id leadership. In cafe of a violation of sa fetiji^ ^ s, a word iroTTr-M^-^perkli r.dcnt to the person who committed the act way. In going about . p or UV.K-- A , , - - *" ; . 3 | | o i ' e u 10 c [iuc to Ui an accident A-wiCUIr.diiitry is " ,x~:rK-uccc " orl !.u ilifouou mo On the other ha .-jv previous ms .ys work throu xrsonal injury t ' We- cannot si; Section, and expe ^perintendcut a; .i training, not Aom the standpo -:c closely reiatc g:orc experienced The question ridual instruction the hazards conn instruction by :-i his long exper Kt bv the iorem; have* a great inr groups of new n the new employeaddressed by _the vc. In addition for advancement, cfve the new me: When the new 23 to the hazards a printed slip or properly instructs remed to the Sa trips. Training an c arc required to d training be accon expectation of sn and direct appeal `.earn to work in or other piece of safety problems . cart and ask que Safety catnpai rnovement. it is v ;iien is over. A 'Em record. First aid trai the patient ar flight to even" WentlyHn order aid training PrnHealth plays tv par in tins r which can he n: conditions which. ,wn 1 S e -.*, w s s S el . m A -W ^ ~ -to roup !) Drdsioi -- riVENTY-THIRD A N N U AL SAFETY CONGRESS N A T IO N A L S A F E T Y COUNCIL "Your Hou eei Co., South : citaracteris ic A by all tie eterei of it is Mining Section O fficers 1933-34 Genera/ Chairman-- P. -If. A rthur, American Zinc Company of Tennessee, Mascot, Tcnn. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership Coal Mines-- Fraxk B. D uxbar, Pickands, Mather & Co., Mather, Pa. Gee-Chairman in Charge of Membership Metal Mines--}. \V, A lt, Calumet & Hccla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet. Mich. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Engineering-- W'u. G. Metzger, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. Secretary and S e n s Letter Editor--Dasiel Mines, Washington. D. C. Entertainment Committee Chairman-- J. T. Pittsburgh, Pa. H arri.ycto.y, United States Bureau of R vax, -Mine Safctv Appliances Co.. Poster and Slide Committee Chairman--}. J. Forbes, United States Bureau ot Mines, Pittsburgh. Pa. Program Committee Chairman-- R. X. H osler, Coal Mine Section. Pennsylvania Compensation Rating & Inspection Bureau. Harrisburg, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman-- M. R. E udd, Explosives Engineer. Wilmington, Del. Statistics Committee Chairman-- W. W. A dams, United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Members at Large-- W. H. Comins. ."National Lead Co., St. Francois, Mo. M. F. F mrlie. The Mining Corporation of Canada. Ltd., Toronto, Out., Can ada. C. W. Gians. Harwich Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. H. C. H f.xrie. Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbee, Ariz, T homas E. L;::itfoot. Koppers Coal Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Lee Loxc. Clinchricld Coal Corp., Dame. Ya. George M artixsox. Pickands. Mather & Co., Hibbing. Minn. D. D. Moffat?. Utah Copper Co.. Salt Lake City, Utah. M. W. P rice. Dddo-Highland Coal Co.. Jeddo. Pa. L. T. S icka. 5:. Joseph Lead Co.. Bonne Terre. Mo. --~ ~ H 0\v.vao I. A'ovxc. American Zinc. Lead & Smelting Co.. St. 269 Louis, Mo. --------------- f r-rS,,*r 0 cue M ! | i|fc : m p f ' M ! :| ' `D ' ;s>r&sC: ^ *f, K\j,'  . U j j / u <7 S e c t i o n it is nUo to be realized that a safety program or method that is suitable ior one company or location may not be desirable ior another company. For example in ou* two New York state mines, which have die same regulations regarding safety ha'.s. shoes, goggles, etc., and where the primary ruie is also enforced that each ani every man i s . responsible ior his own safety and ior the safety o; ids fellow w< rkcr. great emphasis is placed on housekeeping or cleanliness about the mines ani mills. Each department of the two divisions has a metal sign, ruled in three co timns; one being for the month of the year, while the other two are for the house keeping rating and lost-time accidents. If the conditions arc good, a gold star is placed on the sign: if only fair a green star is awarded, while for poor cleanliness a 'sd star is given. A gold star counts ten, a green five, and no score is given tor red. These scores are posted monthly on the bulletin board, and the basis of cornpa-son between the two mines is thereby made possible. If a score is not perfect, or at a reasonably high figure, the department which is negligent receives consider able adverse publicity. If there are no lost-time accidents, a gold star is placed in the accident column. The results of our New York safety program are reflected by the achievement of operating 162.912 man-hours with only one lost-time accident ( which incapacitated a worker tor two days), and this record resulted in the 1932 award of the "Sentinels of Safety Trophy." THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1934 The Dust Problem in Mining Operations By D. E. CUMMINGS 1 'A Assistant Director, The Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Michigamme, Michigan The speaker said in part: Refuge can no longer be taken under :he shelter of ignorance that the prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to serious disease, for the medical, technical and lay press is filled with accounts describing the dangers associated with breathing certain dusty atmospheres. What, then. 1 :ould be the p: oper course to pursue in meeting this problem and dealing with it in a satisfactory manner ? Both industrial and laboratory studies prove that only certain dusts are dangcr- o'is when inhaled, and that quartz or other forms of pure crystalline s: ica are most cb.ngerous. constituting a specific tissue poison. Where men arc expo: cq to a suffi- cient quantity of very fine pure crystalline silica dust only, a true : azard always exists. The dusts of silica in combination with other elements gener:aily give rise to pulmonary reaction's which differ in many respects from those ca used by pure '3 sii:ca, and which vary rather widely among themseives in their harr '.fulness. As Trx a class, and with the notable exception of asbestos, silicates are \t ss dangerous than pure crystalline silica. Not only are certain dusts apparently incapable of t! P oducing a specific harmful reaction when inhaled by themseives, bu:: when asso cated with silica favorably modify the usual response to this dangercc is dust. The elective size range of particles causing disease is now regarded as :hrec microns and smaller, while the qualities of hardness and sharpness are no ler gcr regarded ai of significance. The term pncumotiokoniosis is intended to describe: the changes r ising- out of the prolonged inhalation of any dust, harmful or others ise, and docs n n e c e s s a r ily imply the presence of disability, r.or a predisposition :o pulmonary infections. The term silicosis refers specifically to the disease which results from t.:e prolonged inhalation of harmful silica dust, and is characterized by ,d nodular fibrosis in the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes, and increased to pulmonary infections. Pure silicosis should be regarded as a ge: M inina Scctwu it is also to be realized that a safety program or method that is suitable ior one company or location may not be desirable ior another company. For example in ou * two .Yew York state mines, which have the same regulations regarding safety ha'.s. shoes, goggles, etc., and where the primary ruie is also enforced that each ani every man i s . responsible ior his own safety and ior the safety o: ids fellow w< rker. great emphasis is placed on housekeeping or cleanliness about the mines ani mills. Each department of the two divisions has a metal sign, ruled in three co unins; one being for the month of the year, while the other two are tor the house keeping rating and lost-time accidents. If the conditions arc good, a gold star is placed on the sign: if only fair a green star is awarded, while for poor cleanliness a 'td star is given. A gold star counts ten, a green five, and no score :> given tor red. These scores are posted monthly on the bulletin board, and the basis of com parison between the two mines is thereby made possible. If a score is not perfect, or at a reasonably high figure, the department which is negligent receives consider able adverse publicity. If there are no lost-time accidents, a gold star is placed in the accident column. The results of our New York safety program are reflected by the achievement of operating 162.912 man-hours with only one lost-time accident ( which incapacitated a worker tor two days), and this record resulted in the 1932 award of the "Sentinels of Safety Trophy." THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1934 The Dust Problem in Mining Operations By D. E. CUMMINGS 1 'Vy Assistant Director, The Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Michigamme, Michigan The speaker said in part: Refuge can no longer be taken under : :c shelter of ignorance that the prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to serious disease, ior the medical, technical and lay press is filled with accounts describing the dangers associated with breathing certain dusty atmospheres. What, then, si ould be the p; oper course to pursue in meeting this problem and dealing with it in a satisfactory manner ? Both industrial and laboratory studies prove that only certain dusts are dangcro1is when inhaled, and that quartz or other forms of pure crystalline s: ica are most dangerous, constituting a specific tissue poison. Where men arc expo: ed to a sufficient quantity of very fine pure crystalline silica dust only, a true h.cizard always exists. The dusts of silica in combination with other elements gener;sily give rise u pulmonary reactions which differ in many respects from those ca used by pure sii:ca, and which vary rather widely among themseives in their harr::fulncss. As a class, and with the notable exception of asbestos, silicates are \tis dangerous than pure crystalline silica. Not only are certain dusts apparently incapable of P oducing a specific harmful reaction when inhaled by themselves, bu:: when asso catcd with silica favorably modify the usual response to this dangercc is dust. The elective size range of particles causing disease is now regarded as :hrec microns aid smaller, while the qualities of hardness and sharpness are no ler gcr regarded a. of significance. The term pneumonokoniosis is intended to describe: the changes aksing out of the prolonged inhalation of any dust, harmful or othcrw :se, and docs n>t necessarily imply the presence of disability, r.or a predisposition :o pulmonary infections. The term silicosis refers specifically to the disease which results from t.:e prolonged inhalation of harmful silica dust, and is characterized by a jfjfjmlijutd nodular fibrosis in the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes, and increased to pulmonary infections. Pure silicosis should be regarded as a ge: TT7^ 2S2 Tii'cnty-thlrd Annual S afety Congress-- National S afely Council - tional condition, but it should also be understood that uncomplicated silicosis 3 seldom disabling to any significant degree. Disability usually results from pulmoiurr infections, generally tuberculous, which the silicotic contracts or reactivates mort readily, and handles less successfully than the normal person. Every effort should be made to prevent silicotics from contracting infection which will later prove disabling, and to protect those who have pulmonary infec tions from being dangerously exposed to harmful dusts. In order to determine whicz workmen in a hazardous industry have silicosis or pulmonary infections, all em ployees should have a thorough physical examination including the taking of i complete occupational history and satisfactory stereoscopic roentgenograms of ih* chest. Since the rate at which silicosis develops depends upon individual susccptibilffr and the degree of exposure, it follows that these factors should be determined u accurately as possible. Individual susceptibility to a dust hazard can be estimate! fairly accurately from a single examination, and can be defined quite exactly W repeating these examinations at regular intervals. The degree of exposure for cacc individual should be evaluated by determining the length of service, and the con centration. size distribution, and composition of the dust suspended in each working place during each operation. The method generally used to enumerate dust jttrticles is that accepted as standard practice by the U. S, P. H. S. with the addi tion of dark field illumination as suggested by Fehnel and Cummings. . Size dis tribution studies can be made by any of the several satisfactory techniques. The com position oi the dust can be studied by the usual quantitative analysis, supplemented, by petrographic and rational chemical analysis to determine the amounts of ir e and combined silica and the other minerals. A medical and technical survey should be supplemented by an analysis of the mortality records in and about the locality under study, and by the informatiov obtained from carefully performed post-mortem examinations on employees \vh: have been exposed in the industry and who have died from any cause. If these pro cedures for recognizing and defining a hazard are carried out under the supervisim of an organization competent to deal with the many complex and confusing aspect of the problem, the investigation will be worth while regardless of the condition which arc discovered. Where the findings of such a study fail to disclose a sig nificant hazard, both the employer and employees will gain the protection whid this knowledge affords; and if a health hazard is discovered, the original inve.siigztion will serve as a guide to the program which should be inaugurated to over come the dangers disclosed. r The most severe dust hazards in mines or in plants can i>e reduced as success fully as were accidents by the Safety First program, and the chief requisite t: success lies in establishing adequate control procedures. The physical condition :r all the employees must be determined at regular intervals, and wcil interprvtr.: roentgenograms provide a most satisfactory control procedure.. Men applying i.r work should not be hired until they have passed a thorough physical examination including chest roentgenograms. Reliable records should be established to show tit exact time, place ana duration of employment for each person working in hazardou.positions. Policies or employment should be worked out for each mine or plain based upon an accurate knowledge of the physical. condition of each employee, s; that all of the workmen may be protected from contracting occupational disabilities. Occupations should be selected whicli are compatible with the physical condition .1 the employee. Care should be taken to protect the silicotic from infection, or ;:r case of infection from harmful exposure to silica, or the normal individual t'rjn contracting either silicosis or pulmonary infections. Engineers should be especially trained to recognize and deal with dust hazsre.in mines or plants, and it should become accepted practice, where a hazard ex:~.-. to maintain a constant check on the amount of dust present in the working atm pherc. The method of dust counting accepted as standard by the L". S. P. H. r. should be adopted by all industries having a hazard, not only to determine the armour of dust in the air. but more particularly to maintain a control over the eftVc-rrv^.ness ot the procedures adopted to reduce the dusOflrifeMcjcris .should. be .da^uavr.; will disclose the amount of dust present in each tn B ^ ]^ p la c c . tvmi'ihc preventmeasures which arc in use. 0 CGCG8 2S2 Tii'cnty-third Annual S afety Congress-- National S afety Council - tional condition, but it should also be understood that uncomplicated silicosis 3 seldom disabling to any significant degree. Disability usually results from pulmonarr infections, generally tuberculous, which the silicotic contracts or reactivates mort readily, and handles less successfully than the normal person. Every effort should be made to prevent silicotics from contracting infecticcswhich will later prove disabling, and to protect those who have pulmonary infec tions from being dangerously exposed to harmful dusts. In order to determine whicz workmen in a hazardous industry' have silicosis or pulmonary infections, all em ployees should have a thorough physical examination including the taking of i complete occupational history and satisfactory stereoscopic roentgenograms of th; chest. Since the rate at which silicosis develops depends upon individual susccptibilffr and the degree of exposure, it follows that these factors should be determined u accurately as possible. Individual susceptibility to a dust hazard can be estim ate fairly accurately from a single examination, and can be defined quite exactly H repeating these examinations at regular intervals. The degree of exposure for each individual should be evaluated by determining the length of service, and the con centration. size distribution, and composition of the dust suspended in each workior place during each operation. The method generally used to enumerate deux; jwrticles is that accepted as standard practice by the U. S, P. H. S. with the addi tion of dark field illumination as suggested by Fcitnel and Cummings. . Size dis tribution studies can be made by any of the several satisfactory techniques. The com position of the dust can be studied by the usual quantitative analysis, supplemented, by petrographic and rational chemical analysis to determine the amounts of ir e and combined silica and the other minerals. A medical and technical survey should be supplemented by an analysis of the mortality records in and about the locality under study, and by the informatiov obtained from carefully performed post-mortem examinations on employees \vh: have been exposed in the industry and who have died from any cause. If these pro cedures for recognizing and defining a hazard are carried out under the supervision of an organization competent to deal with the many complex and confusing aspect of the problem, the investigation will be worth while regardless of the condition which arc discovered. Where the findings of such a study fail to disclose a sig nificant hazard, both the employer and employees will gain the protection whid this knowledge affords; and if a health hazard is discovered, the original investiga tion will serve as a guide to the program which should be inaugurated to over come the dangers disclosed. r The most severe dust hazards in mines or in plants can i>e reduced as success fully as were accidents by the Safety First program, and the chief requisite v. success lies in establishing adequate control procedures. The physical condition :r all the employees must be determined at regular intervals, and wcil interprets roentgenograms provide a most satisfactory control procedure.. Men applying t.r work should not be hired until they have passed a thorough physical examination, including chest roentgenograms. Reliable records should be established to show tit exact time, place ana duration of employment for each person working in hazardou.positions. Policies ot employment should be worked out for each mine or plain based upon an accurate knowledge of the physical. condition of each employee, s; that all of the workmen may be protected from contracting occupational disabilities Occupations should be selected whicli are compatible with the physical condition .1 the employee. Care should be taken to protect the silicotic from infection, or ;:r case of infection from harmful exposure to silica, or the normal individual t'rjn contracting either silicosis or pulmonary infections. Engineers should be especially trained to recognize and deal with dust hazsro.in mines or plants, and it should become accepted practice, where a hazard ex:~.-. to maintain a constant check on the amount of dust present in the working atm pherc. The method of dust counting accepted as standard by the L". S. P. H. r. should be adopted by all industries having a hazard, not only to determine the a r m o u r of dust in the air. but more particularly to maintain a control over the ettVe-rw^.ness of the procedures adopted to reduce the <liisn|fffeMcris .should. be .EgpX-avr.; will disclose the amount of dust present in each ti^^B^fi^place. and hue preventmeasures which arc in use. 0 CCCG8 ' -*&?: Mining Section 2S3 Shortly aiter the inauguration of a program designed to control a known dust hazard, it will become evident that marked improvements can be effected without incurring an impractical expenditure. Personnel problems will arise, due to the ciuctancc of labor to accept new procedures, and in the end. these problems must be dealt with by educating- workmen to recognize the necessity tor introducing meth ods to cuntrol dust hazards. The question of what men should be told regarding their physical examinations should follow the practice adopted by any reputable physician in dealing with individual eases. As industry becomes more familiar with this problem, it wili discover the serious need for further research. Since silicosis is a true occupational disease, disability resulting from or at tributable to it should be compensable in the same manner as other injuries sus tained as the result of employment Only the intelligent coopcratton of industry will bring about the formulation of reasonable occupational disease legislation and its fair administration. Silicosis from the Operators' Standpoint By G. C. B A T E M A N Secretary, Ontario Mining A ssociation, Toronto, Ont., Canada The speaker said in part: It is important to know what causes silicosis, but unless a knowledge of the cause leads to a cure, it is not nearly as important from the operators' viewpoint as the knowledge of how to reduce the incidence. W ith all the research work that has been going on throughout the world for many years, we 'till do not know the cause and we still have no cure, but we have learned a lot about how to reduce the incidence. *' The silicosis provisions of the Ontario Mines Act and the Compensation Act were passed in 1920. These provided tor the examination of all men employed in positions in mines where they were exposed to silica dust, for all such workers to be tite holders of medical certificates certifying as to freedom from tuberculosis of the respiratory organs, and also tor compensation to men affected by silicosis. Tin's legislation was introduced as a result of a survey in Xorthern Ontario mining camps winch indicated that silicosis had made alarming progress among the miners. There being no reason at that time to question the results of this sur vey. the operators agreed to do all that was asked of them and cooperated fully with tiic Government m tiie steps considered necessary to meet the situation. When tins legislation was first introduced in Ontario, we were advised that men with a moderate degree of silicosis, while not physically disabled, were better out of the mbustn- and that they should be paid a lump sum which would assist them in rehabilitating themselves in some other occupation. We were further advised that if we took active steps to clean up the situation then existing, pension the more serious cases and remove men in the eariy stages f silicosis from underground, the situation would lie well in hand, the firs; ex pense would he the heaviest, and that from then our liability would be practically limited to the anteprimary eases as they developed. When the 192b Amendments were approved hy the mines it was our under standing that men in ike anteprimary stage had suffered no impairment of working capacity and that the A:,4) payment was a compassionate allowance tor rehabili tation ami nor for disability. We further understood that with the payment of A'trf) to these men our responsibility m respect to them would he practically ended. I: devewned. however. that the legal position was diiierent. The Coiurw.'.sation Twinl cannot make a:; award except for disability and where disability ha; nee en established the c a i t r . a m c a n c o m e h a c k n . r r e v i e w o'nii evidence of further goner: l a c c e p t e d t h a t s i l i c o s i s p r e d i s p n - c s a man to tuberculosis, : loll* i u e' i . t h e r e f o r e , ' a t w n i l - e c o u d a r v A l i e n s ' is a s d e l i n g ' in the Act. any u te n n ru n r y o n c o tic a: ; m u r e t i m e a n d f r o m a m ' c a n > e hats*-ever dev-':-- iped :hercuio'!v e n d : - , n w a - C"M A d o r e d t o h e t h e r e s u l t " f l ud he was entitled er ea^c. ' :nl ;lit > c - 'm p e n < a t : . m a t a n a w mm d p i1 mA f r i i l djfif h i i l i Acrliii 1 ' V g o , VC.-''- ill} --fyrr-T-r/ 'T."vpVL..'uyi*y ; 000039 --rf0-- . M% Mining Section 2S3 Shortly aiter the inauguration of a program designed to control a known (lust hazard, it will become evident that marked improvements can be effected without incurring an impractical expenditure. Personnel problems will arise, due to the rejuctancc of labor to accept new procedures, and in the end. these problems must be dealt with by educating1 workmen to recognize the necessity tor introducing meth ods to cuntrol dust hazards. The question of what men should be told regarding their physical examinations should follow the practice adopted by any reputable physician in dealing with individual eases. As industry becomes more familiar with this problem, it wiii discover the serious need for further research. Since silicosis is a true occupational disease, disability resulting from or at tributable to it should be compensable in the same manner as other injuries sus tained as the result of employment Only the intelligent coopcratton of industry will bring about the formulation of reasonable occupational disease legislation and its fair administration. Silicosis from the Operators' Standpoint By G. C. B A T E M A N Secretary, Ontario Mining A ssociation, Toronto, Ont., Canada The speaker said in part: It is important to know what causes silicosis, but unless a knowledge of the cause leads to a cure, it is not nearly as important from the operators' viewpoint as the knowledge of how to reduce the incidence. With all the research work that has been going on throughout the world for many years, we 'till do not know the cause and we still have no cure, but we have learned a lot about how to reduce the incidence. The silicosis provisions of the Ontario Mines Act and the Compensation Act were passed in 192f>. These provided for the examination of all men employed in positions in mines where they were exposed to silica dust, for all such workers to be tiie holders of medical certificates certifying as to freedom from tuberculosis of the respiratory organs, and also tor compensation to men affected by silicosis. This legislation was introduced as a result of a survey in Xortbern Ontario mining camps which indicated that silicosis had made alarming progress among the miners. There being no reason at that time to question the results of this sur vey. the operators acreed to do all that was asked of them and cooperated fully with the Government in the steps considered necessary to meet the situation. When this legislation was first introduced in Ontario, we were advised that men with a moderate degree of silicosis, while not physically disabled, were better out of the industry and that they should he paid a lump sum which would assist diem in rehabilitating themselves in some other occupation. We were farther advised that if we took active steps to clean up the situation then existing, pension the more serious cases and remove men in the eariy stages 1 f silicosis from underground, the situation would !)C well in hand, the nrst ex pense would he the heaviest, and that from then our liability would be practically limited to the anteprimary eases as they developed. When the 192b Amendments were approved by the mines it was our midcr- tandiug that men in the anteprimary stage had suffered no impairment of working capacity and that the payment -was a compassionate allowance tor rehabili tation and not for disability. We further understood that with the payment of x:A) to these men our responsibility in respect to them would he practically ended. I: devewned. however, dual the legal position was diiierent. The Compensation Ward cannot make a:; award except for disability and where disability ha? "nee Wen established the claimant can o>mo hack for review on evidence of further genera!!;- accepted thru silicosis predisposes a man to tuberruWsis. therefore. `' at with -ccoudnrv silicosis as debited in the Act. i: any Wicotic a: `.:;v future tune ami from any can>e v hatswver developed comiu.i' n wa> C"n-wicrcd t" he the result of hi ....................... entitled '' ' :al di-ability compensation at an aw r jsi&i W iS i : I nffi .*1 '.'ittiWp:ot , V .'- V-'iAiM'? OGOC T';` 284 i xv;liy-third A n n u a l S a fe ty Congress-- Xc.Coual S afety Council When, therefore. an award of $500 was made the Compensation Board iuirneJiaiejy set up a prospective reserve for progression ot an additional $11,500. with the result that we had an estimated liability to the end of 1932 of several million dollars, most of which was outstanding. With tiic passage of time it also became apparent that the removal of the men from underground employment in the early stages of silicosis did not have the results anticipated. The payment of a lump sum award did not in most eases serve the end expected. A s a general rule this money was expended for other things and the men made little effort to rehabilitate themselves. A certain number of men classified as silicotic continued in their underground employment and we found practicaiiv no difference in the rate of progression in those who continued as com pared with those who were taken out of the mines. Some of this may have been due to the altered economic status, but even if the economic status had remained the same, we were forced to the conclusion that there was little if any benefit to the men by removing them from underground work, unless of course, there was evidence of an onset of tuberculosis. It should, of course, be understood that during this time active efforts were made by the mines to improve ventilation and to allay dust. Without this the above statement would not hold true. Steps were also taken by the mines to pro vide that men in the early stages of silicosis were placed where the conditions underground were most favorable. Our experience also indicated that the carlv stares of silicosis do not necessarily mean an impairment of working capacity. Tins is all the mure important on ac count of die difficulty of diagnosing silicosis in its early stages, as there is no sharp line of demarcation between the pre-anteprimary and tiic anteprimary, or hotween anteprimary and primary stages, and as a matter of fact, we believe that there is a great deal more uncertainty in the diagnosis of silicosis than the medical men arc willing to admit. T he determination is largely a matter of personal judgment and therefore subject to error, A great deal of what may be rend into an X-ray him depends upon the teclmiquc in taking the film. Certain other diseases and chest conditions will also give in the film an appearance simulating that of silicosis and we believe it is safe to say that without a definite knowledge of occupational history the diagnosis of silicosis in ii5 earlier stages would he practically impossible. In view of these conditions, it was felt that the industry was carrying an unfair burden and in 1953 the Act was amended. The anteprimary and primary classifica tions were deleted, compensation was made payable only for disability, which means actual impairment of working capacity, men with a moderate degree of silicosis were allowed to continue underground work and the industry was relieved from unlimited liability in resp ect-to progression by providing that the claimant must make and establish his claim for disability within two years of leaving the employ ment at which he was exposed to dust, to entitle him to compensation. As I said before, silicosis is essentially an employer's prohlcm. It is in many places an important item in his cost of production and to a considerable degree it is a controllable item of expense. If the employer simply leaves the matter in the hands of the doctors, he will have no one to blame hut himself over what it costs him. The opinion of the ordinary practitioner and even of flic roent genologist and expert chest and lung man tnav he of little value. Only the opinion rf those doctors who have had special training in the diagnosis of silicosis mom ivuh clinical and X -ray examinations should be accepted, and even those opinions cannot be accepted in nil cases. W e do not say this with any intention of criticizing the members of tiic medical nrofc.--ion, but where the matter is so important and costly to industry, where w little is actually known about the disease, and where there is still nn element t uncertainty in the diagnosis of silicosis in its earlier stages, too much care cannot be exercised, and the closest scrutiny by industry which has to nay the hills is m sl necessarv. The best results can only lie obtained by the employers and the doc tors working together, hut the employer must cur-^dec^k as one of his particular problems. "w-r- I have also stated that in the absence of any muck more imports . a rem uhe sour men or i in 5 in t we the a ca hick usin sho\ care quir lion t'nek p h v 1 bine sre with the tube proif f; omc the tior \ :'i( Co, ^ "1 1a1 g; f e Till ... ,y-j1?-1{*tMt*M 'U 'r?A -t:f-{--ij-ivN .<I'ftiit 2 3 4 ; :ccnty-third Annual Safety Congress-- \\:::oua! Safety Council When, therefore, an award of $500 was made the Compensation Board imme diately set up a prospective reserve for progression of an additional $11,500. wuh the resuit that we had an estimated liability to the end of 19J2 of several million dollars, most of which was outstanding. With the passage of time it also became apparent that the removal of the men from underground employment in the early stages of silicosis did not have the results anticipated. The payment of a lump sum award did not in most cases serve the end expected. A s a general rule this money was expended for other things and il| the men made little effort to rehabilitate themselves. A certain number of men classified as silicotic continued in their underground employment and we found rem practicaiiy no difference in the rate of progression in those who continued as com vne pared with those who w ere taken out of the mines. Some of tins may have been sour due to the altered economic status, but even if the economic status had remained men the same, we were forced to the conclusion that there was little if any benefit to the men by removing them from underground work, unless of course, there was evidence of an onset of tuberculosis. nan It should, of course, be understood that during this time active efforts were tltv made by the mines to improve ventilation and to allay dust. Without this the above statement would not hold true. Steps were also taken by the mines to pro vide that men in the early stages of silicosis were placedwhere the conditions underground were most favorable. Our experience also indicated that the carlv stages of silicosis do not necessarily mean an impairment of working capacity. Tins is ail the more important on ac count of the difficulty of diagnosing silicosis in its early stages, as there is no sharp line of demarcation between the pre-anteprimarv and the auteprimary, or hetween anteprimary and primary stages, and as a matter of fact, we believe that there is a great deal more uncertainty in the diagnosis of silicosis than the medical men sho\ are willing to admit. T h e determination is largely a matter of personal judgment c a r e and therefore subject to error, q u i r A great deal of what may be read into an X-ray film depends upon the technique lion in taking the film. Certain other diseases and chest conditions will also give in then the f::;n an appearance simulating that of silicosis and we believe it is safe to say phy- that without a definite knowledge ot occupational history the diagnosis of silicosis i in it? earlier stages would he practically impossible. bine In view of these conditions, it was felt that the industry was carrying an unfair *sre harden and in 1953 the A ct was amended. The amenrimnry and primary classifica with tions were deleted, compensation was made payable only for disability, which means the actual impairment of working capacity, men with a moderate degree of silicosis lube were allowed to continue underground work and the industry was relieved from unlimited liability in resp ect-to progression by providing that the claimant must make and establish his claim for disability within two years of leaving the employ ment at which he was exposed to dust, to entitle him to compensation. As I said before, silicosis is essentially an employer's problem. It is in tunny places an important item in his cost of production and to a considerable degree it is a controllable item of expense. If the employer simply leaves the nutter m the hands of the doctors, he will have no one to blame hut himself over what it costs him. The opinion of the ordinary practitioner and even of the roent genologist and expert chest and lung man mav be of little value. Only the opinion rf those doctors who have had special training in the diagnosis of silicosis ^from pro- ivuh clinical and X -ray examinations should be accepted, and even those opinions if i; cannot be accepted in ail eases. oinc We do not say tins with any intention of criticizing the members of the medical the nrofesdon. but where the matter is so important and costly to industry, where so lion little is actually known about the disease, and where there is still mi element oi uncertainty in the diagnosis of silicosis iti its earlier stages, too much cnrecannvt he exercised, and the closest scrutiny by industry which has to nay the hills is n'0st necessary. The best results can only he obtained hv the employers and the doc lota tors working together, hut the employer must cou^idcj^it as one of Ins particular this problems. j T . -k'V ^ I have also stated that in the absence of any much more impoftai - i 838 (l imme00. with ! million the men have the scs serve :inis and of men vc found as com.avc been remained benefit to here was ecessnniy it on acnn sharp between there is heal men judgment technique si. .15 an unfair --iassifi ea ch means .silicosis ved from ant must employ- in many V decree matter in ver what ':c r^ent- c opinion --is from opinions Minina Section 2SS to know how to reduce the incidence titan to know the cause. We believe the chief preventive measures arc as follows: 1. Improvement in fundamental working conditions in the nutter of ventila tion and allaying dust. 2. A rigid initial examination to keep out of the industry those men whose physical condition would indicate a type most susceptible to silicosis and tuberculosis. j. Control of tuberculosis not only among employees, but also among those with whom they come in contact. It goes without saying that if silicosis is caused by the inhalation of dust, the removal of dust will remove the cause. This means ventilation and lots of it. and where possible the wetting down of dusty places. In mining operations the chief source of dust is believed to be from blasting, therefore the time interval before men return to a blasted face is important. Ventilation and water will remove the visible dust from the air. but it is not the visible dust that causes the damage. It is the dust that ranges between onehalf and five microns that is dangerous and is.s o difficult to remove, and the quan tity in the air can only be determined by some method of sampling. W e would consider it a mistake to have either the type of sampling apparatus or the permissible dust count defined by law. This may be all right on the Rand in South Africa where conditions are more or less standard, but it is not advisable in the United States or Canada, where conditions vary so greatly. For one thine, we do not know what constitutes harmful dust and there is no standard practice for the treatment of dust sample slides. The untreated slide of a sample taken near a carbide lamp in an otherwise dust-free atmosphere, would show an apparent very hich dust count. Dust sampling, however, should be a part of the regular routine, using the type of apparatus best suited to the particular conditions, and this will .diow whether the atmosphere is good, fair or poor. X ext to ventilation and the laying of dust, the most important measure is to carefully select the type of men to he allowed to work in the industry. This re quires a rigid initial examination which should include a complete physical examina tion and X-ray. By this means men with the type of chest which would indicate their susceptibility to tuberculosis and silicosis can he eliminated. The complete phvsical examination should also have a beneficial effect on the accident rate. Uncomplicated silicosis is not a big problem, but silicosis and tuberculosis com bined represent a very real problem. The measures for the control of tuberculosis are well known. Particular care should be taken that men with tuberculosis be withdrawn from the industry and given prnner care and treatment. Places where the employees live should also be supervised to see that they arc not exposed to tuherculnr contacts. Some Aspects of the Silicosis Problem By DR. H. H. M O O RE and D R . M. J. K E L L Y Medical Staff, H ollinger Consolidated Gold M ines. Ltd., Tim m ins. Ontario, Canada \t speaker said in part: In 102^ the Ontario M ining Act was amended to physical examination on employment and yearly thereafter, or twice yearly Anted, of all underground men. To he employed the workman must hold an 1 certificate gn<xl for twelve uk-cA s, stating that lie is free from disease of soiranwy organs. This c e r tifie s .m u s t be renewed at eacii annual examina- In the meantime, an ntncndnicn :o the Workmen's Compensation Art nroi for the normimnem of medical :er? working under the supervision of the "ensation Beard to conduct these xnminations. Cases of dlicosi? arising at t x a m i m v . i - n . v are submitted to - Workmen A O. mpensatinn Board if the exposure Mien of five years Ontario mines A verified. I:i yiwiiLn to silicotic?, there is a ci - : check kept on the possible ur.d any case and if nee '.rv slop? are tnxen to remove ::act with silica. m T il os; . 'itI- f g k 4. -&i A M2 1 Ail 0 C0 cd1 4 .`il fl imme00. with ! million the men nave the scs serve hngs and of men v'c found as com.avc been remained benefit to here was rts were this the ' to proonditions eccssnhiy it on acnn sharp between there is heal men j udgmeut technique si. .us an uu.fair dassificaeh means silicosis red from ant must employ- in ninny h- decree matter in ver what :c r<">entc opinion --is from opinions medical here ment m cannot i- n m ; t .-,c d-T* '.rtiemar .mortar,: Minina Section 2S5 to know how to reduce the incidence titan to know the cause. We believe the chief preventive measures arc as follows: 1. Improvement in fundamental working conditions in the matter of ventila tion and allaying dust. 2. A rigid initial examination to keep out of tiic industry those men whose physical condition would indicate a type most stisccptiblc to silicosis and tuberculosis. j. Control of tuberculosis not only among employees, but also among those with whom they come in contact. It goes without saying that if silicosis is caused by the inhalation of dust, the removal of dust will remove the cause. This means ventilation and lots of it. and where possible the wetting down of dusty places. In mining operations the chief source of dust is believed to be from blasting, therefore the time interval before men return to a blasted face is important. Ventilation and water will remove the visible dust from the air. but it is not the visible dust that causes the damage. It is the dust that ranges between one- half and five microns that is dangerous and is.s o difficult to remove, and the quan tity in the air can only be determined by some method of sampling. W e would consider it a mistake to have either the type of sampling apparatus or the permissible dust count defined by law. This may be all right on the Rand in South Africa where conditions are more or less standard, but it is not advisable in the United States or Canada, where conditions vary so greatly. For one thine, we do not know what constitutes harmful dust and there is no standard practice for the treatment of dust sample slides. The untreated slide of a sample taken near a carbide lamp in an otherwise dust-free atmosphere, would show an apparent very hich dust count. Dust sampling, however, should he a part of the regular routine, using the type of apparatus best suited to the particular conditions, and tin's will Mow whether the atmosphere is good, fair or poor. X ext to ventilation and the laying of dust, the most important measure is to cnrcfuilv select the type of men to he allowed to work in the industry. This re 'Asi quires a rigid initial examination which should include a complete physical examina tion and X-ray. By this means men with the type of chest which would indicate their susceptibility to tuberculosis ami silicosis can he eliminated. The complete phvsical examination should also have a beneficial effect on the accident rate. Uncomplicated silicosis is not a hie problem, but silicosis and tuberculosis com bined represent a very real problem. The measures for the control of tuberculosis are well known. Particular care should be taken that men with tuberculosis be withdrawn from the industry and giver proper care and treatment. Places where the employees live should also be supervised to see that they arc not exposed to inborcular contacts. Some Aspects of the Silicosis Problem By DR. H. H. M O O RE and D R . M. J. K E L L Y Medical Staff, H ollinger Consolidated Gold M ines. Ltd., Timmins. Ontario, Canada m speaker said in part: In 192^ the Ontario M ining Act was amended to d? physical examination on cniph'-yment and yearly thereafter, or twice yearly dented, of all underground men. To lie employed the workman must hold an certificate gn<xl for twelve uK-rms, stating that he is free from disease of i die rf:mirati-rv organs. This certificat- must be renewed at each annual examina- i i-,n. I:i the rmeantime, an nmeiHlnicr: to the Workmen 's Compensation Act nrovihed :-.r the amri'tntnK'iu <<t medical ' .cots w o r k i n g un nor the stipends ion f i i the C< rsation !Beard to conduct these examinations. Cn ses of mcosU arising at tiic.-e examina: :iv are submitted to * \\ <irkmcti s L '. mpensation Board if the i Una; exooMire Mien or five year1; : Ontario mine? :' verified. In cnwiLiJi to J ill;- - -.nine v. :: siiicotics. there R a c. : check kept on : ::c possible ur.dia ( :n ire d u r o n s anv case ami if necw -.rv stops are tax en to remove fr-nr. '.armfui c: r.tact with silica. i b A I i S f f r - 0 G QC 4 1 i j '.'A '.. <: y ' ' mmi 2 8 6 T : c r n ! y - l l u r d A n n , m l Sc. r a y C o n g r e s s -- Wi l t on*: ! S o r e l y C o u n c i l The act in its present form was passed in 1933 and served to dear the suvr.v-'n which had become involved by the ne-up oi large sums of money in reserve muds against possible future claims by men adjudged silicotic prcvmmly. hut who hrul since been lost sight ot or wito were carrying on at work showing a minimum r n.-, disability. From the workman's point ot' view, die new act is a great step forward, a- it allows a man to continue at hi? usual duties underground as l-.-ng as he is aXv m work without any serious degree ot discomfort. Previously. a workman wm ad vised to quit underground work when a certain stage ot' fibrosis had been reached, regardless ot his ability to carry on. and sacrificed his rights to compensation if lie continued to work. In the X-ray examination ot the chests ot the 2007 men employed at the HoHingcr mines during 1933. determinations arc graded as follows: Xormal is a chest ?bow ing little or no fibrosis, where the condition of the lung is better than the average for the age. M. F. or "More Fibrosis" is a chest which is normally found ::i the average adult at the age of the miner under consideration. .IF F, P,, "More Fibrosis Plus" is a chest showing slightly more fibrosis than normal tor the particular age. M. F. P. P. or "More Fibrosis Plus Plus" is a chest showing considerably more fibrosis than normal and is a prc-silicotic stage. Silicotics arc that group which show a great deal of fibrosis and. taking into consideration the mining history and consequent exposure to silica, are thus termed. Admittedly, disability may r may not be present. This last group ranges from the early siiicotics with a minimum of disability to the late complicated or secondary cases with marked disability and tuberculosis. It must he added that a large number of men at the commencement of employment at the Hotlingcr. and without previous mining experience or o -v.tact with silica, show chests of M. F. P. rating. Following arc the results of this exam ination : Xormal ....................... ................... 3 3 ................. ................ ]A9> M. F ............................. ...................920................. ................ -m.Sfr M. F. P....................... Xf. F. P. P .................. ................... 9 8 ................. ................ -U9L Siiicotics .................. ................... 2-1................. ................ LlFr Average contact with silica ui men working and M. F. P. P.. S ilicon e........ !2 years. 15 vears. Xcxt is an analy?i> of the changcs in ehest rating in 1933. Xormal to Xf. F. .. ................ li Normal to XI. F. P. M. F. to XL F. P. ................ 2or XI. F. P. to XI. F. P. P ............... ................. 9 Xt. F. P. P. to T. R. .. ................. i XI. F. P. P. to A. P. A. P. to P.............. .................231 Xf. F. `.0 Xormal . ................. I! M. F. P to XI. F. .. .................231 xr. F. P. P. tn XI. F. .. x r. f . p. P. to M. F. P. ................. I ................. 20 T. Fi. ? T. B. ? to XI. F. .. to xr. r . p. ................. 1 ................. 1 A. P. to M. F. P. P .............. ................. I P. to A. P. .. ................. These figures cover approximately 500 men in whom there was some change in chest rating during the year, and the direction ot the change. The remaining 1500 men ?how no chance :".m the previous year. It will he observe': '.hat men showed an increase in fibrosis rating, whthi XJi show chests wine:: arc un proved. The explanation given for the ^hwA^V^nfiro--vncnt 1?'`. in the first place, that some concurrent hronchial.f^^^i^^S` resyiratorypihfcc^ 11 complicated the picture at the previous annual c^j^>0 atrbn and' so cameo a 'i ^ -At fir rat fi g let obj un in qua Xu' car are are to wh dr: tioi wo thr thi pre kt. COl mr 'S' cntv-fhirci Annual S<:rr: v Congress-- .Wuioual Safoty Council The act in it? present form was passed in 1933 and served to dear the which had become involved by the ne-up ot large sums ot- money in reserve :-.:ud> aeamst possible future claim? by men adjudged silicotic previously, but who h,-^ since been lost sight ot or who were carrying on at work showir.tr a minimum : n.-, disability. From the workman's point ot* view, the new act is a great step forward, a it allows a man to continue at hi? usual duties underground a? loiter as he is aNe m work without any serious degree of discomfort. Previously, a workman \\w ad vised to quit underground work when a certain stage of fibrosis had been reached, regardless of his ability to carry on. and sacrificed his rights to compensation if he continued to work. In the X-ray examination of the chests of the 2007 men employed at the Holungcr mines during 1933. determinations arc graded as follows: Xonnal is a chest l o w ing little or no fibrosis, where the condition of the lung is better than the average for the age. .1/. F. or "More Fibrosis" is a chest which is normally found ::i die average adult at the age of the miner under consideration. M. F. P,, "More Fibrosis Plus'* is a chest showing slightly more fibrosis than normal for the particular age. -U. F. P. P. or "More Fibrosis Plus Plus" is a chest showing considerably more fibrosis than normal and is a prc-silicotic stage, Silicotics arc that group winch show a great deal of fibrosis and taking into consideration the mining history and consequent exposure to silica, are thus termed. Admittedly, disability may - r may not be present. This last group ranges from the early silicotics with a minimum of disability to the late complicated or secondary eases with marked disability and tuberculosis. It must lie added that a large number of men at the commencement of cmplovment at the Hollinger. and without previous mining experience or >.-utact with silica, show chests of M. F. p. rating. Following arc the results of this exam- ination : Normal .................... ............... 3 3 ............. ............ 1.4% M. F ........................... ...............920.............. ............ 40.S% ^ M. F. P.................... M. F. P. P ................ ............... 9 8 ............. ............ 4.3% Silicotics ................ ............... 2 4 ............. ............ 1.1% Average contact with silica m men working and M. F. p. P ............................id years. Silicotic. Xext is an analysts of the changes in chest rating in 1933. Normal to M. F. .. .............. li Normal to M. F. P. J M. F. to M. F. P. .............. 207 M. F. P. to M. F. P. P .............. .............. y ' t M. F. P. P. to T. R .............. 1 M. F. P. P. to A. P, T -- A. P. to P .............. .............. 231 M. F. :o Normal . M. F. P. to M. F. .. M. F. P. P In M. F. .. M. F. P. P to M. F. P. T. R ? to M. F. .. T. B. ? to M. F. P. A. P. to M. F. P. P .............. ............... 11 .............. 231 .............. I .............. 20 ............... 1 ............... 1 ............... 1 -- P. to A. P. .. ...............260 Total 497 These figures cover approximately rOO men in whom there was sou: in chest rating during the year, and the direction of the change. The 1500 men ?iinw no change from the previous year. It will he observe': men showed an increase m fibrosis rating, wiulxi^fifi show chests wlucu proved. The explanation coven for the gronw^^jRt!^ sh^Vi* jm provwmmt ts- in the first place, that some concurrent h fon c!h al.^ ^ ^ r^ 9 ` respinttorypinfew^u complicated the picture at the previous annual <^$^>batrn and' so cameo a ' oco amc nrcratc n cu and 'em objund qua Ko: Mr c:S: due car arc arc to uh dr: tio; wo thr thi pre wi? rai kq of COl mr eh is ornici!. r the situation reserve fund; hut who had nuinunn or no icrward, ns i he is able to *man was adbeen reached. 'cnsation if lv: the H ollincc- . a chest show- m the average - found in th: `More Fibrosi; oameuiar age. 'idcrablv mor: ; croup widen g historv and . mav or may m\ ; a minimum o: disabilitv and commencement nee or contact <if tins exam- t T * c c c ........ 12 venr: ........ 15 i-car:. I 1 v II _ v in e cita:' - -w he remaiuw. : w cd that _.:' " '\ mnem ! : feet?<mi I ! i Mining Sedioli 28 7 advanced rating to be given. The second explanation is that constant improvement in radiological technic is - making diagnosis more accurate. It would seem, therefore, that on the whole the situation is showing1 consider able improvement from this viewpoint. During 1933 no ease progressed from the prc-siiicotic tn. the silicotic stage. In the years up to 1933. 120 men liad been rated silicotic and the total cost to the Hollingcr involved a sum of $915.950, which figure includes the progressive and contingent funds set aside to cover future costs and possible future claims. Two objects have been kept in mind during the many years of study of the dust problem at the H ollingcr Mine. 1. The collection of complete data regarding the nature of air breathed by workmen in different occupations, its chemical composition, temperature, humidity, dust content and rate of flow. 2. Working tests of all practical methods of improving the condition of such air. In searching to adapt a method for the determination of air dustiness, it was realized that no instrument has been devised which would measure the dust con tent of the air with scientific precision. Furthermore, it was felt that the principal object of making determinations was to ascertain if the dust count of the air was undesirably high, and if such a condition was found,to devise a method of reducing it. Hence, for practical purposes, the instrument which possesses a high efficiency in the range of desirable concentrations and gives a quick indication of dangerous quantities of dust is most desirable. The circular Kouiinctcr. invented by Sir Robert Kotze and introduced to the Miners' Phthisis Prevention Committee of South Africa in 191b. has therefore been used in the Porcupine District lor the past eight years. A summary of nur investigations along this line may be given as follows: 1. About 900 of the underground force arc engaged in work which will pro duce dangerous dust if measures of control arc not applied. 2. Of this number n little over 400 arcengaged in shoveling broken ore into cars and tiie average dust exposure does not exceed300 particles it the muck piles arc kept thoroughly wet and blasting carefully restricted. 3. The remaining 500 men arc engaged in drilling and blasting operations and arc subjected to severe potential hazard. Men engaged in stopcs wiio do not have to return to the working faces have an average exposure of about 1200 particles, while using the ordinary type drills. It is felt that the use of the "dustlcss'' type of drifter will reduce the concentration of dust to somewhere near 300 particles. 4. The men engaged in development drifts are exposed to the same concentra tions <>f dust, namely. 1200 particles. Where possible, two development drifts are worked simultaneously by the fine crew, so that the men do not have to go back through the dense dust after blasting the cut. There arc only a few exceptions to tins rule and when necessary to go back to load the remaining liles, the men are provided with the special respirator. 5. The high dust concentrations in the vicinity of stopers we hope to deal with by the use of compressed air masks. Also the practice of driving adjacent raises simultaneously has reduced the hazard after blasting. With the constant improvement ami maintenance of general health conditions kept always to the fore as most desirable and necessary in aiding in the solution of the siiieoMS problem, the men at the Hollingcr Mine are cared for under a contract medical system. The facilities and service at mine, office and hospital are most err,niele and efficient and in combination with the annual or semi-annual check made by the medical staff 'of the Compensation Board, health of the workers is tinder constant supervision. Men who report with -men conditions as non-tubcrcuMu* or non-rdiicotie chest trouble, with focal infection in teeth, tonsils, onuses. etc., arc singled out ami treated and observed ami where necessary changes in occupation arc made or rest and vacation periods advised. At the mine, constant improvements have been made and at presen; the follow ing is the routine. A worker C u m in g off shift remov- ail his ouiuiug clothing, usually wet. and racks them on a set of hooks attached to n chain wet c ioiU"* are pued u:- to a height <*f 15 to 2d feet and hang *'^r*r*:''** <' 1 me o c o c . ' o -i o A Mining Sedioli 287 .: me situation reserve fund; hut who had miinnnn or nn icrward, ns i. he is able to *man was sd- been reached, -ensation it lv: Advanced ratine to be given. The second explanation is that constant improvement in radiological technic is - making diagnosis more accurate. It would seem, therefore, that on the whole the situation is showing' consider able improvement from this viewpoint. During 1933 no ease progressedfrom the prc-siiicotic tfj. the silicotic stage. In the years up to 1933. 120 men had been rated silicotic and the total cost to the Hollinger involved a sum ot $915.950, which figure includes the progressive and contingent funds set aside to cover future costs and possible future claims. Two objects have been kept in mind during the many years of study ot the dust problem at the H ollinger Mine. 1. The collection of complete data regarding the nature of air breathed by the Hollimrca chest showm the average . found in th: `More Fibrosi 5 namcular nee. odcrably mor: ; croup which g history and . may or may a minimum o: disability and commencement nee or comae; of this exam- workmen in different occupations, its chemical composition, temperature, humidity, dust content and rate of flow. 2. Working tests of all practical methods of improving the condition of such air. In searching to adapt a method forthe determination of air dustiness, it was realized that no instrument lias been devised which would measure the dust con tent of the air with scientific precision. Furthermore, it was felt that the principal object of making determinations was to ascertain if the dust count of the air was undesirably high, and if such a condition was found,to devise a method of reducing it. Hence, for practical purposes, the instrument which possesses a high efficiency in the range of desirable concentrations and gives a quick indication of dangerous quantities ot dust is most desirable. The circular Kouimeter, invented by Sir Robert Kotze and introduced to the Miners' Phthisis Prevention Committee of South Africa in 191b. has therefore been used in the Porcupine District lor the past eight years. A summary ot nur investigations along this line may be given as follows: 1. About 900 of the underground force arc engaged in work which will pro .Id year: . 15 y e a r : . duce dangerous dust if measures of control arc not applied. 2. Of this number n little over -400 arc engaged inshoveling broken ore into cars and tiie average dust exposure does not exceed 300 particles if the muck piles arc kept thoroughly wet and blasting carefully restricted. 3. The remaining 500 men arc engaged in drilling and blasting operations and arc subjected to severe potential hazard. Men engaged in stopcs who do not have to return to the working faces have an average exposure of about 1200 particles, while using the ordinary type drills. It is felt that the use ot the "dustlcss'' type of drifter wiil reduce the concentration of dust to somewhere near 300 particles. 4. The men engaged in development drifts are exposed to the same concentra tions of dust, namely. 1200 particles. Where possible, two development drifts are worked simultaneously hy the one crew, so that the men do not have to go back through the dense dust after blasting the cut. There arc only a few exceptions to tins rule and when necessary to go back to load the remaining holes, the men are provided with the special respirator. 5. The high dust concentrations in the vicinity of stopers we hope to deal with by the use of compressed air masks. Also the practice of driving adjacent raises simultaneously has reduced the hazard after blasting. With the constant improvement and maintenance of general health conditions kept always to the fore as most desirable and necessary in aiding in the solution of the s i l i c O M S problem., the men at the Hollinger Mine are cared for under a c o n t r a c t m e d i c a l s y s t e m . The facilities and service at mine, office and hospital are m o s t c o r r .n e t c a n d e t n e t e m and in combination with the annual or semi-annual check m ade by the m edica _ is u n d e r C' i s t n m s u p e r v i s v-m.c c h a n e v he rem ain-n : M e n w ; 1 r e p o r t w i t h meh. conditions as non-tubcrcuMu' or non-silicotic chest t r o u b l e , w : h m e a l i u t e c t -n in teeth, tonsils, onuses, etc., are singled out ami t r e a t e d a n d o b s e r v e d a m i where necessary chances in occupation are made or rest e-i th a t del and vacati. i p erio d s nuv:.- A t t h e r m e . c o n s t a n t nprovements hav vn made and at p r e s e n t t h e i o l l o w - '\ e - m e m m g is t h e r o u t i n e . A w riser coming off ft remove' ail 1 i s a u i u i u g c l o t h i n g . uucctm n , 1 i t M i u l i y v . et a n d r a c k s : . w : on a set of hooks attached to WCt Cn 1Me- a r e p t n i e d u n o a height <.f 15 to 2n fevt an v ,<rrv*c\ rsTTTrHysons* - m -- ococ- i> 7? Jiil I d ip a | :S lift* , ft :'0ik | ! mm w$ Tzccnty-fhirii Xuuitai Safety Congress-- Xohonol Sefr.x Council atmosphere ior 14 to 15 hours, during which they are thoroughly dried. Alter unciressmc the miner passes through a scries of shower baths of temperatures vary ing from hoi to coid. Alter drying he proceeds to his locker where he lias placed his street clothes before the beginning ot the shift. W ith a view to reducing the infection of silicotics with ttibercuiosis. a clinic has been established in Timmins. An experienced public health nurse is employicd full time and it is her duty to visit all tuberculosis suspects and patients, ail con tacts with these cases and contacts with silicotics to arrange ior their examination and supervision and if necessary for treatment. Weekly clinics are held at which such patients arc examined clinically, radiological!)' and by bacteriological and bio logical tests. Since January of 1933. approximately 30 dangerous cases of tuberculosis have been removed iron? the district to a sanitarium and many more less severe cases placed on bed rest at home or on restricted activity. It is feet that.by removing these cases front contact with silicotics. that within a comparatively short time tubcruclosis will be moderately well controlled and since tuberculous infection is necessary to precipitate secondary silicosis, this movement, it will be appreciated, is an excellent one. ADJOURXMEXT :;yjj a n f r\ - :$ s ; ft! ?Mh'- fat < ;;lp flfi w l l tr. ' SsSPga Pill mrc F. Ii m i >*^5**' W A i r ' >... 0CO) f 1 A; . ' ' A A f " F ' F : ; ; ;,i p i l A Hi ii1 A l A Si 01 til Tzecuiy-fhini Annual Safety Congress-- Xaiional Safety Counei! atmosphere tor 14 to 15 hours, during which they are thoroughly dried. Alter undressmer me miner passes through a series oi shower baths ei temperatures vary ing trom hot to coid. Alter drying he proceeds to his locker where he iias placed his street clothes betre the beginning of the shift. W ith a view to reducing the infection of silicotics with tuberculosis, a clinic has been established in Timmins. An experienced public health nurse is employied full time and it is her duty to visit all tuberculosis suspects and patients, all con tacts with these cases and contacts with silicotics to arrange tor their examination and supervision and if necessary for treatment. Weekly clinics are held at which such patients are examined clinically, radiologically and by bacteriological and bio logical tests. Since January of 1933. approximately 30 dangerous cases of tuberculosis have been removed iron; the district to a sanitarium and many more less severe cases placed on bed rest at home or on restricted activity. It is felt that.by removing these cases from contact with silicotics, that within a comparatively short time tuberuclosis will be moderately well controlled and since tuberculous infection is necessary to precipitate secondary silicosis, this movement, it will be appreciated, is an excellent one. ADJURXMEXT i F. H f o c v ) /" : ncil rkcrs. both ::em to aid ry or nonty commitity, if the in the past urance pee ve un paper . to criticize may still be id. there arc actions and h recognizes oration with ncitieer has, i to analyze ot the operct operating TWENTY-THIRD ANNEAL SAFE TY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL * Petroleum Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman-- R. W. B lack, Standard Oi! Co. of X. J,, Elizabeth, X, J. Y iec-Chainnan---A. \V. Eref.la.nd, Lone Star Gas Co.. Dallas, Texas. Chairman. Atlantic Division--J. H . Esotvx, Tide W ater Oil Co- New York. X. Y. Chairman. Great Lahes Division--]. H. H erbert, Standard Oil Co. (Ohio), Cleve land, Ohio. Chairman. Mid-Continent Division-- A. A. O dell. Barn.-dall Refineries, Inc., Tulsa. Okla. Chairman. Gulf Division-- \Y. P. Rivmoxd, Jh.. Standard Oil Co. ot Louisiana. Baton Rouge, La. Chairman. Rocky Mountain Division--B. V. O sborn". Standard Oil Co. (Ind.). Casper. Wyo. Chairman. Pacifie Division--]. K. Re BERTS, The Texas Co., Los Angeles. Calif. hides Letlcr Editor--G. 0 . Lockwood. Tite Empire Companies, Bartlesville. Okla. Engineerin'7 Committee Chairman-- X. B. Roarer. Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston. Texas. Health Committee Chairman-- D r. R. A. Jewett. General Petroleum Corporation ot California. Los Angeles. Calif. Poster Committee Chairman-- H. J. Y :lo,v. Associated Oil Co.. Sait Francisco. Program C onmitiee Chairman--C. L. HtcnTotvF.R. United Gas Company, Houston. Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman-- ] . L. R isixcf.r. Magnolia Petroleum Co., Dallas. Texas. Statistics Committee Chairman-- J. W. Myers, Standard Oil Co. (X , J.), Xew York. X. Y. Past Ce::e'-.ii Chairmen-- R- S. Consul Standard Oil Co. X. J ). Xew York. X. Y. V. R. C urrie. The Texas Co.. Houston. Texas. R. E. Donovan. Standard Oil C.mpany of Calif.. San Francisco. Calif. C. L. H icutower. United Gas C mpany, Houston. Texas. Geh. F. P rcssixo. Union Oil C.mpany of Calif.. Los Angeles. Calif. t E. J. S enne. Socony-Vacuum C rp.. Xew York. X. Y. C. W. S outh. Standard Oil C: Tnd.Y O h c i ; ,\ 111. D. J. W allace. Petroleum Saf-ny Council. Tui.-a. Okla. Secrete,--H. X. Dlaneslee. Amer:tan Petroleum Institute. Dallas. TfSSsS?*!- - : ncil rkcrs. both ::em to aid tv or nonty commitity, it the in the past urancc prevc un paper . to criticize may still be id. there arc actions and h recognizes oration with ncitieer has, i to anaiy2c 01 the operoi operating TU'ENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFE TY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL .TV*. Petroleum Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman-- R. \V. B lack, Standard Oil Co. of X. J,, Elizabeth, X. J. Vice-Chairman-- A. W . E reeland, Lore Star Gas Co.. Dallas, Texas. Chairman. Atlantic Di-Aston-- ]. H . Eaowx, Tide W ater Oil Co., New York. X. Y. Chairman. Great Lakes Division--]. H. H erbert, Standard Oil Co. ( Ohio"), Cleve land, Ohio. Chairman. Mid-Continent DiAs'wn--A. A. O dell, Barn.-dall Refineries, Inc., Tulsa, Okla. Chairman. Gulf Division--W . P. R eymond, Jk- Standard Oil Co. of Louisiana. Baton Rouge, La. Chairman. Rocky Mountain Division--B. V. O sborn. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.). Casper. Wyo. Chairman. Pacific Division--]. K. Ri 2ERTS, The Texas Co., Los Angeles. Calif. N n c s Leiter Editor--G. 0 . Lockwcvp. Tiie Empire Companies, Bartlesville. Okla. Engineerin '; Committee Chairman-- a . B. R oarer. Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston. Texas. Health Committee Chairman-- D r. R. A. Jewett. General Petroleum Corporation o; California. Los Angeles. Calif. Paster Committee Chairman-- H. ]. V. xso.v. Associated Oil Co.. San Francisco. Prngram Coumitlee Chairman--C. L. H iciitowf.r. L Gas Company, Houston. Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--] . L. R isingfr. Magnolia Petroleum Co., Dallas. Texas. Statistics Committee Chairman--]. Yd. Mvers, Standard Oil Co. ( X J.), Yew York. X. Y. Past C v 7/ Chairmen-- R. S. Boxstu. Standard Oil Co. X. J ). Xew York. X. Y. Y, R. C urrie. The Texas Co.. Houston. Texas. R. E. Donovan. Standard Oil S .mpany of Calif.. San Francisco. Calif. C, L. H iciitowf.r. United Gas " mpany, Houston. Texas. G fo. F. T russing. Union Oil C.mpany of Calif.. Los Angeles. Calif. E. J. S ex .vf. Sreonv-Vacuum C rp.. X ew York. X. Y. C. Vd. S mith. Standard Oil C: TnJ.'l. O iic ig s. ill. D. J. YdAi.i.ACF.. Petroleum Sam:;' Council. Tt:i.-a. Okla. Scrretgr- -- H. X. Bi.axelee. Amer: :a:i Petroleum I cite. Dallas. T ew . i0~7~ - _ TU' 1 N T Y - T I I 1R A X X V A L S A F E T Y C O N G R E S S NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Public Utilities Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--F. M. PerrF.R. Illinois Beil Telephone Co., Chicago. 111. Vice-Chairman for' Telegraph and Telephone Interests--D. W. W ait. The Bell T ele phone Co. of Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh. Pa. ricc-Chainnan for G s Interests-- E. J. Kkf.u . Philadelphia Company. Pittsburgh. Pa. f 'ee-Chainuan for Electric Interests and Prnc/ram--Rnv M. Goowix, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia. Pa. Secretary-- J o h n * J. Bxrt.\n.\. Laclede Gas Light Co.. St. Louis, Mo. Ah'ti'j Letter Editor--R ay A. Eowakos. San Diego Consolidated Gas and Electric Co.. San Diego. Calif. Enaineerinff Committee Chairman-- \Y. H. M ixligax, Hydro-Electric P<nver Com mission. Toronto. Out.. Canada. Health Committee Chairman-- O h . H art E. F tstter. Chicago Rapid Transit Co.. Chicago. 111. Membership Committee Chairman-- A. A. Kuxgk, Public Service Co. of Colorado. Denver. Colo. Poster and Film Strip Committee Chairman-- H. W . Luf.CK. Commonwealth Edison Co.. Chicago. 111. Pnld'.eily Committee Chairman -- H. E. SiiF.pp. Appalachian Electric Power Co. Elieeld. W . Ya. Statistics and Contest Louniwtee Chairman-- \V. H. B hown', XYrtborn Stak--1 Powet Co.. Minneapolis. Minn. Speein! Perresentatives-- J. M. CrswF.u.. San Joapuin Liebt X Power Corp., Fresno. Calif. S. C. DfCKTN'Sov. Pacific Gas and Electric Co.. San Francisco. Calif. P .u x R. K e n s , Petm Centra! Lieht and Power Co., Aik*oua. Pa. W. R. Lnvr>. Alabama Power Co.. Birmingham. Ala. } H. A. Ptolf.my. Pniilic Service Co, <>i X'-.rthern Illinois. Chicago. Id. i Joux Stilwf.U.. Ci'liso)(dated Gas C. <;' X`ew York. XYw York. X' V. 'V. A. F .rru .vxa \ \ Appalachian Eicctric P-wer Co.. Welch. W. \'a. E. I.. TV'S-a. X'iaeara l-fnd-.n Power Corporation. Syracuse. X'. Y. Ci`un .`A.w.c-- E. ?. n?.Ar\iOXT. The IXot.k'N Ga~ Light X Coke Co.. Chicago. III. Cv- '; - 1 "2 T U ' E N T Y - T I ! I R A X A' V A L S A F E T Y C O N G R E S S N A T IO N A L SA F E T Y COUNCIL Public Utilities Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--F. XL P epff.r. Illinois Beil Telephone Co., Chicago. III. I'icC'Chairman forT clci/rapli and Telephone interests--X). \ \ \ W ait. The Bell T ele phone Co. of Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh. Pa. Vice-Chairman for Cas Interests-- E. J. IvkF.n. Philadelphia Company. Pittsburgh. Pa. rice-Chatniiam for Electric Interests ami Prncjram-- Rov XL Godwin', Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia. Pa. Secretary-- John* J. P arada. Laclede Gas Light Co.. St. Louis. XIo. .\\~cs Letter Editor-- R .\v A. E dwards. San Diego Consolidated Gas and Electric Co.. San Diego. Calif. Ennineemut Committee Chairman--\ \ \ H. XIvxLir.AX, Hydro-Electric Power Com mission. Toronto. Ont.. Canada. Health Committee Chairman-- D h. H art E. F t5ter, Chicago Rapid Transit Co.. *i : Giicaco. III. X Membership Committee Chairman-- A. A. Kungk, Public Service Co. of Colorado. Denver. Colo. Pester and Film Strip Committee Chairman--H. \V. Ll'F.CK. Commomvcaltli Edison Co.. Chicago. III. Pnl-heily Committee Chairman -- H. E. SiiF.PD. Appalachian Electric Power Co, Elucneld, \V. \'a . Statistics and Contest Commute,- Chairman--\V. H. Biu>wx, Xorthorn State- Power Co,. Minneapolis. Minn. Sye eia! R'crrcscntafircs-- j. M. Dosut.i.l San Inapum Lieht & Power Corp., Fresno. Calif. S. C. D icktn?on'. Pacific Gas and Electric Co.. San Francisco. Calif. P.U'L R. K frnx. Penn Central Light ami Power Co., Altvna. Pa. W, R. Lnvn. Alabama Power Co.. Birmingham. Ala. H. A. P tolf.mv. Public Service O. ni X-irtheni Illinois, Chicago. 111. < L.?rx Stlwf.l.. O nsobdaied Gas Co. ni Xew York. Xew York*. X X'. XV. A. F .rcit.\x .\x . Appalachian Electric P-.wer Co.. Weich. W. Va. E. L. D`>x.\. Xinenm Hud-xu P^wer <'`.rporaiinn. Syracuse. X. Y. C o w . : `>`.f_ \ m m o a f et y Cou /cil \ isconsin : no disabling egon ; no disabling in-. 111c. Missouri . no dis- B.; no dhabling in- :g injuries w i/le work- ;:g injuries while workno disabling injuries Minnesota: no disabling Mabling injuries while ; no disabling injuries Michigan; no disabling .bee, Canada no dis*; no disablin z injuries brec disablinz injuries iisabiir.g injmics while injuries whim working T U' a h' T V - T H 1 R D A X N U A L S A F E T Y C O N G R E S S N A T I O N A L SAFETY COUNCIL Quarry Section Officers 1933-34 Genera/ Chairman-- O tjjo M. Gk.wks. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa. 'icc-Chtnrnum---W illiam H. E akek. J. E. Baker Co,. York, Pa. Secretary mu/ Xesas L etter lit!it or-- V. P. A iif.a r n . National Sand and Gravel Association. W ashintgon, D. C. Poster Committee Chairman-- H. 1". Y ottf.il The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa. Publicity Committee Washington. D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman---J. R. Ikivu. Xativtxii Crushed Chairman-- W . W . A dams. LY.itcd States Stone Association Bureau o{ Mines. Washington. D. C. Members at La<jc-- X qkmax G. H o lt , it. T he Xatiouai Lime A m - -nation. W a s h i n g n . D . C. H. V. OwK.Xi, Eastern Ruck Products. Inc.. Ur.cn, X. Y. John P kixck. Stewart Sami and Material G .. Kansas City. Mo. A. L. W oktmf.x . The Connecticut Quarries G... Inc., Xew Haver.. Cutm. W EDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1934 The openimr session e>\ the Quarry Section wa* cil. Director. Bureau uj Inspectum. Pennsylvania L Harrisburg. Pa., who presided. This was scheC. ;::e Cement Section. Chairman Campbell iutroducj Cleveland Quarries Company. Amber-;. Oiu'o. wit..:/ the delegate? mi the part m the city - i ('level*:: In lien "i the annual report <>i tiu- general cir.: '.:p.ablc to lie present, a length) w ire--nuts- read : Chairman Campbell then introduced ;:w hrst tailed to order by J"hn Campanment nt Labor and Industry. '.-A to be a join: session with : P. A. Mori. UV.-ks Manager, tide a briei address M welcome nan Oth.o M. Graver, who was :yi him e x p r^ -il'.-* r:s regrets. 3~9 ?% dr, O C- P0 1; .eta m f.B 4 i Safes v Council isconsin: no disabling egon ; no disabling in-, die. Missouri . no dis. B. ; no disabling in- ig injuries w liic worki ng injuries while work10 disabling injuries iiuncsota: no disabling cabling injuries while ; no disabling injuries Michigan; no disabling bee, Canada no dis*; no disabling injuries hrec disabling injuries iisabling nijmies while injuries while working t i r b .v t y - t u i n d a x n u a l s a f e t y c o n g r e s s N A T I O N A L S A F E TY COUNCIL Quarry Section Officers 1933-34 Ceneral Choirmiin--Cnno M. GH.wr.fi. The General Crushed Stone Co., maston, Pa. Viee-Chairmau-- W illiam H. B akkh. J. F.. Baker Co.. \ork . Pa. o a-chvy omi Xescs Letter IFlilor--Y. P. A uf.asn. National Sand and Gravel Association. Washinttion, I). C. rosier Committee C/inirmcu--H. IF Yottf.il The General Crushed Stone La. Easton. Pa. Publicity Comm,nee Cbolrmoii-- J. IT Lovti. Xativnai Cradled Stone Association. Washington. D. C. Statistics Committee Choirm on-W F W. Adams. W eed States Bureau oi Mines. Washington. Eh C. Members ot Lone-- ... . n r XoKMAN G. HuLT.it. The Xational Lime A-s- nation. \ \ a s l n n e t e U . C. H. Y. OtVFtxs, Eastern Ruck Products. Inc.. Luca. X. \ . John Pkixck. Stewart Sami and Material h .. Kansas City. Mo. L Woktiif.x. The Connecticut Quarries ho.. Lie., Xew Havr.r huim. W EDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1934 The oponnnr session ot the Quarry Section was cil. Lireetur. Bureau ut Inspection. Pennsylvania u HarrisUtr". Pa., who presided. This was sche-.'. '.:'.e Cement Section. Chairman Caiuphcll intrude;s Cleveland Quarries Company. Amlier-t. Ohio, who the ilcieeates on the part oi the city "i (.levels:'. I n l i e u o i t h e a n i m a l r e p o r t 'U i h e u c i i e r a l e : '.'.: '.'.n.ablc to he present, a leuntin i r e - i c e - read : (.'.'.airman Campbell th.eii introduced the first AT. yva-v; - u m o w : . ' V " . : Q X ' " Y . x : .. ' - s ' v . wxT.Lffi" ' /'.vcL-i-i'" P-SQW a a .> " e(-:~ ; . . or:, C T ; - . L A X ,-* Af'. J|r S ?g: M- Pi m 1' m F&y +.$',Z+' -; # s p ; I f l i i > J.rft 1 .-c;*- V ; . : m 350 T:eenty-ihird Annual Safety Congress---National Safety Council The Dust Hazards in Industry By DR. R. R. SAYERS Medical Officer in C harge, Office of Industrial H ygiene and Sanitation, U nited States P ub lic H ealth Service, W ashington, D , C. The speaker said in part: Realizing the importance of the dust problem in industry, the United States Public Health Service in cooperation with the Bureau of Mines began its first study of the health of workers in dusty trades in 1914, in tlie mines of Joplin, M issouri; and later, in 1923, the Public Health Service inaugurated a senes of dust studies. These later studies were all conducted in the same manner in order to permit as detailed a comparison as possible between the different investigations. Briefly, these methods of study may be divided as follows: (1 ) examination to determine the general- physical condition of the workers under observation; (2) special physical examination to determine the prevalence of specific diseases of the respiratory system and the lung pathology resulting from exposure to the particular dust hazard; (3) record of the nature and severity of the disabling illnesses; (4) analysis and detailed study of the occupational environment; (5) occupational mortality statistics relating to the specific dust; and (6) autopsies. The first six intensive investigations carried out by the Service dealt with the health of workers exposed to dusts in a cement plant, granite cutting industry, anthracite and bituminous coal mining, silverware manufacturing plant, cotton cloth manufacturing, and in municipal street sweeping. Brief studies were later conducted in certain slate, granite, marble and talc quarries, while more recently a rather extensive study of the health of anthracite coal miners was completed. These six dust studies showed that the workers in the granite cutting plants who were exposed to the highest dust concentrations were found to suffer from an excess of pulmonary tuberculosis after 15 years or more of exposure and developed silicosis from 2 to 10 years. In the group exposed to a lesser amount of dust, silicosis developed only after prolonged exposure, with no excess of tuberculosis. It was found that a close relationship existed between the degree of dust exposure and the c-xtent and severity of the pulmonary damage. Anthracite coal miners suffered fr;m dyspnoea and other signs of pneumoconiosis and experienced a high rate oi respiratory sickn ess; in addition, an excessive mortality from influenza' pneumonia and possibly tuberculosis was found. Bituminous coal miners experi enced a generalized fibrosis of the lungs and an excess mortality from influenza and pneumonia. Cement workers showed some signs of early pneumoconiosis with an excess of diseases of the upper respiratory tract. On the other hand, workers in the cc:::n cloth and silverware manufacturing plants and municipal street sweepers were negative for respiratory conditions and other illnesses when compared with the genera: industrial population. Rock Drilling. For five years, the United States Bureau of Alines studied lead and zinc miners in the T ri-S tate District. Oklahoma. The ore here is high in free silica. 0 : the 7.722 men examined, a group of 1,647. or 21.3 per cent, was definitely diagnosed as having silicosis, not including those diagnosed as having tuberculosis. All tlie men diagnosed as having first-stage silicosis had worked an average of 13 years, but those men starting in the mines after JO years of age worked an average e: only S years. The work of rock drilling in subway and tunnei construction in New York City is ir. some respects similar to that of some or the activities in the hard rock mines, a: hast in so far as the manner in which cun is evolved, the type of dust and the resultant hazard. Recently the result of a study of rock drillers, blasters zr.i excavators was -reported by the New York Tuberculosis and Health Associa:i-:r.. An examination of 20S rock drillers, blasters and excavators showed that 1IS. or 17 per cent of the men had silicosis in various staves of progression. The exposure or most c: these men (75 per cent) had been for 20 years or more. Sand'-.'.:: Reported in the Uniteti 5 " : completed :. Xc sr.ei 771UC UISC cr; Hal L :ndu . : X-Xv' : wi lKS?i SS mm .S ii; Siivi:* ' ! FrfCZ Medical Officer in Charge, Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation, U nited States P ub lic H ealth Service, W ashington, D, C. The speaker said in part: Realizing the importance of the dust problem in industry, die United States Public Health Service in cooperation with the Bureau of Mines began its first study of the healtlx of workers in dusty trades in 1914, in die mines of Joplin, M issouri; and later, in 1923, the Public Hcaldi Service inaugurated a series of dust studies. These later studies were all conducted in the same manner in order to permit as detailed a comparison as possible between the different investigations. Briefly, these methods of study may be divided as follows: (1) examination to determine die general- physical condition of the workers under observation; (2) special physical examination to determine the prevalence of specific diseases of the respiratory system and the lung pathology resulting irom exposure to the particular dust hazard; (3) record of the nature and severity of die disabling illnesses; (4) analysis and detailed study of die occupational environment; (5) occupational mortality statistics relating to the specific dust; and (6) autopsies. The first six intensive investigations carried out by the Service dealt with the health ot workers exposed to dusts in a cement plant, granite cutting industry, anthracite and bituminous coal mining, silverware manufacturing plant, cotton cloth manufacturing, and in municipal street sweeping. Brief studies were later conducted in certain slate, granite, marble and talc quarries, while more recently a rather extensive study of the health of anthracite coal miners was completed. These six dust studies showed that the workers in the granite cutting plants who were exposed to the highest dust concentrations were found to suffer from an excess of pulmonary tuberculosis after 15 years or more of exposure and developed silicosis from 2 to 10 years. In the group exposed to a lesser amount of dust, silicosis developed only after prolonged exposure, with no excess of tuberculosis. It was found that a close relationship existed between the degree of dust exposure and the c-xtent and severity of the pulmonary damage. Anthracite coal miners suffered fr;m dyspnoea and other signs of pneumoconiosis and experienced a high rate of respiratory sickn ess; in addition, an excessive mortality from influenza- pneumonia and possibly tuberculosis was found. Bituminous coal miners experi enced a generalized fibrosis of the lungs and an excess mortality from influenza and pneumonia. Cement workers showed some signs of early pneumoconiosis with an excess of diseases of the upper respiratory tract. On the other hand, workers in the cc:::r. cloth and silverware manufacturing plants and municipal street sweepers were negative for respiratory conditions and other illnesses when compared with the genera: industrial population. Rock Drilling. For five years, the United States Bureau of Alines studied lead and zinc miners in the T ri-S tate District. Oklahoma. The ore here is high in free silica. 0 : the 7.722 men examined, a group of 1,647. or 21.3 per cent, was definitely diagnosed as having silicosis, not including those diagnosed as having tuberculosis. All the rr.en diagnosed as having first-stage silicosis had worked an average of 13 years, but those men starting in the mines after 40 years of age worked an average f.i only S years. The work ot rock drilling in subway and tunnei construction in N ew York City is ir. fseome rcespcecuts similar to that of some of the activities in the hard rock mincs, a: .-:-ast in so 1far as the manner in which rju^t is evolved, the type of dust and .ite resultar.; hazard. Recently the result r.i a study of rock drillers, blastcrs ar.i excavators was -re;x>fted by the 'New York Tuberculosis and Health Associati''. r.. An examm:i:nation of 20S rock drillers, blasters and excavators showed that 11S. :r :7 per cent of the men had silicosis in various staves of progression, The cxpeiere of most c these men (75 per cent) had been for 20 years or more, SancD. :s:ing. No s:tudv of the health of sandblasters Uniteti study of the dust exposure reported in the K ^Srrccc*tl>k. complctcd :.y the Unni*it.'ed States Public Health atiorr with the CISC cr; Hal L mdu Quarry Section 55 L National Safety Council. This investigation indicated that, judged by the nature of the dust and degree of the exposure, a real hazard exists in this occupation. This study also brought out the fact that it is possible to conduct sandblasting with safety, provided properiy designed and well maintained equipment is used. Diatomaccous Silica U,morkers. Most of die data on silicosis have been gathered from studies made both in industry and experimentally on dusts containing free silica in the form of quartz. Such studies have been made in the granite industry, pottery trades, hard rock drilling, etc. There are other free silica minerals in existence that are not crystalline in nature but of an amorphous composition. In Santa Barbara County, California, there exists the largest and purest diatomaccous silica deposit in the world. This substance consists of about 85 per cent free silica. Recently an examination was made of 108 workers selected among those employed less than I year, 1 to 2 years, 2 to 5years, and more than 5years. All of the workers w ere Mexican laborers and the examinations consisted of x-ray determinations, social and medical histories, and clinical examinations of the chests. Dust determinations were also made but these were not reported. The outstanding feature revealed by the examination was the splendid physical condition of the men. Eighty-four per cent of the workers were reported in excellent physical condition. It was found that 60 rr.cn showed signs of early pneumoconiosis; 15 were in the moderately advanced stage and 6 in the advanced stage. This latter finding was among workers with a history of exposure of morethan 5 years. Dust Hazard in the Granite Quarry Industry.It is a common belief that granite quarrying is not so dangerous an industry as granite cutting in enclosed sheds; quarry work is done outdoors and hence may not be attended with very much dust exposure. However, certain quarry operations require the use of pneumatic tools, which arc usually associated with the formation of . considerable quantities of dust. It was thought that a study made in a representative granite quarry might cast some light on our problem. Accordingly, a study of a clinicoradiographic nature of 6o quarriers was made and occupational dust exposures were also obtained. The dust determinations show that nearly 3S per cent of the workers 6drillers) were exposed to many times the amount of dust considered safe at the present time. Drillers were the only persons showing pathologic lung changes. Half of these workers with an exposure of 5 to 19 years had silicosis, and 4 of the 5 men with more than 20 years of such trade life showed this condition. This study suggests that quarry drillers may experience as high a death rate from milmonarv tuberculosis as do pncumatic-tool workers in granite cutting sheds. C f cct of Inhaled M'arble Dust. The pulmonary fibrotic changes due to the inhalation of marble dust appear to be slight in comparison with those caused by stone dust containing a high percentage of silica in the form of quartz. A recent study made by us am ong marble workers showed that although marble dust, when inhaled in concentration? averaging about 25 million particles per cubic foot of air. produced a mild bilateral, linear fibrosis in a certain number of the 80 men examined, no serious lung changes were noted and there was no disability due to the dust, even after many years of exposure (more than 40 years in some cases). The marble dust under consideration consisted of 98 per cent calcitc and 2 per cent dolcinitc. with no silica present. Dust H azard tn Abrasive Industry. Artificial abrasives are widely used in industry and for this reason the effect of the inhalation of dusts produced in the manufacture or preparation of these products is of great importance. In 1925, !929 and again in 1931. Dr. Clark of the Morton Company at WcTrctrster, Mass., made investigations of workers exposed to aluminium oxide and silicon carbide dust produced in the manufacture of grinding wheels, which showed that during a period of 13 years there were proportionately twice as many cases of pulmonary tuber culosis among those working in the abrasive dust departments as in departments where no abrasive dust occurred. In 1931. Kcssier, of New Jersey, reported the occurrence of over 100 cases of alleged silicosis in the abrasive powder industry, in which the dust consisted of 99 per cent free silica. i. Exposure to Silicate Dust. It has been the belief that the inhalation of dusts composed of silicates (combined silica), in comparison with silica (free silica in the form of quartz), w as innocuous. Of rec c ^ ^ T 1? ^ maniyy_._innnyceMstigc ati ouri ss hluaivec become cognizant of the hazards of silicate dusjgjhcflo? s&cstosTs, T * x r' o nA 0 0 0 0 4 !) t Quarry Section 55 L National Safety Council. This investigation indicated that, judged by the nature of the dust and degree of the exposure, a real hazard exists in this occupation. This study also brought out the fact that it is possible to conduct sandblasting with safety, provided properiy designed and well maintained equipment is used. Diatomaccous Silica U,morkers. Most of die data on silicosis have been gathered from studies made both in industry and experimentally on dusts containing free silica in the form of quartz. Such studies have been made in the granite industry, pottery trades, hard rock drilling, etc. There are other free silica minerals in existence that are not crystalline in nature but of an amorphous composition. In Santa Barbara County, California, there exists the largest and purest diatomaccous silica deposit in the world. This substance consists of about 85 per cent free silica. Recently an examination was made of 108 workers selected among those employed less than I year, 1 to 2 years,2 to 5 years, and more than 5 years. All of the workers w ere Mexican laborers and the examinations consisted of x-ray determinations, social and medical histories, and clinical examinations of the chests. Dust determinations were also made but these were not reported. The outstanding feature revealed by the examination was the splendid physical condition of the men. Eighty-four per cent of the workers were reported in excellent physical condition. It was found that 60 men showed signs of early pneumoconiosis; 15 were in the moderately advanced stage and 6 in the advanced stage. This latter finding was among workers with a history of exposure of morethan 5 years. Dust Hazard in the Granite Quarry Industry.It is a common belief that granite quarrying is not so dangerous an industry as granite cutting in enclosed sheds; quarry work is done outdoors and hence may not be attended with very much dust exposure. However, certain quarry operations require the use of pneumatic tools, which arc usually associated with the formation of . considerable quantities of dust. It was thought that a study made in a representative granite quarry might cast some light on our problem. Accordingly, a study of a clinicoradiographic nature of 6o quarriers was made and occupational dust exposures were also obtained. The dust determinations show that nearly 3S per cent of the workers 6drillers) were exposed to many times the amount of dust considered safe at the presenr time. Drillers were the only persons showing pathologic lung changes. Half of these workers with an exposure of 5 to 19 years had silicosis, and 4 of :hc 5 men with more than 20 years of such trade life showed this condition. This study suggests that quarry drillers may experience as high a death rate from nulmonary tuberculosis as do pneumatic-tool workers in granite cutting sheds. C f cct of Inhaled SEzrble Dust. The pulmonary fibrotic changes due to the inhalation of marble dust appear to be slight in comparison with those caused by stone dust containing a high percentage of silica in the form of quartz. A recent study made by us am ong marble workers showed that although marble dust, when inhaled in concentration? averaging about 25 million particles per cubic foot of air. produced a mild bilateral, linear fibrosis in a certain number of the 80 men examined, no serious lung changes were noted and there was no disability due to the dust, even after many years of exposure (more than 40 years in some cases). The marble dust under consideration consisted of 98 per cent calcitc and 2 per cent dolcinitc. with no silica present. Dust H azard in Abrasive Industry. .Artificial abrasives arc widely used in industry and for this reason the crtect of the inhalation of dusts produced in the manufacture or preparation of these products is of great importance. In 1925. !929 and again in 1931. Dr. Clark of the Morton Company at WcTrctrster, Mass., made investigations of workers exposed to aluminium oxide and silicon carbide dust produced in the mnnufacrarc of grinding wheels, which showed that during a period of 13 years there were proportionately twice as many cases of pulmonary tuber- cuiosis among those working in the abrasive dust departments as in departments where no abrasive dust occurred. In 1931. Kcssier, of New Jersey, reported the occurrence of over 100 cases of alleged silicosis in the abrasive powder industry, in which the dust consisted of 99 per cent free silica. j Exposure to Silicate Dust. It has been the belief that the inhalation of dusts i- composed of silicates (combined silica), in comparison with silica (free silica in the form of quartz), was innocuous. Of many, investigators have ' become cognizant of the hazards of silicate dusiSsxpostfrc. AsBcstosTs, 'fO l iS iii 000049 t 352 Tw enty-third Annual S afety Congress-- N ational Safety Council of the lungs caused by the inhalation of asbestos dust, has already been desenb-ri both in its clinical and roentgenographic manifestations by investigators m cuber countries, but to date no studies have been reported in the United States. Cemen: dust, which contains about 22 per cent combined silica, has been studied, and the effects, of the inhalation by workers has been discussed here. In March. iS'lf Dreessen, of the United States Public Health Service, reported the results U study conducted among tremoiite talc and slate workers. The slate dust to weieb these workers were exposed consisted mainly of silicates, there being less chaa 3 per cent of quartz in the dust. The talc was a hydrous calcium-magnesium silicate, being 45 per cent talc and 45 per cent tremoiite. with no quartz present. The results of the study seemed to indicate a relationship between the amount of cart inhaled and the effect ot this dust on the lungs of workers. Statistical Studies. Recently, Lanza and Vane estimated that there arc s--cne 500.000 workers engaged in the' mining, quarrying and manufacturing indusarits in this country in which an exposure to silica dust to a harmful degree is en tailed. Their analysis of mortality experience of twelve life insurance comp for the period 1915-1926 showed that the actual mortality from respiratory tuber culosis among the silica exposed persons was about three times that of a n silica dust group. If one considers their data for certain occupations in rcrxj mines and granite and sandstone quarries, occupations known to be exposed- to high concentrations of hazardous dusts, then the comparison is more striking, shot the actual deaths among these workers was found to be ten times that of the ex pected deaths. More detailed statistics on occupational mortality as reported by ihe Registrar-General of England and W ales (1921-1923), and summarized by Bnr.m. show the high rate of 1.886 per 100.000 for tin and copper miners, while the --:e for "all occupied and retired males*' was only 150. Other occupations with sTica exposure showed an excess. From the evidence just presented concerning the injurious effects produced by the inhalation of certain dusts, it is apparent that a knowledge of the properdes of a given dust which determine its capacity to produce pulmonary pathology ii essential. Numerous investigations of the industrial dust problem indicate *2sr these properties are the chemical and mineralogies! composition of the dust, hs concentration in the industrial atmosphere, and its particle size. In an earlier portion of this discussion evidence was presented which indicated that a close relation existed between morbidity and mortality rate? from v a ries respiratory diseases and the exposure to certain dusts in industry. In the sredy of the dust hazard in the granite cutting industry, it was definitely proved izzz there is a direct relation between the magnitude of the dust exposure and sickness and death resulting from tuberculosis. It is quite evident, as a result of these studies, that the remedy of the dust evil lies in the effective removal or suppress: of the dust to concentration considered safe. However, no set rules may be cstablished for the mechanical protection to be instituted in an attempt K control mear trial dust. Specific conditions encountered in a plant will determi se die type cr protection to be employed. The protection of workers against certain dusts known to be toxic may a: times be accomplished by the substitution of a non-toxic material L; the toxic rze- One example of such a procedure is the possible use of a metallic or other type of artificial abrasive for sand in the sandblasting process in tho?<: operations re which it is not essential to use sand, a substance high in quartz c '.utente Agzrx. the mechanical enclosure of the dust-creating process also serves to protect zzi worker. An excellent illustration of this type of protection is arUrded by zzr modem sandblast barrel used in the cleaning of small objects. 5 .metimes it : possible to protect the worker by the substitution of wet for dry p: '.cesses. a< drilling instead of dry. In one instance, in the granite cutting ?why previous y mentioned, an operator using a diamond. ^oint tool worked the r.onc w et: zzi resulting dust amounted to 22 million particles per cubic foot. The fame o p era:" was then requested to work the stone dry: as a result, the amount : : dust reached the Inch figure of 45 million particles per cubic foot. In the weav :r.g of asber.*? cloth it ha? been po1 in the aw ,y wet weavrr.: ^'V/cond'uctCeh b y . ' m e t : : use of-a <xav;.pt w^Ter.y ' M * i in'if ,-r? ~ _ v.pT'' .?. . -- - 1 . , r c O : 'y . y,-"-'.; 352 Tsvcnty-third Annual Safe! x Congress-National Safety Council of the lungs caused by the Inhalation of asbestos dust. Itas already been described both in its clinical and roentgenographic manifestations by invcsucators m cAtr countries, but to date no studies have been reported in the United States. Cemex dust, which contains about 22 per cent combined silica, has been studied, and to- effects, of the inhalation by workers has been discussed here, in March. 1953 Drecssen, of the United States Public Health Service, reported the results c-i a study conducted among tremolite talc and slate workers. T he slate dust to wfficb these workers were exposed consisted mainly of silicates, there being less than 3 per cent of q u am in the dust. The talc was a hydrous calcium-magnesium silicate, being 45 per cent talc and 45 per cent ircmulitc. with no quartz present. The results of the study seemed to indicate a relationship between the amount of cart inhaled and the effect of this dust on the lungs of workers. Statistical Studies. Recently, Lanza and Vane estimated that there are rone 500,000 workers cngaccd in th e ' mining, quarrying and manufacturing induferies in this country in which an exposure to silica dust to a harmful degree is en tailed. Their analysis of mortality experience of twelve life insurance compzUti for the period 1915-1926 showed that the actual mortality from respiratory tuber culosis among the silica exposed persons was about three times that of a silica dust group. If one considers their data for certain occupations in mrxj mines and granite and sandstone quarries, occupations known to be exposed- to high concentrations of hazardous dusts, then the comparison is more striking. shot the actual deaths among these workers was found to be ten times that of the ex pected deaths. More detailed statistics on occupational mortality as reported by the Registrar-General of England and V a le s (1921-1923), and summarized by Bnr.ru. show the high rate of 1.886 per 100.000 for tin and copper miners, while the rate for "all occupied and retired males*' was only 150. Other occupations with sffica exposure showed an excess. From the evidence just presented concerning the injurious effects produced by the inhalation of certain dusts, it is apparent that a knowledge of the properffes of a given dust which determine its capacity to produce pulmonary pathology is essential. Numerous investigations of the industrial dust problem indicate `-bar these properties are the chemical and mineralogies! composition of the dust, hs concentration in the industrial atmosphere, and its particle size. In an earlier portion of this discussion evidence was presented which indicated that a close relation existed between morbidity and mortality rate? from v a ries respiratory diseases and the exposure to certain dusts in industry. In the smffy of the dust hazard in the granite cutting industry, it was definitely proved tffz: there is a direct relation between the magnitude of the dust exposure and sickness and death resulting from tuberculosis. It is quite evident, as a result of ibtse studies, that the remedy of the dust evil lies in the effective removal or suppress: of the dust to concentration considered safe. However, no set rule? may be estab lished for the mechanical protection to be instituted in an attempt m control indus trial dust. Specific conditions encountered in a plant will determine the type m protection to be employed. The protection of workers against certain dusts known to be toxic may times be accomplished by the substitution of a non-toxic material Ur tiie toxic ixe. Onc example of such a procedure is the possible use of a metallic or other of artificial abrasive for sand in the sandblasting process in these operations ir which it is not essential to use sand, a substance high in quartz content.. Apex, the mechanical enclosure of the dust-creating process also serves to protect `h i worker. An excellent illustration of this type of protection is afforded by ode modern sandblast barrel used in the cleaning of small objects. 5 .metimes it :s possible to protect the worker by the substitution of wet for dry processes. adrilling instead of dry. In one instance, in the granite cutting study previous y mentioned, an operator using a diamond. 2oint tool worked the -.one wet: oze *5 resulting dust amounted to 22 million particles per cubic foot. The same opera:" was then requested to work the stone dry: as a result, the amount of dust reached the high figure of 45 million particles per cubic foot. In the weavm.g of asber 71 cloth n ha? been possible to reduce the amount n the air by wet weavr.; to one-fourtj^ffjjhe amount present when the prfi yiS/con<Tuetcd- b y - ' m e t : : ' Another cx<ntf7rCm$-: th.ii-^ dutc.. iA. /Mlayin in leyner and jack-hammer drilling in hard rock, although tho new type oi Kelly <iust trap is now finding much favor fur this kind of work. The Kelly trap consists ot a metal chamber designed to enclose the drill steel at the rock surface. Xo attempt is made to secure a mechanical seal with the rock or between the trap and the drill >teel. The dust is removed by an air stream and is carried into an exhaust system connected to the trap. scape ot dust particles through openings between the uneven rock surfaces and the trap is prevented by the air seal produced by the iurimving air. Tests made on this trap under actual working conditions show that the dust concentration at the worker's breathing zone may be kept down to less than 10 million particles per cubic foot with a 60 cubic loot per minute rate of air How through the hood. This trap is a step forward in the program of dust removal; however, in underground work, such as in mines and subways, there is still the need to solve the problem of compact dust disposal equipment. In certain cases, such as in the sandblasting of large castings in sandblast rooms, the practical safeguard to the worker is to provide him with a mask or helmet of the positive air pressure type. In the sandblast investigation previously men tioned. it was found that when from 5 to 6 cubic feet of practically dust-ircc air per minute arc supplied to the helmet, the worker receives ideal protection. H ow ever, one must always bear in mind that the ultimate criterion of protection should be the dust determination of the air within the helmet during blasting and not the quantity of the air supply itself. In most dusty processes, however, the most effective means of dust elimination are by the use of properly designed exhaust ventilation systems. Since in many instances it is difficult, costly, and at times an unnecessary procedure to remove all the dust in the vicinity of a worker, we need first to determine the minimum amount of a certain dust which the worker can apparently tolerate with impunity. Such information can be made available by the type of studies carried out by the Public Health Service. For example, in the granite study already referred to. it dust at the breathing level of about 10 million particles per cubic foot (J5 per cent free silica). Studies of dust removal devices used in granite cutting plants at the time thiswork was conducted showed that a linear velocity of 1.500 feet per minute as measured by an anemometer at the face of the dust-removal hood, would keep the dust at the breathing level to an amount less than 10 million particles per cubic foot. A word should be said concerning personal respiratory protection acninst dusts. It has already been shown that in the use of positive pressure respiratory devices in sandblasting, it is important to have a well-designed device supplied with about 6 cubic feet of dust-free air per minute to give full protection to the worker. With reference to respirators of the filter type, there is still much to be accomplished in the design of an efficient and comfortable mask for continuous use. Of great value arc standard methods for the testing of the efficiency of respiratory pro tection devices. Drinker advocates testing a device against the particular dust which the respirator is to encounter, these tests to be made both in the laboratory and under actual industrial conditions. H e further suggested that some imparti.il agency should conduct such tests and certify the devices for industrial use. the work being done on a cost basis. The L\ S. Bureau of Mines has prepared such a schedule for testing and approving respirators. I wish to stress the inqxjrtance of good housekeeping in the effort to combat the dust hazard. Good housekeeping should not only imply the removal of accumu lated dust about a workroom but should also embrace efficient maintenance of dust removal devices and respiratory protective equipment. Systematic inspection cf all dust suppression equipment should be an axiomatic principle in every dusty industry rather than the casual attention which it now receives in many instances. Sg" 4 Oi/t/rrv Section 353 in leyner and jack-hammer drilling in hard rock, although tho new type oi Kelly dust trap i* now hudine much favor for this kind of work. The Kelly trap consist? oi a metal chamber designed to enclose the drill steel at the rock surface. Xo attempt is made to secure a mechanical seai with the rock or between the trap and the drill >tcel. The dust is removed hy an air stream and is carried into an exhaust system connected to the trap. scape oi dust particles through openings between the uneven rock surfaces mid the trap is prevented by the air seal produced bv the inflowing air. Tests made on this trap under actual working conditions show that the dust concentration at the worker's breathing zone may be kept down to less than 10 million particles per cubic foot with a 60 cubic foot per minute rate oi air How through the hood. This trap is a step forward in the program of dust removal; however, in underground work, such as in mines and subways, there is still the need to solve the problem of compact dust disposal equipment. In certain cases, such as in the sandblasting of large castings in sandblast rooms, the practical safeguard to the worker is to provide him with a mask or helmet of the positive air pressure type. In the sandblast investigation {ireviotisly men tioned. it was found that when from 5 to 6 cubic feet of practically dust-tree air per minute arc supplied to the helmet, the worker receives ideal protection. H ow ever. one must always bear in mind that the ultimate criterion of protection should be the dust determination of the air within the helmet during blasting and not the quantity of the air supply itself. In most dusty processes, however, the most effective means of dust elimination are by the use of properly designed exhaust ventilation systems. Since in many instances it is difficult, costly, and at times an unnecessary procedure to remove all the dust in the vicinity oi a worker, we need first to determine the minimum amount of a certain dust which the worker can apparently tolerate with impunity. Such information can be made available by the type of studies carried out by the Public Health Service. For example, iu the granite study already referred tn. it dust at the breathing level of about 10 million particles per cubic foot (35 per cent free silica). Studies of dust removal devices used in granite cutting plants at the time this work was conducted showed that a linear velocity of 1.500 feet per minute as measured by an anemometer at the face of the dust-removal hood, would keep the dust at the breathing level to an amount less than 10 million particles per cubic foot. A word should be said concerning personal respiratory protection naainst dusts. It has already been shown that in the use of positive pressure respiratory devices in sandblasting, it is important to have a well-designed device supplied with abuut 6 cubic feet of dust-free air per minute to give full protection to the worker. With reference to respirators of the filter type, there is still much to be accomplished in the design of an efficient and comfortable mask for continuous use. Of great value arc standard methods fur the testing of the efficiency of respiratory pro tection devices. Drinker advocates testing a device against the particular dust which the respirator is to encounter, these tests to be made both in the laboratory and under actual industrial conditions. H e further suggested that some impartial agency should conduct such tests and certify the devices for industrial use. the work being done on a cost basis. The L . S. Bureau of Mines has prepared such a schedule for testing and approving respirators. I wish to stress the importance of good housekeeping in the effort to combat the dust hazard. Good housekeeping should not only imply the removal of accumu lated dust about a workroom but should also embrace efficient maintenance of dust removal devices and respiratory protective equipment. Systematic inspection ct all dust suppression equipment should he an axiomatic principle in every dusty industry rather than the casual attention which it now receives in many instances. Report oE the Nominating Committee The chairman called -U^ the report of the X'ominntinq C oint^:i(5^Si^.thii'*pomt~,.>. and new officers for to ser.yc during the ensuing v f o n o m i n a t e d and elected as follows :& * * '. ......... AO*.-?s*,-'.-/ ' 0005l GC ' 1 em yfU ft,*-:. 1 W* ..fr- ".-`h:)\; Ainiiuii Saf et y Com/ress--XatLi. :\:ret\ L ijnucil Cer.er,:! Chairman--William H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co.. Turk. Pi. i .w -l r;i;jI:-- William E. Hilliard. New Haven Trap iv clc Co.. Xcw Haven Cunn. Poster Ccniniittec Chairman--H. F. Yottcr, The CciK-rai Crushed Stone Co Easton. Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman--J. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn. Washington, D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, L. S. Bureau of .Mines, Wash ington. D. C. Members c: Large-- \'. P. Ahern. Xaiional Sand and Gravel Assn., Washington. D. C. Xorman G. Hough, The National Lime Assn., Washington, D. C. 0 . M. Graves. The Genera! Crushed Stone Co., Hasten. Pa. A. L. Worthen, The Connecticut Quarries Co., Inc., Xew Haven. Conn. The Foreman's Duties and Responsibilities in Preventing Accidents By GLENN GARDINER Forstmann Woolen Company, Passaic, New jersey The speaker said in part: On my first jub in the day %it of a brick works, i witnessed a disastrous cave-in which so injured one of my fellow workers that he was totally disabled ior life. The accident was so pla:: :ly the fault of the foreman in charge that he was discharged for his carelessness, That accident made an indelible impression upon my mind, and let me unders:;aid as nothing else could what the responsibility of the foreman is in accident ;.:cvention. The foreman who is responsible for getting out the work: is also responsible for the control of those conditions immediately surrounding the worker on ins job. He has an unexcelled opportunity to observe his workers and :::eir habits. It he is a competent foreman, he can detect those working habits which may result in accidents. He sh:uki conic to know his workers so well that he v.-II understand when worries and outside problems are taxing their minds and po\v<ers of concentration, H e may nut be in a position aiways to do much about the s utside problems, but he can, at least, govern conditions on the job. The foreman is the one who is most likely to set up conoid', us on tiie job which cause job anxieties for the worker. H e can do much to ca-;: the worker's mind by keeping him informed about conditions which affect his j . , and the steadiness of employment. He can help to reduce the fatigue his men t xpericnce and in so doing directly influence accidents which are related to fatigue. Every intelligent foreman realizes the importance of the ifcty functions, and that saiety should be put upon the same plane of importance as the other duties his job includes. If the worker is indifferent to safety, it is usually merely a reflection of the foreman's attitude. On the other hand, if the foreman wi'.i ; stand for nothing but safe working habits, the worker will proceed very rap: div to develop safe working habits. Of course, I recognize that certain workers have an attitude of rccklesseness aryI bravado about them which makes them slier::!y contemptuous ot the dangers of the job. But it is up to the foreman to y.sneture this attitude and bring such workers down to earth. A recent study of a company employing 6.600 workers .iicatcd rhat 48 out of the 6,600 had iiad 10 per cent of all the lost-time accidents for tiic entire orgauization. The accident frequency among these 48 men was fifty ::: :es as great as that of the average for all workers. The record also indicated that those men having the lares : number of minor accidents were also the same men having the largesjjfljmber b/st-time accidents. Thus minor accidents are of real significance to E B ^ jg strv : sA-jMmu4i) ,,jbecausT they point out to him the men who will most prob^^wjiSie t lost-time nccIclentsT : yv r3 " v X X ' - X T # " ;7;' - uv -,'w ,v*7'" 000052 FV.t 1 ~ ^pXljG foren Failure t crease s a lorenia Here of euforc 1. .A' o n e ot tv 2. O' whom I 5. D< workers - 4. H their pru 5. D* accident. I n :h* of its L' be traceforeman managem junction. Thc_ Cross FI given in be secur< ever th.v further s any thm just as Rente with hi> busy wu baffling c fatal res immedia: secured, the lifele but oui > There herself throughc taught, each net gency rr able to I w. ..fr- ".-`h:)\; Ainiiuii Safety Com/ress--XatLi. :\ :r et \ L ijnucil Cer.er,:! Chairman--William H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co.. Turk. Pi. i .w -l r;i;jI:-- William E. Hilliard. New Haven Trap iv clc Co.. Xcw Haven Cunn. Poster Ccniniittec Chairman--H. F. Yottcr, The CciK-rai Crushed Stone Co Easton. Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman--J. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn. Washington, D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, L. S. Bureau of .Mines, Wash ington. D. C. Members c: Large-- \'. P. Ahern. Xaiional Sand and Gravel Assn., Washington. D. C. Xorman G. Hough, The National Lime Assn., Washington, D. C. 0 . M. Graves. The Genera! Crushed Stone Co., Hasten. Pa. A. L. Worthen, The Connecticut Quarries Co., Inc., Xew Haven. Conn. The Foreman's Duties and Responsibilities in Preventing Accidents By GLENN GARDINER Forstmann Woolen Company, Passaic, New jersey The speaker said in part: On my first jub in the day %it of a brick works, i witnessed a disastrous cave-in which so injured one of my fellow workers that he was totally disabled ior life. The accident was so pla:: :ly the fault of the foreman in charge that he was discharged for his carelessness, That accident made an indelible impression upon my mind, and let me unders:;aid as nothing else could what the responsibility of the foreman is in accident ;.:cvention. The foreman who is responsible for getting out the work: is also responsible for the control of those conditions immediately surrounding the worker on ins job. He has an unexcelled opportunity to observe his workers and :::eir habits. It he is a competent foreman, he can detect those working habits which may result in accidents. He sh:uki conic to know his workers so well that he v.-II understand when worries and outside problems are taxing their minds and po\v<ers of concentration, H e may nut be in a position aiways to do much about the s inside problems, but he can, at least, govern conditions on the job. The foreman is the one who is most likely to set up conoid', us on tiie job which cause job anxieties for the worker. H e can do much to ca-;: the worker's mind by keeping him informed about conditions which affect his j . , and the steadiness of employment. He can help to reduce the fatigue his men t xpericnce and in so doing directly influence accidents which are related to fatigue. Every intelligent foreman realizes the importance of the ifcty functions, and that saiety should be put upon the same plane of importance as the other duties his job includes. If the worker is indifferent to safety, it is usually merely a reflection of the foreman's attitude. On the other hand, if the foreman wi'.i ; stand for nothing but safe working habits, the worker will proceed very rap: div to develop safe working habits. Of course, I recognize that certain workers have an attitude of rccklesseness aryI bravado about them which makes them slier::!y contemptuous ot the dangers of the job. But it is up to the foreman to y.sneture this attitude and bring such workers down to earth. A recent study of a company employing 6.600 workers .iicatcd rhat 48 out of the 6,600 had iiad 10 per cent of all the lost-time accidents for tiic entire orgauization. The accident frequency among these 48 men was fifty ::: :es as great as that of the average for all workers. The record also indicated that those men having the lares : number of minor accidents were also the same men having the largesjjfljmber b/st-time accidents. Thus minor accidents are of real significance to E B ^ jg strv : sA-jMmu4i) ,,jbecausT they point out to him the men who will most prob^^wjiSie t lost-time nccIclentsT : yv r3 " v X X ' - X T # " ;7;' - uv -,'w ,v*7'" 000052 FV.t 1 ~ ^pXljG foren Failure t crease s a lorenia Here of euforc 1. .A' o n e ot tv 2. O' whom I 5. D< workers - 4. H their pru 5. D* accident. I n :h* of its L' be traceforeman managem junction. Thc_ Cross FI given in be secur< ever th.v further s any thm just as Rente with hi> busy wu baffling c fatal res immedia: secured, the lifele but oui > There herself throughc taught, each net gency rr able to I w. i