Document ZB8qp76X9ov3KQrBj0EGjNjzZ

F eb ru ary 22, 1962 Memo to; Dr. Robert A. Kehoe From : T. Sterling Subject: A nalysis of C alifornia TMJL Study The changes observed in the excretion of lead and in the blood picture o w orkers (who switched from handling TED containing products to those containing TML) a re of such consistency and magnitude as to preclude any chance facto rs. The pattern of re su lts would ordinarily force only one conclusion on the investigator; nam ely, that underlying changes in physiology or body chem istry had taken place during the period subjects handled TML. It is true that the data were collected in a somewhat haphazard and cavalier fashion. However, the m ost findings a re based on lab o rato ry analyses of urine and blood sam ples and may be above reproach. It is a great m isfortune that the m edical follow-up data turned out to be u s e le s s . The re su lts available now would make it appear desirable to com plete tire collection of a ll the data and do it in the form originally planned as well as to extend the follow-up on the laboratory analyses for an additional year. Lead Levels in Urine and Flood 1. Data on lead in blood and urine w ere alm ost com plete. Five urine sam ples were obtained during the y e a r of study while two blood sam ples w ere taken, one in the beginning the other at the end of the study. These data are presented in a se rie s of tables at the end of this memo. Consecutive examinations are identified as wRounds'* one to five. The num ber of sam ples a re given in the second column of each table. Statistical evaluation of differences observed between consecutive rounds a r e based on Analyses of V ariance. The s ta tis tic a l an aly sis is rna.de extrem ely complex by the fact that, while m ost m easu res w ere made repeatedly on the same subjects, not the same number of subjects was tested each round. The analyses a r e not reproduced h e re . When the probability of finding, by chance, a variatio n among m eans as la rg e as the one N9599 z observed was sm a lle r than . 05, a s te r is k s w ere placed on the table. (F or exam ple, the m eans on Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 differ with acceptable statistic al reliability. This is indicated by placing a s te r is k s on each side of * Table 1*, * Table 2* , e t c . ) Bevels of lead in urine and blood as well as urine volume and spe cific gravity a re given in Tables 1 to 5 for all w orkers combined, in Tables 6 to 10 fo r w orkers in San F ran cisco , and in Tables 11 to 15 fo r w orkers in JLos A ngeles. T here is an obvious, consistent and statistically significant decline in the lead content of blood and urine. This conclusion is reinforced by the progressive decline in urine lead, over the period of the study, toward a new stable state. Cuch a p ro g ressio n would be expected, on b asis of the lead chamber' studies, whenever the burden of environmental lead decreases, {statistical significance among urine volumes for "All Cata" is not accom panied by any system atic in c re a se or d e c re a se and may be discarded as spurious.) T hree occupational subgroupings w ere singled out, who would have relatively uniform exposure. These were service station attendants in San F ran cisco (Tables 16 to 20), serv ice station attendants in L o s Angeles (Tables 21 to 25) and B lenders (Tables 26 to 30 - all B lenders a re located in San F ran cisco ). Again lead in urine and blood, d ecreases for a il occupations. It is in terestin g to note tnat the decrease appears to b e m ost pronounced for B lenders. Blood Analyses m ade. Not ail counts w ere repeated so that com parison data a re lacking for: H em atocrit - P e r Cent Reticulocytes - P er Cent M. V .C . M .C.H. M .C.H .C . Polys - Hetamy elocyfce s Morphology Platelets Com parisons of the counts listed above could not be made 3 The data were complete for comparisons on the following blood cell counts: Red Blood Count Hemoglobin - gram s Color Index White Blood Count Polys-N eutral Total P er Cent Polys-Filam ented Per Cent Polys-Honfilamented P er Cent .Lymphocytes Monocytes Easinophiles Basophiles (Table 31) (Table 32) (Table 33) (Table 34) (Table 35) (Table 36) - (Table 37) (Table 38) (Table 39) (Table 40) (Table 4 1) The blood cell count in c re a se s consistently (except for Liymphocytesj Erni-e-h 1s 4u>-be-axnacte^)-. Not all in c re a s e s a r e sta tistic a lly signi ficant; however, since all increases are in the same direction, there can be no doubt as to the o v e r-a ll change in the blood count. One very in terestin g fact em erges from the inspection of cell counts. In eaqh case the change i s f r om a low norm a l to the m ean of the d is tribution which defines norm al blood cell count. In the case of lym phocytes the change is from a high norm al to the mean. The blood data a re too frag m en tary to p erm it fa rth e r breakdown by city or occupation. Some Conclusions The consistent changes dem onstrated by the data lead, without dispute, to the conclusion that they re fle c t fundam ental changes of physiology or bocly_ch.emisfcry engendered by the change in leaded gasoline. The total pattern of re su lts is such m at even if none of the changes would have reached an appreciable magnitude of statistical significance the form er conclusion would have to be reached. There is no question, therefore, of sta tistic a l magic o r m anipulation on which conclusions a re based. Two basically divergent in terp retatio n s of these findings appear to be possible. (The altern ativ es were derived through discussions with I-Iorton, -h o lak and G ru p p .) u Z f c , L fa & fu J V A. TML provides lead which is deposited in soft tissu e in excess of excretion. The rise in blood cell count may be a compensatory iti fat j iJt 0 cfbT kdh* "U d tr zc 4 reaction as for example, to interference with blood oxygenation a c ro ss the lung tissu e as 3. reaction to organic lead deposited th e re . Because of the in c re ased volatility of the gasoline, lead is e ith e r inhaled in sm aller or exhaled in la rg e r am ounts. The body burden of load being decreased the amount found in urine and blood declines to a new stable state and the in c re a se in blood cell count re p re se n ts the reaction of the bone m arro w to the decreasing amount of lead in surrounding tissue and blood supply and a retu rn to a m ore norm al {if such an expression can be used) state of the blood c e lls. Since hypothesis A would indicate heightened toxicity to relativ ely sm all occupational exposure one would expect that this in c re a se in toxicity -would have been spotted during the manua.cture of TML, where w orkers arc exposed to much higher concentrations of lead in the atm osphere than are the occupations present in this study. However this was not the case in the plants of the .Tthyi C orporation. Hypothesis B ap p ears m ore reasonable and there is then substance to the conclusion that TML p re sents le ss of a lead hazard than uses TSL under norm al procedures of ilk hr* K 0007S99 :, . a juss ;v w ,y" ~ sr* Tfe. * /* *' '~' *5" 'T^Utegf^ *Sb v,';',ki^ *~~ vii^%S?ra/i>*.* tL*-*.^.*'Y*fx*`X*i/- -.-YYc w m X-ui-' .- .? iv;,|-:H:^V;-*-*'->fr>.\ *<?'<*v'SvA-VS t''* ^V'^o-VR' _*'*,,_'` . ---'-t\ . Urine Volt-- in >* Ail Data f j *t i * ss?.>>j' * >- * T > > W* --, f <fc R ound of . T O S tlB K K u sb o r " ; ( ; . ' M s s n ' of . -' O b s e r v a tio n s ,' 8 .0 . X ,,: - : 99 - . a '. T v ' '" : a x . V 9 0 . 9 8 . ` , ' ' . '* ' .# ;io 9 ..9 1 ; 3 1 .5 8 3 3 .7 7 3 ''/. 1 1 9 .4 6 2 9 .3 9 *, . 80 's ;T ; .H . 1 0 7 .9 6 9 9 .4 7 . . 3 1 .9 4 3 3 .1 6 '` Vr`,\ ?;'S:-?'r * . / /.Vr-.l*; ,; .j/-"-^v;;'. , ?.:''\ ; ,.. _ *' :- ,* % , ' .'; s ` ',,V"/X-*J'\ -1' , ' ':*"j,'- '. \i v ' ;'fY 'V'V^X' *- - ,*. .'*. . * ' ' ./; ;-s;*;"**,-*X, .^\/''/** :Y -.'X^ ;j **V '.' * ' ` v ." < '. !..v; ?` :.^V^'J';v '. .. ' **.X .* .'. .- . ;,.^ ? :;: ' , *HV-'V. ` . ..Vv-' . ; - '.* - . >`. r - . ' V . ,- - ; < : . 4 ' . ,' ` 1 : * ' , ' - ,:: .v '--a `..'#,*';: ~ - 'V, i>^ Va.'i'- :: :", ," , -' ;--'v4'. .-*. : :- --*."'" '. r - : '''!'. v-.. :;'Vr^ ' '. ". . "'. ,S '- . '.'. ,''.;-'l` ' V .'.. ,*. *' ','. ' J. vj - -'' # -' -, ',`.r . !- ,, /''r'h: .* ' *::* -p.'.' V' ' ., ' -' -,\- V J V* " J  Table 2* V- ; - Lead in Urine-(mg. V b /lM /ff Liter): All Data Round of Testing 1 2 3 4 5 " Number of Observations 99 91 89 80 ' 83 >. . $ Mean ' S.D. .0307 .0275 .0238 .0243 .0232 .0181 ' .0163 - .0118 .0123 .0104 K I Blood (Spect. mg. Pb/100 gm) ,v ' *; ' ' . All Data Round of Testing 1 5 Number of Observtion 96 ' 84 .0335 .0289 t *.4 3 (v . S,, D. .0120 .0077 >o :*0 i : '.i'.-V- :m m s;:;/-' - . r\ Sound ot Tostine 1 * *' ; '' . ' Huabor - of . Observation* ; 5 * 87 . Jfn .0272 .0228 ' S.D. .0363 .0231 . <*' ' Ti"' -4* . vr * 's f'f TS.';:'> r'-' '' : ' S S ?...-; v i - *>- - . ' *r t * *y * ft 1 ,. > . .' "v ' . '". . ' ' ' . , " ' - ' ,' . *Table 5* . .' . .: ' '. .. .` Specific gravity .of Urine: . All Data * ' Hound of Testing 2 3 A 'Nuayer of . ' '.' bservatibd^S^ - 87 ri"' . . ' - .. I'"'" 88 77 V ; ' Mean S , 0, 1,0147 1 ..0159 1.0167 ^ .0076 .0073 .0084 t  Table 6* Urine Volume in m l :____San Francisco Round of Teating 1 2 'i 4 5 h'umber of Observations 5b 53 51 43 ' 50 Mean s ;d . 100,5785 103.0754 117.8627 108,4883 104.6800 27.14 39 ,65 27. Si 36,55 ' 32,94 Ouu> t)i> <i r -t 'J&- S*' "-'v.'^s--o.Ah&v-?V*`?* JH^>i * r'3pr<-*.- - r- W *$*- ' ' *Table'7* Round of Testing *1 2 3 ,4 5 Lead in Urine {ng.Pb/R$ lite r>s ' Jfc. ' -* ` : :. .' -r* ^ V/v^?6 *. . .:___ . ' . >.-. .-.vs-.-..' n ^ 'rf ~ K- '* San Francisco ' Kuraber ;' " . ' of ,. Obsorrationa ' * Hean . . S,D. . 5S ,'_*', .0299 . .02CK) ' 53 .0313 .. -51 * * ' . - .0233 ' ,43 ' ' ` .0255 .0186 .0130 .0129 50 .. .0224 - .0110 '****-*/* ; > ?1;'5-1?^. * T able 8* Lead ln Blood (spoct-ag. Pb/100 g) San Francisco Kound of Teating 1 .5 ,Kostbar *-' of . Observation* . 56 ' 50 Kaan .0318 .0374 S.D. .0090 .0073'  -W ' ` *& t, ; ;. i ,-.- / f , . - v t1 y** W Z ' y ' Lead In Blood (D ith .a g . Pb./lOO * ? r , + * . > F r a n c is c o vi , t*. * Bound of Testing ' T,, >\ >**^iSOTf <$'>0>A'R.*T.V?t>S`* ** $&?-> -V3',. .. >, " : - '*' -`'sf-i-4^'T>'*4iv'"'Tj*Snni3Wv'Ml,'KW'Sir'V* >-i^* ,>-'V*F*4^- - *-i*"Tfc*n 1 ' i ; `sjSSSgg&j,^ "`s%- JrfT-r *> . , Husber _, o f **** B.D. O b servation s 1 55 /Ii-r-W=^?Sf-* .0259 .0077 *- J*'V t i'jl*i i 50 .0230* .0085 " C-""Su*fvf*e y iJL--'<* ,,c*--"z ' 'i^ S ' .<!#* ^ j ^ * a . <*: tF -^W',* *. -*.* *'--.jv*tw Table 10* **C '> jpi^. Y^i, '*- 5 I**' **.*,'* &*&*?if"-*t"J ^r" S p e c if ic g r a v ity Of U r in e :' Baa F rancisco -. pi*psij&jo. y *, A >-e*SF*J/i*s-t,*'j,---+"VA*.ffti`" ' V8K.&-S*&Psm"&*<->.~>.- '"**"][l*" -ifK *A-> *-,, Xom A ~"pc , o f * V*" T ea tln g 3pt ' * 41- ......*_,'. ....................^ .fitSr c iS '^-i; ^K Observaiio n s -&* /.-< 4 '* 1.-,* - iggft***- r*'i&'&s^''W ,- u1--* > *r- fia &j '* Jti A. 5--'-I1t*.0,14?1 ^ ` . ' Z 'iS&-`*tX **' ,, t , r ' _** **I* 49 j -^" f ;vs^4 ^r v . 1i-vi;.-.'"0 *'1***6?;3v :- :' -.. <>'.'io .. I V*H. > 50 - 1..0152 H,* 40 lC>. , v^ 1.0165 rX ^ 4 *&S.D. 'o,?^ \>(** . ^r*~ r ^fc !' `- . HJ-Ftei&Si f L ' "Wr <1* '/jjt*C3rS,f*T'`^ 't 'Ja&fizM *'4' * 4*` '^l . -V- t *>-r / X ^>? '*`ar'i`- --n t *.s T * **'*-- w . ? I. ^  / { * 1^ ^ - . ta to le 11 * Urina Volume W.lt Los Angeles -` '.'... -t '' . fiound of Testing Nujsber . ' of ' ' Observation . i :. 43 2 SS 3. . 4 '' 5 38 37 ; 35 . ' Mean 95.1182 1C. 0578 105.2105 107.3513 02.0571 S.D. .:---' 30.38 23.36 30.13 26.OS 32.40 aGPe"* ,r* -A* **- to -^ * % - 4>?3^ ,,^.r1*K ^ J" `i r 15 - to * ^ *J-.-t>%ofMt- iV!^'t-''^**-,s-'*\^,-v''JU -~**+...-V**r-.-*ri%f.*t^',*^f#v- 1 *** ^ - r '^ v bji*ws s^sWips^a 3Sws.V$^" i -*'k *'.,>;.utXoj-'frt'ot"o-f't*:'o*v\.V~t to#o3t^aoit. ^^ V ^ "-vv-"AVi'4'- D ^ A/ * ' * v ^ -?.--> *-v * S * Of. W t$ 55? v t o t o - <*,T 4 ., ,, '>>- " * ^ **&r;,t'oi2r^i*to*<?*w* , v /i<*-^ Ji-;?3,nj^ f-~ * T.> t o ig^AtoTM 7 ' Lead 'in tifine ( ag.* . ; ,v i - ',: v v '; T ^ . f - ^ r v - ' - i ' .;, - ,, ** -i > <-%iK ^ to Round . t o of ^ T e s tin g r '- * ..V . 1 2 ` - .... , '* 1 A U R lW < & ' ,, f M e a n t o , -* - " ------------" ^ . s D, -2 v - A ^ t o t o - % t o * - . ^ . 08>graiog t *toC"** , t o t o t o t o 1 '"' J *-!,_**T"'"r'V f*'j',./i., ^ *1to\ t-o'J:. t8?o t o *38 ' at , w \ '-, tV^os4*;p*o si ,''**' -"*^*_**/ *v-'\j_*? 0223 ., JSSf V**sT^-*' 37,> - A, 45 J Sftfc- A r. V * ^ *v Vi ** i5"5 i s s S ? i*?' "- - ." '.. i'y j^ *v.r^.._ to to to * -, .vi|-,'...j'....- ..->; 5Kji-' ' .v:` - iA ' :S?< *.':'''-'i - :-i w >. - s.:-r i8:'CSi?-. ; "; 0 * ? ;' ** 1 -0^ 1 J? ^ i'; ' ^ i t o ' - ' :-t -;- "; -,r :V 7 ,* * -to* ,,t'SrfJ-KC^- ^K 4 c gi-<- ~4 w p . t'i* t o- ^*s i r-tr'***s+<4'rt' >1. ' ** v t A` ^ smiitm VJir r *** ^^0 & `" ^ * 1 o < V ii , wi '"tVo- 3 ^ . ' i _* s 5 `^ " -r*aft w^ *& & - A J r 'S - .i^ L^ ^ - *v > - t o* !Sf Aa. ^ * - ' . - -^:.. *"-- vfcVl ' - -w 1 . '' a ; `^'1'K*K*V .V * V ' , 4i` t o 4 # i| | | i| V~ ,, -x gtgo&^GU7"84 .i^T-. r VA <#* -l ^f< `J f (*. ; *i: i1- Jc J * A '.v " ^ y '* ^ ^r* M i .#S}-?iSg &&mWJm;& ?a)- ' * to f' .Vv,-,,r^i ;** w"IS, SSSW * - > t o " vti* rr^it aeS;^ ' i. ' --tti. ' .<? " -iSV, , - 'J-fetS?'* <*Tr'-%?'-\'i ***r >f**-<^r ' .... *"*j*#-' S A F _ _ _ _ _ ................. .< M&*s? 4v<- '"?>a-5-?'~ _ Tf>..K * i^sti&i ?+:cX.~?' -v` ' ^ *''-i4gi!!^'- ~n|Fs J"***1- `<t ~ -~ 4" '-" " '< ' 4sil *? J ' *..v-~ " ' '< 1*" F A^*AJ*fM_.-i*f -r- .>:-.`- 'I*Gn*-y .. : --, **^-i^**5* *<* ^* -Tf*,' - -^ - .... *!** '- . *-*-K \ - ** ^ OfVf4 **. <--'* TL> %' J-* t' . A - -//' '-'s ^ r*~ jiH &~ f4 "^'i #* ' c?* X^-S'r*"-r ^4 ` "i \ ^'' * " ; r Table 1 S * . . . -r ' . Blood (j^ct*. g r j>blOO gm) i Los A ngeles ;^-'.* "y^^? ,,*-,1V-1*"*^.iSt-ifrwt.*'f8"**''*4i,,V*^t.TJvSl-fo"-"" * 3: %fv' ^ L -* , Xustor ,, -r-s *-*> >J . - %' 3 0 ' | Ml r >,3 ^ Observations ~ ''"""' _ tt < o kV tr * -r > ^ .0362 // "-T *.Olisi - *, *" Jw , ~ . * . *"* * - r fe ^ *-4' ' %3*5"&*^SCi . 35 - V i '.0300 V .0274 >- *s&S&Z t r5**K'" - Y*-* . -|t m :j l . .',V_- 4>^s-J,,S /_<< Y,1 */0"' * '^2 *- ^ x i* ,*'n*<*H i*S^a,r'<.~i3-''*"*-\'-.r y- y ~ y ' #V- ,, ' U* liSA' ,, ,,_., -: f t i s S S *VSvv*3lSS*t?l~f'WiP^ I -%nTu^Tf*VS? - / Lead in Blood (DlthV ag.Pb./lOO gm)i;jl<OB Aogeleg-- - ' -V*",'."-vi':*`?`,f'ei?lS-^i-S*ASiS?Hir5rS4;' Round of Testing yS A. g*j j & '> . ^*i..-i..".^V.:- >-,,-i7'*_" Specific gravity.of Urine; Los Angeles ' *'\ V v' -/ .. ;*-'.(* .. :.'JUVC ... 1, ^^"v >*~ " ~ ^ ^ . . " . " Round Of f Testing * ' ^ Kuaber . ' of Observation* 1 2 3 '` ` . "J a ,'*in ' ~3t6 - "38 ** * 38 . Mean ' S.D. 1.(5144 1.0128 1.0168 .0030 !0079 .0070  Table 16* ' - ` ' - ii-- * n il...... . . .. trrine Voltuae in :l.i S e r v ic e S ta tio n A tten d a n t s ,, .. , . San F ra n cisco ,- . ' Round of Testing 1 2 3 4 . -5 -' Number . . of , ;;: . . . Observations Mean S, T>. 30 28 2? 21 : 25 95.0333 95.7857 106,9999 109.7619 -104.5200 t 23,83 41,21 . 37.41 " 3 . 2 6 33,88 *. T V* tt * * * jr . 3 ,. v*v= H* "V '' -^"C^t 3' 30. 33 +7 *\ kr tf>m**%` 'm'V-,sts*ymi**'v .0346 : AA*t '-i < "VlV rfS i t . i. ***&V,, .0239 Ky* 0262 9X50 0164 WftK !?' Table 18 . 'f Lead in Blood (Spect. ag. Pb/100 g*.): Service Station Attendants San Francisco Hound of T esting 1' 5 Kuaaer . .. of Observations 30 . 25 ' . Mean ` . S,B. .0329 ,00*4 .0282 - .005 > ? OOaC.6 % i 7,; . . S'?;-;"'-:; -'M W ' .->. . * - i:- ; ' i^ S/ - 30 *. -^>5 *9\ -i rL. - ' .0254 , ^T*"> ** -Sn 1 _ . *,\wc'_'* 25 .0236 - .- '^ Sy&'ii*> V? > .X%r '**4h* ,.di. -- u * . %X-v^ *P &i > -V ** * &*x*." >*<"W'. :.a->. <n- -'#-? <"*-$,fc tisg$2*y* `^'S'-Ss-*' . 'Wc*' ' * , ^ *V*-> *C>*- fr K r 005i.0A.7- **P* > v .xfK^'/i, .,-s- ' ,, jk-*2-* i "z *2*i*^ ( * a ^ -, ...,-W*_ ` /- rV 7 > :t : ; \ * i g g ' ^^ ^>nT ' '-`' t i r ** :, 4 ? - i,. - ~\ Table 20* . '> ^ l .Vv! ` '"'Jvi* ravlty pi Urine: Servie Station Attendant San Franicico Round of T e s t i ng 1 2 3 4 Number of.. O bservations 29 26 26 20 Mean 1.0127 1.0157 .1.0136 1.0160 S.D , .0079 .0070 .0080 ,0068 ITIn *1: Service Station Attendants Loa Angele * Round of ;:!9* ting 1 2 3 4 f, ; Nimber . : ' Of O bservations . 3 4 - . 29 . . ` ' 28 Y 29 . 27 ' Kean 98.2847 113.4137 108.1379 107.7241 89.2592 s,n 25.07 22.04 25,07 23.93 28.24 ' .' ' " `" Y ' *' ' ; Y Y ' ~ . '..Y--* \\& 0 o0o 0 W&S^SM&:- Table 22* Lead In Urine (mg,P b /W Q Liter):; Service Station Attendants Los Angel .Round ; -: of Testing Xunber . of ^._r:. Observations 1. 34 2 .... 29 ' 3 ' ; 29 ' ' 4 , ' -. : .'. '/ 2 9 `' 5 . 27 Mean S.D. .0322 ..0136 .0224 ' * ,0088 .0241 .0232 .0087 . .0089 .0244 .0093 y r. r :;: . *7able 23 - " ' '' ' .. ' ' ' ' .''.' .'. : - ' ' Lead in Blood (spec*, mg. Pa/IOQ g)r Service Station Attendants . _ .. . .. ...*' .. ' ' I^>s Angeles ...... ..... ' ..... . H oard . of T e s t i n g _______ _ _ .. liu isb ei of . Qbaorv e i io n s ' Mean S-D. __________ . ._________________ ' 1 5 32 ' 4. . 2S .. G365 . ,,0315 I )s 0-0 0 o v - 4. '*'5 -4 4 , ip Testing ' 1  Table 25* Specific gravity of UrJLne; Service Station Attendant a _ Lob Angeles Round of . Testing 1' 2. 3 4 Kumfcer " . of -* Observations ' / 32 ' . . - 29 . . 29 -, 29 V , Moan : . S.D. 1 .0 1 4 0 1 .0 1 3 4 "1.0182 1 .0 1 7 9 ' .0050 .007? .0073 . OC 2 00  T a b l e 2ft* b'ri ne. Volume a l s B le n d e r s Round of T estlug 1 2 ' `3 . . ' 4. 5 Number . - of ` " Obs d.rva 11on s ` Mean as : 104,0000 05 ' 127.8000 OS ' ' 115,4 000 03 102,6000 '0$ . 116.6000 ' S .D . 4 0 .8 ' 12.92 17, l ; 'id ,il ' 14 . OO 'i " 0 0 G.U0 if 4 WSSSKE* 4iP@IINipp,~ ' it- * ,, '^ ^ M S S 8 %ji Tabling*. _^\ r^|f\*- *,,\.'^ ,iw'r'#i-j^r'' , * 4 A * r.:;A,1- ':AA l^'V ' ' .;':V''-:-r; ,.:.~-:'-;-^*0 0 g i0>r!i-r; x'?-'^3v^-rS?**""?-'"'* >'*'* v^ ^' 4,'f'"-'v--A~i.*v3*, x' *' -***-;*: '' >* ^ fe -L_a_id in TJrl_no__(_rg._~v__Pb_/lOO UlterM): Blender -Ah^*F?^3V-*,..r, - * ' g* Wlr & # * * * ",?e"v*M~'te"*~ -'v*, -J i%S)Sr . .. MmIZ " ",J -tr _ ^.M* s >*, 'i, # -s*J n<- " r in '^"":',V3K``fSiItrojijtnThffi!`ri"hrV,f.Vin^* i-- ' 1 ~*<*''' S5%^' Sound ^ AA i-5fc.tr Mean Tfc**^ S.D. . Observations " .'*"" Lead in Blood (THth,- mg, Pto./lOC- gm.) : Blenders ' . ' ''' Bound . Hunker ^ - Monr> of . . of , . Tasting *"' ''.:'O b s e c r a t i o n * - ' ' 1 ' 05 '... ' ; .0240 ' S.D. .Does 5 OS .. ... .0180 ' ..004 5 . "S'': - -.: ...  Table 30 Spec t f l c Grav i t y o f Tirine; ' B lenders Round . of ' Testing 1` 3 4 "? Number . of Observations 05 03 05 05 Mean. ' i -o x e o 1.0 12 0 1,0140 10220 S. D. .0085 COSO .0055 . ,0044 V A -'-'; . m. 0 0 0 -0 0 - I l g . C v-T O f f l f v s;o . '.. V r n ::::rm . S c f : f !f 'H i : S T : J ' T.VV * "C : 'Vi V- .i  . . .... Round of Testing 1 5 'ytf'i -r-?i'U' V.''.' ,.. '"i';V- ' ;, .. -. 1 ** * Table 31* *''- * Red Blood Count: All-ata - "''. . 'K.' - ' ,-. i,:.( *., p- .Number . '' of .. ' ... Observations ; . .M lg*an 4.9323 ' V '43 ' 5.2974 * S ,B. .3493 .4339 . ' . ' ` T a b le 32* i -V : V : Heraeglobin - gins. ll .Data ; Round __ of T esting 1 5 Nimber > of O bservations ' 98 . Mean 14,37 44 . 15,?95 v' t S.D . 1 ,*144 1 ,0 8 2 .R P 00803 ' ' s v'tfC.r:,;. aa*" .r T' .*<' < 'y # ;x-Iiir*+tr'C^^\r ' Hound of Teeting 1 5 *Ta b l 33> Color Index: All Data ` ' Nuabar . - of . .'" . Observations Mean ' ' 21 , ' ,,9833 . ' ' 18 . * ' .9750. ,3.D. . ,,0382 .0310 00o8031 ^.. rw- PpS^6Sr';,:?- ' 1*'.';_-<5.^-/*7J';^i-yf'j-.;-:-,<.' ~"r4 atRgff! ii; ' % Round of T esting "St R hite B lood Count A ll '- *$ .^i u s-s^ -#'</*! ? 'S-0 - '^SPi - tv^Re 1 ~-?**r->*V'*v^-*' - v. f\1S5f*c?-' ' " ' O .b .'s. -e: /r v.'iC-a'j'-O>t`.i'I'o't*w,r*'',n-'-`sh*j*e-^>Z-^*'*i-'l'S.&?S*-*'*''. $*--^*^***-v/. ^Use^m4Si*wfi^.%^^- ^VTft^W^; ^ 47~ 5^15fa*r'-*-*1V! t r ^ -X -".* * ** *, -* 4jr> ^ - ~ -*V" 8010.22 *-*V 4, f r *fTTrKt t& - i *> - f>2-002. 45 ^ 219? 20 wv^8*lwsfcr S** *?$g 7ji : .--C-.^&r>s.'V* ._j|jj| -fc: m ? Wtii iism . :* -A. \ - 'v S-vife--"-."' A--"1- Round ' of T esting Polye-neutral #. .. .' -.t .. (T otal Per C en t.): A ll Data . .jf. *-'*r.-J: -r;. .' in '. -v r - :'/ r' ' . .. Number . of ' ` O b servations Mean 8 1 18 55.8855 22.33 5 12 . ' . 81.8688 ' 8.660 KB OOG8033 * *. . . AV;* '.. '. "sl3;feA ' * . - ' ~V`J ' . .' . ; .- . . .. ' . ^... -t - . / '.;,. '-J.";'-A^r^ '"iKA-r... - v- - ~S ,- i > Ct -v *Z l&j *-/ * .-w' : S.-5 - L. ' V . * - * T a b le 36.* Polys - llamented (Per Cent.) .. . . 1 111 11 All Dat* Sound of Testing Kunher : Mean ` Of Observations . . ;'; , .. :' .. ... 1 ' .:98 '59.3163 5 . 44 4..1136 . S.D.. 9.43 10.3S 8034  Table 37* Polys-NonTil&ioented (Per C ent. ) : All. Data ' /.f.\ * *i*.- Hound of T esting 1 '` 3 Nuaber . of,-' - O b servation s . ' "; ' ; 98 ' 28 Mean .0028 .1249 S ,,D, .1450 ,12s0 O 3 GO 'j i Round of 'T e s t i n g 1 Table 38* Lymphocytes: All Data .Number '; O f .. Observations 98 44 Mean 33,0102 28.4090. S,D, 8.FS0 S . 89 3 Ki A \J .V!tv.>,', 8 0 3 6  Hound of Tes ting '1 .5 T a b l e 39* . ::.Monet vtes ,* 1 All Data * /'>' > V . '. Kuaber ' ' ' of -' Observations ' . - 98 .. .- Mean . 4 .-33*7 41 . 4.8341 2 ..7 2 7 2TOO \ GOUo0 6 ( v-r I- V " .. . Tabi* 41* -..., :: :\;"'_ .... *, | ; Basophileia: ' All Data ' . ... L . . ' :.. *1 . ...- ^ * - ..<>*<*. . * "' v * <+ ' & . . . v -:.;/VVVm ;'V , .-. .",i, . ,, . " . ^X*.-.; ; . Rund :'.'j7 _Vp:;'.,. Jfimber .> ^ . ^ K e a n /I7'*' S.D. Of -- - -; '''` Testing of '--a VVVVV Observations ,. ",''"-"'v y^ *' "*""'* ' _.> - ' '' -;- 'V'V', .. .':, %*< ' ;'.,. ;f y"y. i -,. '; ` 1 . . . , m "" ' J " : ' L , r..i| V 'VV' . '.9656 8 ' ' ' 23. -. .8531 '-'Vi; -' 7 f\ v V i >C 6 J . < ?1*SBBffiK?v ' **-. < ^ **%sk V*#* f 'Vr"* '*?'',, *_A .. .-2 "l'.--11.--ifc`.IrJ.V^^'.'.-v.'.V." *^>J-V%'>^?;U-\^^'' i^*.^.-;->^~ifAiOS;'!<^.-:5f`-J.''r<',.v.--' C-V.i.;,i?'.<' - *J - .-; ,,* -t . "*- SS$8 r->i"`?f*as > 3&tfe .V$jV -ir