Document Z4Rr3EowYVbQBdbbJ8OGXn4mY

1 PLAINTIFF'S | EXHIBIT I E-55 1 I I MAY/JUNE 1966 *S ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOLS CONSTANTS EQUIVALENTS INSULATION Dl RECTORY/ ENCYCLOPEDIA ISSUE CONVERSION : T TABLES' GLOSSARY FORMULAS ASSOCIATIONS CONCEPTS APPLICATIONS MATERIALS WIRE & CABLE CIRCUITS -- PARTS _ COMPONENTS - TEST INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT . MANUFACTURERS DISTRIBUTORS TRADE NAMES STANDARDS & SPECIFICATIONS NUMBER 6 -04196 WOkMATlOH . , 4: Reinforced and LaminatedPlastic Sheets Tubes , Rods: Copper-Clad and Unclad; Plain and Composite ,'ew Developments i, . A thermosetting epoxy bonded ;ass paper laminate is said to provide .signers with a glass fiber reirtforcjg material that fills the gap between Juiose paper/epoxy and glass ibric/ep0 :v laminates. Advantages ,,^ade excellent mechanical strength ad macbineabtlity in combination iff, the outstanding electrical propftjes of glass laminates. In addition , lower initial cost, the material also gers economies in fabrication. Spejfit gravity is low- because of high tan content, making it attractive to iibome insulation applications. The material uses a reinforcement of orinted glass fibers produced on a modiied paper making machine and is ceded with a fiaroe-retardant epoxy <sin. It is produced in sheets from ,/S2 to 1" thick with copper cladding eone or both sides, .Properties include flexural strength 4 35.000 psi IW and 30.000 CTT: :a impact edgewise in ft lbs per notch of 8.0 LW and 4.0 CW; HArweli Hardness of 105 M scale; Acrt time dielectric strength, perpenleolar, condition A, of 600 vpm; Wpation factor at 1 Me of 0.020; dielectric constant at 1 Me of 4.2; insulation resistance, Cond. C-96/35/ 90, of 500,000 megohms; arc resist ance of 60 seconds; and water absorp tion, 1/16" thick. 24 hrs immersion, of 0.2%. The material is designated as grade FR-16 by the producer Syr,thane Corp. ^ A new process to produce extremely thick-wall, small diameter reinforced phenolic tubing has been developed by Reinhold Aerospace Div., a subsidiary of Haveg Industries. The process con sists of tube rolling the resin impreg nated material (cotton, paper, asbes tos, glass, or silica} in a machine that develops a very high densifieatiom The wrapped mandrel is then sub jected to very high cure pressures using a proprietary process. ^ A iamily of vinyl ester thermoset ting resins which are particularly well suited for matched metal preform and mat molding use are low viscosity, low molecular weight resins dissolved in styrene monomers. They can be stored, formulated, and bandied em ploying technology similar to that commonly used with polyester resins. Compared to conventional polyesters, they reportedly offer high filler ac ceptance. faster curing capabilities, greatly reduced stress cracking in filled systems, improved stiffness, end improved surfaces. The resins also show promise for filament winding, spray-up. and hand lay-up. Dow Chemical Co. is the supplier. ^ Grade X-831 is a paper base phenolic laminate formulated and controlled to meet very stringent re quirements of the electrolytic capaci tor industry. Each run is tested for corrosion characteristics--capacitor closure materials must not contami nate the electrolyte. In addition, the stock must be especially strong to withstand the flexural load when the aluminum can is spun over it. The laminate has good punching charac teristics and can be die stamped for identification. Spaulding Fibre Co., Inc. is the supplier. ^ MX6S00 flexible epoxy "CuClad" is reported to be a truly flexible, copper-clad fiber reinforced epoxy dielectric system capable of with standing class 130 temperatures. It can be plated, etched, soldered, and otherwise processed in accordance with standard printed circuit tech niques. The producer is 3 M Co- Elec trical Products Div. Author Cretfirt: p Prepared by H. C. Smith C. L 1-Sweeftey, end E. G. EiVine;, a!! with :the Micerra Division, Wasfinghouse Electric Corp., Hampton, S. C, The |folWing member* of the Industrial eminste Section, insulating Matarieii Division, Nation*! Electric Manu facturers Association, cooperated: Brandywine Fibre Products Co., Polyvnerr Div.. The Budd Co,; Formic* orp.; Laminated Products Deparfent, Genere! Electric Co.; The bGlastic Corp.; Hays Manufacturing Co., Reinforced Plastics Dir.; The Mica Corp,; Electrical Products Di vision, Minnesota Mining A Manu facturing Co.; NVF Co.; New Eng land Laminates Co, ine.; Norpler Corp.; Panelyte Industrial Div, Thiotol Chemical Corp.; Permeli, tne.; The Richardson Co.; Rogers Corp.; Spaulding Fibre Co, ine,; Synthene Corp.; Taylor Corp.; end Micert* Di vision, V/estinghouse Electric Corp. Brief portions primarily on meteriait not covered by NEMA standards were staff prepared. INTRODUCTION The terms, "reinforced plastics" and "laminated plastics," generally refer to thermosetting plastic mate rials made from fabric, paper, or mat reinforcements combined with syn thetic resins. Suitable fibers may or may not be added to the resins. Through common usage, the terms have evolved to designate different types of products. Reinforced plastics (also referred to as FRP and GRP) is most frequently used to describe molded shapes manufactured from Section 3-14; Beinjorced & Laminated Plastics 279 oped for this grade in this form. Molded Tubes--Made from fine-weave cotton fabric weighing 4 ounces or less per square yard. The minimum thread count in any ply is 72 threads per inch in the Eller direction and a total of 140 threads per inch in both the warp and filler directions. Has high density and good moisture re sistance. Primarily suitable for me chanical applications where finer ma chined appearance is required than is secured with grade CE molded tubes or where tougher material than grade LE molded tubes is required. This grade does not have controlled elec trical properties and its use for elec trical applications is not recom mended. Rods--Made from a cotton fabric with the same weight and thread-count limits as molded tubes of this grade. In general, characteristics are similar to those for molded tubes except as limited by inherent differ ence in construction and shape. Appli cation--Fine tooth gears, aircraft fair leads and radio parts- Meets MIL-P15035 C-FBI. Grade LE--Clan 105 Sheets--Made from a cotton fabric having the same weight and thread count limits as grade L. Suitable for electrical applications requiring great er toughness than provided by grade XX. Better in machining properties and appearance than gTade CE, and available in thinner sizes. Good in moisture resistance. This grade is not recommended for primary insulation for electrical applications involving commercial power frequencies at volt ages in excess of 600 volts. Rolled Tubes--Made from a cotton fabric having the same weight and threadcount limits as grade L molded tubes. Suitable for use where the seams of a molded tube may be objectionable and where the application requires good machining qualities, together with fair electrical and good me chanical properties. This grade is not recommended for primary insulation for electrical applications involving commercial power frequencies at volt ages in excess of 600 volts. Molded Tubes--Made from a cotton fabric having the same weight and threadcount limits as grade L molded tubes. Has excellent machining and mois ture-resisting characteristics. For use in restricted electrical applications where a tougher material than grade XX tube is required at some sacrifice of electrical properties. Dielectric strength may be low at molded seams, especially in thin walls. Better elec trically than grade CE molded, but not quite as tough. This grade is not recommended for primary insulation for electrical applications involving commercial power frequencies at volt ages in excess of 600 volts. Rods-- Made from a cotton fabric with tbe same weight and thread-count limits as for molded tubes of this grade. In general, characteristics are similar to those for molded tubes except as limited by inherent differences in con struction and shape. Application-- Marine relay bases, terminal boards, radio parts, ball bearing retainer rings, gas tubing systems and circuit breaker grid tubes. Meets MIL-PI5035-C-FBE. ASBESTOS-BASE GRADES Grade A--Asbestos Paper--Class 130 Sheets--More resistant to flame and slightly more resistant to heat than cellulosic laminated grades because of high inorganic content. Not recom mended for primary insulation for electrical applications involving com mercial power frequencies at voltages in excess of 250 volts. Small dimen sional changes when exposed to mois ture. Rolled and Molded Tubes-- Characteristics are similar to those for sheets except as limited by inherent differences in construction and shape. Rods--Not recommended in this form. Application--Applications for class 130 insulation; products requir ing a heat resistant material. Trans former coil spacers, armature slot wedges, furnace parts, etc. Grad* AA--Asbestos Fabric Bast-- Class 150 Sheets--More resistant to heat and stronger and tougher than grade A. Not recommended for primary insula tion for electrical applications at anv voltage. Small dimensional changes when exposed to moisture. Rolled and Molded Tubes--Characteristics are similar to those for sheets except as limited by inherent differences i struction and shape. Rods--No ommended in this form. App --Applications requiring chining and mechanical prop also heat resistance. Armature ' in railway, mill motors and generators. GLASS-BASE GRADES Grab* G-Z--Staple-Fibre-Type OotS, Electrical and Heat Ru Grad--Cleit 130 Sheets -- Good electrical prop under high humidity conditioi ehanicaJlv it is the weakest glass-base grades. Lower in diele losses than other glass-base excepting silicone. Good dim stability. Tubes and Rods--Not ommended in these forms. Grad* G-3--Conti**o*i-Fflam**t- , Giast Cloth. General Purpose Grate --C/oi 130 Sheets--High impact and fli Strength. Bonding strength is the est of the glass-base grades. Good trical properties under dry conditiuw.g Dielectric strength perpendicularlaminations is good. Good dimensioSj stability. Rolled Tubes--Chara< tics are similar to those for except as limited by inherent ences in construction and Molded Tubes--Not recommend this form. Rods--Characteristics similar to those for sheets excep! limited by inherent differences in struction and shape. Mold seams weak points mechanically and trically. Application--Applicatio; quiring a class 130 material good electrical properties but wl mechanical properties are not portant. Grade G-S--Coetleeoei*FllaMoehf Glass Fabric With Melamine Binder--Class 130 Sheets--Highest mechanical stren^ and hardest laminated grade, flame resistance; second only to cone laminates in heat and arc sistance. Excellent electrical proper under dry conditions. Low insulab resistance under high humidiOJ Good dimensional stability. Ro Tubes--Characteristics are similarJ those for sheets except as limited, 292 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, May/Jtmc* 1966 * Asb**ei Popr LomiuoFe jaminatr romposed of silicone ti and s totally inorganic high asbesto- paper is a class 180 jfterial witr. electrical and thermal jjbilitv reportedly beyond 220C. It jj'taid to retail: it? properties under itje conditions of heat, humidity, water immersion and to have ^ater heat 'stability, less tool wear, iooger Me- and hiwer cost than siliglass fine: laminates. r lerylic Lonunoti C ^Thermosetting acrylic resins for -etnforced plastics using glass fiber materials for reinforcement are stated o exhibit high physical strength in -ombination with excellent heat reJ.stance and chemical resistance, "jectrical properties of cast sped* nens of the resin appear to compare 3Vorably with the polyesters. A glass nai grade retains 97.8% of flexural trength afteT heat aging at 220C ,nd meets MIL-M-15617A. Typical roperties are shown in the table. Typical Properties, Gfo*s Mat/ Thertnotetiing Acrylic Lominote, Vs" Tensile Strength. room temp, psi Flexural Strength, room temp, psi f rex. Sir., rpom temp, Cond, E 163 1220 C, psi 12,880 35,000 34.220 Mod. ot Elasticity in Flexure, room temp, psi 1,53 x 10` Compr. Strength. Edge, rm temp, ps, 35.000 Compr. Strengtn, Fla:, rm temp, psi 56.680 mpact St;., Izod, EdgE. rm temp Specific Gravity, room temp Snear Strength, room temp 9.82 1.78 16.400 Water Absorp, yf", fpom temp, % Arc Resist., rm temp, seconds 0.34 187 Diet Constant, room temp, 60 cps 1 kc 300 kc 4.97 4.15 3.96 Drssip. Factor, room temp, 60 cps 1 kc 300 kc 0.0350 0.0204 0.0205 Die!. Str., parallel, in oil, rm temp Die!. Str., perpen., in oii, rm temp tnsul. Resistance, rm temp, ohms, Condition C 96/35/90 65 kv 472 vpm 2*5 X 101* ton Filament Wound -oing and Structures Spirally wound glass filament tub 's and structures offer extremely gh burst strength, corrosion resist- high strength to weight ratio, v water absorption, heat resistance, d shock absorbing characteristics combination with desirable elec Typical Rrepartws. 6I*b Filomil Wo**d Tabiaf II Property Diel. Str., short-time, vpm Power Factor, 1 Me Diel. Constant. 1 Me Tensile Str., psi Axial Compr. Str., psi Specific Gravity Water Absorp., % 240 0.007 2.9 11,000 11,000 1.8 025 Epoxy 500 0.010 3.5 40,000 35,000 2.0 0.10 trical properties. Although a variety of bonding resins can be used, the epoxies and polyesters appear to be the most popular. In addition to standard circular sizes, these prod ucts can be furnished in special shapes and also in combination with fibre, or with metal inserts or other conductive lavers. Applications in clude switchgear, high voltage fuse tubes, circuit breaker arc interruption chambers, cases for seawater acti vated batteries, lightning arresters, grid tubes, bushings, spacers, antenna masts, coil bobbins, printed circuits, towers, conduit, etc. Some of the filament wound tubings are report edly available at about half the cost of comparable NEMA grades of tubing. They may be made flame retardant. Typical properties t which can be varied widely) are shown in the table. Other! Other laminates available include asbestos cloth, mat. and paper base with melamine resin; asbestos mat or cotton mat with phenolic resin; cotton cloth with diallyl phthalate impregnated Spiral Tubing t Paper1 Properties* Water abserp., %, ASTM D-34S, 24 hrs at 236C Axial compr. strength, psi, ASTM D-348 Diel. str., short time, vpm, ASTM D-149,1/16" wall Arc resist., sec,, ASTM D-495, min. Dissip. factor, ASTM 0-150, avg., 10s cps Die!, constant, ASTM D-15Q, avg., lO4 cps 15-25 5000-8000 130-175 5 .026 3.1 'Values are typical or average and should not be used tor specifications. resin; glass flakes with epoxy resin; parallel glass filaments with epoxv resin; glass reinforced/asbestos paper combinations with phenolic or siiicone resins; silica cloth with phenolic resin: spirally wrapped paper tubes with phenolic or polyester resin; and glass filament reinforced epoxy, poly ester. or silicone resin rods and shapes. In addition to copper clad mate rials. a number of other composites are available--cladding materials in clude aluminum. Kovar. nickel, and other metals; as well as polvester, polyvinyl fluoride, and fluorinated ethylene films; rubber; vulcanized fibre; and asbestos paper. Laminated plastic faced chemically reconstituted lignocellulose board can also be sup plied. ADVANTAGES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS Saves Weight--Thermosetting plas tics weigh approximately one half as much as aluminum (except for asbes tos and glass base grades which have a density of .065 to .070 lbs/in*). Paper and cloth base grades have an average density of .050 lbs/in*. Resist Compression -- Thermoset ting plastics have their greatest strength in compression where, pound for pound, they exceed structural steel. Flexural strength is also ex tremely high. Resist Impact--The combination of toughness and resiliency gives thermo setting plastics the ability to absorb impact and withstand severe shocks in service. Withstand Vibration--The resili ence of thermoset plastics enables them to absorb severe vibrations and cushion repeated shocks without de terioration in structure or appearance. Excellent Insulators -- Thermoset ting plastics are one of the best insu lating materials known. They were originally developed for electrical use. Excellent Chemical Resistance-- Thermosetting plastics are not mate rially affected by acids and alkalis up to 10% concentration. Conditions of continued exposure to smog, oils, gasoline, or mildly corrosive fumes will not impair their usefulness. Cold and Heat Resistance--Ther- Secrion 3-14: Reinforced & Laminated Plastics 301 moset plastics may be applied within a temperature range of --80C (--112F) to 200eC (392F) de pending on the resin and base mate rial used. Below zero temperature actually increases tensile and com pressive strengths. Higher tempera tures increase impact strength con siderably. Repel Moisture--The moisture re sistance of thermoset plastics is such that the material is not subject to ex cessive swelling or warping. When used in bearings, the best lubricant is water. Wear--In many applications, ther moset plastics wear more slowly than metals. Their uniformity of structure assures smooth, even wear. Reduced Noise--Thermoset plastics squelch vibrations and deaden noise because of the resilient structure. MACHINING CHARACTERISTICS One of the biggest advantages of thermosetting plastics is their ability to be easily machined. Genera/ Machining Information Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades As a rule they are machined more readily than metals on standard ma chine tools such as those used for wood or metal fabrication. For most machining operations, ordinary high-speed steel tools are satisfactory. However, where produc tion quantity, production speed, or finish are important factors, carbidetipped tools often prove more eco- nominal. Cutting tools must be kept extremely sharp to achieve accuracy and fine finish. Thermosetting plastics are ordi narily machined dry. Cooling by air is preferable to the use of liquid coolants which are difficult to remove from finished parts. Machine opera tors "should be cautioned to keep the temperature of the work below 150C since temperatures above 150C may distort the material. Cuttings are readily removed by suction. Glass Base Grades In many cases, the same machining operations employed in the fabrica tion of metals and wood may also be adapted to glass base grades. How ever, certain slight changes in tools and the use of proper speeds are necessary. Diamond or tungsten-carbide tools will give more satisfactory work with longer, more economical life than high-speed steel tools. Circular Sawing Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades Circular saws may be used for straight or angular sawing. When smooth edges are required or dose tolerances are important, a hollowground circular saw without set should be used. For rough cutting, saws with set are satisfactory. Best re sults are obtained when the saw blade projects a minimum distance above the saw table, A design for circular saws used on thermoset plastics is shown. Circular saw data, Wesdnghouse Elec tric Corp. Band saw design. fPesdnghouse Elec tric Corp. 304 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, May/June, 1066 Twelve-inch saws should be for material up to 1" thick ami'll saws should be used for thicknesses: to 2y2". It is important that all tit be square, of the same height, \ free from buns. The cutting ed should run either directly toward just back of the center hole. In be circular sawing and band sawing^L work should be fed as rapidly as p< sible without forcing. ^ Gloss Base Grades gt A diamond impregnated wheel wi copper body 1/16" thick and ll diameter run at 3000-3600 rpmji give good results cutting dry with good exhaust system. The material led by hand into the saw as fast ai will cut without forcing the b Idling creates friction and heat, whi cause excessive dulling and buruir A flood of water on the work wheel can be used when necessary prevent overheating. Abrasive wht cutting under water is also reco: mended. i Circalor Sow Cadge f Citctsier Jnr D*ts -^ u, AppiietUo* rpm tteth di*. ft T rough cut* 2150 100 16' 5/8 1/4 1 mooch cut 21SC 200 16' 9/32 S/52 1 >11 pufpo* :s*o joe ir- vt j/i* > tubing nuu 2360 100 12* 1/4 .003 1. * TUh Mt bf* .019" ut. Otbnr mwi m frouud to prrreoibtodi&t* Band Sawing Paper, Fabric, andAsbestos Base Grades i The standard band saw is satisfy tory where close tolerances or.smoo edges are not important. It is mc effective in sawing blanks from pk stock. .* A design for band saws is show Saw blades should have between 4 *' 7 teeth per inch with some set, tl number of teeth depending onj-A thickness of the material being sa*e For heavy material, 3" thick and c*e a blade with three teeth per is recommended. Operating sp*^ should be approximately 3000 feetp minute and blades should be temp*1' to permit frequent sharpening. 1| Width of the blade will vary ^ pending on the radius to be cut. F circular cuts the width should be 0s row, but for straight cuts the hi8' may he up to 1" in width. I Glass Base Grades J For good results, steel blades i rdened teeth and a soft back should used Work should be fed lightly Bd the blade should be kept sharp, diamond coated band saw blades are available and are superior to el. Sawing can be done dry with a od exhaust system which is very oportant for safety. packing Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base grades . Thermoset laminates are suitable or either hot or cold punching. Dies oust be kept sharp to obtain best suits. : The minimum clearance between adividuai punchings and between punchings and the edge of plate bould be two to three times the thicktiess of the plate. Dies for punching may be designed those used for punching metal exept smaller clearances should be bowed between punch and die. Strip ers should be close fitting and backed by strong springs. Since the diameter of punched holes brinks when the punch is removed, be size of the punch should be .001" arger than the desired diameter of be hole for everv .020" thickness of aaterial punched cold, and .001" arger for every .015" thickness punched hoi. fit T -- thickness of plastic A = 1/40T (cold) or 1/60T (hot) r hd = hole diameter D = diameter of punch Plastic block H = diameter of die then . . . diameter of punch (D) = hd + (T/.Q20).001 (cold) or = hd + (T/.015).001 (hot) diameter of die (H) = D -f- 2A diameter of hole (hd) = D - (T/.020) .001 (cold) or = D - (T/.015),001 (hot) Example: To obtain a 1.000" diameter hole in 3/32" (.094") thick grade X by hot punching, use a punch diameter (D) equal to hole diameter (1.000") + (.094 X -001) --------------------- or 1.006" and a die .015 diameter (H) equal to punch diam eter (D) + 2A, or 1.006" + (2 X 1/60 X .094"), or 1.009". If the piece is punched cold, the punch diam eter (D) should he 1.005" and the die diameter (H) 1.009". Laminates to be hot punched are preheated in a steam or electrical oven designed to give uniform heat throughout the heating chamber. Pieces should be well separated. The material should be left in the oven only long enough to become uniformly heated to oven temperatures. Further heating will cause brittleness. Tem peratures of 1006C to 120C are recommended. Consult manufacturer for recommended heating time for thickness concerned. Glass Base Grades Punching practices for glass base materials are the same as those used for laminated plastics generally, al though die life is shorter. The use of carboloy and special die steels will help to increase die life. Sheets up to 3/32" in thickness can be punched with good results. Shoaritg Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades Standard shears suitable for sheet metal are recommended. The knife blade should be kept sharp and the material held rigid with a hold-down hat. Most paper laminates up to 1/16" thickness and canvas laminates up to Vs" thickness may be sheared at room temperature (70F min.). Thicker stock may be sheared by heating the laminate to 200 to 250eF. Glass Base Grades Thicknesses up to 3/32" can be sheared. The same standard practices are used as for other laminated plastics. Taming Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades Ordinary high-speed tool steel can be used in finishing operations for all grades. However, carbide-tipped tools may prove more economical and will hold sizes more accurately from piece to piece. About .010" stock should be left for finishing. Laminated plastics can be turned at 400 surface feet per minute with high-speed steel tools, and about twice that fast with car bides. Tools should be kept sharp, ground with an included angle of 80 to 100, and with a 10 to 16 side clearance. Cutting should be done dry. Glass Base Grades Conventional machining, such as turning, boring, and facing, can be done on automatic screw machines, standard and production lathes, and hand turret lathes. Carbide-tipped tools and cutters should be used with surface speeds below those used for paper base lami nates. Tools should he ground with a zero rake and machining can be done dry with an exhaust system to remove ~'Fi Punch, Sciagrams courtesy Westinghouse Electric Corp., Micarta Div. Section 3-14: Reinforced & Laminated Plastics 305 dust. A coolant can be used, but is not necessary. Mil/lag Paper, Fabric, and Asbestot dose Grades Standard tools may be used at speeds and feed similar to those for bronze and soft steel. It may be more economical in spite of higher mate rial cost to use carbide tools. The cut ting angle of the mill will give better results if ground with a slight rake. Glass Base Grades Glass base laminates can be milled very satisfactorily on any conven tional metal-working milling machine. Carbide tipped tools should be used. Only climb or down milling should be practiced, as up milling will tend to delaminate the material. Mliag and Tippltg Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades A standard high-speed drill with lips backed off to provide plenty of clearance is satisfactory for all grades. However, for long production runs and deep holes, carbide-tipped drills give the best performance. The drill design shown has been used most effectively by fabricators. Drills should be lifted from the work frequently to prevent binding and excessive heating. The feed should be light and uniform and the speed of the drill should be considerably in excess of that used for soft steei. With tungsten-carbide tips, speeds may be as high as 16,000 rpm. Where pos sible, the material being drilled should be backed up with scrap or other soft material to prevent chipping out. In drilling laminates parallel to laminations, extra care must be taken to prevent splitting. The material should be clamped in a vise or be tween plates and the drill should be lifted more frequently to remove chips. Holes %" and over may be drilled in the conventional manner using radial drill presses or the counterbore method in which a pilot hole is drilled first. Drill Size--Because of the nature of plastic material, the diameters of holes drilled in laminates etc usually .002" under the drill size. Therefore, the drill selected should be at least .002" larger than the specified diam eter of the hole. If the drill is being used dull, the hole size may he an ad ditional .002" undersize, or a total of .004" less than the diameter of the drill. The recommendations for drilling also apply to tapping. Taps used for metab are also suitable for laminates. Tapping heads or tapping machines may be used, and for production work, collapsible taps are available in sizes over 1V4". Tap Sue--In tapping, high-speed taps .002" oversize should be used. The tap drill size should also be changed to .002" oversize to counter act the tendency of the drill to cut undersize. If the thread is to be used frequently, metal inserts should be used. For threaded holes over it is often more desirable to chase the thread on a iathe using a motor- driven cutter mounted on the tool post. Glass Base Grades When drilling glass base grades, a carbide drill should be used. The ma terials can be drilled dry with a good exhaust system to remove dust. A flood of water on the work and drill can be used when necessary to pre vent overheating and dulling of drills. High speed drills, mitrate treated, can be used, but must be sharpened more often. Care should be taken when sharpening that the drill is cut back far enough to original body diameter of drill. Spindle speed for these grades is 4800 rpm for Vi" diameter drills. The methods for tapping these ma terials are mur-h the same as for tap ping paper base laminated plasties. The abrasiveness may cause taps to cut very close to size, resulting in a tendency toward binding when back ing out. Standard high speed steel taps can be used on short runs. For any sizeable quantity carbide taps should be used. Taps should be purchased oversize. Coolant ran be used, but is not necessary if a good exhaust sys tem is available. Tiroedfag Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos Base Grades For threaded holes over Vs", it is often more desirable to chase the ttiread on a lathe, using a mo driven cutter mounted on the toetr post. When cutting a 60 thread, it*, always advisable to swing the cotB& pound reset on the lathe to a angle. The tool is ground to cut one side only. For all other thr standard methods are used with satis*' factory results; the speeds and fe are similar to those used in threaduq soft steel. Glass Base Grades External threads and mti threads can be cut on a lathe with t carbide-tipped tool, dry. Fine cutfch should be taken to give best resuitaSc A coolant can be used, but is n3necessary* fvJKag Paper, Fabric, and Asbestos and Glass Base Grades Standard polishing rouge on a wheel gives satisfactory results fo laminates requiring a polished su face. Grinding and sanding may done by belt, disc, or centerless met! ods. No lubrication is necessary. Stamping ood Engraving Paper, Fabric, Asbestos, and Glass Base Grades Laminated surfaces to be stamp should be smooth. Sanding may necessary, in some cases, to obtain t isfactory results. Compression pre employing heated dies give best result Engraving can be done with an| standard engraving machine. TooS should he sharp to produce ciean-cu edges. Ceneiitia* We are living in the age of plastic and thermosetting laminates continu to play a major role in electrical in sulation. It is said that the greatest limit* tion an electrical equipment manufafl turer faces is the quality of insulatioj available for his product. The plastics industry is continua improving and developing them setting laminates to keep step with I tremendous growth of the electric industry. NEM4 Standard* Standards Publication on Industri* Laminated Thermosetting Product! 306 Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue. May/June, 19fi6 f t -pub. No. LI 1-1965. $3.50 each, and got Peel Strength of Laminates, LI J.1965. 1.00 each, from National Electrical Manufacturers Association. J55 East 44th St.. New York 17, N. Y. | NEMA Authorized Engineering In^rmalion. Recommended Practice for fabricating Laminated Plastics, Pub. j*'o. 45-107, Dec., 1915. ^elmowiedgmeat tn. editors are indebted to the following persons who have reviewed, commented ont m made suggestion? for improving this lection: Ualter Koval and Gary R, Squires, P*veg Industrie? inc.. Viimington, Del.; j R. Freed. Poivcheni Div,, The Budd Co., Newark. Dei.: J. J. McLoughiin, Taylor orp" Valley Forge. Pa.; K. H. Aiverson, Spaulding Fibre Co.. lnc,, Tonawanda, and Bernard Kessler, The Mica Corp,, Culver City. Calif.; as well as others listed undeT author credits at the beginning if this section. f 5- SUPPLIER DIRECTORY LISTING IMPORTANT: Por fabricoted or converted lomlpcfez one reiniorcec pfoshc products, see other sections seen as sections 2-17 and 3-22. NOTE: Numbers ir> parentheses following #och product cohered in this seeliotr correspond with the numbers mown in front of each tupphtr of products listed here (thus indicating which firms supply the product concerned). Only compony /tomes ore listed here--see Port 4, section 4-1, tor addresses oJ supplier:. Bold fact type indicates advertisers--see co'werftiers' listing at back of poo* rof page numbers oi advertisements, s Products Covered in this Section Asbestos Cloth Rose Dibnenyi xioe restr., sheers, tubes (66] Melamine rest:, sneers, roas. lubes (14. 23. 3f, 34 42 4e E>c. hi 6 Pnenc ;c resir-, sheets rods tubes (3, 14. 15. IE. * 23. 3! 3< 42. 48. 53. 56. 57. 6!. 63 64. 66. 70) Asbestos Mot Bose Meiri;fte resin, sheets (23. 3!. 34. 46, 56. 6*. 70) .Phenolic resir.. sheets (3, 15, 23, 3i, 34, 28. Si. 61. - 63. 64. 70; t TAtbostos Popor hose .Veiamine resir, sneers (22 34 4. 56. 61. 66. 70j rPnenoiic resir shee'i r-obi. tubes (3 15. 18 23. 3!, ^34. 42. 48, 50. 53, 56, 57, 61, 63. 64. 66 70} fartftod Asbestei Poper Bose roiyeste' resir., sheets T24. 68) rSHicone esir.. sneets (24) Cotton Cloth Bose ihaily: phthalatc res'rr sheets (15. 56. 6' 7D] tMeiamlne resir, sheets roas. tubes (3. 15, 23. 3!. I > 4. S3 56 6! 66. 70) phenolic resir.. sheets, rods, tubes 13. 15, 18, 23. 31. jlfG4. 4 5- 56. 61. 63. *4. 66 67 70j ffoSresie' resir., iheers (56, 66, 68) Xotton Mat Base dphenofic res:r, sheets (3. 14, 23 31, 34, 4t. 56, 6!, Vkus Cloth Bose S^cMic resin sheets (It *4 651 >tphenvi oxide resir.. sheets, tubes (66. 67) feory resin sheets rods, tubes (3. 15 17. IE f27 3:. 32 34. 40. 42, 4B. 54 . 56 . 58 60 61 63 66.67.70) 4eiemir>e resir, sheets, rods tubes (3 M 15 , 31. 34. 48. 53. 56. 58, 61. 63 . 64 . 66 70) 23 64 ' 18 Pnenc':: resin, sheets, rods tubes-464- 15 IS 23. 3:. 34 41 53. 56. 58. 6!. 63 64 66. 7C Po'veser res n, sheets ft 6, M, 16. 17. 21 3C 4C 44 2 60. 66. 67 . 68. 70' PoiyraTreiiuoroetnyiene resin, sheets (3 5 /J 5C 55 65. 70/ Siicone resir. sneets rods, tubes (3. (5 IS 3). 42 *4. 53 56, 56. 61. 64 , 66, 67 . 70) Gins CMH/Atb*Ht Foper Cbia+i-- Bom Po'veste' resir. sheets (6] Gloss Mat or Paper Bait Acrylic resin, sneets (2 21. 40) Epoxy resin sheets (4, T7, IE 23 . 34 40 56 60 61 63 66. 70] Meiamme resin, sheets (31) Pnenoiic resin, sneets (4. 14, ]. 23. 34. 56, if, 63. 66} Poivester resin sheets, tubes (4. 7. 9. 14, 17, 20. 21, 23. 30 40 42. 43, 52. 56, 57. 60. 62. 66. 68) Gists Mat/A*baitas Poper Reioforcomont Polveste' resin, sheets (21, 25. 48, 49 62. 68) Gloss RJomeet Reinforced Eooxy resir. rods tubes. and shapes' f31, 33, 37 3 40, 14. 52. 56 66) ' Polveste' resin, rods, tubes, end shapes (2C 25. 33, 38, 40. 44 , 51 52. 56 . 62. 66} Siiicone resin, rods (44. 66) Blast PilettMt Reittforcemeef f Nrallel, Uni* r MaltMJireeHeaoI EoOty resin, sheeting (4 29, 40, 49) Polyester resin, sheeting (4, 23. 40, 4?) Gloss ftefeforced/Aibestes taper CamWastien Base Phenolic resin (4) Siiicone resin (4) Nylon Cloth Beta Pnenoiic resir.. sheets, rods, tubes (3, IS IE 3: 34 56. 6i. 64 66. 70; toper Base Eooxy resin, sheets (2, 3 15, 18 31. 3- 48 56 61 63. 66 70} ` Meiamine resin, sheets (2, 23, 34, 45 48. 61) Phenolic resin, sheets, rods tubes (2. 3 15 16 23 31. 34. 36 42. 46, 53. 56. 58. 61. 63. 64.. 66 . 70) Polyest' resir.. sheets (2. St, 66) Spirally wrapped pacer. phenolic or polyester resin tubing (3. 8, 2E. 36. 42 59, 69} SHice Cloth Bast Pnenoi'c resir, sheets, rods, tubes (22] Wood V**e*r Bate Pnenoiic resin, sneets (37 45, 67] Capper Clod Lemmatas Cotton doth base, pnenollc resir. sheets (15 34 41. 48 49. 61. 70} Giass doth base eooxv resin, sheets (3. 15 16. 27 31, 32 . 34 . 35. 41. 48. 49 . 50. 56 . 61, 63 64 66 6? 7) Glass doth base meiamine resin sheets (15 34 4!. 46 49. 61. 70) ` Glass doth baae, phenolic res'n sheets (15 34 41 48 49. 61 70} Glass doth base, polyester resin, sheds (S 41 49 *7) Glass cloth base, polytetrafiuoroethylene resin. sneers (i. 3. U 19. 29 41. 49 SC. 55. 70] Glass doth, base, silicone resin sheets (41, 49 70) Gloss mar Teiniorcemetsi, polyester resin sheets 8 41. 4?) Nylon cloth base, phenolic resin, sheets (15 34 4l 49. 61, 70) Paper case, eooxv resir sheets (3.15 18 3! 3* 41. 48 49. 56. 61 66 70] Pacer base, phenoic resin sheets (3 IS T6 3l 34 . 41. 45. 4E. 49. 61. 66. 70] ' Poivester mat. epoxy resin (29) Composite Leminotes Aluminum kova-. nicke!. o* steel dec laminates (3. 4. 15. 27. 32. 34. 45. 46 47. 4849 56 6:. 64) Asbestos paper dad laminates (4 34 49} Laminated plastic faced herdboard (26 45} Plastic film clad laminates (4 12 133l 34 39 49 64. 6i. 63) ' Rubber clad lemindes (3. 4 10. 233l 39 46 49 56, 63 64. 66) ... Vulcanized fib'-e ciao iem:ne*es (2. 22 3 3J 4 5a, 6.. 63. 66 73 Supplier! of fr*ediq Products 1-- Amerce Inc., TerrafiuO' D!v, 2-- firanovwine Fibre Prooufti Co 3-- THE BUDD CO.. POLYCHEM DlV. 4-- Chase & Sons ini, 5-- Chemical 6 Power Procucts. Inc. 6-- Chevron Chem>ca; Co. Oronite Di^.. Cmcmnaf Devefooment 6 Mrg. Co. 8-- Cincinnati Miliinc Machine Co. Cirnetrre Div. 9-- COILFORM CO.l INC. 1C--DlLECTHJX COBP. 11--DODGE FIBERS CORP. 12-- Dodge Fibers Ccrp., Circuit Materials Di*. 13-- The Dow Gnemica) Co. M--Pabricon Products l5"Frmice Corp., Subsidiary of American Cyanamid Cc 16--Ga INDUSTRIES, INC.. G-L ELECTRONICS DlV. f7--Industries. Inc.. Reinforced Piaitics. Inc 16--Genera! Electric Co., Dept. *9--Genera1 Plastics Core. 20-- THE GLASTIC COUP. 21-- HAYSITE CORP. Laminated Products 22-- Hitco, Materials Div. 23-- The hen Fibre Cc. 24-- JOHN*MANVIU 25-- Marpie* Co. 2o--MASONITE CORP. 2?--Tne Mica Corp, 28-- Middlesex Paper Tube Co. 29-- 3 M CO. 30-- Molded Fiber Glass Cc. 31-- NVF CO. 32-- New England Laminales Cc Inc. 33-- New Plastic Core. Nupla Mrg Co Div 34-- NORPlEX CORP. 35--PaPfiex Prooucts Corp, 36-- PARAMOUNT PAPER TUBE CORP. 37-- Permali, Inc. 35--Pias-Steel Products. Inc., Polygon Piastic Co. Div, 39-- Plymouth Ruboe' Co. Inc. 40-- Poiypiv, Inc. 41-- PRECISION LAMINATES. INC. 42-- PRECISION PAPER TUBE CO. 43-- Reichhole Cnemicels, int. 44-- Reinforced Molding Corp. 45-- Reiss Associates (nc. 46-- REYNOLDS METALS CO. 47-- R. J. Reynolos Tobacco Cc., Archer Aiuminum Div. 46--The Richardson Co, 49-- Rieoe1 Pape' Corp. 50-- ROGERS CORP. 5`--ROSTONE CORP, Industrie! Films Div 52-- H, P. Ruggies Co. Ltd, 53-- Jotech T. Ryerson & Son. Inc. E4--G. T. Schieldah! Co.. Electrical Products Div, 55--W. S. Snemben & Cc. 54-- SPAULDING FIBRE CO., INC. 57-- Special Electric Co.. Inc. 58--Stevens Products. Inc., Stevens Tubing Corp. Div. ' 59-- STONE STRAW CORP., STONE PAPER TUBE CO. DIV. 6(h--Structural Fiberglass. Inc. 61-- Svntnane Corp. 62-- TRW ELECTRO INSULATION, TRW INC. 63-- Taylor Corp. 6^Thiore! Chemical Corp., Panelvte Industrial Div. 6^--U. S, Ceramic Tile Co.. Sparta Menutactyrino Cc. Div. ' 66-- Westinghouse Electric Corp.. Industrial Micarta Div, 67-- Westinghouse Electric Corp. Insulating Me* terials Div. 66--Woodall Industries inc., Conolite Div. 69-- NIEMaND BROS,, INC., TECHNICAL PRODUCT5 DIV. 70-- FRANKLIN FIIRE-lAMITEX CORP. --.............. (Apr j- >h for mater slat wedees. slot insulators, eore tubes, ceil bobbins md speciil ibaoes laminated or . machined' . .' Iroia silicone class, epoxy class, polyester class and ether reinforced plastics -. write or phone collect tot '' INSULATING SHAPES, INC.- Broni. N.r. 104G1---Pfione 711-792-MOO 5 oar advertisement in Section 3-22 j Section 3-14: Reinforced & Laminated Plastic: 307