Document Z47vX4d1X00rON2aVO4bwRodJ

NO.. Thirty nATc March 1982 AWWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION Water Quality Research News METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DEFENDS AGAINST CORROSION WITH ELECTROLYSIS SURVEYS AND CATHODIC PROTECTION Polyvinyl-chloride pipe to which anodes are attached for deep-well anode-bed installation on the right-hand side of the structure Soil resistivity measurement--four-Drobe method with two probes pictured AWWA Research Foundation/6666 W. Quincy Ave./Denver, CO 80235/Ph.: (303) 794-7711 CAPCO JEN 0019901 CORROSION CONTROL Pipeline Protection at The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Cathodic intervention minimizes pipeline corrosion at MWDSC. Deep anode groundbed installations still perform well after many years of operation. Makeup of Distribution System. The more than half-billion dollars invested in 600+ miles of steel, precast concrete, or prestressed concrete pipes in a 28-246 inch size-range fight internal corrosion with interior water-contact surfaces of mortar or concrete and a concrete or dielectric-membrane coating on the outside of the steel cylinder or reinforcing steel cage. Many of MWDSC transmission mains align in close proximity to steel pipelines transporting hazardous material, and being much longer tend to attract stray currents from these "foreign" cathodically-protected pipelines. Electrolysis due to uncontrolled stray direct currents that enter the pipe travel some distance and then discharge from the pipe to the soil, presenting a major problem. Constant modification of cathodic protection systems necessitates continuous updating of information on potentials and current flows on every pipeline, so that the suffering party can return enough stray currents to the offending pipeline to restore the normal potential. Detection of Corrosion Sites. Pipe-to-Soil Approach. Generally, pipe-tosoil potentials of noncorroded steel in concrete fall within the range of 100300 millivolts (mV) negative to the copper/copper-sulfate half-cell electrode (CSE). Dielectrically-coated steel produces CSE measurements of 300-700 mV, depending on the condition of the protective coating. Higher potential read ings betray areas of probable corrosion with close-interval measurements narrowing down the points of stray-current discharges from the pipeline. Line-Current Approach. MWDSC commonly relies on a low-range potentiometric recording instrument, connected to the metal pipeline at distances varying from 100 to more typically about 1000 feet (ft), to record the potential drop for a period of 20-24 hours. The accumulated data enable calculation of the aver age current flowing along the pipeline. Such a survey can establish the magnitude of long line currents that may enter or leave unprotected steel pipe, triggering corrosion in areas of current dis charge to the soil, and in the case of cathodically-protected pipelines can determine whether the system is operating properly, and also ascertain whether insulating sections installed in the pipelines to isolate stray currents are functioning. Stray currents on dielectrically-coated pipe evoke concern because such dis charges denote the locales of damaged coating and the possibility of a per forated steel cylinder in a relatively short time. In the absence of stray cur rents, corrosion of the steel cylinder can occur at points of coating damage at a rate dictated by the aggressiveness of the soil to which the pipe is exposed. 2- - CAPCO JEN 0019902 Cathodic Strategy. Cathodic measures ward off corrosion by passing direct current continuously from electrodes installed in electrolytes such as soil or water back to the structure to be safeguarded. Corrosion diminishes when current of sufficient magnitude counteracts the flow from the pipe and properly distributes along the length of affected pipe. The cathodic system also provides supplemental protection to immersed water-treatment equipment and interior surfaces of water tanks. Installation. The process at MWDSC often involves a deep-well anode groundbed adjacent to the pipe and a rectifier power source for the direct current. An assembly of twenty 3x30-inch graphite anodes, equally spaced, is lowered into a 300-ft deep hole, backfilled with calcined petroleum coke breeze from the 300-ft to the 200-ft depth, and then topped with grout from the 200-ft level to the surface. Soil resistivity measurements prior to groundbed instal lation locate the most favorable region of placement and ensure optimum pro tective-current delivery. Adjustment of the rectifier current returns the pipe to the "normal" potential. Operating Experience. An excessive impressed cathodic-protection voltage can induce coating failure in a dielectrically-coated pipe, water-tank lining, and submerged water-treatment equipment. Electrolysis surveys along a MWDSC pipeline in 1965 disclosed a current dis charge of 1.5 amperes within a 700-ft section of gunite-coated pipe (electric ally bare). Ensuing pipe-to-soil measurements pinpointed the position of discharge in a poorly-aerated soil. Installation of the typical anode array between 130 and 240-ft depths of a 260-ft deep well required an unusually high current to return the pipeline to the desired pipe-to-soil potential. After 10 years the effectiveness of the rectifier began declining, and following several unsuccessful attempts to increase the conductivity of the bed by water injection into the well the installation failed completely three years later. Electrolysis surveys immediately thereafter demonstrated little if any discharge of current at the original point and partial polarization. Within another three years current resumed flowing from the pipe. Soon a new deep anode groundbed will be required to control this current flow and will include high-silicon/ chrome/iron anodes more suited to the severe demands of this site. Preventive Activities. A corrosion-control section within the construction branch of MV/DSC monitors the mains for possible corrosion sites. Several two-person crews perform electrolysis surveys along all existing pipelines for flows of stray direct currents. Each crew averages two line-current survey setups per work day, enabling a complete round of the distribution system in 2j-3 years. Monthly monitoring of the cathodic-protection stations and quarterly pipe-to-soil potential surveys of cathodically-protected pipelines ensure appropriate operating conditions. Additionally, the crews test for cathodic interference between MWDSC installations and "foreign" substructures, check dielectric effectiveness of CAPCO JEN 0019903 -r insulating flanges, monitor and maintain filtration-plant cathodic-protection devices, and introduce new units as needed. Other personnel monitor pending engineering tasks, recommend specifications for the various construction materials, evaluate coatings for resistance to weather and soil, and measure the corrosive effect of selected ions to metals in aqueous environments. A report on these matters was presented by A. E. Bowers, W. E. Risner, and L. Grasha at the AVVWA Water Quality Technology Conference held December 6-9, 1981 at Seattle, Washington. For more information, contact: Eugene Bowers Water Quality Manager Metropolitan Water District of Southern California P. 0. Box 54153 Los Angeles, California 90054 Telephone: (213) 626-4282 DISINFECTION Ultraviolet Irradiation of Coliforms Irradiation with either broad-spectrum near-ultraviolet (fluorescent black light blue, BLB) or monochromatic wavelengths in the near-ultraviolet (UV) range of 320-400 nanometers (nm) can cause specific damage to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the radiation-sensitive variant Escherichia coli K12 AB2480 at the stationary phase of growth. Both monochromatic radiation in the wavelength range 334-380 nm and broad band near-UV BLB radiation (313-405 nm) produce cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers in sufficient yield to account for many of the biological effects observed. The radiation can also induce various additional DNA lesions, including DNA single-strand breaks, alkali-labile bonds, and pyrimidine glycols. Genetic damage by near-UV radiation is not limited to bacteria. Mouse, hamster, and human cells may also be susceptible. Information source: R. B. Webb and M. S. Brown, "Genetic Damage in Escherichia coli K12 AB2480 by Broad-Spectrum Near-Ultraviolet Radiation", Science, 215:991 (19 February 1982). 4- - CAPCO JEN 0019904 ENERGY Solar-Powered Pump Systems Field and laboratory trials testify that small-scale sun-powered irrigation pumping systems bear improvement to compete economically with conventional methods at the present stage of development. The first phase of a project, conducted under the auspices of the World Bank and the United Nations, appraised solar-energy systems on typical small plots in three nations during the July 1979-May 1981 period. The 50-cubic meters per hectare per day of irrigation water originated at well depths of roughly five meters (m), requiring a hydraulic power output of 100-300 watts (W). Extent of the Tests. Eleven photovoltaic (PV) arrays with a rated power of 75-1200 W (median 480), available in early 1980, underwent field testing in Mali, Philippines, and Sudan, four each in the first two countries and three in the last. The lone thermal system of 5.1-square meters array operated in Sudan. The indigenous energy research agency collaborated in each under taking. Simultaneously, similar motors and pumps in the field-tested PV systems were laboratory-tested in Great Britain to ascertain performance characteristics. Independent authorities in the United Kingdom (UK) and USA also perfor mance-tested sample PV modules. Seven manufacturers in France and the USA, six in the UK, and one in India, Israel, Japan, and West Germany supplied PV modules and sub systems, individual motors and pumps, and thermal systems and components for laboratory evaluation. Field Trials. The dozen systems checked included nine PV, one thermal, one a duplicate PV, and an existing PV installation in Mali. The trials assessed where possible: cumulative solar irradiation; power, voltage and/or current output from the array; solar irradiance at any instant (global and in plane of array); pumped head and flow rate at any instant; static head at any instant and average over the day, and cumulative volume pumped over a day. A permanent framework on a concrete foundation fixed the fully-tested PV system so that the array would tilt optimally for the latitude of each site. A portable unit with a hand-adjustable array departed from this pattern. Pumps. Single-stage centrifugal pumps, some surface mounted, some sub merged, provided the lift between three and 20 m, usually under 10 m. Two positive displacement (piston) pumps, a regenerative turbine pump, a submerged multistage centrifugal pump already on the scene in Yangasso, Mali, and a low-speed reciprocating piston pump also participated in the program. 5- - CAPCO JEN 0019905 Two of the surface-mounted centrifugal pumps at Korofina, Mali and Talampas, Philippines failed to retain prime due to excessive suction heads. Although operating close to their design total static lift, both proved less efficient than expected due to air in the eye of their impellers. Non-self-priming centrifugal pumps generally fail to meet solar-power demands because stoppage or slow operation caused by cloud intrusion induce footvalve leakage and loss of prime. Running dry can wear out seals and bear ings which depend on water for lubrication. The best solar pumps embody motor-pump subsystems with efficiencies approaching 40% versus 20% for the worst. Positive displacement pumps were judged deficient on efficiency and size grounds for small-scale irrigation. Simple, single-stage centrifugal pumps combine adequate performance with com pactness and low starting-torque. Array Performance. Array efficiency varied between 4.8 and 8.5%, determined by the impedance match between the array and its electrical load. A low start up irradiance permits the unit to activate earlier in the day and switch off later. One tracking system contained an electronic device which continuously adjusts the voltage output of a PV array to an optimum value, maximizing the power output. A manually-tracked array offered a 30% increase in water output per day, translating into a 20+% reduction in specific capital cost. Nonetheless, additional comparison of manual and automatic tracking is warranted. Motor Selection. The more expensive direct-current permanent-magnet motors enabled superior efficiency under part-load conditions. In the 250-500 W range the motors can show optimum efficiencies of 85% and even at- half load should exceed 75%. Overall Efficiency. The field trials indicated that well-designed systems should function consistently with efficiencies (based on array area) of over 2% and under favorable circumstances attain 3%. However, only three systems exceeded 2%, two commercially available while the third, a special product fabricated for the project proved one of the most cost-effective in terms of capital cost per peak watt of output. Only one borehole system performed faultlessly during the test period, its bugs eliminated by earlier installation. The operating experience emphasized the propriety of adequate field trial in advance of marketing. Future Plans. The researchers set the following efficiency targets for the succeeding generation of systems: array cells 11%, connections 95%, motor 85%, pump 55%, pipework 95%, total system 4.6%, equivalent to the best systems tested so far. Capital cost of such a system should approximate $2.5 per kilojoule per day. The second stage of the project, now in preparation, may involve sun pumps in drinking-water applications. 6- - CAPCO JEN 0019906 Two volumes. Phase 1 Project Report and Technical and Economic Review, available from the World Bank, describe the United Nations Development Program Small-Scale Solar-Powered Irrigation Pumping Systems Project GLO-78-004. A digest of the contents under the title "Ideal sunpump system still eludes researchers" appears in World Water, page 22 (January 1982). PROJECT SUPPORTED BY THE AWWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION In-Well Aeration Research at North Penn Water Authority A $90,000 grant from the US Environmental Protection Agency, supplemented by additional financial contributions, will enable the North Penn Water Author ity (NPWA) to study the removal of volatile organics from groundwater supplies by in-well aeration. History. As early as the 1920s compressed air lifted water from wells to a surface tank before onward pumping to the community's distribution system. Following the discovery in August 1979 of trichloroethylene (TCE) in several NPWA wells, experiments indicated that the air-lift pumping process simul taneously removes 90% of the TCE. Proposed Research. The contemplated investigation will also explore several other in-well aeration systems. The recently-completed laboratory facilities at NPWA, equipped with the latest state-of-the-art gas-chromatography instrumentation, will determine the organic contaminants and other required constituents. Financing. A $10,000 commitment from the AWWA Research Foundation, together with a contribution from the Upper Southampton Municipal Authority, a Bucks County water utility beset with similar groundwater-contamination problems, and support from the Pennsylvania Science and Engineering Foundation, will help to defray the estimated cost of $174, 530 for the project's first phase. If the research succeeds, the NPWA hopes to construct a 50-gallon per minute pilot plant teaming the in-well aeration process with carbonaceous resin adsorption. A $70,000 carbon treatment plant in service for two months continues to remove TCE below the detection level. The aeration research aims to develop a less-expensive method of expelling volatile organics from drinking water. For more information, contact: H. J. Borchers, Jr. North Penn Water Authority 200 North Chestnut Street Lansdale, Pennsylvania 19446 Telephone: (215) 855-3617 -7- CAPCO JEN 0019907 PROJECT FUNDED BY THE AWWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION Manual on External Corrosion The AWWA Research Foundation Board of Trustees has approved funding for . the development and production of a manual concerned with the external corrosion prevalent in the water-supply industry from source to distribution system. The text will cover the accepted methods of detecting external corrosion and the necessary measures for coping with the problem. The primary focus will center on practical application. The AWWA Research Foundation invites individuals interested in completing such a task within the next year to submit a notice of intent by March 31, 1982. Please do not submit a proposal at this time, an indication of interest alone will suffice. A comprehensive request for proposal is under development and will be issued to all interested parties. Please contact by mail or phone Michael Taras, Project Engineer AWWA Research Foundation 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, Colorado 80235 Telephone: (303) 794-7711 8- - CAPCO JEN 0019908 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER The Research Foundation has initiated a technology transfer program and we want you to be part of it. Frankly, your help is needed, for as the number of participants increases so does the value of the program to the entire water supply industry. Our goal is to be able to tell you who is doing, or has done, or plans to do what and where. Like all utility operators, you have problems or are looking for better ways of doing things. To solve those problems or find better ways, you search the literature to learn what others have done and then go to work. Unfortunately, much of what has been done or is being done will never appear in the literature. Some of the work may be recorded in memos or internal reports; the rest is only in the minds of those who did or are doing it. That's the information we're after, and only you and your associates can supply it. Once in our computer data base, it will be easy to find and available to those who need and can use it. We're looking for information on all phases of water supply--resource, quality and treatment, distribution, metering and billing, maintenance, management, etc. That information should include research; problem solving; evaluation of new processes, materials and treatment; applications of new ideas; etc. It is also important to know about the ideas and approaches that have not worked, as well as those that have. That information can save others con siderable time, effort and money, and may lead to approaches and ideas that do succeed. The Research Foundation's program is designed to collect and store unpublished material that has not appeared in the JOURNAL AWWA, Conference Proceedings, or other major publications. Internal project reports, memos and papers pre sented at meetings but not printed in the JOURNAL AWWA or Conference Pro ceedings or other major publications are considered unpublished and candidates for the program. And, of course, there's that vast amount of information that has never been documented in writing but is very useful to others. If you have solved one or more problems, are now engaged in research or problem-solving activities, or plan to do so soon, please tell us about it. Include the little projects too, not just the big ones. Anything you feel will be of help to others. On the other side of this page we have printed a form you can duplicate and use to tell us about your problem-solving activities. Or, if you wish, you can use plain paper. But be sure to include as much of the requested information as possible. If you have written material on the work, whether it be in the form of an internal report, memo or paper, a copy would be appreciated. After putting the information on coding sheets we'll send copies to you for review, correction and additional information if needed, before keying it into the computer data base. Here is an opportunity to help others and yourself through the exchange of information not available in the literature. We urge your participation and thank you for it. CAPCO JEN 0019909 Cut Line RESEARCH PROJECT DESCRIPTION o Please use this form to provide information on work completed, now underway, or planned for the near future. Make extra copies of this form as needed. If you have written reports of work done or underway, a copy along with this form will be appreciated. o Return the form and other material to: Elroy F. Spitzer AWWA Research Foundation 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, Colorado 80235 TITLE NAME OF ORGANIZATION ADDRESS _____________________________________________________________ CITY & STATE ZIP PHONE PRINCIPAL CONTACT ______________________________________________ PROJECT DESCRIPTION: OBJECTIVE AND APPROACH RESULTS/BENEFITS APPLICATION PROJ START DATE COMPLETION DATE ____________________________ ESTIMATED COST _______________________________________________________ (Please use separate sheet if additional space is needed) CAPCO JEN 0019910 TREATMENT Control of Lead Concentrations Two treatment attacks: pH correction and addition of orthophosphate can cut lead concentrations derived from lead pipes and other plumbing fittings. Elevation of pH in soft moorland waters constitutes an established practice in Great Britain. Resort to phosphates is much less common and primarily directed to thwarting the corrosion of iron mains. Care and monitoring are desirable during the early stages of phosphate application to identify possible, problems. Examination of pipe deposits, calculated solubility, and empirical tests offer a consistent picture of dissolved lead from the deposits approaching a con centration limited by the solubility. Investigations in the United Kingdom and Holland relate lead gains with the time the water spends in the pipe. The concentration rises rapidly for three to four hours, levels off, and then climbs gradually toward a steady state. A sound theoretical base exists for predicting the effects of treatment particularly [n the case of low-alkalinity water where depressed pH clearly emerges as a cause of plumbosolvency. Although results from different waters of low alkalinity agree reasonably well, the substantial variability of lead concentration within a single test and between tests of the same high-alkalinity water impede efforts to establish a comparable simple relationship. pH Adjustment. Low-Alkalinity Water. The generally-low alkalinity, total dissolved solids, and pH spawn high lead concentrations in waters of moorland origin. Raising the pH curtails the solubility of basic lead carbonate prevalent in the pipe deposits. A pH of about 8.5 and not below 8.0 at the consumer's tap minimizes the lead presence in low-alkalinity water containing less than 50 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of calcium carbonate. A high standard of equipment performance, operation, and maintenance of the pH correction system, along with continuing vigilance over the practical aspects of alkali dosing, becomes imperative in low-alkalinity supplies. High-Alkalinity Water. Calcium carbonate precipitation severely restricts upward pH adjustment of high-alkalinity, customarily-hard waters to a maxi mum pH near 8.0. Within this range only a minor change takes place in lead solubility at an alkalinity of 200-250 mg/L calcium carbonate. Carbonate removal by softening, or possibly by dosing with acid, aeration to expel carbon dioxide, and final pH escalation entail extra facilities. Labora tory experiments verify the effectiveness of these relatively unattractive options, confirmed by results in The Netherlands. -11- CAPCO JEN 0019911 Orthophosphate Feed. Low-Alkalinity Water. Phosphate treatment of a moorland water forms lead phosphate in addition to the residues already in the pipe from decades of exposure, typically hydrocerussite covered by organic peaty material. A relatively-expensive chemical, orthophosphate provides a valuable alter native in instances where pH correction fails to lower the lead concentration to a satisfactory point. The agent can also answer the prayers of small isolated plants lacking consistent and reliable pH control. High-Alkalinity Water. Orthophosphate attains preferential status for water of high alkalinity because of the inability of pH correction alone to achieve the desired results, and softening or removal of alkalinity have serious dis advantages. Dosing with phosphoric acid possesses two virtues in such cases: lower cost compared to sodium phosphates and generally the production of minimal pH variance. The paucity of knowledge on the formation and properties of lead phosphate deposits in pipes applies equally to high and low-alkalinity waters. A cautious path of trials with detailed monitoring of effects should precede the wide adoption of phosphate treatment. Other Considerations. Despite the body of evidence pointing to solubility as the most important general influence on lead levels, many other factors may be significant in some circumstances. Large lead concentrations may ensue from disturbance which disrupts the deposits in lead pipe. Such local conditions remain beyond treatment-plant reach. Iron, aluminum, and other material in suspension, and organic compounds typify substances that may also play a role in the complete picture of lead in water. Future Research. Solubility calculations provide scientific support for reducing lead concentrations during the treatment of both high and lowaikalinity waters. Increasing the pH often abates the high lead levels associated with low-alkalinity water and low pH. No such simple relationship prevails in the case of high-alkalinity situations. The contribution of the solid hydrocerussite in deposits to high lead levels in high-alkalinity water merits attention. Other matters deserving scrutiny include water likely to develop excessive lead levels, the preferred treatment methods, and the influence exerted by soluble and insoluble organic compounds. This investigation, conducted by I. Sheiham and P. J. Jackson at the Water Research Centre in Great Britain, is described at considerable length under the title "Scientific Basis for Control of Lead in Drinking Water by Water Treatment" in Journal of The Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists, 35:491 (November 1981). Consult page 4 of the December 1981 issue of this publication for a related lead study in Scotland. -12- CAPCO JEN 0019912 US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY New Policy on Internal Peer Review Effective January 18, 1982,". ..scientific or informational material attributable in any way to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and prepared by an EPA employee, consultant, contractor or grantee for dis tribution outside the Agency must be reviewed and approved through a new control system...Any material prepared for distribution to anyone outside the agency is considered a 'public' informational product..." Exempted are congressional testimony and officially-approved notices, releases, documents, and statements. "...The extent to which EPA produces informational materials will be deter mined by Agencywide priorities and the availability of resources.. .and must fit into one of the following categories: mandated materials, regulatory and enforcement baseline and compliance materials, and scientific, technical, informative and educational materials... " -- Major products must be reviewed by (the Administrator's) Science Advisor and/or by the Office of Public Affairs...If a product of any cost contains significant scientific or technical uncertainties, it becomes a 'major' document subject to review by the Science Advisor or his designated rep resen tati ves__ "If a product does not require review by either the Science Advisor or Office of Public Affairs, (Associate, Assistant, and Regional Administrators, and Staff Office Directors) are accountable for adequate peer review and cost control... "...At least two peer reviewers, specialists in the subject, will evaluate the manuscript for general content, organization and scope, presentation and quality of data, validity of analytical techniques, soundness of conclusions and consistency... Refusal at any level of management to approve a document may be appealed once to the next higher level of management... " -- The new peer review and budgetary controls (aim to) assure that all Agency materials are result-oriented, cost effective, consistent with Admin istration policy, and are based on the best scientific and technical evidence available... " -- EPA encourages the independent publication of the results of its contract and grant research in appropriate scientific journals as an important method of recording and reporting scientific information__ " Therefore, such journal articles are not subject to the Agency's required peer and policy review. -13- CAPCO JEN 0019913 WATER QUALITY Effects of Forest Fire on Water Quality Controlled burning in forest management, a practice applied annually to about a million hectares of pine stands in the southeastern US, causes limited effects on soils, nutrient cycling, and hydrologic systems of exper imental watersheds in South Carolina. Hydrologic fluxes of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and basic cations, from burned pine litter to ground and stream waters are unlikely to exert appreciable impacts on water quality in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. In this region, prescribed fire reduces the risks of natural wildfire, controls certain tree pathogens, manipulates the density and composition of understory vegetation, and promotes food and habitat for wild and domestic animals, all with a remarkable degree of economy. Ground Water. A 32-well network, located in burned and unburned areas of the treatment watershed and sampled weekly in pre and postburn periods, evaluated the consequences of fire on the groundwater chemistry. The low concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, and orthophosphatephosphorus throughout the 20-week sampling period averaged about 0.01, 0.20, and 0.02 milligram per liter (mg/L), respectively, in surface soil horizons, and 0. 006, 0. 03, and 0.01 mg/L, respectively, in subsoil horizons. Periodic sampling for one year after the burns indicated no effects of fire on pH or specific conductance. Surface Water. During 1976-1979 paired, gaged watersheds evaluated the effects of prescribed fires on stream water quality. After one year in an undisturbed condition (1976), a sequence of six prescribed fires was admin istered winter and summer to a total of about 60% of the treatment watershed over a 2.5-year period (1977 to mid-1979), in accordance with normal management of many pine stands in the coastal plain (five-year fire cycle). Weekly stream sampling conducted over a 3.5-year interval revealed no changes in the total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate, sulfate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate, and hydro gen ions, attributable to the fire treatments. Volume-weighted stream-water concentrations of nitrate and ammonium nitro gens, and orthophosphate phosphorus averaged about 0.02, 0.03, and 0.03 mg/L, respectively, in water draining from both burned and unburned watersheds, with insignificant differences between the pre and postburn periods. Several reasons account for these results. The prescribed fires consumed less than one-third of the forest floor mass composed of pine litter materials of low ash content. Unburned litter and soil layers filtered the suspension of ash particulates and solutions of water-soluble elements prior to emer gence as stream flow. -14- r a Dm icm rr-iQQ-f/i  -""a Additional filtration intervened in the 20-meter wide unburned buffer strips adjacent to stream channels. Lastly, fire treatments on a five-year cycle introduced a substantial dilution factor because stream water collected at the weir included runoff from both torched and untorched portions of the treatment watershed. Samplings at points immediately upstream and downstream of burned com partments disclosed no detectable fire effects on the chemical composition of stream water. Information source: D. D. Richter and C. W. Ralston, "Prescribed Fire: Effects on Water Quality and Forest Nutrient Cycling", Science, 215:661 (5 February 1982). DISCLAIMER The inclusion of material and the mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication does not represent or imply the approval or endorsement of the AWWA or AWWARF. It is presented solely for information purposes. -15- PAPftn .IFNI OOI QQ1 5 AWWA Research Foundation 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, Colorado 80235 22131 61 ALA GG2 RES223 I L TAYLOR CAPCO PIPE CO INC 1400 20TH ST SO BIRMINGHAM AL 35255 BULK RATE Non-Profit Organization U.S. POSTAGE PAID PERMIT NO. 1180 DENVER, COLO. 80235 CORROSION CONTROL Pipeline Protection at The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California DISINFECTION Ultraviolet Irradiation of Coliforms ENERCY Solar-Powered Pump Systems PROJECT SUPPORTED BY THE AWWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION In-Well Aeration Research at North Penn Water Authority PROJECT FUNDED BY THE AWWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION Manual on External Corrosion TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER RESEARCH PROJECT DESCRIPTION TREATMENT Control of Lead Concentrations US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY New Policy on Internal Peer Review WATER QUALITY Effects of Forest Fire on Water Quality PAGE 1 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 CAPCO JEN 0019916 CAPCO PIPE COMPANY, INC. Birmingham, Alabama FROM: Ms. Gloria Jones SUBJECT: AWWA, ASTM and ANSI Specifications Mr. Leyshock asked that I send you a copy of the AWWA, ASTM, and ANSI specifications which apply to A/C pipe. Enclosed are the following specifications: AWWA C400-77 -- AWWA C401-77 -- ANSI/AWWA C402-77 ANSI/AWWA C403-78 ANSI/AWWA C603-78 Asbestos-Cement Distribution Pipe, 4 In. through 16 In., for Water and Other Liquids Standard Practice for the Selection of AsbestosCement Distribution Pipe, 4 In. through 16 In., for Water and Other Liquids Asbestos-Cement Transmission Pipe, 18 In. through 42 In., for Water and Other Liquids Standard Practice for the Selection of AsbestosCement Transmission and Feeder Main Pipe, Sizes 18 In. through 42 In. Standard for Installation of Asbestos-Cement Pressure Pipe ASTM C 296-72 ASTM C 428-81 ASTM C 644-76 ANSI/ASTM C500-77 ASTM C 668-81 ASTM D 1869-78 Standard Specifications for Asbestos-Cement Pressure Pipe Standard Specification for Asbestos-Cement Nonpressure Sewer Pipe Standard Specification for Asbestos-Cement Nonpressure Small-Diameter Sewer Pipe Standard Methods of Testing Asbestos-Cement Pipe Standard Specification for Asbestos-Cement Transmission Pipe Standard Specification for Rubber Rings for Asbestos-Cement Pipe <n Enclosures Copy to: Mr. S. G. Leyshock CAPCO JEN 0019917 REMEMBER ALL BOOTH PERSONNEL MUST BE REGISTERED AND MUST COMPLETE A REGISTRATION FORM. ALSO, YOUR REGISTRATION MUST ACCOMPANY YOUR REQUEST FOR ACCOMMODATIONS. Attached, for your convenience, is an extra copy of the registration form. CAPCO JEN 0019918 f N A rl h FOR BADUK iiIIl-------- 1--------1-------- 1-------- 1-------- 1-------- 1------- 1--------1-------- 1-------- 1-------- '-------- 1--------1---------> AWWA 1984 TITLE l COMPANY L ADDRESS i CITY ' i I III---------------1-------1------1-------1------- 1-------1-------1------1-------L II------------ 1------ 1------ 1------ 1------ '----- 1------ 1------ 1------ 1------ 1----- 1------ 1 _I___ 1___ c STATE OK PROVINCE L J X COUNTRY SPOUSE OR 'vst. . '____I____ L PH INK i_ tilllI------ 1------ 1------ 1------ 1------ 1------ 1------1------1-------1------ 1------1------ 1------L i J J ZIP L J i ' -- II_____L__J_____ I CONFERENCE REGISTRATION REGISTRATION FEES-(circle choices) Before After Mey 25 May 25 Technical--Sessions & Exhibits With Banquet (inch Fun Night)........ W'ithout Banquet (inch Fun Night) .. . . B Mondav Onlv...................................... Tuesdav Only...................................... Wednesday Onlv................................ . . E Thursday Onlv .................................. Student-(college or university).......... . . C S245 210 75 75 75 75 10 S295 260 95 95 95 95 15 Exhibits Only Sun.-Wed............................................. . . H Exhibitor complimentary ..................... j 10 15 EXTRA COST Fun Night ........................... ......... @ S20 t Fun Night-Child (under 12)____@ $12 R Extra Banquets................... .........@ $35 k Fsclllty Toursi East Side Purification Plant-Mon........ . P White Rock N. Wtr. Transmission- Tue....................................................... . N Central Control & Meter Repair-Tue. 0 Wastewater Trtmt. PI. Research Lab-Wed............................................... Ultra Pure Water Plant at Tl-Wed. ... . >1 15 15 15 15 15 20 20 20 20 20 Seminars-Sunday: Hvdraulics............................................ 75 100 Chloramination..................................... . V 75 100 Groundwater Contamination................ 75 100 Financial Programs (1/2 Day).............. 40 55 Non-specific Organic Analvses............ 75 100 Conference Proceedings......................... 45 45 8for May 25 Spouse*Hosp(tai!ty Exhibits & Favor With Banquet (inch Fun Night)................ . >A S70 Without Banquet (inch Fun Night)... . SB 35 After May 25 S90 55 EXTRA COST Spouse Tours: Even J.R. Loves Dallas......................................... Discover Dallas........................................................... Dallas Homes-Tue...................................................... Fashionably Dallas.................................................. Where The W'est Begins ................................... . SR Antique And Unique ............................................ Dallas Heritage Tour............................................ . SP Shopping Dallas Style......................................... Art About Town........................................................ . SN Dallas Homes-Wed.................................................... 14 13 18 30 15 12 16 12 28 18 14 13 18 30 15 12 16 12 28 18 SeminarS'Wodnesday Living Better-Feeling Worse......................... New Insights-Meaningful Living............. TOTAL COST-ALL REGISTRATIONS 5. Personal Check ___________ Company Check Make check payable to AWWA in US funds. Credit Card No.___ __ _____ American Express _____ Visa -------- Mastercard Expiration Date.--------------------------- Occupation (Circle One) WTR Water Utilitv CTR Contractor CON Consultant EXH Exhibitor MFC Mfg-Not Exhibiting REP Mfgrs Representative DIS Distributor EDU RES FED STA LOC STU OTH Educator Research Lab Govt.-Federal Govt.-State Govt.-Local Student Other Choice 1 9 3 Hotel Type Rate (Circle One) Single 1 9 Twin 3 Name(s) of all Occupant(s) Send Confirmation to: Name Company Address---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------City StateZip Telephone No.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DO NOT SEND DEPOSIT TO HOUSING BUREAU Arrival DateTime ____ Departure Date --------------------------- Requests received after May IS are conditional on space availability. AWWA 1984 CAPCO JEN 0019919