Document Z4621y56NgDnrz8eRBENB7dvp
FILE NAME: AO Smith (AOS) DATE: 1951 DOC#: AOS008 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: HVAC Guide
A n a r ic a o S o e i fc y o f H a a rijig "iui e t V tn tlle tin g E ngineer H eatin g v e n tila tin g a ir M n d itio D io g guita. VOt 29 19
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HEATING VENTILATING AIR CONDITIONING
GUIDE
A n Instrum ent qf Serice ' Prepared fo r the Profession
containing-
A TECHNICAL DATA SECTION or pEnasK as u i-n x iu oh i n
ttEHiimju n apMCTicASiOii or.a u ro ra , m m u u a a a3!? A cokpi-
thjjoto
. or *k Hk kakot L utobatoot >ui O qondu^r 'ijm roiiojr*--'
Om tz s E ucR ca awran Vf*Aiai? u p ' q g jo i r *os Soroorrj
A MANOTACTOHEBB' CATALOG DATA'RfeCTlON cxwxiKWo
lyazofTtAL AXp
Xkpuucayioh COTfcaowniO Mqpxbk kroxr-
mbkt; COMPLETE INDEXES ta Technical akb Catalog Daja
"Sectiohb.
VoL 29
A2G878
$1
A.-rttmra
B r Timi 10, N.Y,
IM
CHAPT8& 7-
.1751 OaicU.
^ J ^ f S ^ t ^ dlk" pi'1,'Irw-???-* *** ***. 3TmJ f Z*w KUtfe EuaJtty W .Iranist TttMgTAiUreoa'PotWa . lUpiftjKsrfc, T. HiUon, nad i Et> Wt*f (3^nw( 0/ JLUci'p,
8nd * * * '?
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w- B: u *:
pu a0 1?til?)a**W atOi PmbimoU, by J. Q, M. B tflan- (Oxford Ifnis&rSf Peta,
aP^*Ca"r- i w"-*
.y . . . ,
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. CHAiTBit 8 . A IR CONTAM INANTS
GUmIS**100
CgUnutf><i Stw ot Jrhamm Peritola} ir PoJJuliog by
' ftsote Aab Kt Qindertr SmokA'A^^Uouut &adAir Poilution CodtoIfOdor
Rutosttf y^r<iTp Altawatdi CoocatMttaas TIndustri! Air
OcaLatinmia; FlinwusWj Cuas M*dVaporai Ooi&buatibtc EuBbr;' Ataaaapbnl Toiles.; AirhtF* Bacicdh
fr>[HB norma! ecnstftueci of tho d&tib'* atracapita! re xygea, nitroI gga, orbon dioxicte, water vapori argoa, snudi or megligitila amcmta
et rthei ineri gas f iyarofeai variati* -tote of aacmfl, i d un&U quanti t of miorsoopiQ and affamiroecopo oHd nuirr eumettcaefl a&Ued pemvmflt o&nefphtrii impur&in, tfrtnn ih* yiowpoiat* of ih ir cond-* ioaiaireagiflser, all ctiier nirtoma cubet&noea may te tenned coniamtamlai * Thia iena a spplisd preier&b]y, howavsr, io uidesir&bl* or etaose im p untii, eiace tt occaxdciA may stri** fr addo* U> iba alr cocirdlwi saoents of salid or g&aaous diiucatf Tor th $v&tloa of pioti)ona; gemuddfiJ vapofa or miste (aerwU> bactena control; marinng $abriuees fot odor control; or a rahriiifcute for cne of Vhe nonnal esse*, sa, far ccample, wbdo hriinm iatiaed to Mplaos pitogati in atmoapoerta or ecmptevod ab* ^oricera o t divora.
Gculro of th ohemtof quafUy ot air Saoc* ni th focation* of compiei* ir FitiafiJ&iL aad* som kaowledge af ih* eomposittcn/ concsatratiofa *ud proporties *ir ccntaminto t g an d yrtIous ctrauit&DGea 3tcrefaifi eiwenMa.
Air wnUunincntfl i r t e frotn th norma! procecseg nf w r, eroaiaaj wiAaiann( ieM pray evcporatOT,. thersud dfccbctogralan, eartkqualce,* rojauc ervpAltm. combustiot>F msoutwrturlnj;, trausportation, sgriculiura, ad ita biocnsajqd or bioiagjOfl ptoocases of }ifs. TUey- are ciassi llai ai radon* timee aa ornato and iaotgwo, vntle or invJsIble, micron _ copio or mscroacopic, narwoujata or fciMoua, ione or harmfcss, beneficiai ' or dBatrUctiv*. Tbd folartrng elaeekSflation i bu4 ckiefly upcn .th
or coimwNAsrs origia or msthod of form&Uon of sir contaminante.
clssotctjot aie
J^uste, Fucosa, and Smokas aro aold p&rtioufeie air conbusmacia.
JJuftt mm Mrld particiMpeofjtd lei th tit- b r tarai fare*?, fuel>m* ^od, voietnie ampDoo or Wkttsqua, and by ffieobaniDoIpraQetaUi uefa u irudunci griadfag, StUtCfo drtlfijg. 03(iltiaa, fiioveilJn^tioTytai, cittajog/beggiar od
cwwpioB* Swooofdialf8reeprvdttf*duajromisrcerauuM ,*rlillaalM n iacly OdtMp#ilrUeBiuessaf.ttehneyslarothanfetiilrloratlaroeoidayto.puutl1v0v0ritbtdpoAQ.ea^iraaaUtya.mpaayrilhealea!art coi otanlleii' fuchMiseX,Pra,feflt*l)ieudr*tftaW4'flii0bMgcals, ftettr^ wtod. aoitoc, pueoi or animai, uob as vool, lilrf siili, m i b e n t k sth er.
rifa ore etili pjurtieU ttononiy forxned by tbe sm deotttloo of rspam Eiam
nctvaUy h I^I matHiie arnih aa nxdUa pu Isti. MtDle fumea seueraily ocout t t
Ue Onda io ir beeaiiw oi Ut* hichly te+zti-n fiAlurt.gf Stoly dlvlded zutt^
fuma
forcarci by aubbraeUen, jetUli0sr o*li<uU)aaFor cbemicai
noetioa fhoaqreT ueh pnaeaee sreaU airborO* parholea predop^iutely belotr th r
1 tnisraa it o . l 'oso pennifctea to tt idea io fioeaulote lata durala or Agsrg&ts*
o! Ji?icr ito , U>enb/ lapOltsliic reswyjdJto u r.
Smcbu are tbe rireaielxusali soldi partldcaproduMdbylaeofflpleU utBbuski.os
1S?
158
CHAPTERS
Mists asd Fci a n liquid particulate air ronfaimfaftnbi,
JiU a n t o t BttaH ulrbonrt dra|ri*4 of a*teril> UuA tt* ordinarily liquid nt iqm ii<iiB pfiJiiiH dP i>M iin<. .Th#y **y be tanned by Apaililn <jnr*yliigf
ftdidnn, n d n l o tn a la il *0U<w, eUpplrelytis roUifcioa. of from, i or escape of sao lrad n r w o n re*** f arooptm. Van* am jjl dwpJeia loralM UM d Jto tfa*firlnr*n***iadeoMtttu mitt* aonloutag iercwBa*1 t i a l o n a m s ir aUAzzuuxa,
' u v United b f toft riMrifUatwaa 0 irboraa dropifti formed b f Mttdecje-
......1 be rapor lU t* . * Tiua arbitrary dblbutio_m__b_otwn. .n mbs mad tom la of
rla^rtaM ,u l U at rn o o f U M d fto lB S M atlitbpsopardrteleQatate s.ta. t.e ef ai.r.borne
bi ifiohiiaiumiioiinii**thijyi wtemn uiDd wa inwwwHi)j. f o f i w m a rt 0 s n o- rt' ba--MU' ta..ofi t1heir
r1*/to.Twfco*d!U v*oga,hw ly*Ttro*U& 6qtw lldtru titu p*u U*io t**o*m f a
Pray
talroni tbemisttoi&afttnnp, 1
- r to tbe twr pbii* eolH tie
______________ ______ __ . . ____ .
a lo fofpt -w touda to iaiSro-
aipte t a i ubnueroseepio \n * , m n *7 M u t ) l s w the im u tn o n stele
b s h n n lb l n | t r a b l a
Topor* od Gases ora noa-pwtieuis.te air contaminant.
KeponeretbegeeeeaapbaaaofeufceteaaeethataiesUber Squidorae0dla their flonunoblrk m m etete, oxbrmplMboar gasottae, kwapeoe, beoeeae, omrboa tetzaofdorMo,naji todeoa, eatapb' Yajwm buy ba ebasaedt tbe solid er Ibjeld fora brliuETmalflftfc*>nanr,dianaftafthe tssapsrehire oraeplyug both pm. auaaa MttqfUaaooafT. IXjer are r*tnoT*d ITtnatb* oir by eoadeasatJoa Till, 1 A ffinity th is a the u r n .
ffimaan sornsiUyfanalemfluidswMshtoasttooeenpyapanoreniiotmrc.ownpletelyu t uol/armlyit angsarytemperatures adpraeeuras, ThefeHo*iesaubetearas<pmUI>u n m i bngaa-altrsraa, carbon dioxide. aorboa mewide, aydro(eb, umnooi,sulfursUoxtb. Oases,nisuise, mayboeoufifiedorlicuofiw by tin .propar control of tempentus and prcmiui*.
The preceding claasficaUoD is not suitable For tbe airbanra living or ganisms, which nag in d te from tbe wthmlcrciocpla viruses to ti e hu-gcat poUea graiai, not considering the nnaOntinMet lira. Bacteria rang from about to e m lsm u In aiae^ Fuegusspom nxm1 to 10rtucrono, aadpoDas from 5 to.lSQ mlsrena.
SIXES OF ADIBOBirB PABTIClES
F ig . 1 is a g ra p h ie ' u ^ iu la fio a of th e jxntpertioo ol airborne aolM* and liq u id i a n u ^ ^ a o e c n l h i g - t o aire on th e m o ro n Beale- Tltera a re 25,-400
Fartsdee bupor than 10 mlcrcma are 'unlDceiy to remain Btupendnl In air oummta or moderets otttngth, b a t' nettle out by gravity a t npeeda dopmdeat upon tbe d u p e , m and tpedfio grarity of the particle, sriui velocity, orlaataltm of tbe eaUeetlig surface, and topography. T hen - h iger particles ate of major Interest to the cngiiiedr in iha solution of nuilaoee problems, but It la usually the tauller. particles, or those below 10 miconn, that remain,in the sir long enough'te be of hyproia os well as ' seaBoaue tigniSasnoe,
Industrial dual partlnlee are predamihsntly' of the order of 1 micron la else.- .T im eujoun ttumljere a n also -present tn tbe submicioecortc range below 0-S mlcnm, but those Kslorr 0.1 micron are not believed at-
m
rii'ntit-be.af prwttaU amortas, pMnbly-due'tC thrir ewwdiEgljr SunT.*"**** to oom'parbo vitti t t s Mian of aitbome matter,' f a foot. prtWiiiB
S s A " . (EtartfDftBMrement}
' OmrM V?V.O.JhgakiAd.Q>j*rigfcMnd vurnimk*, ft*, 1, Sua A>n> C n ^u m xu rm t o t iu o u rt FAacm*iTa Mwbs
* fc su rrey* o f Atmospheric pollution ta' 1* A m erican ctiea conducted
from 121 to 1933 indicated, the average dite of outdoor dust pcirtfcife* tobe 0.5 micron, ok upHertmi by the Ovraut jet dort cnnfcar end rafiiranod voder the microscope, Inability of th e Ughi JU id microscope to reveal
!
I
1(0
ghitbr a
m i Quia*- '
ftvtfota in the o.l micron viohlty may have infrienrod tbs d*tanniiu.tim
of average partale aiie. r -
.
. T ilt lower iimit-of partala rizo viribis to the naked eye eswiot be stated
definitely. I t depends not only upon tile individual eye, but also upon the shape and color of the partial*, Intensity and quality of the light, and na ture of the background of opportunity for contrast. lindar Ideal condi tions a particle rf 10-nueron s i might bs recopiired, while under leu favorable ocndltiane it may be icopnfloibla to distinguish a partile smaller , than 60 microns, Tbs lower limit of visibility probably ranges from. 10 to SO microns.
Dpsts, powdsis sad granular m atanais am frequently rJaigiflcd by reference to tba *ia* Of rosca used for separation. Partial shove 40 , mioroua aro add to b* the n u i rises and thoaa below, the vuh-serwn or
- mlerasoopladses. Apprcodmot* or theoretical sin s of pariM correspond
ing to the mesh rad* or the If. S. Standard Sieve Sales are given in Table 1.
Microscopic rumination of screened dust indiestro that the average
diameter of a simple of irregular partiles may be substantially largor.
' T a n s 1. SMUHON or Scura Maas TO,Fasti run Sum
, S . p t J i4 r d B l m M i d i , , . 400 3S aoo U Q 0 3
N e m ic a i ffis m O paftifig in
A G n c n u ! .- ................. . * ......................
37
u - T-i m
149 230 BOO
u 2000
.th a t tba openings of tbs screen through which it baa passed, if the particle shapes deviate considerably from the ephertasi form.1 The smallest dimension of many srti partietc* wifi con pumi with tba nutrimum par-. mianlh] distaaoe between the wires a t oqmmardai anrnsna made to tS T J f Standard Specification*. Screening does not give ehu p aepuation into alae groups, and accordingly, sarti a liaMtlcation Is rtatfatieu rather than absoluto,
A m POU-UTIOK BIT sm o k e , a s h ah d cdtders .
' Total airborne solids settling in urban aria s are usually reported as sop - Jail i# tona par (quartimile) (month). .Such data pubBrncdfor the citi -
in this country range f n n 30 to 300 toss pdr'fcquare mile) (month). To the a h oonilltionlng engineer ibis information may-indicate the affectiveneaa of smoks-itanuaeAt or fuel eambustin control method* in his local ity, hut lt doca cot prvido a Suitable index of the suspended dust.that air deano in a ventastino system, aro expected to. capture.1- <* Oravimetric or weight data of the type given is Table 3 ate preferable. In OCHOcanes airborne partici# counts may be necessary, as for pollen, baateria, spora*, and Insoluble dusts causing hlncsa or lung disease,
-Seat eonoaotratioua by weight cannot bft' converted readily to conseu. tfutiona Ire particle count because of tb* variability ofjpartm t sise, shape
land apertila gravity, and tha inherent characteristics of dust counting and weighing procedures. One milligram of dost per cubic mater of sir may represent dust 'counta from 1 rolloob to IOC mi .Item partidles per cubia foot af ir (Ifghtflold microopetachafe;) according -to the rise distributiop of
Ait' Ccotsjhl*BtB
181
Ai-nifiome dttrt'sampl*- Jafoimatioa of this type for a specified applies;
nT-a.
obtalntd hy-shnultaneons eampUng for both oauattag and
" Stwiiw and noting cnrefolly a t the time all factor that coight afloat the
reprediioSbCity of tha oount-we%ht ratio.
Saaks Abatement end Air PnllutUn Control
Suoeewful abatement of atmospheric pollution caused by smoke requires
the combined efforts of the ecmbuetioa engineer, industrial executive,
rlMa*r"isba1ti.s
health officer, mEliectrification
c.ofiftyindpluasntnryingaMncedtomnra(millriMsosairodfnas,
aAinntaSdnPuatihuilebk
IcInnomttlhmseaunnuiaetyae
arotftf
domeslio ail and gas icnisaes, and segregation of industrial diatriots a n
neduslly providing effsotiva aid in the solution of this problem, f t tha
Uun> d m s where au&ffioe from Bmafce,-flf,'*ah.and cinders is more serious,
limbed areas obtain some relief'by the use ol district heating. (SteQiap* ten 13, Id and IS let further disousdon os fncl burning technic.)
T iix a 3i 33w t CaifOffiK*a*noir Raxohs
B ual and Mbucbaa districts------ ------
StoropolitaadWrivt............. .. ..............
InpnittH]
..........
-Ordluty/U totin w wMicroom.,. . . . . .
Btccuhetr d u ty factories or m io u . . . 4Cniumexplulcc coneenlnrtiooe."....
00..W0*--00.-3i 0.1 -2.0 0.2 -1.0
4-00 000400,000
1osri
It --M--rui..--. ywnil i, i^
- lennSfrUM, - 1003PM , permbit net
Uumaium $. - .S---0.1 - X.O 0.2- s.o 0.5 -10
JM0 .W O O ,'
Many protect ordinances limit the number of minutes in any one hour' that amoks of a specified density (determined by comparison with a EUngelmann Chart which is;described in Chapter 10} may bedischarged.
There iantrvr considerable Interest and activity in. the control of air pol lution fu to n in addition to smoke. Difficulty in the establishment of scoaptakle oritari*for certain corrosive and irritant gases, such as fluorides and the arid of sulphur and nitrogen discharged with the gases of com bustion, and the frequently compilested technical and economic problems Encounter! In control, have delayed the drafting and enforcement of legislative measures fceosnt reports of an increased taddencvofi diseases, such as pneumonia and Lung aanecr, in areas high in certain air contami nants, require furthef critical investigation. before soceptaaoe. The raftiee finally adopted will undoubtedly be lower than the'M.A.O. (Maximum Allowmhle Conscntrotfim) IhnifcB for.use in industry, because the-teEpoaure is pontinnoua compared with 'the S-huurday, 5 or 6-day week upon which M-A..C1. vahies are based, and because the exposed population bootains individuals with greater variation In age sad health status, .
In foggywpatber, or with an frocrw ofatmospheric conditions,accumu lation of gaseous ccatamlnanta may caoas irritation of eyw, Boss, a n d ' respiratory passages, and possibty 'caoae.even-more oerioua physiological effects. The Meuse Talley la g disaster (Belgium $30} and the Donors smsj (Pennsylvania; 1548) are cLassio "eicainpUa In tha history of gaseoua air paflnties, In both ioatausea i t Is believed, that irritant gaies,'prinei*
162
com en i
1931 Guide*
pollffrom Industrial plas, u cumulatine ditring perioda of eroetrtmlljr jToonged roeteorologieal fami fan and loe, aontahtttad to tira lunera ot
taany penosa, and (a the deatb o arane-who wure ospedali/ nuaceptihl*.-
Abwwptlon of Salar Badiaden Absorpun of solai uitravialet Lght by moke and wt is reooenised
a healthprtblem in miuiy Industrial riti. MeaarememU d ota radia* don ib Baltimore' Or natiaie ninthoda demoaotrsted th at ulUaviaiot Iirht iateneity Sn th aoentiy vaa 90 parerai gratar tino in th city. Iri New1. York C 3t/ atoas aa eruat as 60 peruent in visible Jight Oradfpund byphatOr eleotrio ueaouramtnta.
odok m nsiH C B
A. problemi ompanionate irith amalee abatenrant is (he omtral of odor
tame* in the arighbcctiood of industrial plasta dtabugfag nmdoua or
offensive air contaminilite, Community planning and (oniog rrill avold
-mueh uf bhe difficility in. th furine, but meanwhile mmy industrial ritta
tnuef resort to correctiva nwaeuree by retpilring utahoticn of air cleomi
defiere, alteratimi of manufacturing proa, or termination of th o>
fenalve operatici in redantlaf or eenuneraial dktata. ' .
, -,
Control of outdoor odor butano is especlally troubtaome beoauae o thecatnm ely minute qyaaitlra of jntanunaiit that are pablo d cStn-, tgthrough a trida area. K e industre! chuioala with strage or un fumiliar odora toad to raceire more attentine Irotn tha naithboihowl than (hecuatotoaiy odora geoerafced by veli tnown piovesse* and raw refaHaJ. lrthoda o! odor oonttnl eurrentiy in me iolude ohaieoel adsxpttan, m hbing towan and air waaheui, dhlprbutioa, condensata, neildng, passato of th odorati alr through oambusta bambea, dispensen through a tali atadk, Ad beat of all, Sabatitutta of le s offnuvi'matetUls
wfconerer potMa.*' *'1,1n
Control of alr qualty tfthln buQtEngs TTOtdalad far human ocoupoooy
Is disourasd tu Chopter 6. Tobceo-smoke odora, eodking odora and body odora ara alr contaminanta of tha ontani* type wbtoh a m sommami a doive positi<m in th stendardi of 'air quallty /or indoor comfort. Benaver, th engmeer adii Sud, et tinta, tfcat -odora origjnatng otirifar budinge in industriai or buetata 3triet nuay deteimina tba find and - capanity a i oquipmrnt be must (roride fo ra high quality afe-suppty Instai-
latini.
t
- OCDOSTSIAL AIB COKTAJSINAKTS, .
- Many industriai ptoeoraes are aourees of contaminante. Tbair control io s a hnpoituV funotlau of th ventilatiug or air confitionlng engineer, hegauee th ahacnphere vithin bnSdhigala th medium wheieby suoh fiacly dividati B atter is disperaed and transportad front th'scorce to remoto looatious -vhen it may canse prcperty damags, miisxnce, firn, or plcelan, diieaee and m a death.
Tablas 3, 4 and S gire th moximwn pUauabU cmettratipn valuta for many industriai air contieniliunto sa adoptad tajr the Seotional Oonunittee E37 oa Allmrablc Ooneentrations of Torio Suata and Casca of the iena Slandardt Aikkitfan, and as reportad by ra Committee ooTbnahald
a Qonfertiy $ Q n ftn iM tff Jrvfi-
i t umst 'lje'nplIttBi that tluaj Umita In. the. great majority of in-
stances *M only W ** naxenm orttnp leueie Bine.*they arc eatiroates,
based is many cuta apon mcompMte anvireamental and inedioal studies.
Where there la agreement tarin g the - t Standard 237 and A jC .G JJ/ reines, reliability of the A SA Standard is increased, Hie vetoes are not fired, but are Snbjeot to rerisjea, upward or downward, with the develop, m int oi new information. -lin ti ia by no mesne complete aereemeal regarding those Vajuea among respdneih] industrial hygienists. '
In applying thecaguide limit, tha /allowing factors must be considered:
U Th4ttoao/*poettrt Ja-BW eibj'farCm9dMj**'wt*k, _
9, Tb
*r*-Iod*a*4vfl o e./noeuxtrvt<oa la tV breathlaf van
ef ih* fi*j**i perioa.
. *r '
3, Tbe K^taQ- toMualy enM *2iim
^poauro T&fcft>fcis t i upjw
iW.mIftMt mAiljioxeM tb*(.A..C.TsUd. For w apis, U nact feMsumed
th S If ISO p t ^ l i onfMarod tAft tot i*bawr v^naur* Ukat'BDOppm for na houx
'rU l b* P w a S U .
ystei^c^locta v c i i b * w reunrind, whila in m o tlm e su the mlu* f ilm a n ti . K / S 2 & fW w r?rf " * B0M8ttt,Blw * Ucil" y bo nwriated with n n n
fr y 1 ^ . return are upper lUnltelit ir a n b M U .le p p e m t w*u
U_thj .a ciiw n ik red n ^ a f o fu to n p jn lt, T ta r O Z t
SU f
pomie a reareaaSl morgtn ofaclaty in iSeoU nu tes / r S u i i h o f S ^ L ^
tn Table 5, Oohuan. 1 Hats the ASA Sectional Committee 237 IdJLCvalues;, Column 2, those of the A.C.ffJM. CbmtaHtee .on Threshold limits. Column gives the value in gmauipar aubig meter or enmeae per 1000 mi ft furthe coirespoofiiEg A.C.O.IM, limit,' Column dshowii the Said ounces of chemical, if it la a liquid a t 20 C (63 F), which, if equally Ji-pmceri in 1000 eu ft, would give the carreepoaaing *A.C,,
la Table, Columns l and 2'are respectively the-MA.0. values from the ASA and A .QAJJJJ", Committee.
I s Table 5, the M-A..O. valuta lo re number of industrial dustc as given m n obtained from data of tha A.C .Q JJ\ Committee ou Thnahaid
ZUnlta.
.
Information on the properties and effects, with respect to health, cf rpeehte Industrial air contaminants la available in publications S ited a t-tto end of this chapter.
51AMKABLS GASES AKD VAPORS '
Adequate veolafidn la a prinuuy req-airemaat for mlnimiiiae thehaxard of fire or explosion due to p a And vapora. The need for good vintila-
t i is not removed by the use of other precautions, such M tiur etimiuA-
- tien of knnwn ignitloh some, segregation a t baiartios operations, adop
tion cf sale building l.onutnutian, add installation of automatic alarms..
fiume safely agine*! regard uVer-ventOatiaB of ao opemtiim.eaiploytag
forerouble liquids
ligitimata opcuutlpB `charge for. the privnogo or
necessity of using a.dangerous process. Hewerar,,it it not possible to
f illi
if f illll
:: ?H : 11!:! il:;j j :j! ;1 i
!
. g
a . 5' -
-s-SS 8-ggS S-Iss is r-. 82 sie slag IsSSs i&sg ,,SSsS a la * |.B,, _Sfe ,,g.;g
' .
*1
1
f f i ? f i f ^ | i i p g p E g l m s t i r p i w i s f t ri
*
`
s *
S i " S :S S 5S S* SSSS gg i S g=SS g g plSS - tI t1
ififl.
.a iu p T k
im i
aocmsiciaiaticrn' be pvoq to eperotbn ata>* Vut upgtr mpai limit la. tha > V
, open a r e cf. buUalBg' or roonto^oTpft&aujih unncWpllti--bacamo th . ai fempanuj' tnip al gas oanjitrt.tAcB. to a pouti within th ex-' rt&g&istoagie&ti . _
' Ahlllty of a Harem*hi. liquld ta forra aiplosire mixtures la datcrrinad larealy by ito vapor gnom o, volatfllty, or -tato o f roporatioo. Floeh potai la a convewent msthcd of pressine tifa picijwriy ut tenne of th ' tetapemtttM Bealo- I t may be dsflnea aa due tencpualur ta n t o n a a binubie liqnld must b* luated ta. produoe a Basa vben a anali Bene ia passai aro# tbo (intasa ai th liquW. Xhe higher' th flash, poiat, th mota aafly osa tSn UquM 1 hancUed. Liquide wftb flash pointa ondai 70 Paho-Jd bercgrcUd as hfghly flammable.
Tasti* 0. tarara n t Trans Prim i, Fianca ami. M a n
\
Hnniium - 1
TnnnuLa
**
ma&im
`S6 S5e^^\7."`^!tiiZs^''"nv!2^n`" fl-liw? w
.............. --
-- !.. #. a..k .
j . Jd-
i4 e ' UIU1-
.1 " . Li
jL ffifasfo ... -......--............. . Bitminnfloagfla|Ma?flnlnB....,,w.^....... . h
'- i1l . . , - : -v - "
. I* - .... , tu* -,
Xfppar and lgwar limite of flammnhility of gassa and Vapora; and th Saldi -
poiataof th eonaapmirtinfeiiq'jlda ara g irea in Tabls 6.
r- ,
Metbodu far estinurting th fiammable limito of m irhim raf n w s'o r vapori must )w apphad with caolino; th m oderi reierraci to'othar ptibUcafcfoua tur thls informiti551." '
-, U teiitD equipcoent Ap1th oontrol. of ^stbiutibb snesthetics ts- out-
lined ut Chant g 7- ^tsuhettllBa ut equlpimeat ior-lianiLlns dir codtaln-
tue .flainaabo autetaoee; or operatiBg In atm ospiterei ia orntonarnaVd,
a qsoiukq in Q u^ lt9f 4 B
*
*
.**na i m 'l ^ j r i fOT' jriiK f lUSat'.tii In-'itBotiijal, b e ai or inthwtrfal. hjgmw U to ttu :b resdHy au d a'% ihtfipitwmooi' i perca;' - 'I(K
W N ! fT' iM', -
. .'`h- iV . *
m
nam foorf of naataminsnt'pcr milliaa parts of sir, by volume, or la other ' mrfsTiUbie fait of eanUoiiiiLnt.per million. soMe./eet of tit) . I t wfll tn
noted ill Thble 8 tet aterly all of tbs dwtancra listed: bare-lower axpiorive TM it. above i.O percent, while tbs maximum ofiwobte eoimfrofums (or nase an d -repure'in Table &ate below 1000 ppm-or 0.1' percent in most ---.. Xberwfore, control at to*fc or injurious vapors to levels below te a r njavtauia allowable coossotratioea lor health usually requires much more effective vuntiiitiOK than, (or the prevention d a t a hacard.
COMMSOTUS 3KJSTS
ji dost owpicslcn is essentiaUy a sudden pressure rise caused by the very' rapid bureaus of airborne dust. Tbs primary plosion often cmgicatca from a small amount of dust in suapeasies exposal to a seuroe of ignition, r u tee pressure add vibration. It create may be eufEcieiit to-disfodge jasge aesumuUtlons o f dust ca boruontal iedges or surfaces of the'bunding, and equipment, tharehy creating a secondary explosion of great farce.'
i I
Thus the air conditioning engines; is Involved (or two.'reasons: (1) to
obtain a movement of dusWadea sir into haunt hoods or openings, end' through ventdatiag or pnainaatio canmying dusts, iu b manner teat trill: -
prevent accumulation oi highly Eamrnablh dust a t points .where it could; 1
ignite inside te e equipment; sad (2) to so'deeign precsn'ininttlalum-'ea to
prevent the escape of dust which might settle ua bcriiontsl' surface end'
beoemsa potential souxoe o( dbaster a t aamcdiatanoe from tba dusty opem-<,
tdoa. (See Chapter 46),
.
. .
Intensity of a dust explosion depends a t : chemical and. teenual-
, properties of the dust; partati piw abd shape; concentration in air; propor-.* - tlon of Inert dust In Hta air i moisture content and compcelfirm of,th* a ir/ sUe and tempemture of tee ignition source: rad'degree of dlsperrioa of the'
.duet laud. tovmftigasioaff on the eiploribility of dusts require driarminau
teen of the maximum pressure developed dunng explosion. of a Smawo. air' eanmotmUon, as wdUea deiernunathm of tea rate of pressure rise. In.-: vestigatotB frequently, experience difficulty in obtaining dust suspensions
of urufa-m dispersion/ end this should be kepi In mind, when comparing,
results (torn several squras.14 ..
,
Minimum expicrivi ` concentration of -airborne duett already tested'
use from 0.01 to O.S.m p& cable (opt, or 10 tofiOOganas per cubic meter
e s
t HAFTER 8
ISSI Okfl
T9UB 6, ArnozztuxB Anrs or ftkibu B iu ** o r fllHtJL* Oasu AMB TaTOKI Ziv A at O asnriAr T b r u n rates AXTEtUBWmtZO*
r-"
- All ContinafrUatg
169
4 ju.y y rtw i n XiIkUTft Of PLAJO1<A<CI<ITT 0T 8lMqi* &*** AJ<&V**Pfi
J`*p Aim At
TsapxaAnrsxA Aira Psjuftimvs* (OoAeiiufed}
Oil paYatq*
LrvnfrelAu&Ai rOr Vnc'CM,
P7riVtmttfUWetmLMbaiaT* ' JlUJttmgFtCjpal*
13 -
....................... *,t
l*U-0
rt. <1
lii
3.9 1:1
tt.9
"r:S
"ii
. i*
s
&
:.r.v.v.v.;v : ::/.: i l ' Se-.78
"ii
lC.
mdaSfii fifinCWuinJ,i Clf.t.a_lwti..u.d
nynfen la tha
nod la Bull pnfaiditonlMltan.
at tic. MkrtmuM presrures gacereted hVB been reported u high as 00 psi, although they ere more likely to be of the older of 0 pel. .Investiga tions on the flnmmtJs chirecterirticB of duets ere currently made a t 0.1 and 0.5 .0*per eubis foot,1**"
ATMOSPHERIC POLLEN
Properties of pollen grama discharged by weeds, greases end trees and. responsible for *7 fe*'ier!sre of special interest to designer* of air cleaning1 priproeat (are Allergic Dsordere in Chapter 7, and Air Cleaning, Chas ter 33). Whole pains and ingmenta transported b y the air rang* chiefly . ' between 10 end SOaucrciu in use, hut some h a re been tnesmrtd as until as 5 microns, end others over IDO microns in diameter. Bagweed pollen, grains are fairly uniform in s i within the range of IS to ZB microns. Polled grains can be removed from tho air more readily than the particles
. of dust prevalent In. outdoor air or produced by dusty processes since the
latter predominate in the range of Oil to ID rruonau in slse.
J
Most grain a n quite hygroscopic and therefore vary in weight with the
humidity. Illustrations and data on individual polloc grains srs avnilahle la the botanic! )itetature.B' , , ' u Geographical distribution of plantcIrnown to produce hsjr;feTur is also recorded.**- *
The quantity of podia grains in the air is generally stunsted by exposing'
an adheslvoocatsd glass piste outdoors far 24 hr, and then counting cali
brated arena under the microscope. Methods are available tn deteimin-i
tag the number of groins ia a measured volume of si?,"'*11 but thalr' gmater sasnacy has not caused' them to replace the 'more simple frosty. Mtds Trwihcd used for meat pollen counts. Counting tedmlas vary some
w hat but the daily pollen smuts reported in load ftswspspenr during the
hay fever season usually represent tbs number of gratae found. G nU i sq, ' em of a 2i-hr grairttg s& k,
' Hay fever sufferers taay notice the first symptoms when the pdilea eohnli,is ID to SS, taid in sobw Ipeallties the guwjmum Hsrures' for the senseand
peak rasy approach 1Q0Oh i-fi 24-ilr period, depending upon the aampUng .
170
CBAWeR *'
l?3 1 .G u id e
ned importine metbsdo pi th Inbdratoiy. T rtnduion f gravityoc unta < by special foimulaa to & volumetrie baiala, or th number of Bruna p e r, cubie yard or per cubie ioofc of ir, la amailaide bccauaa f he aoraptanty of th madifying faeton. When auoh infcrmatroii. is hnpdrtant, it a.beat obtoineddiectJybyavolumetrielnrtnimsnt. ThauimJoeroipoileugraina per cubie yard of. Li videaBy v a ri fune 2 to SOtnee th number round od 1 eq om o 2A-hr gresriqr alide, dpendiog ea graia dlameter, shepe, speclfle grmviiy, vrind Telociy, humidity end phytual pteeemeni of .th eoUeettag p ia te , -" ."
' .f-
AmBOlUSB BACTERIA
; atfldy pf th oeturnmee od eignlfloenea of mlero-oigaoiams & ths *tImoaAhBrra of th Indoor vroriri b abeoibing tbe energica c f aubetantial iuuttiber of physialauofi, lutotarlaiornila, aerohloloabrts, phyalcUts, publie hmlth -wsdcn, ogDere end hrupiuU paracnud. Home date ere .valUfalo on te typea end quantitiw of battere found in > Tttrioty cf ipsces, hut it dot pcathie e t praaent to use tUainfOrmstiim ss a Conoluvye in a li of , he potentil healtli tuuexd cf e riven envirenment. Tbereportad miuiber of trbome mganiHme majr varyirom 1 to 1000 per oubioftttf of gir, lofluenced wmiewbiii b y th method of-taetlng.* Meny ere ttaehed to tha duat parile]ea piraent in ths ir.
Whsie. K aeema adriaeMa or d e s n b b to oontrol tha blaterili content af roane', pobiie canvevens or buildinss, hlghly. effietve msthoda ere vallatile (eee Chapter 7>, and thair xtended. use a o y do m udi to itslit - th morto io th b fteld in eeeuatubttig th ueoebuy' Diesa of evideuoe that T01 decide th preolicei value- of sur tailiatioa far th atmtrol of eotamunlaiUa dlseue. & b cow well eetibliebed timi a ltn v id et rdltion l fearible for th protoodoe or preserva.Uon of pKanncenticoir, ocwmettes, and food produrne.
KEEKHBHCES
*Aluvpbarie Follution et Aderc*n<Utles toir tbe fate ISSI te Itti, J. E. Ira . e tti (ti, yfKSlw HmIIAS tn ctBmiUtin,Vo. 224.MmcI 1W4).
MusmMSe, Tha Twhnology al Pio* Peritili, by 7. M. DalUVafla (Pinata PuMJehlng Oorporatien, 1K3)>
>Ataoaplurie FoCutioa XJqEto Btaokv, by 1. 0. Storti (JPeeTitr m d VenliUttinf.
\Tty. fiU).
JUmenihflri PllutionDu to Duci od Ciad*, bj A. C. Stani (ffcaiinfl end
ri&oiiPffTJidyrlMS). .
\ *SofiifoU, Studia fci Nsv Vor^ <3by# by/ Slife^ikad B.-Pelaar
'J o v itti SzcnoF, Htdtins,
ondM t Confy\*tte9t SapUopn, 104S, p. 495^
<Tfctt ttffw l Cpitiaptl^i^,EBii}piP<Bl pB'iflth Ald,Awgi AtBtMi-
' pkr[s7olhiil<Wt fcjrA. a . frm
Pwptvond
^r&rdUion<iVf Autttfl, liM4t P*W-W4],
f Rfftelt f A b& onhina FuUtftian Upoft Insidiaci e t floUr
taLdar^fll.a . OoUinlfnd F. . JCorff jnri*aa J w tm! *J &**&&,
'W*S tilti In.Eiuiolnsfrtoa--Itlj A fltadr of Jln Leo of dsht Doe t
fS'fen"" MvibnUanIiadfcrjrJ. Its(y. Ss Futa*SnliSSrrwit Bv&kfyN*.
fltady'w d Oootnt of tmlua^lal Atmovpbarfo Follatimi Nutmeei, br I, bC
tlm^rUenJovnuii ^PdUieffMHAt VU*Kr W ,
twj.
` *v-Uiiat)on cf Odor ifalw&*a 1 tk Mnaalnchira of KiibU V vpet, by *. M.
DnUnVaUa u d B. C , Dudloy {tf7$. PtUe Btith, Servici tU prlnl Nflr WK?, FoUie
Biiltfa Riporta Voi, Si, Jonfaary 13. t , p. 8*43).
'
;i D b N U l d RifliiJry-'P/artM, `Bootion H i TTnta
VaporiL Stodgei ad
Bautta Umertomi P tito ln m /luoihu, K v York City, 1B3S}.
**
: t
i l . Cgctori'Inu lta - .
171
liofoba!7Triulwl >yiJ itiin o m la {W ffiW K odimnd-Oa./ Lumia o, WDi). U n ii! I InJUmmshtiltz ef G b t i Vbpni. bjrH , ? . ConraiJ'Mid C. W.
*TS. to o l. ' , ii T.iUffunatfo* Idmlta *ad Tbelr Prtwtftal ppUcaSoa la H ftiardou Isiiiuirisi
w. jU * W k ^ M ^ H ^ T V S i. ; F.hnuur. ima), -
PrirnUOoRUmmlcstloii, b j H yltcnH , B re ra ( P i r a aj.Minai, Collqpi Park, Uuylud).
Ibi)--; -
^ iT to ii^ ii c e ia a E au n L i U FLwU PrcnniD* or EandUni ^ .mlnai . Magno Aomj o rg ^ fo w ja c r^ bj-H . B -B ro M <&. &. Buttati fSUimlnfarrmUm C ru la r.
TtiUiitiMhUily and EspSoibSifcjr f Moto! Pcirifart. hjr 1 Hartoum, 2. K gf, tt<j HTS. BrfffRJ (U. 6. Bltrm v t f H i*** Separi of Inaeatiffaium Na. STTOy Ocldber, *
lM3)>
*
'
.
!hJtammifcflily Ad ExttiMibfity ot ? o v d o n Uead la tha P liaU a ladnatfr by
r * --*-*- 0*d Jn N tg r {Un 9. BUrtdu 9f MT*4* Separi e f X**a*tig<aton &*.87fil,
Mar, l*U).
' v ,
9 Industriai Duet E*p)oridfta, h r H, R, B rava ((7. B. B*tmu <fK m i, In/orrajh `.
t t n CLruliar Ha. 7305, iacOAry, JMi),.
*'-n Precoud Goda or th Prtraotloa of D iut Sxplcaloaa La ktic*Plastica laduarr { y g jim d f& t ProtaetiM Saioafaiioc, Bcuiaa, M ar, lfrft],
S . . . . ....... .................... a An tntrtiiyatco io PoL^es Afittlinda bf <3, firdtttaa (Ohrotiita Botacice. Co.,
TOrilban, Mua LM8) Felice Qrefna, by B ..P. VTbdeho a AtmoepbtrU Pollali, h yB . F. W e -------
\ 37, AiRrocBftAttteftdfen far Im Atfpanctmmi n Euri aver A*a**t by B. F . W*de*e ^DkroniecBeUuitec Oo.r Walthaua. Moia.,
IW h " Baj- Furari A Googrephieal ta d BoUoIb*I Bunr*y, by E* II. Squibb and Sea.
i b r York, HJ7. . " Tbchatattee fo t Af c itte * LsBerae Ftjpaietiua ef Mieroergeaiem, FoUec Ad IocaBt*{PkiltapMhe&fV, Vfl, t l , U v h , p\
u Avp4mtac lor DetemSmag th PoQea CoaceatreUec cf tbo AiDuwohari. h j-. B._J. Cody, W. P^JpotMjr nd fi, 'A. Kantola (Beeevch D partaunt, th puakroU Bdlios C o ap aaj, Dttirol fr),
" TheVelniaatrie loeideste ef Ata< BU*m<mflrby O. C, DurhazQ (/rrvtf / 4Utyy, Voi. 14*fioptombec UN4(>
11H e Vclumoiric Isddeaee of ta o n b tris A tlertm i,U c Siami;Lueam M essore . mte br PoiiuceteD eod O rvrity Elida Mafcbodt, bjr Q, Qr Durb&m (Spuntai ej
* Atr-Boma F u im u fidore u AUna*, Q-. O. Durham (AeraMblw, p . 33H7,
P vblkitra No. L7, ABwnwx Aateetailenfprth* AdauneoamU-pBeymat, W aiUagtoci
D. 0.( IH t] .
1
*
BuebUbe Der i e , by H . O . DnBuy u d A- Sollaeader (AmerieftA fa n n o i e t Mr&ml S t r i a , Val, afe. >bniM y, IM i P- ITO-UT).
| BffiLlOOBAPHY `
Abattaobi dBaftetlitflkmoiitbly, anmitl earfapegii) laduatra! SvgieM Fcuadation, Im. Piitahar^hj P*.' '
,, Aiivbtolaey Fubtieatida Na.-17 Cdiruricon AMeedbn /o r |iie AtfraxeeaiciiJ cA & t WaeQcgtooi D. Cf1 1943).
Air Baoitafclaa ned LadutrJal Tostilstieii, b r W. IT. Wltborldga XDitrcit* M l^ -, -
Ww).
I
*
^A aeriea-Iiutiutirni SyjgieAB Aaseelalion Qasjrteiiy (44 Fir i i A're*,Pittdbcargh,
IJa a tin f S g ttn ra *, .
C leav er-B ro o k s C o m p a n y
345 K. Koo/e Ave., M ilw aukee 12, W iM onaia
Cltrtr*&TMks S lu m Boiler
Cerapfala 13 to SOO-hp Oil Tired
Self.CbnWMd Q u Tired
V; .. .Im iilT
.... ................ srJNbAUbilSsS1--
& ioaa is r UISt ' w
us Hob
issr
*
SETBIV OIL * BB3LK GAS etout OIL A GAS WITH EQUAL SSTIdK N Cr Dlagtaminiifclc Kfurtretfoa fa m ? motion repreaanUUy* a t the FflUur^Paae dreign found In CSuw< "Brooks medcia
Faotory Tested 16 to 2COIfaa pil. oil de Q Fired --------------------------------
00 TB? d t p BE IW
T he ontta^andlag faafiure of Iht OUavsr-Brooki steam hollar te ita p w high efadeacy, Ecoaoray of oporotioo U bobured by Bstablvhiiigancffifltat Sains ta d then abboMofbiaQs the maalrmun mount of heifc In ike four pints.
*tiXAATC&B*0 Q 3 BELTS YOU SELECT THE EXACT STEAM BOILER YOtT VANT TO MEET
yoosl fissczrrc itbbds
JO B BATED--Both CUoftvet-BreeU leva holler is jofc re Led to meet the iLesm
requirexneoka of year plant, A gothpeLent s d n onetaear help* analyse your load
' diwuda and takes It to
these condiUoo*:
a Maximum d a u i re* quireme&ta la jnurcU
m r hour o r hollar JbotM-powor.
a Wfeattrer yur alearn load Is oDJistaat cr fluctuating, and the degree, r f auotuaUop.
, T b a beating load re* quinuDoato.
u Standby requirements.
Steam pleasure retfufred at point o! n*a.
Future growth or ix> ^uioo sf pteat feoiru
Pop vafvBBettiore, * i*er cent of total feed
water returned a t eon. danuite, Turrpereiure of ooadensau.
* Frauure Sf' make-up aaUdatiao.
S p u e M d tuaeUaa ty irrtaMMflfft. Sug gested bouar wore lay out#
Plant altitude abmt tea lava),
Look for tbs name "CLEAVR*BBOOKSH taler tba Batter Section of ymir classlfled Tdepbone D irectory. X32d
Heating Syitemi i ST
Cyclotherm Corporation
5*U( ModBraaottrv Offlni Oswego, Ho t York
F iutai DIBWttWf Itm u tattt * tf PpJtad Staiti
cVCLOTEERM STEAlf ASD hotftateb GSHW TOK Operata en Oyalooka OoDu*Uoap t i m U , , Comp*Wy **ttroy.wuttieQ"ilw,igshu, fulrllnstanfnehtayjnw**a--
gu end rii trinV- Only four eOAHMltoBa m^uirad
tj* CvsImiIq Oom bwti operating oriiiipl u m th fwel te h bqrned
l u H high v(M hy around
IiuLdv m " ei t_t_< g__am__bu_a_tf_o_i abupbfr, forming virtually i r i * oi ffm e. T h tfo rtw id uniforma&dlugbly (Beirat beet transfer over the sto ftm aee .wall wltheat hot spot. Cow-
P renait Bange
Avail bl in fcandjud low prttauw unita or high pMbpofe np to * ow, Kot tr a is r ganci vom sr also available ra eil Um.
SlitxulaH Bonier Arrangement#
F imI
Crelotbenn
Medel So.
Light 0 3 , 1 io 9 C-MC thru C-13M0
freed u a laton u M of *.
tira,
Heavy OU, 5, u d
BuaW 6
0 -38ft>thru C*1IW
IG to 6 hp modal *Tt owppso with "om-rif'* eontreirfi.W' 4M hp towfoU
Osa. mld.. mjjrod _
bav modulated control, Automati* cojnhiwttaa Mfecuard. low water and
and natural
&d00 A ni O-IMW
CUrmfc- ct.ell and gM G-5DOthru 0*18800
other tafofcy aacuoJj are ladudedr
C m ata.iy.c[lunl|*t &2SOOtfcro0*15800
ligBiao ututos ayja p w i^ bobb
ftl* w TU J 3lol Wate Uni*
KmU K a
Um*. itr
Oa^tOTU
BTulf. S k Vi QaUbca
B*o
(C n a u n ti !* .UW^lS) a r Lcncth B *fcl
too r a
"E S "
L rr r en>,wo
~ S ~ mi
,aw U
17f
<< TT
.TO
9
4 OT
& 3
l;S f.tIM
i,i n s
:S
s
1,04 lf.W $
1,
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t
If,S l a
S*
>8 i l s
i i i:a
3 n
iu .
. .
-US
.HT,MO
JM
! -il?-
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US
llm s ' i
ffi} i U ll
1300 S R IM
> tB Ij.crt
f t l '.w m iS I fUf
^ W S ' 4M . m
ILMQ J . 1 i t s S ; 5 231 l
1327