Document Yrwk3zkkj3ZZBO1Ba8M2Xn9q0

NATIONAL DIOXIN STUDY STUDY DESI6N - . TIER 1 - 2A5-TCP PRODUCTION SITES AND ASSOCIATED WASTE DISPOSAL SITES TIER 2 - SITES WHERE 2A5-TCP WAS USED TO MAKE PESTICIDE PRODUCTS TIER 3 - SITES WHERE 2A5-TCP WAS FORMULATED INTO PESTICIDE PRODUCTS TIER A -^COMBUSTION SOURCES TIER 5 - SITES WHERE 245-TCP DERIVED PESTICIDES HAVE BEEN USED ON A COMMERCIAL BASIS TIER 6 - CHEMICAL AND PESTICIDE MANUFACTURING SITES WHERE 2378-TCDD COULD HAVE BEEN INADVERTENTLY PRODUCED TIER 7 - CONTROL SITES WHERE 2378-TCDD CONTAMINATION IS NOT SUSPECTED 1 TIER 4 - COMBUSTION SOURCES BUDGET APPROXIMATELY $1-4 MILLION o $715k IN FY-84 0 $700K IN FY-85 ALSO MAY INCLUDE ANALYSIS OF ALL OR SOME OF SAMPLES COLLECTED UNDER TIER 4 OBJECTIVES (A) WHICH COMBUSTION SOURCE CATEGORIES EMIT 2378-TCDD? (B) AT WHAT CONCENTRATIONS IS 2378-TCDD EMITTED? (C) DO THESE CONCENTRATIONS POSE AN UNREASONABLE RISK TO THE PUBLIC? CD) IF SO, WHAT CAN BE DONE TO MINIMIZE THAT RISK?' (SHORT TERM VS- LONG TERM) JL Table 1: Tier 4 Work Group Name Organization Mail Code or Room Number Telephone Number (FTS) Edward J. Lillis OAQPS - RTP, NC MD-14 629 -5586 James H. Southerland OAQPS - RTP, NC MD-14 629-5585 Lisa Barrera OANR - Washington, DC 382-7426 Jim Cummings Dioxin Management Coordination Staff - Washington, DC W-439 382-5363 Mike STimak OWRS/OW - Washington, DC E-829 382-7051 Don Barnes Chlorinated Dioxin Work Group - Washington, DC E-635 382- 289 7 Bob Olexsey IERL - Cincinnati, OH 684-769 6 Dave Sussman OSW/OSWER - Washington, DC WSM-S2811 382-7927 Paul des Rosiers Boniface Thayil Garrett Smith Mike Dellarco Jack McGinnity ORD - Washington, DC Air Programs - Region V Air Programs - Region II ORD - Washington, DC OAQPS - RTP, NC W- 621 M-3100 MD-14 382-2722 886-6054 264-3407 382-5763 629-5504 TIER A - WORK PLAN (1) .PERFORM LITERATURE REVIEW TO FIND WHICH COMBUSTION SOURCE CATEGORIES . HAVE BEEN TESTED FOR 2378-TCDD(2) IDENTIFY THOSE COMBUSTION SOURCE CATEGORIES THAT HAVE NOT BEEN TESTED AND WHICH HAVE A HIGH LIKELIHOOD FOR EMITTING 2378-TCDD.(3) CONDUCT A SOURCE TESTING PROGRAM TO COLLECT EMISSION DATA, OPERATING .AND EMISSION CONTROL INFORMATION. . (A) IN THOSE CASES WHERE 2378-TCDD IS FOUND, CONDUCT AN EXPOSURE AND RISK ANALYSIS (IN CONJUNCTION WITH SASD AND THE CHLORINATED DIOXIN WORK GROUP) (5) PREPARE A FINAL REPORT THAT SUMMARIZES THE RESULTS OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW AND THE SOURCE TESTING PROGRAM(6) PROVIDE INPUT FOR REPORT SCHEDULED TO BE SUBMITTED TO CONGRESS, DECEMBER 1985- V- TIER 4 - KEY STEPS 1- PERFORM LITERATURE REVIEW TO DETERMINE-SOURCE CATEGORIES THAT HAVE BEEN TESTED (MARCH 1984) [: ' "" - 2- PRIORITIZE AND SELECT SOURCE CATEGORIES FOR SOURCE TESTING (APRIL 1984)- 7 3- WORK WITH REGIONAL OFFICES/STATES TO LOCATE SOURCES WITHIN EACH CATEGORY FOR TESTING (MAY-JUNE 1984)- ' 4- PERFORM A PRE-TEST SURVEY AND PREPARE A SOURCE TEST PLAN FOR EACH SOURCE (VIA CONTRACT) (SUMMER 1984). . ' ~` 5- BEGIN SOURCE TESTING ONCE SOURCE TEST HAS BEEN APPROVED BY TIER 4 WORK GROUP (FALL 1984). TESTING WILL INCLUDE STACK EMISSIONS, BEFORE/AFTER ' CONTROLS, OPERATING PARAMETERS- 6- IF 2378-TCDD IS FOUND, EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND RISK ASSESSMENT WILL BE NECESSARY- SASD SUPPORT ANTICIPATED AND COORDINATION WITH THE CHLORINATED DIOXIN WORK GROUP THAT HAS DONE THE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS. 7- IF HIGH RISK SITUATION IS FOUND, SOME SHORT TERM OR LONG TERM TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION MAY BE NEEDED TO ABATE PUBLIC CONCERN- 8- RESULTS OF SOURCE TESTS WILL BE DOCUMENTED AND WILL BE SUMMARIZED AT THE END OF THE PROJECT, ALONG WITH RESULTS OF LITERATURE REVIEW (FALL 1985). Figure 1. Schedule: National Dioxin Study - Tier 4 - Combustion Sources Activities 1983 1984 N D J F M A 'M J J A S O N D 19 85 JFMAMJJASOND 1986 JFMAMJ Begin project 0 Initial Work Group Meeting* 0 Perform literature review 0------------ 0 Select source categories for testing 0--0 Select individual sources for testing 0----- 0 Hold ASTM Conference and prepare source test protocol Conference Protocol o--------- .-------- 0 Prepare individual source test plans; conduct source testing and prepare source test reports o----------------- --------------------- o Prepare draft final Tier 4 report i O----------------------0 t * Tier 4 Work Group will meet periodically (bi-monthly) throughout the study period. r METHODOLOGY Prepare a list of combustion sources already tested for PCDD Review postulated PCDD formation mechanisms Produce combustion source list with necessary criteria for PCDD FORMATION Screen preliminary list Rank final source list *7 SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA Sources Tested Municipal Waste Incinerators Hazardous Waste Incinerators Sewage Sludge Incinerators RDF Boilers Coal Utility Boilers Waste Oil Boilers Industrial Sludge (K001) Incinerators Boilers Cofiring Industrial Wastes Carbon Reactivation Domestic Wood Combustion Mobile Sources Wire Reclamation Lime/Cement Kilns Cofiring Hazardous Wastes Accidental Transformer Fire 8 Source Number of FTaecsitleidties HW Ships SS Incinerator Contaminated Waste Oil NSW (USA) MSW (European) Industrial Boilers (Waste Fired) HW (Land Based) Accidental Fire K001 Sludge Domestic Wood Wire Reclamation Mobile Sources Carbon Regeneration Lime/Cement Kilns Coal Boilers * ND = None Detected 1 1 6 6 6 4 2 2 1 4 1 8 1 1 7 TABLE 1. TCDD ANALYSIS Sample Stack Stack (PCDD) Stack Mean 114,900 ng/m3 739 ng/m3 66.7 ng/m3 Stack Stack Stack 45.41 ng/m3 35.05 ng/m3 10.13 ng/m3 Stack Scraping Composite Ash Chimney Scraping Stack Exhaust Stack Stack Stack 0.56 ng/m3 44,000 ppb 25 ppb 0.329 ppb 4xl0"3 ppb 1.25xl0"5 ppb NO ND Range 11,000 - 19,500 ng/m3 483 - 1,130 ng/m3 *ND - 1,400 ng/m3 NO - 240 ng/m3 .62 - 128 ng/m3 ND - 40.5 ng/m3 ND - 2.5 ng/m3 ND - 195,000 ppb 0.8 - 3.4 ppb ND - .777 ppb ND - .410 ppb ND - 2xl0'2 ppb ND - 5xl0`4 ppb ' POTENTIAL FACTORS EFFECTING PCDD EMISSIONS BASED UPON LITERATURE SURVEY RESULTS PCDD In Feed PCDD Formed by Incomplete Combustion/Thermal Rearrangements Presences of precursors Presence of chlorine Low combustion temperature (500-600C) Low oxygen availability (Primary combustion zone) Short residence time NO SUPPLEMENTAL FUEL Degree of feed processing/fuel characteristics i /o COMBUSTION SOURCES CONSIDERED Coal Fired Boilers Oil Fired Boilers Natural Gas Fired Boilers LPG Boilers Oil Process Heaters NG Process Heaters Refinery Gas Process Heaters Gas Turbines (Oil) Gas Turbines (NG) Wood Boilers Bark-fired Boilers RDF Boilers MSW Incinerators Modular Waterwall Domestic HW Incinerators (Land Based) HW Incinerator Ships SS Incinerators Boilers & Process Heaters Fired with hazardous wastes Contaminated Waste Oils Off Spec Products Distillation Bottoms Tars Cement/Lime Kiln (with HW) Resource Recovery (Metals) Catalytic Cracking Carbon Reactivation Pathological Incinerators Charcoal Manufacturing Carbon Black Coke Manufacturing Coal Gasification Black Liquid Boilers Asphalt Manufacturing Coffee Roasting Meat Smoke Houses Bagasse Boilers Home Heating Oil NG Coal Fireplace Woodstove Kerosene Stationary Engines Mobile Engines Accidental Fire Open Burning Ind, Waste Incinerators (3 SCREENING OF COMBUSTION SOURCE LIST Exclusions: Coal: Tested extensively by EPA NO PCDD DETECTED NG and LPG: Clean burning No CHLORINE Clean Oil: Low chlorine Small/Intermittent Sources: Carbon black Pathological incinerators Incineration ships Asphalt Coffee roasting Meat smoke houses Bagasse boilers Open burning Catalytic cracking Coke manufacturing Coal gasification Accidental fire PRELIMINARY SOURCE LIST Source Reasoning Hazardous Waste Incinerators Municipal Waste Incinerators RDF Boilers Commercial Waste Oil Boilers Industrial Boilers Cofiring HW Wire Reclamation Incinerators Activated Carbon Regeneration PCP Sludge Incinerators Sewage Sludge Incinerators Mobile Sources Wood Stoves/Fireplaces Wood/Bark Boilers Charcoal Black Liquor Cement/Lime Kilns (with HW) Small Spreader-Stoker Coal Boilers PCDD Detected PCDD Detected PCDD Detected PCDD Detected PCDD Detected PCDD Detected PCDD Detected PCDD Detected PCDD Detected PCDD Detected PCDD Detected Experimental results WITH PCP TREATED WOOD Experimental results WITH PCP TREATED WOOD PCBS IN EFFLUENT Precursors present Favorable combustion CONDITIONS PROPOSED RANKING CRITERIA Measured TCDD levels Number of previous tests Presences of PCDD precursors Chlorophenols PCBs Chlorobenzene Size of source category Number of facilities Quantity of fuel burned Facility location and potential exposure Combustion characteristics Temperature Local air availability Auxillary fuel Residence time Fuel characteristics C :H RATIO (AROMATICS) Chlorine content Fuel processing Moisture content D v-Arr TESTING PROTOCOL AND COSTS DZ/)FF Sampling procedures will be based on the ASME Protocol, Triplicate samples Sample Quantities will allow for initial analysis and archived samples Samples will include: TOTAL GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE STACK EMISSIONS INLET/OUTLET OF CONTROL DEVICES FEED GRAB SAMPLES BOTTOM ASH GRAB SAMPLES ASH OR SLURRY FROM CONTROL DEVICES STANDARD EPA METHOD 5 TRAIN, MODIFIED TO INCORPORATE A SORBENT MODULE CONTAINING XAD-2, Emissions characterization. Stack temperature Moisture content -- C Oo, CO nu2 Continuous monitoring Total particulates Costs Estimated sampling costs: $70,000 - $90,000