Document Yr90Qv0b3JyvJO9R3bnBn6Jp0

FILE NAME: Cleaver Brooks (CB) DATE: 1951 DOC#: CB002 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: HVAC Guide "W V ' A u ericoti S o c ie t y f lUEng ami fit V a n c ila tin g E ngineer* H eatin g v e n t ila tiflg a ir a e n d ie lo o io g guid a. : VOL 29 19 6 i6 ,S AMBRIGiH 21718 78504 V. / / H e a t in g V en tila tin g A m N Dm aviN G Gu id e 19A / / HEATING VENTILATING AIR CONDITIONING GUIDE A n In s tr u m e n t o f S e rv ic e - P r e p a r e d J a r th e P ro fe s sio n c o n ta in in g A TECHNICAL D ATA SECTION o r p m u n o s i c a w a i . oh tkb usatali hd anfiocnm iO H c r .H w a ? a , vw rB u w sw a ahd ajb. gohvi- o r rscs He& ajick Lahobatobt Ccflwfejjrajr `littT rrra iu n ^ -' tifi THU F a i c n c s ov the M o c t i s u Np'<cBQB&t)ft r fta s Socnarr; A M ANUPACTDBEBB1CATALOG D A T S C T IO N QOHTAimNO AaOSNTUX A2CP p ir jia r ^ COHEKBMr5a MODJ3*K E4XRT- v sa fti COMPLETE INDEXES w T echnical aito Cataloci D aja 'SUCTIoSSl VoL 29 A2G878 $1 MuJinmr n*mr* Hmir To t 10, NY, ,, CHAPTER 5 . A IR C O N T A M IN A N T S QLatifiltico o j AJr CMl*ioiaAtei 8tee o? A Srbam t Psuifofes) A ir PciJutiou fy ' p"pW| Ml> iwd G indertr Sm oke-A iatam ent bod. Ale Pollution. Control t Odor ]|i|im iM | J ie r in m a A itaw otti CaacBfl.tt*Ueae o f Zadoatnel jd t Ooa*tio"Jiia n am iW a Cesas Ata} Y epors; OambuaUbti Duatg-; * Atmospheric Pollen}; A fcbnr'^ B u te r is ?VHE normal ooBBtihiMi of tho mrtii's atmaspit u s Oxyg*, aitrogsa, carbon dioxide, water vapor, sisan, smalt or negligible amounts other inert Cases, hydrogen, vsrib! trace of axons, and small qmmtieiffi of microscopic nod Buim-icrreoopic aolid matter, eamettraee Galled ptm m int adnospArrio fstpurtiies. thorn the viewpoint of the air condi-' bimiag engineer, ail otter airborne substances may 1 termed craiaromwWs, ' Ibis term ia applied preferably, however, to undesirable or chums im purities, mace the oeoacioo may- arise far adding to the air oootrdlsd amounts of solid or gaseous diluents for iba prevention, of wroloaiona; germicida] rapnfs or miste (aerosols} for bacteria control; maalnag cab reos for odor control; nr a substitute for one of the normal caeca, as, for example, when hettum is'Used to replace nitrogen in atmospheres lor compressed air rvukere or divera. Control of the chemical quality of air ia one of the funutions of ecmplelc air cenditianmg, and some knowledge of the eompositon/oonesutiatoh and properties of air oontaminapts andar various ciroumsCancea is therefore essential, Air contanaiaaats arise from the normal processes of wear, erosion, windstorm, aea-spray evaporation, thermal disintegration, earthquake,Toleaaic eruption oomhustion, manufacturing, tULosportation, ogricullnre. and tho biechwniqal or biolgica] processes of life. They- are da&ltfd at rarioai times M orranfo and morgamo, visible or invisible, micro-. _ seopie or mtOfOecopie, aorHCtilnte or gaseous, toxic or harmless, beneficial ' Or destructive. Tibe following clwsuiaatioD is b iu d ctiii-dy upon, .the origin or method of formation of efr contaminants. CtASSmCATJOiT o f axh' c o k t a m u m u t b Huir, Fumes, and Smokes are solid parifeulete air eonternbumto. Kwi*u t olid jmrtleie* peofasterf 2bUi Qifi Jr-by u ta n l foro, msale u nod, volcsaU ftruptioft Qf 6*rtJiUM, &ad by ULadtakioel j>ree*sa8, each m Huthftg, STM/fig, nUIiegp driffiag, n ilU ian , ehortlHag, d u r tiig , g&atolag, btggiag mm mmfIdE* Smo of theii IDrewprovidedust^remisrerrmkuBd, Trtu]eflttan limply ditftrte xattenolf tbit Ara Already ^ulvniud, GwtroUy, p*riltfts i n col o*iied- dtrtl they th*oV<jUtlQP iniAPW1J, Ttastsmty ba I type, cuoh u nickel,mtUlii&udrvftfrtaWi, nubil (Ohio, Bout, ntwd. soit&u, peup w 9n&nJ,tuobu n al Lijr, rift itatklPi,-feather. Fm** i&td pirlloUt eftiooionly [Mined by tbe cnndeetiten of ropom from Mnwdfy solid nuteHii such aa ntoUfo vu tali, MiialUc fmoGeaeeaaUy cuycur a t i e d o Jo Air because of th e h u p ly reactive xuvlur of Uwy divided xuttsr? Fuma m*y &Ja ba Jforaapd by mbumettOA, <rtUtof` oalafwtlaa, or chemical resaltan, vhsoflrer fueb proauaM are*Uairbord pMilelea pdca[ni.^ly bel* the' I DoiaiA alia. Tumos cnsifcied to am Wnd i s fiw iu lito in lq dw rfps or m r t p t M c! fa * , ibarebjr jhjUIi * n n w ru iJC re a i . oSmcbMATBttofitrwcsjyMnaUiaJJdfajUdoaproducbyiAioaplite coabustloA m T 158 CBiJPTER 8 USI Guida a i cffljujc ubUUM sush U tob*w,.KroNoWdi,. M*ia!i, <vii, tir ill4 ibftr eubciM OIn lU M p r Th odae tona kofo maN la aamoonfrr pjjiwi 9iafaui4oi^ilib.wtt to io ta fe* iu l cKaftaorntorftovnfpgrottfider, *iItt%tq4e.o*ld-d*tMV_fbyi. ' $ eulilibftVm a U oompancnta m gcwfor erb p v tlcj , j w V <*<*3* tyry axafter, aaW aed i n , AsdcMeaui M cqhvU vrodueia TU Bacii jpvuM ltts onrUtusnb u n cueh la t h u 1 xilara* lo *b ottan le toc n o p af 0.1 U>0 4 > orun, Mtete sud Fori s a Uqidd parttottfefie Ir eonteiBtoftflto. Jfbbr *ib TOiy amali tilrbonM droplti* or (uteriala iJ * ofrftnrily Mquld at B Q im ttpB gO T lm uw i fiH n im , .Thy atarbc fornai by tonAilni, Hprujing, pUaMas, ^ ^ "l i vilcnt pMo*l m e tta ti *Jiryto ovoio^eo. r f fra a libttki, or seap ol a A saatod n i vpon tle*U of prasaon. Vanr im tll dropki adu*4 or slsailw diaio t U f ir InraiittUg eoutitout alita Maialata niecrtxM'saa. beai th*fc baflpittc gir egaUernsote, Foa* uw ILoited bp *o*w eigMUgfcwms Ut frUma dropiftj formai! by Modemtoa from big rapai Ut.' XhiM otfcUrmrr tUlU<r blwMp Jnla ad Ojc te of mlT Importa*, boUi tersa araOMdo bidioat kaparimniato alai of airborae Qmilda (nwtaainngtfy teraud aurwWi). ^tff.m txu u $ n *o flUUti b o w m . l SUfr 3ouity to prodgoo u tro fio dra&Uta ai onpgnd Ut 6 toW * a ord u u r Brer v i e / Th* U g h i* ro U til* natura o f ------' J ---------- ' ' * ' dropleti irosi tha mht to t U foK irMOoasaasafcumtat w itt& M ...---- ------- ,, ---- ----- ------------ -- copia ad lUbaumMopn t m t m *7 M csaocirad w Uie kauiaoD tata batama In aigarmiaiand. La Ttpnaua T&port ftnd Gassa ara ag-pwiiculate ali cbzttaauoub. ' Vapora at* Uii gwaftanap W of u^atonou hai ara UUr fiquid or *oB4 lo Uir m am m lf k a tn SCot*, vuap3aa betnr KAJfftla, k vw D , biOiM. irboa tatiMsHdo, iscjxarx, IwHe. aataplia> Vipo/i tusy b lunttita td aolid er Inulti Cara lur Idorubc iW ftraMtu, d u n n e u e tfa l*iph.n eranplTlttei; baili prae. s HaulUnanlT. Tbr ** ua^orvd iroat tlv nir by oadsnutian m i li 1 miDmHittyTlinuan tm ta*_c u a . G n u mn dotutir fundan fluida Mail t&d lo ocav p j cpAte'or cnilMurti fim i* piotala od tulfaniily at a td u u r caupantuns Md pmnuna, Tfca fallottiate cub- a* pouBi biTgoo, nltroson, cmIku dioidd. carbn nunuddu V ir o fan, unaosin. mirar dirtxliv Giflts,llkanc, mby ba autfiflad or bvuaa br tbo .prora control r la m p a n ti tulli presaUlti, The procedine cdnnifiMUGa ia Bob soluble fcr Uie eirbama Kving or- ' e u lio u , trich ranga in e ia freni th Bubmlrosoopb viruss tc th iarpat potlau eraiur, noti considerine th iai&Ecot incect lire. Eoetona reni frani atKWtOJta fi adoroiu In Bine, runeva spore f r a n i to lo odcrona, una polien froto S tOilfiQ miorone. QZES OF AmflOJUiK PABTICtCS c p. 1 la gmphio' tutroieDon of Che preporti cf olfbon solida and liquido tuiai^ett oeonEag-to on th mforan scale.' T hns ar Z5.400 miotoa In 1 inoli. Farljelea huner Uisn' 10 minana are 'unlikaly ta lemain rnspended in ir auneala of modrete erfrnglh, fmt' ttle out by gmvtty at speeda dcpsident upan th shupa, lisa end epedfia g m ity of tira partalo, wind veioclty, orienieitaa af Iha cotleetlAg aurfsoe, and topogrephy. T he - letser partidos at of major Interest to th enpner In th solution of suiu nce problema, but It le nsually th mailc; pirtclea, or those balote 10 mioruna, tbat remalo, in th nir long enough to be of hygicniti sa weil sa craomic renlfioanoe. InduetiMl dust pxrtiolea are predominant(y' of ehs arder of 1 micron la tee.- Tremendous cambera are Sino preaent in tfaa rubmioi-oseopic u n g e belo ChS micron, but tbose belo 0.1 micron are not bdiered at'  CWenWte V -O.JtaafcialOofnictiM ,M b F il. X. Busts urn Cu&umnuTTca or A u i o m P i j n c D u n M irras ' T h t Surrey1 of atmospheric pollution Is' i t American cities conducted fron\ IS31 to 1933 diested-the average site of outdobr dust partiefta tube 0.5 micron, ok cpUcetetl by the Owens jet duet esnntar sad m uutimf under the microscope. Inability of the lig h l fltJJ- microscope to reveal /* ' 160 CHAPTER 8 1PS1 Gnia* (utrtfoles in the 0.1 micron vicinity may have influenced tbs dttenninAtim of average particle cine. ' - . . The oww limit-of partlcls aiso visible to the naked eye c*anot be dated definitely. I t depends not only upon t ie individual eye, b at also u p the shape and color of the partial, Intenaily and quality of the light, wad na ture of the background or opportunity For oonlrest. Tinder ideal eonditions a particle of lO-ntieron tie* might be. recognised, while under lesa favorable conditions it may be imponsibla to distinguish a partial* smeller , than 60 mlerons. The lower limit of visibility probably ranges from. 10 to SO mioronj. Dyata, powdsns and granular materials are frequently claimScd by reference to the aiec Ot n o n e used for reParetian, i 'nnfates above & . miorona are said to be the screen sisu end thnsa b*lDw,.tha ruh-tererit or microscopicslma. Apprarimaia or theorCtioal rises of particles correspond ing to the mesh male of the U, 8 . Standard Sieve Series are given is Table 1. Microscopic examination of eanened duet indicates that the average diameter of a sample of irregular partial may be substantially larger. T isis 1. JU u/nw or Bs**M Mass vo.Piancw Sun tJ. B. Btor* tfw h ,,. 30 325 arc l0 0 to 3ft u NQU&ftl Sier* Opfiis *tt M3na*..................... 37 4* - f4 SM m 2 600 tm .than the openings of tb* screen through which it has paused, if the particle shapes deviate considerably from the sphenoid form* The smallest dimension of many ninth particles will eroreepond with tbs maximum-par-, miscible distant batm en the wires of commercial careens made to i i t l f Standard Specification. Bureenlng doea not give chart) separation into alee groups, and accordingly, etrch aciasriflcation la statistical ratiu r then absolute, AIR p o t u m o i r BIT SMOKE, ASH AS ORDERS . Total airborne solids Battling in urban areas are usually reported os moI laU in 'tens par (square' mile) (month). . Such data publishedFur the eftiee - in ibis country conge from 30 to 300 tana pdg'fequaxe mile) (maatb). To the sir oondltleming engineer this Information may. indicate the effectiveness of sm ohs'abstanent or fuel eombustion coatro] methods in his local ity, but it-does no t p rtm d i a Suitable index of the suspended dust,that air deanere h i a ventilating system are expected to. capture,1- < * Gravjinetrfo or weight data of the type given is Table 3 are preferable. In otno eases airborne particle counts may be necessary, a s For pollen, bac teria, spores, and insoluble dusts causing illness or lung disaase. -Dust oonoentrationn by weight outset b e converted m dily to conoon. tcntiooc by particle count because of tbs variability of partccu rise, shape had speoino gravity, and the inherent chanetarisrice of dust oonting lid weighing procedures, One milligram of duet per cubic mater of air may represent dust counts From 1 mluioh to IOC million partial Per cubic foot' of air Olghtfiold micrcEpopa teehnSc) according to the one distributiop of (SUtajhlnaBtS 181 Aeadzbome duitgampli. Jn/<nrotioa of this typo for a specified applicshast obtained h r sunnltaneons sampling lor both counting and i ^ k S i a S d noting carefnfly at the time all faotonj that aught aJIoct the .reproducibility of tha oount-e%bt ratio. Smoko Abatement and Air Pollutiea Control Sueenxful abatement of atmospheric; pollution caused by smoka requires U .a . i _ g g L a _ m a* ----- ------ l a ^ t i l o l -- .al d&oTmZ8e>stiJcSioPCilGaIUnWd *g**as* funutacs, and eepegation o#f IInJdus.tr*iaTl JdlaTtn1cTts are oadually providing effective aid in tbs solution ai this problem. In tha u -where nu& iv from smoke,fly-ash-and cinders Is mom serious, f.~.a obtain some relief by the use at district heating. (Sea Chap ters 13 14 and IS for further diwusskra on fuel burning teohnlo.) Txisa 9, S w i Coia>zttMAor Kunns Jad WlrtW dtztriC!-..................... PffirtropolHin4UrWi7t.......... - ........ . tndavMriaj JiatrictSe ...... . OwUnuy/ttWri w wkfoaMa,.n............ SxeeMKeb* factoriM c r m i o u . , . . , . AtiwitMiMexptovm / ......... C.03-O.3 <S.0t0.4 0 .1 - 2 .0 <1.2 -4.0 4-tfO 0^00,000 --&nns-- O.i - 1,0 0.2 - .0 0.6 -IQ J*-1000 JO.OOI-WO.OCO' Many present ordinnnees limit tbe number of minutes In any one hour' thatsmoke of s specified density (determined by comparison with a Bingelmsnn Chart which fa;described in Chapter *0}m ay be-discharged. . . There is m nr considerable Interest and nativity in tha "control of air pol lution b a to n in addition to smoke. Difficulty in the establishment of acceptable criteria,for certain corrosive and irritant gases, such as fluorides and the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen discharged with the gases of com bustion, and the frequently ccmplioited technical and eoonomio problems encountered In control, have delayed the drafting and enforcement of legislative measuree, Recent reports of an increased incidence of diseases, inch aa pneumonia and Lung cancer, in areas high in certain air contami nants, require furthsfcritical investigationbefore accepted:?- The refuse Anally adopted will 'undoubtedly be toner than the' M.A.O. (Maximum Allowable Concentration) limit* for.use in industry, because the-exposure Lacontinuous compared with'the 8-hour day, 5 or 6-day m elt upon which M A C . values are based, and because the exposed population contains individuals with greater variation In age and health status. . . In fmumreather. or withaaAnierwn ofatmospheric conditions. accumu- l&tion of gaseous contaminants may causa irritation of eyes, nose, and ' respiratory- passages, and possibly'cause, even more serious physiological efforts. The Mouse Valley fog disaster (Belgium 1930} and the Donors meg (Pennsylvania' 1948) are classic exampits In tha history of gaseous air pollution, In both instance! it is bettered, that Irritant getes.'prtari- 162 CHAPTER S ISSI Absorption o f Solar Radiation AhsorpLiun of solar ultraviolet Ughi by amoks and soot I* reooeniaed as a health problem in many industrial citi. Meeauremanta of solar rari]. Uon in Baltimore* by astinio mathodo demonstrated that ultraviolet light integrity in tbs countty as BOpercent greater than in the city. In Now. York City a lo an s great aa 50 percent In visible light ras found by photo, electric uoaauremwta. ODOR HTOSAHCB A problem companionate with m ake abatement is the contra of odor nulaautee in the neighborhood of industrial plants cUsehargjaig noxious or offensive air contaminants. Community planning and nosing will avoid much of the difficulty in. the future, bat meanwhile many Industrial cities must resort to narrative measures ny requiring installation of err dsauuw darises, alteration of maatlfeehumg processes, or termination, of the of* fensdve operation In residential a t commercial dlatriote, Control of outdoor odor nuisance is especially troublesome because of th r extremaly minute quantities of cqatenunant that are capable |1 otferxiv trig .through n wide area. New industrial chemicals with strange or unfamiliar odors tend to twelve more attention from the neighborhood than thecustomary odors generabed by veil known processes and raw materials. Methods of odor oontml currently in use include chareoal adsorption, serabbing towers and air wishes), chlorination, condensation, neildng, ' passage of the odorous air through combustion chambers, dispersion through a tall tack, and best of ad, fcahstitutioa of ices oflensjvs'initerialj whausvor possible.''1,111 Control of air quality within bu&diags ventilated far human occupancy la difioutnod In Chapter 9. Tohaseo -smoke odors, eobking odors and body odor sre sir contaminant* of ths ninssncs type wdnch now command a decisive position in the standards of air quality for indoor comfort. However, the engineer will Bud, at times, that -odma originating outride buildings in industrial or business strict* may determine the find and ' capacity of equipment be must proride for a high quality air supply instal lation. h INDUSTRIAL AIR CXHiTAMUfAKTEl . ' M any industrial processes are sources of contaminants. Their control is aa Important' function of ths vantitating cr air ctaufitionlng engineer, beoeure the atmosphere within buSdingi u the medium whereby such finely divrdad matter Is dispersed and transported from the'scarce to remote locations when it may cause property damage, nuisance, fire, eiploalan, disease and even death. Tables 3, 4 and 5 give the n o rin w i a llm a A t* cc n csn tm tio n values for -many industrial air contaminants aa adopted by the Seotional Dominilie E37 on Allowable Concentrations of Toxic Dusts a n d Qaaea a t the A m * r\ icon Standards Aitodatum, and as reported by the Committee tmTbreshoid 1 'f. v ,- *. p - .rx -fo ira le Ameritan, anftrenaa t f O nam m etd IruSuttrial -ffwkhta e t l i s ---- 'mofg.'- * t roust''be' emphasised 'th a t thsad limite in tha.great majority of in8Un ere only SUestt ttuam sm tsorkint laids since they are th o a toe ,. f,rer<]a mrycases asan incoaipleU environmental and msdioal studies. Where the la agreement between the A SA Standard Z27 u d AXf.O JJT nUus, reliability of the ASA 8 tsedard Ss inatta*!. The values are so t fixed, hot ere Sahjeet to w i l e , upward or downward, with the develop ment oi new iniatmotlott, -There m by n a meara complete agreement regarding these values unoag rsepcmihle industrial hygieajaia. In applying &esa cude limita, the foUowtag isotoJanrastbe considered : 1. Xhederettea of reposan Is6 bra day 1 5 o S dj* . voeS, a. The tcjM vm peoU Are-lodlretv of tbe.nrartr*Bi in the breethier rbu- , f the exposed pean. , lr * ?. TdeMA-O. U ruu^ y epW f * fb . reres exposure Tjdso whi* he upper limits doeot tfetlyiMwf Tries. FcrowuapU, it rennet b Mainai that If M5 peatA eea*WriK) ra ft lo t i-hoex exposure, that'SOD p e n for one b w VUl he ixmaswN*, r - _ ,,31.'<p-e.TltwerfufelajtUaor1ea bwIuliicmtmaeloiltrrhefi-mSa.Oe., -r1ahlrteemhayrbeerqeuitebdeirfeielrresnUtreetetFo bt. me/irf pSlirebdJ g a dlreoofwt freb,, with . wide m a r e ^ r 3 e b S S yriaojlo Sorta swoji he eareuntered, wtsfs in another cue t i e relu repmaet S i S 're ltiu tti a " " * Ben" nt,ai' w> W" TM &#? be aasecJated wji santa h T^re 'i"* " 5 ' W itnlja: i dasfcstle. to oponte wU below t le n t. a Table 3, Oahiran. 1 Hats the A&A Seotlonal Committee 237 MA-C- vslitoi. Column SL those of th A .C .G JM . Committee .on Threshold lim ita. Colman 8 gives the value lu g n m a p s r oubk meter or ouncea per tiXB n i fi far th e corresponding A .C .G .IJ1, Emits; Caluma 4 -shows the Said ounces of cbsmidal, if i t is a liquid i t 30 C (68 T ), which, if pmlty d;,pore"* is. 1000 ou ft, would give the eaireapondine M J..C . In Tabla, i , Column 1 and 2'arp reepectivdy the*M-A-Q. yalans from the ASA and AAi-G JM : Conunltiaas, In Table 5, the M-A-.O. valu lor a number of industrial duata u given ' were obtained frets data of the A .C .O JM . Committee t Threshold U nits. _ Information on the prupattiee and effeots, with rasposi to health, cf speotfiir industrini ir Qoatenupapte la available, in publications listed at-tbe end of tins chapter. FUUm ELB GASES AKD VAFOSS . Adeqiute ventilatitin la a priroary reqmtem oatlarmlnimirag thahazaid o fire or explaaloa dtie to gases rtd vapora. Thoneed for ood vtntUat | la not totnoved hy the use el otber presautiems. _tuch u the olimioA- tina -of hown igniticrti tenrtra, aegrogatlaa of-hexaraans operetions, ndopr * tion of safe building cnaitmotion, and iastalietion of autoauta afomu.. Borne snfety enslueers rezard oves-ventilatcm of *p operetibn eanloying anuoabis lquida cj^V [Mltimate optotipg'ch&rgs for Ote prviloge or Qeeesity of using a.dangcrons procesa. Eow erer,,it Ir not possibc id 16 , .aiuPzK fts' COnodafStiCra'bq giv to epaatton .oiev* iht upper ,ptoate* litoM Jft.tha qbol'sareas of building^ or roaSSta* 'Tsa-tHaagh unoccupltc--because (be - danger of temponkiy drop at p r oanmsitrt-tion to s point within t i e ex-1 plosive range is too great. . " , Ability of a fiarotrmbte liquid to ions' sxploair* m urtur is determined lsjjtsly by its vapor presmw, wotatSitj, or rate of' enkparaticzs. Mush point is a conreoient mstttod of e*prasah>E this property in tanas of the ` temper*tun scale. I t n a y be defined aa tbs tenepentare to whisa a com bustible liquid m ast be bmtecl to produce a flash w tan a small flame is paasod anrzzse tbw aqrtaae 01 the liquid- Xhe bigherthe flash point* the m en safely can the liquid'be handled. liquids with Sash points under ?fl if ehcjld be regarded aa highly flamniable. tTVaeas 4. lldszxs rea Tnxrn Dnms. pina a earn, tlu r e SaamK* ^ ss^ rexftnm YT*nvLe&mat^m^i&liOoJr,rgr . sta w ^ r^ V '.nV f................................... ............. oCKW........ ............. 0.1 (Wi M ii. ' ' J4, . I1J M fie.i . i. !. .. ...; I: " ^ l |" " '}iSSa&asar-"i.T ^ ..... gnhwrffin rapb*w&it t. ...........-- Wiitliiwnii^hJwfMi..... >,................ mimnrS. Mii-f.liW- . .n..MitH.itPneNi|i1.iit>mMn*<i>.ia<n(uti IB o& tana.,.--........... ' .... . ' 11ft t e.t Si i3 L * . 9,i . \ is a * tipper and lower Smile of flammability af buss and Vapors'; and,the flash' pdnla of the aortespeatdiafliiquids am gieea-ia Table 6. .' * , Methods for estimating tbs flammable limits of mixture-of geaes or vapor must 1 applied with caution; the reader is raftered to othte ptibli- canons for this ixuonsmttga.u> * , ! oontrol af combustible sasrfhstica is, out* 1 . don pf equipinsnt' far-indiliig sir odtatn- 'ns. flammable substances; or operating la Btumsphetj' so opafcuzkmateJ. pi disciutted in C hapterifi,' ' 7 ^ ' , ' V , ^ ' I t is quatomaby to,import1the equetmiteticas of fLanunsbie gates or ropers in perdent by rolirms, or M u n i 'pvtcaii. ' `OrazpBrlSdnjwilhocoacntfRfimu rtn'Kn'iVtri'rtart'-tevL??/mir'DRat4lv -- -- ,tfa 4tova jjtt paweat, while Hie a a x m en aSetis ieiU m tfatm for CTs and venom'in Hack S aw below 1000 ppm or 0.1' percent in moat ues Therefore, control of ta*Jo or injurious vspore to levels below their mirimtu allowable enttisnirattons lor W ith usually requires much more efiectlTB ventilation than, tor the prevention el a fire hstareU " COMBtrSOTEE D13SXS i t dost explosion is esaentialiy a sudden pressure rise caused try the very' rapid burping at airborne dust. The primary plosion often Briemates' in s email amount of dust in mispaaiiaa espoeed to a source of feeltioa, a. pressure and vibration. It eraatea may be Efficient touuocgc large sesureulaUons of 'dust on horizontal ledges or surfmes of the bulldjog. sad equipmeah, thereby creating a secondary explosion of great fore.' Tabus S. Imam r e s K m u ir Qnere SnitiJit* ,, * " m .BJy*5**S" . r " free............................................. ' wSfcSir* ' ::::: ..a. - ....... . .... ............ :* aapto ( v j t * i w . s i o e ...... *gqE--glfart |ItiDeta |-*attfefaeki*far,S*a4ldlcfetM m B L ' * . s. **8 y m ' : g Thus the six conditioning engineer, to Involved for two'reaabes: (1) to' obtain a movement of duet-laden s ir into exhaust bonds or openings, and', through ventilating or pneumatic conveying doute, tot a manner th at will;', prevent wnimuUttoa of highly Baatmable dost &t pointe,where it could: ' ignite inside th e eqitnneat j and (2) to so'design p ro c w 'venliloitorv'aa to prevent ri asps of dust which nCtaht aetdto on horironUd' Burfaccs and' bceomea potential doom* of diraster a t somedhrfccncaftom the dusty opera-:, QEL (See Chapter 45}. , . . Inloasitj" of a dust expltnica depends upon: chemical and. timnnal, properties of the dust; particle site and Shape; concentration, hi ait: proppri; . tiem of inert dust to. the air ; inoirture content and eompositfod of.the air} shoeand temperature erf the igultioe sourcej turd' degn* of draperrion of iter . .dust cloud. Investigations on theiploWityMdnriareqiWdBteiyB5n' Hon at the mudmure pressure developed during explosion of a known air' concentration, as wefliea determination of fee rate of pressure rise. -In-: vra&SitotT! frequently experience difficulty in obtaining dust suspensions of uatfonn dispersion/end this should be kept in mind when comparing, resolve from several adurues.M .. . ; . t. Minimum expiosivrf' coaeeiitmttann of nirborn* (lusts already tsstrif mageFrom0.01 to0.5 02vet cable foot, or10 to 500grams percubic meter IBS 'charter a ttSi OoMg ' Air ContffllfU*tg 169 - g i n i o u t A n Liarr or P u ja u ta r n r a r S i m C o* u p Tamms 4 ^ j , At Oaemaiur Tratranixps* t i n PSMSinm* tOeaeiiuJed) <2ii 0*fti** Pw anr veutmot. f n a Laiiff F w o fir Vounn ' UltmtCnp TXMFyprr IB r-'r-r-............................................... j-i Ifci 1:1 a 1.1 sih alS itjw i........ -->-- a. as. 1:1 "fi 7 . IS 95- ......... tl.tc. K6-.10 'k'cjM^ras nfal.1. tfcssqalfsanllmMfb But m*ldsl*s*a6ultm. iif air. TVfarlnmm pressures generated hams been reported as high as 00 Eij, although. they *re mare likoly to fcs 0/ the order ot 60 pei. Investigaons on tbs UsmcrmHo ehnneteristios of dusts i n currently nude e t 0.1 sad 0 3 .01 per eubio fool,1*-51 ATKOSPHBJMC POLLEN Properties of pollen1grains discbunni by weeds, grasses and trees end responsible for hayfertr^------*----------------- ` -------- r ' ' '-- equipment (see Allergic I te r 3 3 ). Whole grains and 1 _ . _ . between 10 end SOmisroos ta use, but some have been measured as small ms S miorans, end others aver 103 tnierees In diameter. Hagweed pollen, grains ere /airly uniform In else within the range of IB to -23 minions. Polled grains can be removed from'the air more readily than the partial 3 of dust prevslent In.outdoor air or produced by dusty prooesses, since the latter predominate in &e range of Orl to 13 Tzuetons in ilia . ' Most gratae are quite hygroscopic and therefore vary in weight with the humidity. Illustrations ana data on Individual pollen grains are a n ilah le In the botanical literature." 14 Geographical distribution of planttlmown to produce hay;f*rer is ales recorded.**.m Thu quantity 0f pollen grains ta tbs sir is generally estimated by exposing' an adhesive-coated glass plate outdoor* tar H hi, and then, counting cali brated areas under the microscope. Methods are available to t determin-! tag the number of grains is a measured volume of a ir/4*"* but their'' greater aomnaey has hot Caused' them to replace the'maid simple praovip<TM irwdiod used far mart pollen counts. Coanting technics vary some what, but the dally pollen counts reported in local newspapers during the hay rover season usually represent the number of grains found.on'13 sq. cm of a M-br e rm ttg soar. Bay fever sufferer* may notice the Unit symptoms when the pollen count; is 10 to SS, hud in Botni'lpealities the nuudnuan figures'far the seasonal peat may approach 1Q9Ulo i'fi JW-lir period, depending upon tbe tsanpilhg , ..x TTT 170 CHAPtEK *' lJSl.Gold* . and reporting mstboda pf the laboratory, Translation of grevlty oonati l>y speoiil /ormnlss to & vohnrietrio bans, or the number of grume per, ' cubic yard or per cubic Joot at elr, is uorellatile because of the amnpleaty' of the modifying factors. When rich information. is important, ft la.besf obtained directly by avolunjetrialnstrumeafc. Thanurnber ofpollen grains per cubic yard of,air evidently vwies from 2 to 20times the number round on I cq cm of a 24-hr gravity elide, depending on groin diameter, shape, specific gravity, wind veloaity, humidity nod physical placement "of .the eoUeetlng plate," * u f . AffiBOKJfE BACTERIA Study of the occurrence and significance of mlaro-orgjjimi in the at- .bnortnnrea of the Indoor world is absorbing the energies cf a substantial P iRujnber of physicians, haaterioio^sts, seroblotomits, physicists, public J hmlth tvoHcera, engineers and hospital personnel. Som edata are available } M crme types and quantities of beteria found in a variety of quees, but It is.dot possible a t proemi to use this Information ns s OannTutivc Index of *> , the potential health basarti of a given environment. The reported number of airborne organisms may vary from 1 to 1000 per cubic foot of air, Influ enced somewhat by the method of' lasting.** M any are attached to the dust particles present in the air. W hen it etna 'advisable ar desirable to control the bietsnal content of rooms, poblie conveyances or buildings, highly effective methods are available (sen Chapter T). and their extended use may do much to aaslrt the workers in this field m accumulating the necedasi/ mass od evidence that wifi decide the practical value- a t air stariliatioo for the. cantivi of ; ' aommunimble disse, It Is now well eetsbllebed that cltraviolet radia tion 1b feartbla for the protooCion or preservation of pharmaceuticals, ocs- metfro, and food products. HEEEEElfCBS *Ai&ufpharic PaUuAto I Anarie*a'Citfe& tor (be 3T**l$31 to ($i, J, E. Xrw, e t i (U. S H R A M B *dtS &*fnc*BKtUti*7r, 224, M vek 1931)* *Mletomtuifttea, Tfea reobneloy of io PArlidur tiy/.M * D*UiVaUs (Ritmo PiiWJtoUg OorporattOj 1953)> J Atmupbarie Fotlation Dqe lo 8xaokt bj* 1 0 , Bldrtt (ffe& titit end Ventilating, ^^traw phati* PliutoaDu* to Dust v>dCldcr, I f A. C. Stem (Beating ard Viii/fltitiipfft Jaiy'p lM5)e ' r *SooiCaU, Stadia fez Kav Ydrfc City, bp /. Eifri-aat! Be-Felaar {.L3 .V.E. J o u v u b Ssonor, Healing, Piping end A ir Con^Uionbv, Ssptonjpexg 1JH5, p. 4&JJ, plM1r.Tfa^F*oVlt.aMftFofjJjF.ufealr0.05QFyStPe^mCAL^*B64SS^OVT.BTP/,oPneBBttrAJLa"t*STetizaztThd3iA,Sbtaaltaianteg,atPtjpf iAttjabmooda- f A^ ir C" o-nJdUi wnin, Autu*, lMt, p. ' I EfffceUet Al bario Pfcclittn D| act of Solar Ultr4*Vbtlt br*. sTSikbnriddeatr^>1 OoHantoaodF. wj*ritcmJwrndt /FmmwT*oUi, Vi. 19pva,?. * Studio* in.nijtJail^a--I t T ^ Manhattan Illntf. by J\ . Ii xno>, of l^j D ae io Srtsk* oa t SfoXih Srrwiea jV*, IffT, June, *9 ta d r d CJq'oirol of Industrial MuovphJBrta Pollution Nutuxew, br F. &C. Stta3 C4rwHm/cvrfMai ^ MJ5rPv40J-t6Bj. ' * EvjJualioa cf Oder NuImlom io th* Manalacttira of Kraii "Pepetr_kr f* lC M a V J i . a id H. C . Dudlaj (Cf. 8 . PuUU R u ilk B trvet B u r in i Ne7 7 m , Fabilv Hflltb Riporto. Voi-M*Janfavy 13. i r a , p.S^43). ^ j'iiDbjMM] of Itottifeiy.TVMt, `Bactfcn EC: W nto ^a^a. Vapor*, dadget nsd Bpil tArM riam Pilrointm /naiflfuie, K i* SfcrJcC itf, VBZA}. *' ; r T ] r Cot$taadoiait< 171 HDffttiaiTTnufv; LylJi+idiloflsJd (TVflHwJSod* and-Oo., Loado q, 1Kt). uTjn(4t oT XnJUmmatiiltf of.Gwra idd Vpw, bjrS. ? . CoWird'td C. W. Jexr** T. T. J9atf a/Afin** jfaZUb'a Ne. X t 2B3ft). * si TnftftAm&MIdeati MAil Tbsir Prtatfttl Applicato la Etairdosi Industriai O n l r t i S S ^ G - W. / * ; Fehmary, 19), - t* private OoHunaedcstQO, b f flyiton R , Bromi (Bureau g/.JisMf, College Park, U|lTUsd)i F n KroliwiblHtyefATiimltiitAlaadetiwDii*taslseBted by M&xxraoixi Fraaaure hy f : W. E d n d i and L .J L L rtn b ii (U* S , O n o ri* * * ' D u i BktoUoh Husrda U Plani* Producine t Bandllnz AUnslnata, Mago or gj^ jPgwdwjby H. Rt'B n w <f- S. B o ta ti a/Mi+*4 lnfornutfm CruZar ^ XD&snMbUiHr and ExpJooibuity; o i M*a{ Pondera, by t . HartcuML, JT. K igr, .nd STSTBroiro (P. Frw v f Mi** Separi n fInjfcalifatim Ha. STSQy OcIObar, lftfl). ' ifrajnaabiHtrui4 Ettfigibifity ef Pwdera Ueod in tba F u sti Zadoaty-by r Mpt*"TM ori J . N i*y (tf. 8* BUrtau a f Mi** Sapevi c f lotottigaU m N*J8761. bfaji MM). , _ * ladoatrial DUflfc Extflaaio*! hy H, !R* Brttra (CT. J. 9 mtmu M M in a , In/cra*. * tira BlriuGr No. 7909,4 W , >),- ' . pMTM|d Goda Eor th PttTnntiaa o t D uri fixploriooa la tHe'Flastise Ladiutrr (tfs& eruffir* Protatia* A uoeiatiaa, Basteo, Msy, 104SJ, * *N i teelian jnritsrii-- ... . , ..... .. . Ao Infariniucten te PoL.** bafrpf** b f G. Erdlasan (Chrouia Botanica Co., ^Itkam, M ia , 1M8). " - ~ ` -------------- --- ------ aw.Hfl] Beale Co., New York. 1915). itnhC oiaes, p. I , Pubttcafcfoo No. r 8 m u , Wanftcn, t>, CMIM2). ' Eaylev-erH u.ts, by H. F*Wedfcfceaee (Clbnud*aBatial 0 ,rWeltkam, Maia.. 1W5). " Hay Fatar t A GeofrstihUal tori Bohateal Burrcy, by B . Squilli and Sons, New York, IflT. , ix TbebaJoUit fot AMfsitifig ALr-Borae PejaiisUoia cf Mcroorgaaliau., PeMaa wad IawctalPA ^w p^^py, v a , t l r Marni, 1*41*p. aOl-toS). u Aw4ratof DetozroJmnK tbe PoUea Ooocantcatln f th ALDxaepkars, br2 . 1. Cody, W. Vx JS in tff and N , A. K enin (Be&Mrek D eputnent, th Dakroft BdlMn {Joapifly, Detroit^. "Tbsyelai&etriaIael>eof AiatgepbeerieAUerssQflr by 0 . 0 , Durham t/o u m a i 11Tkt Volunsfiirii laddoocc ofii&cfpheraAUeigmu^U: SimallueouB Meanure* nenbd by VWiusetzP sari O w n ty Siiaa Jbfathodi, by 0 , O. Burba m i/n n u r i *1 AJU rff, V cilfi, M*f, 194drp. 22B*2^)' ^ Air-Boroo Fuozoa Sbotta ss ASlene, O. O. Durham (AamMob*?, p. 82*41, PabiiaUira, No. 17, MartPi A*w etaii*nfr#i* Adtaneernm U ofSa\*a**.w ^lativat D. 0., i W ) . , I B riuoosA E E y ' , AhatcKcikB(BaIietibe](mQi]Mj'l imiaasdxpcoBl) laduatril Bystafi Fcuatlatsoc, Lib.^Pittsburgh, P*.1 ' Atroblolaay, PubHcatJda No.-J.7 (Asuricn- rinorioripa fa r iA* AdrisseaeterU & Bctmc*( W^flgtoi B . C., 1942). Air B*tti^Uon and XaduatrisI T&oiatiofl, b r W. N. WItberidgs .CDitrclv, Mlakv . tfi- I ^Aawrlelc Indurtari] fi/gieUs Aasoelstioa Qasrteriy (440? Piftb AtvipFtUbargh, V Heating Sgteems C leaver-Brooks Com pany 348 K. Kooffl Ave., Milwaukee 12, TVifiOonain Cltrer*BrMfcc Itim i Bolian Compiala 13 to WO-hp O Tlnd SeiLCofiUibid *-- Q u lindi Fantory Ttatad U hr 2d Ito pitk Oil A G w F i n d v,,." .......... -- s iix tik itb u m -- ------------------------------- it. 4M sr 109C fajiTa- & ika l ub * sil IW jra s r E3R SURK OH. * BUR GAS SHUT OIL A GAS WITH EQUAL SCTTCIBnC? Dingt-ntnmstlc litUitTV ttoa in OTO? notion representative .oi the Faltr-Paai design found In Cffe&verBrooks midcli. f The ot&iii&ndicig feature of ihv Cteaver-Broefce steam hollar la its provea blah eftldAy. Economy or opera tion ia assuredby astabuahmg-ai cffielant fLuoa and then ahoarhiciB the maximum amount of heat In the four jpIMIS. ' OLBAWat-BEOOSa HELPS YOU SELBC* THE REACT s t e a m b o il e r y o u WANT t o m e e t tour spzcijtc seed s JOB RATED--Eafth CUanvatsBreeka *taam holler is Job rated to meet the team requirements of year plant. A competaDt sue eDginrer helps analyse your lead d n u a d i and takes loto Aeoiiat the eOAdillOMi a Maximum loam re quirements In pounds ; Mr hour or boiler bone-power, a Whether yaur aieam load Is constant or fiueUiaiini, and the . degree, of JjuoiuatioQ. , * The beating Load ra- quJreioeuta. a Standby requirements. 5knm {treasure muuliid at point of ua, * Future growth or tx> iauslon Of pkat faoifl- lea. Pop valve eetlion. * Per east of total feed water returned u eon. dense fa, a Temperature of oosdenaau. * Pressura fir mxke-ap reter. a Type ef fu ti available^ a Efbtrie eurreat ehir- MUriidtti Space and Wda- ry nansunset, Sug gested boiler room lay out Plant altitude sbovi ee* ieval, Look ter the mm "CLEAVER-BBOOKS* tad .r tbs Batter Seotisa of your aUsalfteci Tiispbons Directory, laae 1 I H eating System s 5 " C yclotiierm Corporation SiUr anti E itsoB n Qfficwa Oswe&v H w York Xtetucy PIBtrittHam Omufcwit Hi* PnKB< fifato cyclotherm m u akd H O T T E R CEHBMTORS 1 GuraM on Oysloalo CoO&tUh tionnriaoiplB. Computed \ (troftkvmvOwiliskhufuolrl Uni*f*cwt yhiknmRb*-* t SfgM ad mi trial. OftV four eonntotfona required ! 1i ( ibefflber, fw m lei rirtuilly * tab of iin u . TrikprBYidtt uniform aa4 highly Detent bent trim Ter orer the entire iirtieee r&il wUttoat hot pat. Com plete utUi*atla of tu6 transfer area* pntidet quick heat *a Till m ra&ter 3$ pee cent tflicieeoy with tbe r*- jt d mAiaUnuM of A. deaira. IE to 6&bp model *rf mupped wiUa "Z+S9* ontrei.reQ.ep 4 bp moddi bjLM modulated coatral* A.atom*bo cdtiibnefton eeferaard. low water and other u ie ty cvdcuoIb 1 auludod. Standard Burner Arrutgfts.ats yM| CrdaUienn Model Ko. Light Oil, 1 to 3 C-60C thru 043300 Heavy 011,5, Au d U Bunker 6 C-8800 thru 0-1**? G u, mid., mured Bm< D ^tunJ C^fiQO th ru 0-11600 Com b. It. oil and gne C^SCD th ru O-IM O Camheby.ofludpt &28O3UirvC*U80Q s