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The America Ceramic Society February 15,1993 I hereby certify that the attached copies of Ceramic Abstracts, Volume, 1961, are true and accurate copies, which are maintained in the normal course of business at the American Ceramic Society, 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, Ohio 43081. Product Manager Ceramic Information Center 735 Ceramic Place Westerville, Ohio 43081-8720 614 890 4700 TWX: 7101109409 ABSTRACTS 1961 Charles S. Pearce, Editor Mary J. Gibb, Associate Editor M. Geraldine Smith, Assistant Editor Janice L. Hamner, Editorial Assistant Esther M. Anschutz, Editorial Assistant Committee on Publications: E. F. Osborn, Chairman; Paul V. Johnson, Karl Schwartzwalder, and W. J. Smothers Technical Adviser: Margie K. Reser Compiled by The American Ceramic Society, Inc. 4055 North High Street Columbus 14, Ohio 20 Ceramic Abstracts January using a number of small brick units of a special interlocking design Dielectric drying of materials. Hugh J. Cameron (MagneticL 1961 for tunnel kiln car tops. W.K.S. Burner apparatus. Henry W. Schramm and Chester Cipriani (Midland-Ross Corp.). U. S. 2,952,307, Sept. 13, I960--An apparatus for burning fuel at a wide range of inputs in a furnace chamber comprises a refractory block containing a cylindrical tunnel chamber extending longitudinally therethrough, a holder for attaching the block ito a wall of the furnace, first wall means attached to the holder and forming a small cylindrical chamber ex tending into the tunnel chamber, a tapered chamber with its smaller end meeting the end of the smaller cylindrical chamber away from the tunnel chamber, and a larger cylindrical chamber with one end meeting the larger end of the tapered chamber, the three chambers being axially aligned with the tunnel chamber. D.J.B. Burner control apparatus [gas]. Russell B. Matthews (Baso, Inc.). U. S. 2,953,197, Sept: 20, 1960. D.J.B. Heating Corp.). U. S. 2,949,677, Aug. 23, 1960.--A method for removing a volatile liquid from solid material in air at atmospheric j pressure, the liquid in the vapor phase having a density different! from that of the air, comprises generating heat sufficient to cause! the vapor to be evolved from the material by subjecting it to a i sissippi River sed not show signifies shelf edge. In th inent. In `he Si area forthe last4( clay minerals app high frequency electric field between electrode means. D.J.B. i Qf the sediment 1 Electrical ignition and safety systems for [liquid fuel] burners. j" sippi Sound-Mobi Gunther Schwank (American Infra Red Radiant Co., Inc.).! the saline enviroi U. S. 2,952,308, Sept. 13, 1960. D.J.B. j has been attribut< Safety control apparatus for [gas] fuel burners. Glenn E. [ Andrews and Fred B. Aubert. U. S. 2,953,196, Sept. 20, 1960,1 D.J.B. | appears to be menvironment. Ai has indicated tha place in shales to r contained in sand: Ql, Ceram. Abstr. See also Sect. HI: (patent) Apparatus for charging [vertical! Experience is lime] kilns. tyfohler. Brick describes the ligl- Corp., Kansas Ci XIII--Materials Feldspar staini Klugman. J. Sr Acid leaching of uraniferous clay. Hirozo Mizuno and Kiyoshi' Morita. Nagoya Kogyo, Gijutsu Shikensho Hokoku, 9 [4] 192-95 (1960).--The conditions of the extraction of uranium with H.SO, of various concentrations from montinorillonite which had been made to adsorb uranium are discussed. The same procedure was applied to the uraniferous clay of Mizunarai district in Gifu prefecture, Japan, an anion exchange resin being used to shorten the leaching process. The amount of uranium was estimated by fluorescence analysis at a wave length of 556 m#x. The effective acid concentrations for the leaching were 2N H2SO, for mont- morillonite and 18A H2SO< for the uraniferous clay. 5 figures. 1 table, 2 references. , K.F. Asbestos industry in 1959. Anon. U. S. Bur. Mines Mineral Market Survey, 1959, MMS 3079, 2 pp. Bauxite in 1959. Ibid., MMS 3096, 12 pp. Bentonite production increased in 1959. Ibid., MMS 3114, 2 pp. Feldspar, 1959. Ibid., MMS 3087, 12 pp. Fire clay production increased in 1959. Ibid., MMS 3105, 2 pp. Fuller's earth production increased in 1959. Ibid., MMS 3116, 2 pp. Graphite in 1959. Ibid., MMS 3061, 5 . Apparatus is described for determination by recycling air in a closed-circuit system, thus eliminating predesiccation of a large volume of air. Values for the blank determinations are smaller than those with conventional apparatus. 4 figures, 10 references. W.A. Concept of diagenesis in argillaceous sediments. Ralph E. Grim. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists, 42 [2] 246-53 (1958).-- The thesis is presented that some of the clay minerals are more "at home" in certain environments than in others. Structural considerations indicate that possibilities of the transformations of the clay minerals and the ease with which they may take place are not the same for all varieties. The transformations during diagenesis, therefore, vary with the nature of the environment and the material brought to the environment; they may be substan tial or almost nonexistent. There may be a considerable change immediately when a sediment enters a new environment with dif ferent characteristics, followed by a further very slow gradual change. Evidence favoring this concept is presented. S.A.F. spar staining tech was tested for ai mixtures of quar grains are rnountt fluoric acid for 1; sodium cobaltinit in the formation white coating on For corroboratioi with a 0.5% soli orange-yellow am of artificial mixtu the method to b> tests on natural 5%. Fire clay pros; Haines, Jr., and [7] (136 [l|)95-f ing an extremely pp. Increased ball-clay production sets record in 1959. Ibid., MMS 3117, 2 pp. Kaolin production sets record in 1959. Ibid., MMS 3118, 2 pp. Quartz crystal (electronic grade) in 1959. Ibid., MMS 3063, 4 pp. Talc, soapstone, and pyrophyllite in 1959. Ibid., MMS 3091, 6 pp. Each survey free from Pubs. Distrib. Sect., U. S. Bur. of Mines, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. M.J.K. Blue asbestos from Lusaka, Northern Rhodesia, and its bear ing on the genesis and classification of this type of asbestos. A. R. Drysdall and A. R. Newton. Am. Mineralogist, 45 [1-2] 53-59 (1960).--An occurrence of blue asbestos near Lusaka con sists of an anastomosing stockwork of predominantly slip-fiber veins in a semicalcareous host rock in a strongly deformed dolo mite formation. Chemical analysis shows that it is magnesiorie- beckite according to the classification of Miyashiro; the geologi cal evidence suggests that it is of metasomatic origin. This and a similar occurrence in Bolivia are in strong contrast to the normal South African and Australian occurrences, where the asbestos is of riebeckite composition and probably of metamorphic origin. The name crocidolite has been widely used to describe blue asbes tos, but as it applies only to fibrous varieties of riebeckite and magnesioriebeckite, it should not be used as a mineral name. 2 tables, 9 references. j H.I. Ceramic fuels--properties and technology. R. W. Nichols. Nuclear Eng., 3 [29] 327-33 (1958).--The physical and mechani cal properties as well as the fabrication processes are covered for Description of the Mackereth portable core sampler. Alec J. Smith. J. Sediment. Petrol., 29 [2] 246-50 (1959).--This corer is capable of collecting fine-grained bottom samples from lakes and shallow seas at depths up to 300 ft. At the sampler's present stage of development, cores up to 20 ft. long and 1.5 in. in di ameter can be collected. The corer operates as a piston which is pushed into the sediments by compressed air; it is held on the sur face of the sediment for the duration of the coring operation by hydrostatic pressure. When the sample has been taken the corer is raised to the surface by compressed air. S.A.F. Diatomite. L. M. Otis and James M. Foley. U. S. Bur. Mines Minerals Yearbook (preprint), 1959, Vol. I, 6 pp., 1 figure. 5 cents. Govt. Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Graphite. Donald R. Irving and Betty Ann Brett. Ibid., 11 pp. 10 cents. Kyanite and related minerals. James D. Cooper and Gertrude E. Tucker. Ibid., 4 pp. 5 cents. Minor nonmetals. Albert E. Shreck and James M. Foley. Ibid., 3 pp. 5 cents. M.J.K. Effect of source and environment on clay minerals. I. H. ^ Milne and J. &. Earley. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists, 42 [2] 328-38 (1958).--The clay mineral assemblage in an area of active deposition is dependent largely on the character of the source area. This conclusion is based on a study of the clay mineralogy of sediments of the lower Mississippi River, the active delta region, the St. Bernard Subdelta, and the Mississippi Sound- Mobile Bay area. Montmorillonite, the predominant clay min eral in the Mississippi River and Delta sediments is apparently Fluorspar and Narayanan. NI India), 2 [2] 18 aluminum, and o considerably inci methods of benefi posits of low gri- occurrences of flu to Indian deposii use in the metallu General methods indicated. The National Metalli Pradesh and Raj: 56.48, and 21.14' flotation to yield recoveries ranginj Graphite--its j and J. C. Bell. ; summary of all tl lug these data in production, phys properties, comp ences. H. Ibid. the nuclear prop: uranium oxide, uranium monocarbide, uranium silicide, and thorium dioxide. It is concluded that much work remains to be done in the fields of property determination and irradiation test ing, particularly on the effects of material variables on irradiation behavior. The promising characteristics of ceramic fuels in the stable product of soil development and rock weathering in the drainage basin of the Mississippi River. The sediments of the Mississippi Sound-Mobile Bay area, east of the Mississippi Delta and derived ultimately from the Appalachian Province, contain considerably more kaolinite. Transition zones between Low cost over! M- H. McDonal (I960).--The use scraper to strip o clude higher burn-ups, higher fuel ratings, and higher coolant the two sediment types can be differentiated. Alteration of clay temperatures. A complete data sheet is included which covers minerals in a depositional area can be expected where the sedi Mineralogy of all the known properties of the four types of fuel compounds mentioned. 15 figures, 2 tables, 37 references. J.M.K. Closed-circulation systems for determining water, carbon dioxide, and total carbon in silicate rocks and minerals. P. G. Jeffrey and A. D. Wilson. Analyst, 85 [1015] 749-55 (1960).-- mentation rate is low and sufficient time is available for chemical equilibria between the sea water and the clay minerals. In areas of rapid mud deposition, the blanketing effect of overlying clay material probably reduces the chemical interaction to that which is possible between the clay and the entrapped water. The Mis- soc. fra ng. , mineral species i mineral, found in cept for consider layer, it has hi} 30 Ceramic Abstracts February ; (4) Simple correlation, control limits, and simple groupings of accurate method of those studied. 2 tables, 6 references. data helped to determine the variables in glass production. Data S.M.L. and methods are given in detail. 6 tables. S.M.L. Diffusion of oxygen from contracting bubbles in molten glass. ' Ceramic materials produced from glass. H. R. Lillie. Glass a R. H. Doremus. /. Am. Ceram. Soc., 43 [12] 655-61 (I960).-- Technol., 1 [3] 115-20 (1960).--L. gives a historical summary of the development of photosensitive glasses and of materials as sociated with the Fotoceram and Pyroceram trade names. Experimental measurements on the rate of contraction of oxygen bubbles in molten glass were compared with an equation for the diffusion-controlled contraction of a sphere. The equation was Fundamental and technical problems encountered in their pro- __ valid until about 80% of the oxygen had diffused from the bubbles, duction are discussed. Properties of two standard varieties of so that the diffusion coefficient of the oxygen in the molten glass glass-ceramic are compared with those of heat-resisting glasses could be calculated from the experimental measurements. These and alumina ceramics, and some of the applications of glass- values of the diffusion coefficient were higher than one would ex- 2 ceramics are mentioned. 8 figures, 11 references. S.M.L. 5 pect from the Stokes-Einstein equation for diffusion in liquids. Colors and magnetic properties of iron in glasses of various It was therefore concluded that some short-circuiting mechanism types and their implications concerning structure: II, Cabal such as diffusion in channels in the glass was operative. It also glasses. Adli Bishay. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 44 [1] 16-21 (1961). appeared that the oxygen diffused in the glass as atoms, rather --The effect of changes in the glass structure on the colors and -- than as molecules. From contraction measurements on glasses magnetic susceptibilities of iron was studied in glasses made of with different fining agents it was concluded that the mechanism CaO, B2O3, and AI0O3 (cabal glasses). As the number of gaps in of fining by such agents as antimony and arsenic oxides was not the structure increased, an increase in the general absorption and discharge of oxygen gas as had been generally supposed but was a decrease in magnetic susceptibility were observed, attributed to c reduction of the concentration of oxygen in the glass, which caused ferrous iron in network-forming positions. Further increase in the oxygen in the bubbles to diffuse into the glass more rapidly. the number of gaps was accompanied by a general increase in 2 tables, 4 figures, 17 references. transmission as well as by an increase in magnetic susceptibility. This was attributed to the loosening of the structure around the -- ferrous iron which could easily escape from the interstices and be oxidized to colorless ferric iron taking network-forming positions. Diffusion into silicon from glassy layers. J. E. Cline and R. G. Seed. J. Eleclrochem. Soc., 105 [12] 700-701 (1958).--The dif fusion of boron into silicon from glassy layers containing the sys- . tern K20-Si0-r-B203 was investigated. These glassy layers can The intensity of the ferrous band depended on the concentration of the ferrous iron and was affected by the polarizing power of the neighboring cations. 2 tables, 7 figures, 7 references. Comparison of the chemical composition and magnetic prop d be formed by dehydrating aqueous solutions, and they are fluid at the diffusion temperature of 1200C. Methods were explored for obtaining controllable initial concentrations and penetrations . of diffusant. Uniformly flat junctions were obtained, apparently erties of tektites and glasses formed by fusion of terrestrial rocks. due to the solvent action of the glassy layers in preventing mask Irving Friedman, Arthur Thorpe, and Frank E. Senftle. Nature, -- ing by silicon dioxide. 2 figures, 6 references. J.M.K. 187 [4743] 1089-92 (1960). 3 tables, 9 references. V.R.E. Dust control in glass manufacturing. Edward F. Wilson. Copper films by galvanic techniques. Samuel Wein. Glass Glass Ind. ,41 [4] 202-203,236-38(1960).--The sources and treat- " Ind., 38 [7] 383 , 402 (1957).--A chronological review of the ment of dust in the glass industry and the secondary source of technical and patent literature on mirror making. 11 references, e dust from power plants are described. Modern dust treatment Cf. Ceram. Abstr., 19(50, Aug., p. 187t, and "Sensitizing...," this methods use automatic controls to provide dependable operation. section. S.M.L. Current Japanese concepts of glass structure. Ikutaro Sawai. Glass Ind., 38 [4] 197-208,234(1957).--A detailed review is given of research projects undertaken in the past five years by T. Moriya, M. Mine, E.i Kanai and T. Satoh, J. Furukawa, T. Abe, T. Tamura and Y. Mori, R. Yokota, and T. Yamate and S. -- Properly applied, these systems give better quality control, lower equipment maintenance through clean process areas, and lower operating costs. S.M.L. Effect of partial replacements of soda by lithia in opal and ala baster glass. H W. Rauch, C. H. Commons, Jr., and A. Silver- man. Glass Ind., 41 [5] 261-63, 292 (1960).--As was previously Sakka. 3 tables, 24 figures, 26 references. S.M.L. / Density change of glass by heating: VI, Density change of K20-Na20-Si02 glasses. Toru Kishii. Yogyo Kyokai Shi, 68 determined for soda-lime glass, the introduction of lithia reduces melting and fining time, increases fluidity, lowers thermal expan- ) sion, and slightly increases the refractive index in commercial [771] 63-70 (1960).--^Glasses of the system K2O-Na2O-Si02 were prepared by melting purified sand and reagent grade materials in a platinum crucible. The quenched samples were reheated by holding at a constant temperature in the range of 300 to 325, and the change in density was determined by the floating method. The results were analyzed by the author's theory {Ceram. Abstr , 1958, Nov., p. 305/). 22 figures, 37 references. For part V see ibid., 1960, April, p. 84j. K.Y. 9 opal and alabaster glasses. In each glass, soda was replaced bv f about 0.25 and 0.50% (wt.) lithia. Complete glass compositions [ are given. The following properties were measured: coefficient of j linear thermal expansion from 100 to 300C.; reflectance of ' disks 0.12, 0.20, and 0.60 in. thick under green, blue, and amber [_ illumination; opacity; and coefficient of scatter. The lithiasubstituted glasses melted faster and should be commercially desirable because of probable lower operating temperatures. I Devitrification of borosilicate glasses. O. Knapp. Acta __ Whiter colors and improved light transmission were noted. 6 Tech. Acad. Sci. Hung., 28 [1-2] 111-19 (1960) (in English); -- tables, 5 figures, 2 references. S.M.L. abstracted in J. Appl. Chem. (London),- 10 [8] ii-148 (1960).-- Experiments using selenium as decolorizer in container glass. Devitrification of clear (I) and amber-colored (II, Mn02 1, Fe-Oj H. R. Persson. Central Glass & Ceram. Research Inst. Bull. 0.5%) 6% B2Os glasses and a clear 20% B2Oa glass(IH) was studied ^ (India), 6 [3] 127-35 (1959).--Experiments were carried out under at 800 to 1125C. Borosilicates devitrify irregularly with factory conditions to determine the optimum additions of minor sporadic formation of a leathery film and few defined crystals constituents in a soda-lime-silica glass used for making tumblers (chiefly from I); rates of crystal growth are difficult to establish. and bottles. Taking into consideration the melting conditions of . Ill devitrifies relatively slowly. The coloring agents in II do not __ the batch, P. found the most suitable additions of minor constit affect the liquidus temperature (approximately 1130). 3 tables, uents to be as follows, per 1000 kg. of sand: niter 2 kg., salt cake 32 figures, 3 references. Cf. Ceram. Abstr., 1960, Sept., p. 206/. 8 kg., arsenic 300 gm., selenium 20 gm,, and cobalt oxide 2 gm. V.R.E. A variation of about 20 in the annealing temperature, however, Different methods for determining the thickness of the silver had a marked influence on the color of the glass. 6 figures, 3 film. P. Sen and P. S. Rao. Class Ind., 38 [2] 89, 112 (1957).-- tables, 10 references. R.L.T. The authors studied (1) volumetric analysis by titration, (2) Fracture velocity and fracture energy of glass in the fatigue direct weighing, and (3) Fizeau's iodine crystal test. Details of range. Errol B. Shand. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 44 [1] 21-26 the analyses are given. The direct weighing method gave some- __ (1961).--A method was developed for determining crack velocities what higher results than the other two, which may have been from the stress-time curve of fracture. Velocities of glass broken due to difficulty in elimination of moisture from the film and in air and in vacuum converge at a value between 1 and 10 mm./ oxidation of the silver during drying. The direct weighing sec. This convergence is considered to be the upper limit of the method required at least twice the time of the other two. Be- 7 fatigue range. Fracture energy was computed in terms of strain cause of ring distortion with thicknesses of more than 200 X energy release rates. For glass broken in air under low stress 10-8 mm., the iodine method was not acceptable. With thin this energy is about equal to the surface energy of the glass; films the method was rapid and approximate but not dependable in vacuum it is fifteen times greater, at the upper limit of the for accuracy. The titrimetric method is the fastest and most fatigue range it is thirty times greater, and atjthe terminal veloc- 1961 67-73, 104-: Glassmak Technol., 1 scale of oper in about 30 c -The areas v America, th. East. 2 re' Glassmak Glass Ind., 3 of California machine op. factoring cei given, and tl tions are inc Hot color [2] 86-88, 9 and disadva suppl*ers> a decoration c Improvem Class Ind., 3 problems en plates and li Influence melting proc [4] 193-95, and physica desirable an chemical an. segregation, evaluating t Internal f alkaline-eari Ryder and < 69 (I960).-- which systei investigated. (1) The twi were shifted A third peak nounced wit friction meae are also des. closely resei table, 12 figi Interprets and of the ; pressure. V Bull. (India) and the struc by two basic positive core and the estal volume. Th volume of sc the screenint screening th. suggests tha'. physical and modification they would i and chemica marily the r tables, 6 figi Investigate Nayak and Inst. Bull. (1 gated for the Irradiatior Phys. Rev., 1 0 February XIV, Chemistry and Physics--XV, General 49 :erences. | 1961 g references. VI, Effect of surface on the development of 1 D.T.W. as in presenc. tabn) Cs(0,'! from Ca02-2H20-. I. I. 1098-J99---Experiments Vol'nov and are described V. in N. Chamova. which the cal- temperature from the mathematically predicted values is dis cussed. 3 tables, 8 figures, 9 references. . D. NarasinJ 0- peroxide diperoxyhydrate Ca02-2H202 was spread out in bservations 0j rate of densj. Ttfm carbide imtse iridica^' ;on through 9 sintering rat(, reement witj ng rate are i,, irements. cia different sizes and vacuum dried at 50 and 10 mm. Hg l*0*15 re The resulting material contained, after about 100 min., P1^ atnounts of Ca(Oz)2 depending on the amount of surface Vlflj j,y the sample on the bottom of the boat. The thinner i 0f material, the higher was the percentage of calcium the . oxide formed; thus, when 1 gm. of the original material was SUP* over 900 cm.', the final products contained, along with SP- Ca(OH)2, and CaC03, about 40%(wt.) Ca(02)2. The v4 'ten(f to support the reaction equation put forward by I. A. -- 5 Apparatus for the manufacture of single crystals. Jan Goorissen (North American Philips Co., Inc.). U. S. 2,956,863, Oct. 18, 1960.--The apparatus comprises a refractory vessel with an open top for holding a quantity of molten semiconductive material, a hollow truncated conical conductive reflecting member having open ends mounted on and over the vessel with its wide end ad jacent the vessel and with its inner reflecting surface exposed to the vessel interior, a coil surrounding the vessel for heating its interior by high-frequency currents, and means for drawing a ase in th, t equilibrium ln2Os, and n , of 200 atm, curve for thc ermined. jn bly from the ides of the WO, is probphase prob. tained under insistent X phases when raises some ion in these i 13 refer. a diagnostic a and N. K. estva, 88 []] se of a sepaieir stability s simple and ed on small b.T.W. | ;s of molyb'hur. Neorg. olybdenum, esistance to s periods of he disilicide >ncentrated, '^unovskif describing the formation of the superoxide from the growing crystal upward from the melt and through the interior of k* vhydrate. 1 table, 1 figure, 3 references. For parts I-IV the reflecting member along its axis, whereby thermal radiation P fram- Abstr., I960, Sept., p. 221e. D.T.W. -- from the melt surface is reflected onto the grown crystal. seL nnal analysis of selenates of strontium, barium, and lead. D.J.B. Selivanova, V. A. Shneider, and G. A. Zubova. Zhur. NN-eorg- Khim., 3 [6] 1295-1303 (1958).--The heating and cooling Method of separating rare earths by ion exchange. Frank H. Spedding and Jack E. Powell (United States of America as rep- Xyes of selenates of strontium, barium, and lead were obtained c resented by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission). U. S. ^jth a Kumakov pyrometer; the changes in composition, weight, 2,956,858, Oct. 18, 1960. D.J.B. nd spe^ 1 vaporization of these salts at different temperatures Methods of decomposing complex uranium-rare earth tantalo- ^ere investigated. SrSeOj, BaSeO,, and PbSeO, are less stable columbates. John R. Ruhoff, Charles O. Gerfen, and George B. thermally than jthe respective sulfates. The selenates of stron -- Wills (Mallinckrodt Chemical Works). U. S. 2,956,857, Oct. 18, tium, barium, and lead, in contrast with the respective sulfates, 1960. D.J.B. upon heating, do not undergo polymorphic enantiotropic trans Separation of rare earths by solvent extraction. Donald F. formations. They decompose on heating with formation of the Peppard and George W. Mason (United States of America as selenites and generation of oxygen. The thermal decomposition d represented by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission). U. S. 0f lead selenate' occurs in more than one valence. 7 figures, 6 2,955,913, Oct. 11, 1960.--A process of separating lanthanum, tables, 33 references. ^ D.T.W. cerium(III), praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, Thermal conductivity: XTV, Conductivity of multicomponent europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, systems--correction. W. D. Kingery. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 43 -- thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, and yttrium from each other con [12] 669 (1960).--An equation in the original paper (ibid., 42 sists in providing an aqueous medium having free mineral acid in [12] 617-27 (1959)) is corrected. a concentration of at least 3N and a substantially water-immisci Transformation of quartz to cristobalite. A. C. D. Chaklader ble organic alkyl phosphate-containing medium, one of the media and A- L- Roberts. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 44 [1] 35^1 (1961).-- e containing the elements, contacting the media whereby those ele The transformation of quartz to cristobalite was studied ir the ments which have the highest atomic number are preferentially tange 1400 to 1650C. The process, which was believed to be held by the alkyl phosphate and the extractability of the various a direct one, was found to be a consecutive reaction involving an elements by the alkyl phosphate decreases in the order of the intermediate transition phase. The reaction rate was found to be much faster for Madagascar quartz than for Brazilian quartz, al -- atomic number, contacting the alkyl phosphate with aqueous mineral acid solutions whereby fractions of aqueous rare earth solutions are formed, and collecting each fraction separatelv. though no difference in their impurity content was found in the D.J.B. spectrographic analysis. An approximate consecutive reaction kinetic approach was applied, and the deviation of the experi mentally observed values of the transition phase at a particular See also Sect. VII: Thermal conductivity of U02 to 2100C. #HC1, and vere treated stable, fol- XV--General D.T.VV. ite and the t structural i^Vsesoyuz. ^ires, 47 D.T.W. AWVTiOj. 3 [12] 611:03-Ti02 at by solidpounded by fence of a 9 was esstability at y at 1380 t VIII see. ycerol adm. Ceram. ^ Forma- iolet light. iur. Neorg. formed in ultraviolet ube. The id to con^naterial 9ib\e. 1 Application of photoelectric densitometry to the assessment of respirable dust samples. A. R. Budgen, R. J. Hamilton, and 9 G. H. S. Jones. Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 11 [81 371-77 (I960).--A technique has been developed for the rapid assessment of samples of respirable mine dusts obtained with the long-running thermal precipitator (National Coal Board/MRE dust sampler type 101). ' ~ The size segregation of particles in the sample makes it possible for the optical density of a thin strip across the deposit to be converted to the number of particles in the strip. 9 figures, 11 references. W.A. TM Health control in the ceramic industry. Russell W. Frank. Proc. Porcelain Enamel Inst. Forum, 20, 138-40 (1958).--House keeping procedures to minimize health hazards in the handling of lead-bearing porcelain enamels are described. The solubility of -- lead-bearing glasses is much less than that of many lead com pounds used in ; other industries. The finer the material, the Peater is the solubility. Lead vapor is released from glass to the atmosphere at elevated temperatures, but this is of minor signifi- 1 ace in well-ventilated areas. L.S.O'B. Holography. Charles E. Walls. Pottery and Glass, 38 [9] 725-27 (I960).--W. discusses the photography of pottery _ ("potography") and the promotion of sales of pottery and glass by photos. 6 photos. C.M.C. Problems of technical documentation and the new ceramic classification. G. Bieler and P. Lapoujade. Bull. soc. fran$. dram., 1959, No. 42, pp. 17-28.--A new method for classifying ceramic literature is proposed and discussed. It is believed that this new classification would be easily used by industry as well as by research groups. 3 tables, 7 references. R.K.W. Recognition and power as motives of management. Felix Eisele. Ziegelind., 13 [9-10] 278-82 (1960).--E. presents the human factor in management, pointing to the importance of the recognition of employees and the danger of becoming dictatorial and thus undermining initiative. He compares the Western sys tem of cooperation with the Eastern system of obedience, con cluding that the former is the better and more advanced. T.W.G. Trends in ceramic education. R. M. King. Proc. Porcelain Enamel Inst. Forum, 20, 119-21 (1958).--Trends indicate a move ment away from empiricism to scientific treatments, the addition of humanities and nontechnical courses, and a movement away from the handbook type of instruction. L.S.O'B. ib fe' t f I? 1i : b` i K* XI, Instruments and Test Methods--XII, Kilns, Furnaces, Fuels, and Combustion--XIII, Materials 127 1 thT Aet^ A- Fill a,,. 'iinary^e I ws> signal with reference data obtained by examination of a 4 of similar substance of predetermined thickness as an indi ct the thickness of the substance. ,ti<>n 0 D.J.B. See also Sect. V: Nucleation and growth of sodium disilicate crystals in sodium disilicate glass. Sect. XII: Tunnel kiln in strumentation and control. XII--Kilns, Furnaces, Fuels, and Combustion T'^ceati^onBW1 -res6si^lr"eJPinUea mbustion1 system improvements for oxidation section of yin. Arthur L. Wittmer. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 t*0 22-25 (1961).--Forced introduction of excess air into the Pj fjon zone of tunnel kilns creates problems of burner design width 1.2, height 1.3, and length 80 m.) and two chamber kilns (33 cm.') fired with propane gas. The only necessary modifica tion was the replacement of the original burners. J.A.S. Tunnel kiln instrumentation and control. Arthur P. Watts. ;nds,a 'vir, leVel of thl oS|da.iection. To avoid the aspirating of unknown and uncon. quantities of secondary air into the kiln, sealed type Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 [3] 131-33 (1961).--W. discusses methods of measuring and controlling temperature, pressure, of the tf88 -w are often utilized. tB.urner choice by itself is not the flow, atmosphere, and kiln car movements. 2 figures. resistor . j.A.s * answer unless the firing tunnel has been designed to ^yrjde l*16 h'A 6as flow pattern required for the type of load fired. The burner control system should contain means for PATENTS t0. *ting the fuel-air ratio for a graduated and known degree of Automatic ware car conveyer. William D. Bozman (Hanley - over the length of the oxidation section of the kiln. 7 Co.). U. S. 2,961,973, Nov. 29, 1960.--An automatic system for Psi`` Pier, iue)- U. 5 asuring tl] !^tinuous roller conveyer kiln. L. B. Coffin and David O. j^son. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 |3] 126-30 (1961).--A the movement of kiln cars on storage tracks takes over after delivery from the transfer car. The pushing is done by a recip rocating movement provided by a hydraulic cylinder to two `^neans (, (detectia model roller conveyer tunnel kiln was constructed for the rails located between the normal car trackage. At each car tiouous automatic production of brick, hollow building tile, __ length there is an engaging mechanism attached to the rails that ! between tv `ys travelia ig the inte, 1011 The kiln operates at 1800 to 2400F. and can be adapted to **L, 0ther types of ceramic products in the higher temperature : "iL 11 figures, 2 references. stays in contact with the car while the forward motion is in pro gress. The cycle is instituted by photoelectric cells, and no man power is required. The cars are put on the tracks with alternate s that ran( Oxidizing and reducing firing--understanding the significance ^ positions open to provide faster cooling until more than half the racteristie i D J.B. Alexander! 061.--Tl ' I the kiln atmosphere. Rudolf Rasch. Glas-Email-Keramo- capacity is required, at which time they are progressively moved Tick 11 [9] 313-19 (1960).--The atmosphere is oxidizing, neu- forward until in actual contact with the preceding car. Provision ^ or reducing according to whether the oxygen partial pres- is made to prevent the cars from being pushed off the far end of ^ is greater than, equal to, or less than the dissociation pres- __ the track. D.J.B. detector , id the dete ^ of the components of the body. Thus an atmosphere of Cft ay be reducing or oxidizing according to the composition Driers for powdered or granular material. Cyril H. Matthews. U. S. 2,968,103, Jan. 17, 1961.--A drier comprises a vertical dry -ness is to 1 jthe body and the temperature of firing, and an atmosphere of N2 ing chamber with inlet and outlet means, means for passing ;enous mat 8>y be reducing. This general principle is exemplified by the e heated gases through the chamber, a pair of vertical rods slid and indica (jsocjation of the iron oxides, the reaction Si02 s=; SiO + VsCh, ably mounted in the chamber, resilient members secured to a a signal di Bd the decomposition of the sulfates. Many differences in the fixture coacting with the rods to retain them in animated sus nal neutro nsalts from plant and laboratory kilns are attributable to the pension, means for animating the rods, and grids equal to the D.J.B. ^Biosphere, e.g., it is usually much easier to obtain oxidizing __ cross-sectional area of the chamber in spaced relation on the d material editions in a laboratory kiln, especially if it is electrically rods, whereby material fed into the chamber is given a pulsating i",240i Jan. bated. 8 figures, 8 tables, 13 references. J.A.S. movement causing it to fall successively on the grids and be im > in a quar Safety in kiln and furnace operation. J. B. Smith. Ceram. pelled from each grid upward to travel for a period freely sus crystal pla : (j,, 71 [3] 20-21, 42-45 (1958).--A gas safety control system / pended to delay its passage through the chamber and ensure an electric fie lyte, subje< dtveloped by the Factory Mutual Engineering Division Labora- icries is described. 4 figures, 1 photo. W.K.S. extended drying period for the material. D.J.B. High temperature furnace. Robert M. Witucki and Richard graphing t Shuttle kiln. T. W. Garve. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 [3] L. Curtis (Curtiss-Wright Corp.). U. S. 2,966,537, Dec. 27, r#a adapt ; 134-35(1961). 6 figures. -- 1960.--A high temperature furnace comprises an outer cylindrical Solving firing problems with differential thermal methods. shell, an inner cylindrical shell of less diameter, thermal insula idict Richard R. West. Ceram. Age, 72 [3] 14-16, 42 (1958).--The ) station of a firing problem by the use of a small laboratory tunnel tion in the space between them, a resistance heating element in the inner shell spaced radially inwardly from the interior wall, 10, 1 i Hi, and DTA is described. 2 tables, 3 figures, 1 photo. ff the outer and inner shells having aligned lateral openings, elec W.K.S. trodes passing through the aligned openings to connect to and ; Thermodynamic properties of the combustion products of support the heating element, at least one sight tube passing lavii graphite and oxygen in idealized dust flames. Robert W. Smith, laterally through the walls of the outer and inner shells to render , exposing an le body from ligh penetrato molecules xposure and rnal surface, :y radiations surface of ) Jr., Edwin B. Cook, and Hans M. Cassel. U. S. Bur. Mines -- specimens adjacent the heating element visible, a transparent ; bpt. Invest., 1960, No. 5668, 12 pp. Free.--Examples are given member in the sight tube, and means for introducing an inert gas d composition profiles at atmospheric pressure and room tem- adjacent to the transparent member and through the tube to the r: mature in an idealized oxygen-dust flame, with mass and en- interior of the inner shell. D.J.B. tialpy preserved. M.J.K. h Trials with a tunnel kiln fired with "liquid gas." Josef Muller. t Sa.deut. keram. Ges., 37 [9] 441 (1960).--M. describes the success- See also Sect. VIII: Particle size of feldspar and flint as a factor ) W production of electrical porcelain in a tunnel kiln (internal in slip behavior. cules which D.J.B. one bridge] i XIII--Materials D. S. 2,966,D.J.B- and William rp.)- XJ. S. D.J.B- Arthur H. nc.). V.S. directing 8 ness is to *- Asbestos industry in 1960 (preliminary). Anon. U. S. Bur. *,Ki Mineral- Market Survey, 1960, MMS 3152, 1 p. Each free from Pubs. Distrib. Sect., U. S. Bureau of Mines, ) 13, Pa. Crude perlite in 1960 (preliminary). Ibid., | MS3138,1 p. Diatomite in 1960 (preliminary). Ibid., MMS <r W, ip. M.J.K. | Wramic fibers for filtering dust from hot gases. L. J. Kane, I u^-Chidester, and C. C. Shale. U. S. Bur. Mines Kept. Invest., 1 fth' ^' 18 pp. Free.--Results are given of tests made j manent ceramic wet drum separator is designed for cobbing ap plications in concentrating magnetite and reduced hematite ores. The units employ Indox V, a new ceramic magnetic material giv ing field strength readings up to 850 gausses 2'/, in. from the magnet face. V.R.E. Ceramic tests of Illinois clays and shales. W. Arthur White and J. E. Lamar (compilers). Illinois State Geol. Survey Circ., 1960, No. 303, 72 pp.--About 125 tests of clays and shales from 59 and emitted 7 an aluminum silicate filter to develop methods for removing counties are presented by county. One sample is Cretaceous -providing 8 M from hot gases at 1800C. 17 figures. M.J.K. clay from the southern tip of the state; eight samples are from |,d correlat' S^runic magnetic wet drum separator for cobbing. Anon. pre-Pennsylvanian shales; the others are from Pennsylvanian M iJing j (Lcmclon^ 255 [6536) 600 (1960).--The Stearns per shales and clays. Other publications on ceramic tests are listed. 180 Ceramic Abstracts July Method and apparatus for detecting minute concentrations of zone and heating the boule-growing surface, introducing the f gases and vapors. Robert A. Morris and Robert von Heine- constituents into the zone.and heating them by passage in the?1* Geldem (Mine Safety Appliances Co. of Pittsburgh). D. S. effluent to produce boule-growing material, and fusing and 0t 2,968,730, Jan. 17, 1961.--The apparatus comprises means for cumulating the material on the boule-growing surface exposing a gaseous mixture as it enters an ionization chamber a crystalline boule of increasing size. Dj g i to a specific reagent that will react with the constituent to be Radiation measuring apparatus [for thickness or deoga detected to form nascent particulate matter and means for having means for compensating errors due to atmosph.v measuring the ionization current in the chamber before and conditions. Arthur N. Otis, Jr. (Curtiss-Wright Corp.). after the mixture is exposed to the reagent. D.J.B. Method and installation for carrying out glow discharge 2,968,727, Jan. 17, 1961. ^D.J.B Sample cell for spectroscopic apparatus. Richard A. Mam-,,, processes. Bernhard Berghaus (Elektrophysikalische Anstalt (Baird-Atomic, Inc.). U. S. 2,970,216, Jan. 31, 19eS Bernhard Berghaus). U. S. 2,969,475, Jan. 24, 1961.--In a , sample cell for spectroscopic examination comprises a base f method of performing metallurgical, chemical, or other technical 0 prepositioning and orienting the cell with respect to a phot processes under the influence of an electric glow discharge in a metric system, a body component having an elongated Sltu] discharge vessel containing electrodes, the steps comprise (a) diameter capillary first bore of circular cross section, the bod charging a gas into the vessel in the region of a first electrode and _ being secured to the base for transmitting radiation front simultaneously withdrawing gas from the chamber at a point system through a sample within the bore, a probe providing ' removed fromj the charging region and at such rates that a capillary second bore communicating with one end of the gJ! pressure gradient is created in the space surrounding the electrode bore, and a syringe including a cylinder communicating ^ in which the gas pressure diminishes with increasing distance the other end of the first bore and a piston slidable in the cylincjer from the electrode and (b) disposing a cooperating electrode at a the body including an insert that is transparent to the radiation' distance from the first electrode and in the direction of diminish the bore being formed in the insert and a shell for the insert, tht ing pressure, whereby migration of the discharge away from the shell having opposed windows aligned with the first bore, n first electrode and into the zone of decreasing pressure is favored _ periphery of the insert being flattened at positions adjacent to and the first electrode is at least partly relieved of the load the windows, the axis of the first bore and the second bort otherwise imposed thereon by the energy of the discharge. intersecting at an oblique angle. D.J.B D.J.B. . Silicon-oxygen-nitrogen composition of matter. William p Process for crystalline growth employing collimated electrical j Forgeng and Russell W. Gerby (Union Carbide Corp.). fi, ^ energy. Grady W. Clark and Robert A. Lefever (Union Carbide 2,968,530, Jan. 17, 1961.--The composition disilico oxymono. Corp.). U. S. 2,970,895, Feb. 7, 1961.--A process for growing an electrically conductive crystalline boule comprises concurrently establishing an electric arc between a first electrode and a boulegrowing surface, passing a gas stream in intimate contact with the __ nitride has the empirical formula Sh>ON and has an X-ray dif. fraction pattern exhibiting prominent lines at 3.38, 4.44, and 4.69 a.u. for diffracted beams having relative intensities of 100 first electrode to contain the arc, passing the arc-containing gas 95, and 5, respectively. D.J.B. stream through an orifice to collimate the arc energy and the gas Ultramicro electrode titration assembly. Edwin P. Arthur stream as well as to produce a high-pressure arc and a high ther- and Roger Gilmont (Beckman Instruments, Inc.). 6. s, mal content effluent, passing the hot effluent to a boule-growing 2,968,535, Jan. 17, 1961. D.J.B. XV--General Dust diseases in the pottery industry. E. Posner. Pottery Gaz., 86 [1006] ,503-505 (1961).--P. describes the excellent facili-. ties available and the modern equipment used for combating / pneumoconiosis; 923 persons died from this disease between 1950 and 1960, and 2000 are receiving disablement benefits. Early detection of the disease is vital if its development is to be checked. 5 figures. C.M.C. Scientific problems in the field of silicate chemistry and tech nology. P. P. Budnikov. Silikattech., 11 [10] 450-53 (I960).-- B. discusses problems in cement chemistry and technology, re fractories, rare earths, crystalline bonds, sintering processes, crystal growth, physical chemistry of clays, clinker structure and the effects of impurities, hydration and setting processes, mortar and concrete technology, and industrial wastes. L.M. XVI--Books Determination of Gases in Metals. Report of a symposium would be a worth-while addition to the library of any analytical organized by the Society for Analytical Chemistry in conjunction chemist. J. J. Diamond with the Iron and Steel Institute and the Institute of Metals. Fluidization and Fluid-Particle Systems. Frederick A. Zern Iron Steel Inst. (London) Spec. Rept., 1960, No. 68, viii+308 -- and Donald F. Othmer. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York pp., illus. Price 3 3s.--Fifteen papers cover the determination 22, 1960. x+513 pp., illus. $15.--Although the first fen of oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen in iron and a few nonferrous pages of this book represent an effective general presentation of metals. Vacuum-fusion analysis, spectroscopy, radioactivation the state of the art in this field, the remainder represents a highly and isotope-dilution analysis, carrier-gas techniques, X-ray dif b comprehensive and technical treatment of the subject. The book fraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis, and internal friction traces the development of fluid particle operations and cites tht measurements were used. sources of these developments along with significant patent and Flame Photometry. John A. Dean. McGraw-Hill Book Co., literature information. Reference is made to catalytic cracking in Inc., New York 36, 1960. viii+354 pp., illus. $11.50.-- -- the petroleum industry, fluid bed production of ores and chemi In the field of flame photometry it is often said that "every cals, fluidized sizing and drying, and spray drying. Mathematical thing interferes with everything else." This book is virtually a treatment of the rheology of powders is presented. This includes documentation of that statement. The author presents, simply data on the angle of repose of various particles and powders in and clearly, the information needed by the analytical chemist * bins. The physical characteristics, such as size and shape dis who wishes to use this somewhat limited but, where indicated, tributions, and powder viscosities under various conditions ait extremely useful and efficient technique. The first half of the discussed. Technical considerations such as the prediction of book gives the theoretical and experimental basis of practical _ flow rates for powders in free flow through restrictions are pre flame photometry. A full third of the book is then devoted to a sented. The motion of a single particle in fluids is examined in3 detailed consideration of each individual element which can be comprehensive manner. Highly technical treatments of such excited to emit radiation in a flame. A section is devoted to the more important applications of flame photometry, including a chapter on cement and glass analysis. There is a very extensive, j subjects as flow through fluidized beds and bubble phenomena an presented. Pneumatic and hydraulic conveying systems are ei- though not complete, bibliography of almost 800 references. amined in a separate section of the book. The subject of particle Modem flame photometry is only about twenty years old, and carryover from fluidized beds as well as a theoretical treatment^ there are only two books on the subject in English. This is the particle recovery equipment is also included. Heat transfer first written with emphasis on United States practice, and it fluidized beds is the final subject matter presented. In sumtnab' 220 Ceramic A bstracts SePtember slag as a free falling column into a vertical cellulating chamber having nozzles about its upper end for projecting converging streams of gaseous fluid and water on the molten slag column and disrupting it into small molten discrete masses. D.J.B. Apparatus for the manufacture of spherical particles [pressure chamber). Marvin1 A. Smith (Universal Oil Products Co.). U. S. 2,980,628, April 18, 1961. D.J.B. Filter element for extremely fine dust. Gerhard M. Neumann (Delbag-Luftfilter G.m.b.H.). U. S. 2,980,208, April 18, 1961.-- The element comprises a rectangular sheet of filter material creased first lengthwise zigzag fashion and then creased trans versely to define panels of equal length, the panels being then folded transversely accordion fashion through 90 from their ini tial position at intervals. D.J.B. Grinding mills. Oscar H. Johnson (American Brake Shoe Co.). U. S. 2,980,352, April 18, 1961.--A rod mill has alternating rows of dissimilar shell liners secured for rotation with the shell, cer tain rows being depressed and wide enough to contain several rods and the remaining rows having raised lifter pads spaced apart along the length of those rows. D.J.B. Magnetic separator operating in an aqueous medium. Robert C. Forrer. U. S. 2,976,995, March 28,1961.--The apparatus com prises two pole pieces, the cross sections of which throughout their height and in a direction perpendicular to that intended for the flow of the suspension have meandering outlines, the pole pieces defining a gap comprising a median part and comparatively Srn recesses whereby the paramagnetic and weakly ferrotnagn r particles accumulate in and are discharged from the median n *** of the gap and only the weakly magnetic particles are dischar ** from the recesses. D.J |) Method of sintering. Edward C. Creutz (General DynattCorp.). U. S. 2,976,598, March 28, 1961.--The method inclu^ working a plastic ceramic mix to form a compact having the scribed dimensions and shape, immersing the compact in a ban, of inert molten metal, and keeping the compact in the bath for sufficient time and at a high enough temperature to convert it jma a sinteredceramicproduct. D.J.b 0 Mixer for granular material [muller type). Robert L. v Ilvaine (Herbert Simpson Corp.). U. S. 2,978,147, April 4 1961. D.J.b. ' Regulating electric precipitators [by a transducer]. Ben Berg (A. B. Svenska Flaktfabriken). U. S. 2,978,065, April? 1961. D.J.b. ' Slipcasting. Jan W.Szymaszek (Union Carbide Corp 1 U. S. 2,979,401, April 11, 1961.--The method of forming articles of a metal and/or metallic compound comprises coatinr particles of a powder of the material with a resin while suspending them in a nonpolar organic medium in intimate contact with a porous mold, absorbing the medium through the mold to forma green casting, removing the casting, and sintering it. D.J.b XI--Instruments and Test Methods Automatic fringe counting interferometer for use in the cali bration of line scales. Herbert D. Cook and Louis A. Marzetta. J. Research Natl. Bur. Standards, 65C [2] 129-40 (1961).--A re versible fringe counting interferometer is described in which mechanical, optical, and electronic adjustments are maintained stable by servomechanism control or by balancing. Mirror parallelism is achieved by detecting the angular error electron ically and correcting by means of barium titanate actuators. An electronic interpolator permits recording of the count in digital form to 0.01 fringe without ambiguity. A rate of more than 1200 fringes/sec. has been achieved over a range of 14 cm. Higher counting rates are possible over shorter ranges. Design factors and details are discussed. A correction factor is derived for the error introduced by finite collimation of the interferometer beam. 7 figures, 15 references. M.J.K. Differential thermal analysis. J. A. Schedling. Radex Rundschau, 1959, No. 4, pp. 600-11.--The principles, historic development, qualitative and quantitative aspects, apparatus, and applications of the DTA method are surveyed in detail. Although it offers great advantages as a dynamic measuring method, thus giving insight on the reaction kinetics, interpretation of the diagrams is not always easy and a critical attitude toward the interpretation is imperative. 17 figures, 31 references. L.M. Evaluation of resistance strain gauges at elevated tempera tures. Roscoe L. Bloss. Materials Research & Standards, 1 [1] 9-15 (1961).--Equipment and techniques for obtaining in formation on the probable performance of resistance strain gauges at 1500F. are described. 11 references, 1 table, 13 figures. | M.P.H. High-temperature furnaces for X-ray diffractometers. Wil liam J. Campbell, Stephan Stecura, and Clark Grain. U. S. Bur. Mines Rept. Invest., 1961, No. 5738,30 pp. Free.--Develop ments in the field of high-temperature X-ray diffractometers through 1959 are summarized, various furnace designs are eval uated, and the Bureau's X-ray diffraction facilities are described. 16 figures. M.J.K. Microhardness testing at high temperatures. J. H. West brook. Am. Soc. Testing Materials Troc., 57, 873-97 (1957).--W. describes the construction, operation, and characteristics of a hot-hardness tester of modified Bergh design with a range of 20 to 1500C. and a load range of 20 to 900 gm. The problems en countered in this type of test, particularly with respect to hard, brittle materials, are discussed in some detail. Typical results are shown, and examples of the application of the test are described. 5 tables, 15 figures, 47 references. New apparatus for rapid differential thermal analysis. V. P. Ivanova and F. Ya. Bindul'. Zapiski Vsesoyuz. Mineral. Ob- shchestva, 89 [5] 560-64 (1960).--The apparatus is capable of ob taining data between 20 and 1000 to 1300C., with a heating rate of 90 to 110C./min., on samples of 0.02 to 0.08 gm. 3 figures, 5 references. D.T.W. Physical investigations at high temperatures on fuel ash, slags and ceramic materials with the heating microscope. A. Metz' - Radex Rundschau, 1959, No. 4, pp. 612-16.--The design, con. struction, and operation of the heating microscope are surveyed 10 figures. L.M. Remote-controlled microscope for "hot" metallography, p Gabler. Radex Rundschau, 1959, No. 3, pp. 557-62.--The de- ! sign, construction, and operation of a remote-controlled micro- scope for polished surface examination of highly radioactive samples are described. The microscope was designed for the study of construction materials for nuclear reactors and is provided with appliances for observing and photographing polished specimens. 4 figures. L.M, Syllabus of clay testing. T. A. Klinefelter and H. P. Hamlin. U. S. Bur. Mines Bull., 1957, No. 565, 67 pp. (reissue). 45 cents. 12 figures. Govt. Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. M.J.K. Telescope for measurement of optic angle of mica. Stanley Ruthberg. J. Research Nall. Bur. Standards, 65C [2] 125-28 L (1961).--The instrument allows rapid measurement of the ap parent optic angle to an accuracy of 5' of arc for samples as large as 2 in. in diameter. This angle is a property pertinent to the quality of mica. Instrumentation is quite simple but dependent ,. upon the complex phenomena of interference figures produced by biaxial crystals in polarized light. Magnification is great, dis- : persion can be determined, and the uniformity of samples can be ; observed. 8 figures, 5 references. M.J.K. Thermocouples for use in carbon atmospheres. M R. Nadler and C. P. Kempler. Rev. Sci. Inslr., 32 [1J 43-47 (1961).-- Criteria are discussed for the use of thermocouples in C atmos pheres below 2000C. Experimental data are given for W/Re, W/W-25Re, Re/W-25Re, graphite/Re, and graphite/Ir ther mocouples in C atmospheres from room temperature to 2200C Reaction temperatures of C with thoria, urania, and yttria were measured to be below 1730, 1620, and 1590C., respectively 5 figures, 4 references. V.R.E. patents i Crossed dispersion photographic spectrometer. Richard F. Jarrell and William G. Fastie (Jarrell-Ash Co.). U. S. 2,975,669, . March 21, 1961. D.J.B. Electrical hygrometer device. Stanley R. Morrison (Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co.). U. S. 2,975,638, March 21, 1961.--The apparatus determines the moisture content of a gase ous mixture. D.J.B- Means for sampling bulk material. Fred Jordison (Binning ham Small Arms Co., Ltd.). U. S. 2,977,800, April 4, 1961---For sampling bulk material as it falls in a stream, the apparatus con)' . prises a sample container mounted on a pair of spaced arms an means for applying linear motion to the arms to move the sainph j container through the material stream. D-J-B- ; Pyrometer construction. SabertN. Howell (Servo Corp-01 J061 America). f0meteHnt sinpf1oranrseivde el energy " set: ting assc Rapid-re /Uesris En., ^ermocouj posed broa Construe, C. Hall. 30 [31 154 1 0f single cr; strain-anne; through a w ance-wound that this fi suits. Cost of i fired interm German, j The author, trie kilns, tl sufficient to Firing of 1 and electric 190-206 (19 tional coal-fi tent kiln, ar mittent kiln and method comparisons Firing sa: Shingler and (1961)--Sin and constru, of Doulton 1 both coal an the intermiti of fired ware ment. Opei British and scientific me increase air bodies of wid than coal firi 4 references. High temp Browning, 1 133499, 9 pp furnace suita characteristii specimens, 1< duced radioa construction, Instrumen mond J. B^ temperature i ous gas analy Refinemen Ceram. Age, features on t General Mot, Small high H. Priest. J. construction 2000C. is d, the power re, 5 figures, 4 re Theoretical Solar Energy,! taboloid of rc are derived a #ibi XIV, Chemistry and Physics- -X V, General--X VI, Books 227 bribed t* for a the Jres, 13 G.B. shales. '-Qm. Seral- `th the ;ndered olinites , analyzed reference clay minerals of the American Petro- $institute Research Project 49 served to establish the cali- K^n. 7 tables, 9 figures, 15 references. H.I. g. Cu,Cl and (Zn,Cd )S: Cu,Cl electroluminescent phosphors. ^achtel. J: Electrochem. Soc., 107 [7] 602-608 (I960).-- 4 -dares for the preparation of ZnS:Cu,Cl and (Zn,Cd)S:- 1 electroluminescent phosphors are based on firing in an ^ osphere containing elementary S. Cl incorporation is con- 0 by firing in capped silica tubes or in open boats in a cur- jof Nt + S2CI2. Dependence of brightness on activator con- ''jjation is established on the basis of presumably constant gj Cu as Cu.S. The use of Pb was found to be disadvantage- a _ partially avoided. figures, 4 tables, 24 references. J. M. K. Method for recovering plutonium values from solution using a bismuth hydroxide carrier precipitate. Burt F. Faris (United States of America as represented by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission). U. S. 2,981,591, April 25, 1961.--A process for the recovery and decontamination of plutonium contained in an aqueous nitric acid solution of plutonium and uranium fission products comprises maintaining the plutonium in the hexavalent oxidation state, precipitating bismuth phosphate in the solution, Uonite, * -B%. filter W00oC %). 7 A.S. t(CIntroduction of Cd causes the formation of the hexagonal separating the precipitate and its associated uranium fission prod se and a (Cu,Cd)S compound and simultaneous decrease of ucts, precipitating bismuth hydroxide in the supernatant solu * ^tjoluminescence brightness as well as dependence of electro- tion, digesting the slurry at 80 to 125C., and separating the ;nescence emission color on Cd concentration. A two-step __ digested precipitate and its associated plutonium values. procedure is given, by means of which this effect may be D.J.B. Chetn dhesion tting of oxygen. Renter * oon the molten d. The ct angle salts it oxygen. Hie sur^Ral in layer in i around t angles ures. 18 G.B. XV--General ] /vramics and the new federal housing program. Walter J. Jjjler. Am- Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 17] 468-69 (1961). 3 photos. 4 jyalurgy--an old but forgotten internationally understood 4 ijjical specification. Epaminondas Vretos. Sprechsaal, 92 _ J!|jj446 (1959).--A study of the philological correctness of the -3-nn "hyalurgy" and its applicability to the glassworking pro- Tjssion is presented. L.M. a Ideas in ceramics--old into new. A. L. Roberts. Trans. Ceram. Soc., 59 [11] 505-14 (1960).--Some of the major Tijines on which J. W. Mellor worked established basic concepts Jjlhe science of ceramics which today have been amplified rather .3jjn changed. His classical studies of kaolinite laid the founda- :|jjns of modern clay mineralogy, and his principle of "arrested '-'actions" is now seen to apply not only to reactions in the mass .. jit also in the synthesis of minerals, though unstable modifica- . jus may appear and persist until the final and stable form de- Silicosis may be held in check for years or even prevented by good food and healthful living. T.W.G. Status of ceramic research. Winston Duckworth. Ceram. Age, 76 [4] 27-30 (1960).--D. notes that ceramic research, be coming deeper probing and wider ranging in scope, is gaining in stature. Progress has shown that past restrictions on the use, composition, and processing of ceramics often have no real basis. Supporting examples of this thesis from recent Battelle research include studies of antimony glasses, porcelain enamel adherence, pure refractory oxide sintering temperatures, and microstructural limits of strength. The importance of an interdisciplinary ap proach to bring about new uses for ceramics is emphasized. 5 photos. P.E.R. Structure and space demand of the elements. Hans Vetter. Ziegelind., 14 [4] 99-106; [5] 127-31; [6] 149-56; [7] 199-202; [8] 226-29; [9] 267-78 (1961).--V. subjects all the elements, as Joan R. 4 tables. i.I. Ttdops. X-ray analysis and other physical methods have ad- ^naced the knowledge of the structure of clays immeasurably, "-d the properties based on structure are becoming understood, such and in minerals and other combinations, to a thorough study. 52 tables, 3 figures, 24 references. T.W.G. Summing up--a round table discussion. William M. Bran nald K. "jjtreasing use of ion exchange is likely' in the field of adsorption. ham, Winston H. Duckworth, Einar P. Flint, John M. Neff, and 960). 5 ^Itree stages can be seen in the development of the science of Eugene W. Wainer. Ceram. Age, 76 14] 76-77, 79-89 (1960).-- H.I. ijaaniics: (1) the beginning of the application of science to in- The ceramic research managers of Battelle Memorial Institute, ation of ii'airy, (2) the acceptance by industry of the scientific principle Arthur D. Little, Inc., Armour Research Foundation, and Hori aksonov. 'Lad of research as a worthwhile investment, and (3) the solution zons, Inc., discuss the status and future of ceramic education, ition was =( industrial problems by fundamental work. The properties of technology, and research and present their views for correcting iperature '-jesolid state of matter are of prime importance, in particular, the problem areas in education and industry. 18 photos. P.E:R. ied on :ie lattice >ns of the >.T.W. Breusov >0 (1959). npounds: ompound d com- on points Tifect structure of crystals on which so many ceramic reactions ajpeud for their initiation and progress. A.W.N. "" Opportunities for ceramic industry development in Egypt. :i.Y, Bakr. Sprechsaal, 91 [17] 418-26 (1958).--Egyptian raw - aterials, products, and the future evolution of the ceramic in- 3try are discussed. 6 references. L.M. Silicosis and its prevention. H. Fr. G. Schmidt. Sprechsaal, d|23] 611 (1960); reprinted in Ziegelind., 14 [4] 117 (1961).-- Where are the patents? Eugene Wainer. Ceram. Age, 76 [4] 35-42 (1960).--W. concludes that the ceramic industry is spend ing less per sales dollar in research than comparable industries and that research and invention in the industry seem to be lag ging. He suggests as a solution, not only a reorientation of ce ramic education from technology to pure scientific aspects, but also an adjustment in ceramic industrial philosophy with stress on the need to obtain a greater dollar return per unit of ceramic raw material sold. 3 figures. P.E.R. 7 tables, LT.W. S. van XVI--Books [6] 131 iS on the 10% (at.) m% (at] i vas found G.B. tain lisht artin W0] 911-36 have eJ" is (X-ray ^minum. sulfur, >ndestrue- analytic* nerals ana ad related The X-ra>' nixtures ol #5' Fr' Application of Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Edited 5 Robert F. Heizer and Sherburne F. Cook. Viking Fund Plications in Archaeology, No. 28. Quadrangle Books, Inc., -iicago 1, 1960. x + 358 pp., 12 illus. $7.50.--The editors and 5 other scholars prepared papers for a nine-day meeting in -'Stria in 1959, sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation. ** papers are published in this book, as well as the discussions "'the meeting and a short list of recommendations drawn up at 'end of the meeting by the participants. The papers cover *fflany techniques that can be used to interpret the residues of -tuan activity on early archeological (prehistoric) sites, and all -^concerned with the proper quantitative interpretation of such -%iee. of special interest to ceramists is "Quantitative study 'sramic materials," by Frederick R. Matson, which briefly *hs the newer techniques applied to ceramic materials. These J'tole nuclear bombardment. X-ray fluorescent spectrometry, '^Ssion spectrometry. X-ray diffraction, magnetic dating, and ^oseopic studies, as well as chemical analysis. The informaftobe gained from modern primitive pottery manufacture and j*111 technical studies including modern reproduction of ancient materials is also covered. There is a useful bibliography of 76 references. Marie Farnsworth Bibliography of Glass. Compiled by George Sang Duncan; edited by Violet Dimbleby. Published for the Society of Glass Technology by Oceana Publications, New York 3, 1960. 544 pp. $45.--Designed to give a comprehensive coverage of publications on glass from the earliest records to 1940, the 15,752 entries in this bibliography were selected by Mr. Duncan over a period of 28 years. After his death, the task of organizing and editing was completed by others under the direction of the Society of Glass Technology. Entries in the main section are alphabetized by author names, with anonymous works included under subject headings. Titles are given in the language of original publica tion with an English translation or explanation following foreign titles. In some cases, additional information is given, particu larly in reference to some of the rare works. A supplement in cludes approximately 400 entries which were found or in which some of the data were confirmed after the main section was in typeceramics. P. William Lee. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New Veniber XIV, Chemistry and Physics--X V, General--XVI, Books 275 1200C. to dissociate the gel and expel the water and any cipitate containing plutonium values. Harrison S. Brown and tile substances formed. D.J.B. Edward G. Bohlmann (United States of America as represented fleutron-capture, gamma-ray prospecting method. James W. by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission). U. S. 2,982,599, Lfley. Charles W. Tittle, and Albert R. Graham (Gulf Research May 2, 1961. D.J.B. ,,f suptr ounil whiC ; Jlpeyelopment Co.). U. S. 2,983,817, May 9, 1961.--A method jL- detecting an anomaly in the degree of alteration of igneous | d metamorphic rock bodies comprises procuring equal weight Scanner element for particle analyzers. Wallace H. Coulter, Robert H. Berg, and Fred L. Heuschkel (Coulter Electronics, Inc.). U. S. 2,985,830, May 23, 1961.--A scanner element F 6 oxide jOWn to lsforTMs into tuples of the rock body, identically subjecting each sample to V fixed slow neutron flux and concurrently measuring the rate which 7 rays are produced by the sample having a prede- comprises a vitreous ceramic wall having an orifice and an inert wafer of highly heat resistant material having a permanent contour aperture therein fused to the wall with the aperture and orifice '.'"COniplete sphere a rd *u reParations 0'l,ees of the the iron ^remainder d,stribution 'e Magnet jc 1 1 table "SRfluned range of energy levels, and correlating the measured |)tes w't*1 t*le 'ocat*ons f tbe points from which the samples 3<er procured! D.J.B. ^ preparation!of anhydrous cerium chloride, uranium bromide, ", plutonium fluoride. Kent M. Harmon and Edward VVichers ,United States of America as represented by the U. S. Atomic Jtjiergy Commission). U. S. 2,982,603, May 2, 1961. D.J.B. ` 1 production of plutonium fluoride from bismuth phosphate pre- 1 aligned. D.J.B. Tube furnace for carrying out gas reactions in ceramic tubes. Friedrich Endter and Julius Schiiffler (Deutsche Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt vorm.Roessler). U. S.2,987,382, June 6, 1961. D.J.B. Vacuum coating apparatus. JamesH. Gardner and CharlesA. Baer (National Steel Corp.). U. S. 2,989,026, June 20, 1961. D.J.B. , H.I. Ufides, sel- XV--General 1 anf>rg. u. Ji^tions on ^~Ti. and G.B. anorg lin to the ounds and X-ray data ires of ZrSe Aeures, 15 \W G.B. nperatures. 1 figure, 6 uCeemmtent ceramics. H. J. Rolke. Ceram. Age, 74 [5] 26-29 ll959)-.---R. describes the possible use of hydraulic cement to im- .jjove wet and drv strength and to produce "cold grog." i '' W.K.S. .,] Ceramic engineering and materials engineering. Lawrence H. Vlack. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 [9] 568-69 (1961). 2 jables. j [Ceramic industry--history and present development.] Sylvio ;froes de Abreu. Cerimica (Sao Paulo), 4 [16] 26-31 (1958). 1 V.R.P. jj Foreign competition in the ceramic industries. Jennings Randolph. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 [8] 512-13 (1961). j High temperature lab designed on functional rather than prod- the ceramist and metallurgist should produce wonderful new products. D.J.B. Prestressed ceramic structures. F. R. Shanley and W. G. Knapp. PB Rept. 130928, 72 pp.; U. S. Govt. Research Repts., 30 [5] 419 (1958).--Use of prestressed ceramics as primary air craft structures is discussed. Several semispan wings were as sembled and prestressed. Failure during prestressing in each case precluded static tests. Methods of cellulating ceramics to reduce the apparent density were developed and tested. The following tests and studies were conducted: (1) determination of Poisson's ratio for various ceramics; (2) fatigue tests of ce ramics; (3) ceramic body study in the clay-Al;03-flux field systems; and (4) study of gasketing materials. 1 silica and hys., 32 [5] and crysfcerved in ^Vith fast this band nal bleach- dy complesumed. It d has been oposed for ^sorption nd therinds at 7.4 "ram. Soc., W.A. jut lines. Anon. Ceram. News, 10 [3] 16, 27 (1961).--A ^jrief description of the new laboratory for inorganic, chemical, j.tramic, metal, and mineral research of Metal & Thermit Corp., [Kahway, N. J. 3 photos. D.J.B. i Hope for 1961--growing markets, no inflation. Anon. Rock 64 [1] 84-95 (1961).--A forecast of business conditions includes cement, lime, and lightweight aggregate with tonnage -Output charts from 1950 to date and a 1961 projection. 20 -^ijures. D.J.B. 'J. Managerial aspects of plant operation--elements of inventory -control. Garrison F. Finzer. Ceram. Age, 74 [6] 22-24, 30-31 ~1959).--Means of better inventory control through planning discussed. ,5 figures. W.K.S. _. Modem ceramics, ally of modern metals. Anon. Metal Jifrogr., 78 [5] 69 (1960).--Recent reports on more ductile ceramic troducts and the use of familiar metallurgical tests and pro- .-ttdures for studying compositions indicate that metals and Properties and applications of glasses and ceramics. J. R. Blizard. Machine Design, 33 [14] 166-67, 169 (1961).--Me chanical and thermal properties are given in tabular form for glasses, fused SiO, glass-ceramics (Pyroceram), high tempera ture oxides, and bonded SiC. A brief discussion of guides to be followed in design is included with some possible applications. 2 photos. D.J.B. Science in the ceramic industry. N. F. Astbury. Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc., 60 [1] 1-32 (1961); cf. Ceram. Abstr., 1961, April, p. 104/. A.W.N. Symposium on materials research frontiers. -4i. Soc. Test ing Materials Spec. Tech. Publ., 1959, No. 243, 52 pp. $2.00.-- The following papers are included: "Tailoring the properties of materials," by E. P. Stevenson; "Materials in the nuclear age," by John J. Antal; "New advances in physical metallurgy," by W. R. Hibbard; and "Recent developments in glass research," by W. W. Shaver. Warning to ceramists. Herbert Inslev. Am. Ceram. Soc. tonium ~itramics are coming closer together. The combined talents of Bull.,AO [8] 511 (1961). oducts. James Atomic .--The tonium J-B. ational XVI--Books " Barium Bibliography--A Comprehensive Survey of the Litera-me on Applications of Barium Chemicals. Inorganic Chemicals -Sesearch & Development Dept., Food Machinery & Chemical overlap is often evident. Some chapters which have little to do with microscopy are included, e.g., "Microscopists and Research Management," whereas such an important topic as the reflecting --The .cjCorp., Mineral Products Div., 161 E. 42nd St., New York 17, light microscope (metallographic microscope) is barely mentioned. can be ;.VY., 1961. 433 pp. Brief descriptions of phase microscopy, interference microscopy, rstal in J Building Research, 1960. Department of Scientific and In and polarization microscopy may be found by diligent search in rstal to mation utward om the dustrial Research, 1961. iv 91 pp., illus. Price 7s. Availj41e from H. M. Stationery Office, London.--The report covers ..materials, design and performance of structures, soil mechanics, RSciency of buildings, and building operations. three or more different chapters. Although there are chapters concerning electron microscope lens design and the history of elec tron lens development, chapters on the historical development of microscope design with informative illustrations are either absent T.B. 1 Encyclopedia, of Microscopy. Edited by George L. Clark. or very brief. To the ceramist, the chapters with the most Uanhold Publishing Corp., New York 22, 1961. xiii + 693 pp., usefulness and appeal are those on minerals (under electron ay 9, r the U by body F cal, the .j8as. $25.--This book is composed of 109 chapters under ap-.'jftoximately 20 'sections. There has been an obvious effort to 'dude a notice, even of the briefest, of the latest developments in rthis field. Emphasis is laid on the application and results of ;#icroscopic study in specialized areas rather than on techniques "d1* microscopy and preparation of materials. Particularly in the jfeld of electron microscopy, there are chapters, often beautifully microscopy), industrial research, optical theory of the light microscope, optical mineralogy, and geological, mineralogical, and ceramic applications of microradiography. In the chapter on minerals the morphology of very fine grained minerals is well illustrated. The chapter on optical mineralogy is concerned with the application of the polarizing microscope to the elucida tion of the chemical relations of minerals; the behavior of pustrated with micrographs, that will appeal to the specialist in light in crystalline materials is not discussed here or elsewhere microscopy of organic materials. There is a lack of coherent 100* "^Sanization and over-all editing. Gaps exist and considerable in the book. The chapter on petrographic thin sections describes briefly the older methods of preparation. That on geological.