Document YjmnxqwZakG3Ee6vmbYq0OazK

THE PROPER HANDLING OF AROCLORS AND THEIR MIXTURES IN THE ' ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY Monsanto Chomical Co. Organic Div. Solos Dopf. 800 N. Twolfth Blvd. St. Louis, Mo. gbrn 000293 P. <5. BENIONUS MAY 1, 1996 M* EXHIBIT K-<?a. TOWOLDMONOOQ2680 INDEX Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 3 Chapter 9 The Proper Handling of the Aroolors and Their Mixtures in the Electrical Industry. Procedure for Unloading Tankcars of Aroelors and Their Mixtures. A. Description of the Cars. B. Procedure for Unloading the Cars. C. Drua Packaging Storage Tanks A. Oeneral Description of- Storage Tanks. B. Detailed Description of Storage T*nks. Gasketing and Puap Paoklng. Sanpllng. Laboratory Analysis and Procedure for Treating Aroelors and Their Mixtures. Test Procedures. Typical Properties. Barth Treatment of Aroelors and Their Mixtures In the Electrical Industry Prior to Use. Dermatology and Toxicology. Attaehsntst Drawing No. 31*20848, Dom Detail. Drawing Mo. 31*20847, The Tank Car. Drawing No. 9C-B170-5, The Horizontal Storage Tank. Drawing Mo. D-13362, The Tertleal Storage Tank. Drawing No. 9C-6248, The Breather. Drawing No. 90-8278, The Tareo Oauge. Drawing NO. 9C-8178, The Unloading Platform. QBRN 00029+ TOWOLDMONOOQ2681 - THE PROPER SANDLINS ON AROCLCRS* AND THEIR HUTCHES IN THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION Monsanto's Aroelors*, especially ths chlorinated biphenyls Including types 1242, 1248, 1254 sad 1260, used alone or In combination with ohlorinated benzenes, are oommonly used dieleotrle materials of the Askarel* olass. Askarel is a generlo nans referring to liquid dielectrics derlvadkXrefii lalogenated aromstlo hydrocarbons possessing excellent ohemioal and dleleotrle stability and fire-resistanoe over the temperature ranges and operating conditions required of transformers and eapaoitors in the eleotrloal industry. The properties of Aroelors and their mixtures, used as dielectrics are described In detail in Chhpter 7 entitled, "Typical Properties". These dleleotrles are manufactured under very carefully oontrolled conditions in order to meet the strict and exacting eleotrloal requirements and properties. The eleotrloar Industry's use of these fluids has been largely in accordance with the Oeneral Sleotrlo Company's patents and developments. *Aroelors - Monsanto's ohlorinated biphenyls and ohlorinated polyphenyls. Registered C.S. Patent Office. Ip. M. Clark, "Eleotrloal Insulation", Chem. Eng. Mens 2, 29T7 (1947). ------ 1 GBRN 000295 TOWOLDMONOOQ2682 Resulting froa the wide use of these asterlals in tha Industry, trada naaaa bar* baan established to idantify than by diffarant nanufaoturara of aloetrleal equipment. Listed alphabetleally tha trada naaaa lneluda, "Chlorextol," Allla Chalaarai "Disclor," Sangaao Slaatrlai "Dyleanol," Cornell Dubliter; "Elaaax," Lina Materials; "lyrol," Aerovox; "Inerteen," Vaatlnghousa Blaetrle; "Noflaaol," Vagner Slaotrle; and "Pyranol," General Blaotrlo Company. Tha purpose of this bulletin la to assist tha Industry ~ With'thpoproper and safe handling of thaaa dlalaotrlo aatarlals In their operations. GBfth 000296 TOWOLDMONOOQ2683 CHAPTER 1 FROCEDCRB FOR UNLOADIHJ TAJODCARS OP AROCLCRS AMD AROCLOR MOTTOES A* Description of the dare Aroolor and mixtures of Aroolors with ohlorlnated benzenes are shlppad bp Nonaanto in two types of Insulated tankeara both of whloh ara olthar aluminum ltnod or slno-tla metallised. Ono typo of aar haa hatting oolla Inalda of tha tank and thate ara in dlraot eontaot with tha produet* Tha other* a sore vidalp uaad tppa of ear* la a double-shell tank with heating oolla between tha Inner and outer ahalla. Tha steam ooll connections ara at the bottom of tha ear. Both tppaa of tankoars ara tasted for 60 pounds pressure and their steam oolls ara tasted for 200 pounds gauge pressure. The ears are top-unloaded bp displacement with dry air eontalnlng 10 mg. H^/ou. ft. maximum. There are two or three oonneetlons on the tankoar dome depending on the type of oar. Where three oonneetlons exist* one Is a two Inch diameter unloading line whloh extends to the bottom of theear* tha seoond Is a one Inch diameter air inlet eonneotion and the third Is a two Inoh diameter pressure safety rent* whloh Is a thin lead diso adjusted to release any pressure In excess of 60 pounds gauge. This safety rent Is hooded for protection against dust* dirt or aooldental bumping. Where only two oonneetlons exist on the dome* one Is the two lneh diameter unloading line and the other is the safety 3. GBRN 000297 TOWOLDMONOOQ2684 vest. On these ears. It is necessary to remove tho safety vent and introduoa tho displacement air through that oonnoetlon. Drawing go, 31-20848 abewa In dotall tho dost of a tankear with throo eonneotions, "A" la tho two lnob unloading line whloh oxtonda to a owall auap at tho bottow of tho ear. "B" la tho one Inch air Inlet oonnootloa. *C" la tho hooded safety ant. Oho ear done oover with fitted bolta lo shown In the cantor. It la fitted with a Oarlook 901 asbestos gasket or an allumlnum envelope Qoetse gasket. This drawing also shows a bottow opening In the oar. this can be opened only froa the _ Inside of the ear and Its purpose la for oleanlng operations. It has no uae at all In unloading the ear. Drawing No. 31-28847 shows the over-all dlaenslons of the 8*000 gallon Jtroelor tankear. B. Procedure for Unloading the Cars The ear should be spotted at an unloading dook similar to the one shown by Brewing No. 9C-8178. The ear must be level and the brakes set properly. "STOF-Tankear Connected" signs should be plaeed fere and aft the ear to warn swltohlng crews. If.lt Is raining or snowing or the hunldlty la extremely high* It la not advisable to open the ear. In ease the ear must be sampled and opened during bad weather* a oanvas eanopy must be plaeed over the done of the ear. It la preferable to unload the oars under roof or lnalde the factory. Unless it la absolutely necessary beeause of following desorlbed situations 4 GBRN 000298 TOWOLDMONOOQ2685 the done oover should not be opened until ready for sampling. The dome oover Is sealed with a standard railroad wire and seal, and Monsanto should be notified if this seal is foundbbroken upon receipt of the ear. The first step in unloading is to Inspect the dome and clean around the dome oover to remove all loose dirt, water or snow. Wiping rsgs and a brush should be used to clean before the dome cover and connections are opened. Then, the screwed hood over the air-inlet valve should be removed and this valve opened fully and left open while heating the ear; " A. Weston or metal encased thermometer should be in serted through this air-inlet valve opening and the temperature of the interior of the ear determined. If the car temperature is below the caution temperature shown in the following Table 1, it will be necessary to take the special step of inserting a "hair-pin" heating coll through the dome of the ear to preelude rupturing the tankcar seams during the heating period. Product ASTK Pour Point CT TemperatureC. Below whloh Caution Must Be Used in Heating Aroolor 1260 30 + 40 Aroolor 1254 + 10 * 20 Aroclor 1248 Aroolor 1242 -7 - 19 +5 - 10 Pyranol 1467 Pre-heating is not required* Pyranol 1470 Pre-heating is not required* Pyranol 1481 Pre-heating is not required* Except if the material has cooled beiow -10C. and crystals of scavenger have separated. Then, the material should be hested to 70C. (15oP.) until complete solu tion has been aooonplished. * GBRN 000299 TOWOLDMONOOQ2686 If the dome of tho ear la to ba ppened for tha pre-beating operation, it la neeaaear7 that It ba covered with a elaan canvas. Extreme care must ba taken to avoid getting dirt or olatore Into tha oar. It la due to tha relatively hg|h vlsooalty of aoma of tha Aroolors at low temperaturaa that It beeomea necessary to form a oolumn of molten material from top to bottom of the car. In tha canter, to prevent hfdraullo pressure build-up which may rupture tha tank shall If there la too rapid localised heating when employing tha main steam oolls. ~ When such pre-heating la required, a satisfactory vent hole ean be made by inserting a "hair-pin" eoll (1/9 inch diameter brass, galvanised, or stalnlese steel pipe) Into the open dome of the oar and Introducing steam through the coll until there la a coltan of fluid Aroolor from top to botbom. After the vent hole Is melted through the material to the bottom of the oar, the "hair-pin" eoll should be removed and the dome eover replaoed and bolted. Steam la then Introduced Into the main oolls. It Is recommended that the steam pressure be limited to 100 pounds gauge pressure, particularly In the oase where the oolls are la direct contact with the Aroolor. The ateam eoll outlet should be trapped or throttled with a valve. It will require eight to twenty houra to bring the material to pumping temperature - depending upon weather 6 GBRN 000300 TOWOLDMONOOQ2687 conditions. it la essential that tha air lalat valve be open during tha heating period la order to vent tha taak. Soaa calculations have baaa aada to indicate tha heat reqwlrenants for an Aroolor ear. Data for aa 8,000 gallon ear of Aroelor 1254 aret Speeifie gravity * 1.5 Speeifie Seat 2 0.26 BCT/lb./*F. Beat requirement for heating Aroelor fron 30*C. (86*p.) to 110*C. (230*F.) la: - 8000 z 1.5 x 8.33 x 0.26 z (230-86) - 3*774,000 BTU. Por heating fron 30*C. (86*7.) to only 75*C. (167*P.), the heat required la 2*110,000 BTD. A nine horse power boiler operating at 80 palg produces 263 lba./hr, of ataan with no reused eondanaate. Returning eondenaate at 200*P. will increase tha ataan output to 296 lba./ hr. at 80 palg. In tha first ease, heating to 110*C.* tha over-all.hast transfer oo-effleleat la assunad to be too low to utilize the 1000 capacity af tha boiler. A value of 1500 for VA with an average A T of 144*P. indicates that tha useable ataan la 202*000 BTB/hr. or 226 lbs./hr. ataan at 80 psig. In tha aeeoadi ease tha ^ V la lower and tha entire output Of tha boiler is useable. Table II suns up the approxlnate tine calculated to heat Aroelor 1254. GBRN 000301 TOWOLDMONOOQ2688 TABLE II 1-- HP Boiler Lbi. 30-110*0. 30-75*0. 100* eap.(ao reused eoadeasate) 863 -- 9 Hrs. 75* cap.(no reused eoadeasate) mm 18 hrs.(86*oap) 12 Hrs. 100 eap.(eoadeasate 200*7.) 196 -- 8 Hrs. 75* eap.(eoadeasate 200*7.) mm 18 hrs.(76*eap) 11 Hrs. Calculations on a five horse power bollor give heating tlaaa of the following order: FIre BF Boiler Lbe.Stean/frr. 30-110*0. 30-75*0. 100* cap.(no reused eoadeasate) 146 26 bra. 16 hrs. 100* eap.(eondensate 200*7.) 164 25 hrs. 14 hrs. Aroelor ears ean be heated bp steaa (80-100 pslg) to the proper handling tenperatwres in a reasonable tine bp using a boiler souree capable of produelag 200^000 to 300,000 BTU/hr. The tlaes given here are approzlaate and will aet as a guide uatll experience shows the exaet tine for this operation. fibRN 000302 8 TOWOLDMONOOQ2689 The proper handling temperature for tho various fluids it given in the following Table III, which indicates cor responding viscosity values: TABIZ III Product Handling and Pumping l^mperature C Approximate Viscosity, S.U.S. Aroclor 1260 95-130 100 - 43 Aroelor 1254 75 - 110 100 - 42 Aroclor 1248 Aroclor 1242 * Pyranol 1481 50 - 85 35 - 75 30 - 75 100-40 100 - 40 " 100-40 Pyranol 1467 20 - 55* 100-40 Pyranol 1470 15 - 45* 100-40 If any of the scavenger is out of solution, then the material must be heated~at 70C. (158 F.) until it has dissolved. Seleetlon of pumping temperatures for any dielectric not shown on this list or whloh may be developed in the future should be based oh a viscosity of about 100 Saybolt universal Seconds for average pumping and about 40 3.U.3. for. fast pumping. Vben the material has been heated to punping temperature, a one-half inch diameter pipe "cross" arrangement containing a pressure gauge, air inlet, pressure relief valve to relieve at 30 P3I0, and vent connections, should be oomeoted to the done air inlet pipe. Tien the unloading line should be onneoted. 9 6BRN 000303 TOWOLDMONOOQ2690 (At this point t sanple is taken s described In Chaptsr 4,) Dry** ftlr is then lntrodueed Into the tankear and pressure built up to 15 pounds gauge. Th* two Inch reive cook on the stand pipe Is opened end the discharge pipe observed to be sure the liquid is being unloaded. To protect the seaas In the tankear, the pressure vast not exceed 30 pounds. The ear will begin to unload at about 12 pounds pressure. When the ear Is empty, the air pressure will drop off rapidly and air will blow out of the rent on the reeelring tank. The air flow nay be stopped at thla point and the tankear pres sure released through the rent valve on the ."feross" arrange ment. After Inspecting the ear to be sure that It has been eonpletely unloaded, all eoxsieetlons and done cover should be closed tightly, it Is essential that the enpty tankear be seeled lanedlately after the ear Is unloaded In order to keep the ear filled with dry air during return shipment. as a final It Is essential that the displacement air used for unloading be dried thoroughly by sons dehunldlfylng unit such as soda line* activated alunlna or slnllar dehydrating agent drying unit. It my be neoessary to reoharge the dehunldlfylng unit each tine that a ear Is unloaded. For unloading a tankear of ArocJer within three hours, 15 standard euble feet a minute of air at 15 pounds per square inch gauge pressure *adSa -loop, dew point should be supplied. If the dry air unit la to be used only for unloading tankears, a snail single tower dryer unit oontalnlng a elf-contained reactivating heater Is suggested. Two nanufaeturers of air dryers of this type are: C. N. Kenp Nfg. Co., 405 B. Oliver Street, Baltimore 2, Maryland and Pittsburgh Leetrodryer Corporation, Foot of 32nd Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 030' TOWOLDMON0002691 step, It is desired that a standard railroad wire seal be in serted through the slotted bolts of the ear fittings. Steam should be released from the ear eolls and all oondensate re moved from the oolls by bloving with air with the steam trap by passed. All connections must be replaced as reoelved. Adequate care should be taken in preparing and sealing the ear for return shipment. unloading with dry air as described la the preferred and recommended procedure beoause it is done with the ear dome closed whioh avoids contamination. If the car is unloaded by pumping out of the top. which required opening the dome, it is most desirable that the oar be set inside of a building. If this cannot be done. then, a canopy or roof should be provided over the car dome, and the unloading should be done when the weather is clear. A centrifugal pump with minimum capacity of 40 gpm. is suggested. It will be necessary to prime the pump and only clean Askarel should be used to do this. Another method for priming the pump is to use a Penberthy steam Jet. Mo. 22A available from Penberthy Injector Co.. 1242 Bolden Ave.. Detroit 2. Mlohlgan. If a flexible unloading line lsised. it should be a flexible metallic hose. Rubber hose must not be used. GBRN 000305 11 TOWOLDMONOOQ2692 c Drun Packaging ' Stub packaging la aade with ntw and carefully inspected 55-gallon druns. These steel drums are lined with a specially selected baked phenolic ooatlng. An example is NESCO no. 3 lining offered by the National Bnaaellng and Stamping Company, Long Island. New Tork. Contents of the druas should not be heated by direct application of flaae or strip heaters. Radiant heat froa steaa colls or hot air in a heated rooa le to be pre ferred. The screw plug la the drum head is fitted with a metal cap as a safe guard against tampering. GBRN 000306 12 TOWOLDMONOOQ2693 CHAPTER 2 STORAGE TAMES A. Qcneral Deccrlptlon The storage banks should b a minimum of 10,000 gallons and preferably 12,000 to 15,000 gallons capacity to accommodate tha normal 8,000 gallon tankears. It Is preferable to locate the tanks above ground where they are easily aeeesslble for any changes or repairs, under ground location presents difficulty in this respeet. Especially In eold climates. It le preferable to locate - the tanks inside of a building. The tanks should be located conveniently with reference to the tankoar unloading facilities and the area where the dielectric Is used. Although Aroclors are non-oorroslve to metals, oorroslon or rusting of Iron and steel equipment (by oxidation) may occur resulting in contamination of the products. The resis tance of Aroclors to materials of construction Is given in Monsanto Technical Bulletlon O-P-115, entitled, "The Aroclors," Page 6. 1 Stainless steel tanks are very satisfactory but relatively expensive. Stainless steel pipe Is relatively difficult to fabricate and It Is dlffloult to make tight leak-proof connec tions. Storage tanks nay be of steel construction If properly metallised with slne-tln or aluminum on the Interior surfaces 13 GBRN 000307 TOWOLDMONOOQ2694 cosing in contact with the Aroelors. The metallizing should be done aoeording to the following procedure: 1. Clean an area of the surface by sand blasting* or a similar method, to give a perfectly clean and roughened surfaoe. The area cleaned should not be greater than can be oospletely netalllzed within a few hours after cleaning. 2. If rlno-tln setallising is used* a coating of zinc 0.005 inches thick should be sprayed on to the cleaned surfaoe. This is followed issediately by a coating of tin 0.007 inches thick. 3. Alusinus satellited surfacing should be about 0.01 ineh thick. The detailed procedure for setallising and oleanlng is ~ outlined as follows: a) Sand blast, b) coat with iron* 0.005 Inches thick. (The purpose of this coating is to provide a rougher and better bond for the finish coat of alusinus or the zinc-tin combination.) o) Apply the selected finish coat, d) Fill the tank with tap water and warm it with steam. (If an open steam line is used* do not allow the steam to Impinge directly onto the netalllzed surfaoe of the tank.) e) Crain the tank, f) Fill with cold water and drain, g) Vlpe dry with dean diaper doth or other fabric relatively free of lint, b) Beat the tank to at least 100C. (212F.) to ezpell moist air. It would be beneflolal to heat the tank* allow it to cool and pull dry air through it using a defaumidlfylng breather in the air line* heat again etc. until the tank is full of cooperatively dry air. 1) Spray about 100 gallons of new* eleetrloal grade Aroelor (not high It ' rh 306 TOWOLDMON0002695 'in visooslty) or eleotrleal grade trlehlorobenzmne onto tho inner walla of tha tank, making the walla thoroughly (avoid breathing any fumes). J) Afetaoh the circulating pump, the lines used* and the filter preae fitted with dry paper and cir culate the fluid through the ayatew and the tank. Zttatall new dry filter paper eeveral times In the prana during thla dry ing and cleaning operation, Dlaoard the dielectric fluid used for cleaning, k) partially fill the tank with new Aroclor dleleotrlo and analyze It eleotrleally and ohemleally to de termine whether It wests specifications. If all testa are wet, then fill the tank with the dleleotrlo. The tanks should be Insulated using, preferably; glass foam beads as supplied by Dow-Cornii* or Llbby-Owens-Ford. The suggested thickness of the glasa insulation la one inch mini mum to two Inches maximum. The glass insulation may be covered with tar material commonly used for weatherproofing. Another type of Insulation which nay be used Instead of the glass is Magnesia-Wool which should be oovered also with the weather proofing tar. The advantage of the glass insulation Is that It Is not moisture sensitive as is the ease with Magnesia-Wool. If the storage tank la located outdoors. It Is best that the Insulation be covered with riveted or bolted tin sheeting painted with aluminum paint. Thla type of natal surface weathera well and la cleaned easily. All piping must be gal vanised and screwed fittings must be back brazed to assure 15 GBRN 000309 TOWOLDMONOOQ2696 tightness. All handling pipe lines Bust be trseed with stean lines end insulation applied osar the two lines in order to keep the handling lines and the naterlal up to the desired punping tenperature. Usually a one-fourth Inch copper stean line running parallel with the handling line will suffice. Under very severe conditions of low tenperaturea, it would be desirable to wind the stean line around the handling line about two turns to the foot. The tanks oust be provided with anple pressurised heating coll surface, to supply sufficient heat to the naterlal to bring It to the proper tenperature for punplng and handling as Indi cated In Table III. Heating colls should be either netalllzed steel, or preferably steel oolls which have been galvanised after fabrication. It Is reoonnended that the stean pressure on all heating colls should not exceed 100 pounds per square Inch gauge; lower pressures nay be uaed where practicable. It la essential that all stean colls be conpletely free from even nlnute leaks slnoe this will Introduce water Into the product. * The stean colls nay be Introduced as "halr-pln" oolls through a nanbole at the side and botton of the tank, or as Is nost often done, inserted through the nanhole at the top of the tanknand then located near the botton. Sxteroal heating oolls located In the Jacket of the tank nay be used but this construction Is more expensive and less Offlolent than the Internal colls. 16 ' 6BRN 000310 TOWOLDMONOOQ2697 - The storage tanks may be fitted with a stirrer, eithar through tha top, aIda, or bottom of tha tank and the propeller blade ahould be located near the bottoa of the tank. However, lnaertlon of a atlrrer through the aide offare poealble aource of a leak and alnee theae aaterlala are hoaogeneoua. It la not eeaeatlal to provide auoh agitation for the purpoae of mixing. Adequate circulation can alao be accomplished by ualng a centrifugal type puap. dear puapa or other equipment where wear or chipping of aetal parte any introduce oontaalnatlon ahould not be uaed. The puapa nuat be of the type dealgned to handle hot oil. All wetted pump parta ahould be either atalnleea ateel or bronse. The centrifugal puapa auat be provided with a deep stuffing box and proper packing uaed, ae described In Chapter 3. Aa exaaplea of puapa found com pletely satisfactory for this aervloe, reference la aade to Worthington Worthlte puapa. Blackner puapa, and Dayton Dowd Type C puapa for handling hot oil. Also, a very satisfactory arrangement for mixing or circulating-and pumping the fluid from the storage tank la to use a vertloal atap puap auoh as a Taber puap. All storage tanks auat be amply provided with a dehumldlfylng breather such as soda lime, activated Alumina, etc., malts. This la essential to prevent moist air from coming In contact with the dleleotrle. A moisture content above 35 ppa 17 . GBRN 000311 TOWOLDMONOOQ2698 adversely affects tha slactrleal resistivity of these pro duets i Provision should be made to preclude possible leakage d0 the drier notarial bsok Into the storage tank and the drier should be Inspected periodically to asks aura that it la open and not plugged. B. Detailed Description Drawing No. 9C-8170 shows the detailed construction of a horlsontal 15*000 gallon storage tank for Aroclor and its mixtures which has been found completely satisfactory. The various noeeles on this tank are used as follows* con*- sidering then In order from left to right on*the drawing: 3" nossle 2b" nossle inlet for reclroulatlon For future agitator lfnqulred (not used) 3" noetic For eoda line or calolua ehlorlde breather connection 36" manhole For Inspection* eto. The float gauge Is located In the center of this aanhole. 3" noetic 2b" noetic . * Not used. For future agitator If required (not used) 3" nossle Not used 3" nossle Filling inlet oonneotlon 18" Z 26" Oval Nossle For suap puap 3" nossle For thermometer well (see detail) The two 2t" nosslea were originally Installed for Installa tion of agitators* If required. Bowever* It has been found 18 GBRN 00031^ TOWOLDMONOOQ2699 unnecessary to vise agitators la tho storage tanks* and these nossles eould be oaltted. It has bean found that circulation of the fluid by the sunp punp* and into the nossle at the opposite end of the tank* for several hours gives satisfactory blending of the tank contents. For puaplng the dleleotrlo froa the storage tank* a "Taber Tup Co. all bronse 2-1/2" Z 2" vertical sump pump with monel shaft has been found to be quite.satsifactory for the applica tion. .... - The liquid level gauge used in the storage must be gas- tight. The storage tsnks are equipped with 7apor Recovery Systems Co.'s "VSreo," gas-tight* automatic tank gauge as shown by Drawing No. 9C-8278. The storage tanks should be provided with an operating plat form suitable to the customer's conditions of operation. The dehumldlfying units used as breathers on the storage tanks can be constructed as shown by Drawing No. 9C-8246. The upper portion of the chamber is charged with anhydrous soda line or another drying agent. Periodic inspection of the drying agent will show the formation of a cake of damp material on top about 1 to 1-1/2 inches deep. This cake should be removed and fresh material recharged. Any suitable oon- struotlon similar to that shown on Drawing No. 9C-82&8 may be used for the breather units. Drawing No. D-13362 shows design detail of a 15*000 gallon 19 * GBRN 000313 TOWOLDMONOOQ2700 vertical storage tank. Ihe vertical type tank would aeeo specially desirable when Inefficient space Is available to accomodate the horlsontal type tank. 20 GBRN 000314 TOWOLDMONOOQ2701 CHAPTER 3 CASKETIlO AND POMP PACKING AroeXora and thalr mixtures aoftan and awtll natural rubber and aany of the synthetlo "rubber" nettrials. Sueh aaterial not recommended for use, lnoludt Hjrcar P, KOroseal, Perbunan, Neoprene, eto. Tbeae aaterlala are loom aouroea of contamlnation. Suggested tjpea of peeking and gasketing aaterlala include: 1. For Welded Flanged Pipe Connections: Oarlook Packing Co., No. 901 or No. 7021, 1/8 Inch asbestos fiber sheet. A ring of thin aluninun drawn tightly at the flangeconnections nay be used satisfactorily also. 2. For Pumps: Oarlook No. 234, No. 431, and Cheveron No. 7050-C are satisfactory paoklngs. Likewise, Duranetallle's spiral asbestos fiber nay be used. Johns-Kanville and others have comparable packing aaterlala. e 3. For Valves: Oarlock No. 117 braided packing or Its equivalent Is suggested. 4. Other Resistant Materials: It Is Indicated that duPont'a Teflon, poly tetrafluoroethylene la not attaoked by hot (130C.) Aroolor and Is to be reconaended as a gasket aaterial. Dow-Corning's silastic. Silicone 180, la very resistant to Aroelor and Is suggested^for gasket purposes. 9. ZB soae eases cork impregnated under pressure with . ChTysler's Cyoloweld 55-9 or Arastrong Cork Co.'s 1162-J and cured at 170C. aay be used as a gasket aaterial. These are baked phenolic type ooatlngs. 6. Pipe Thread Coapounds: When necessary to use pipe thread coapounds, the following should be satisfac tory If care Is taken to prevent the pipe compound froa getting on the inside of the pipe. (a) Plastic Lead Seal--manufactured by Duraaetalllo Corp. (b) Ordinary white lead 21 ' GBRN 000315 TOWOLDMONOOQ2702 - Usually It Is net neceseary to use pipe thread com pounds since all screwed pipe fittings should be sealed by back braslng. 7. All new lines and fittings should be cleaned thoroughly by steaming (for two hours) and dried with air or heat. 22 GBRN 000316 TOWOLDMONOOQ2703 CHAPTER * SAMPLING METHODS 1.) The ASTM Standard Method for templing electrical Insulating oils is described in ASTM Designation: D923-49. This describes glass sad metal thiefs for sampling drums, cans, and tankoars. A specially designed thief or bomb for sampling tankears is described, also. A serf good Instrument of this type is the stainless-steel Beoon Bomb Thief with which samples of the liquid eaa be drswn from any level of the tankear. The ASTM procedure describes sample eontalners, their oleaning and storage. Under general precautions,.the ASTM mentions that, "Samples of the fluid shall not be taken until the oil is at least as warm as the surrounding air, because cold oil nay condense enough moisture from a humid atmosphere to affect seriously its insulation properties, (in the ease of tankear lots, on some occasions there msy be no choice, as it may be neoessary to procure samples from a tankear when the temperature is not above the surrounding air. On such occasions, the temperature of oil and air, also the humidity if possible, should be noted in the report of teat results.) It is unde sirable to do any sampling when the relative humidity of the atmosphere exceeds 75 peroent, and samples shall never, be taken in the rain." 23 GBRN 00031? TOWOLDMONOOQ2704 At the plants of several eleotrloal manufacturers using Aroelor dleleotrlcs. the praetiee la to switch the tankears directly into tho plant building or under roof before sampling and unloading. These precautions in handling are taken to avoid any contamination of the fluids whloh are manufactured under very strict specifications. For example, the speolfloatibn for ionlsable ohlorldes allows no more than 0.10 parts per million. Moisture may not axoeed 30 to 35 parts per million. Tankears are cleaned and prepared under close inspection before they are filled. When filled, and analysis shows ~ the material in the ear to be satisfactory, the oar is then sealed with a standard railroad wire and seal inserted through the slots of the dome fittings. Likewise, after the tankears have been unloaded in the industry, it is requested that the donsfittings should be sealed with a railroad wire and seal. 2.) Monsanto Methods used for sampling tankears differ eouewhat from the AdTM procedure. The modified techniques are used because of tbilr greater simplicity and they have been entirely satisfactory as employed over many years. A saaple is never taken when it is raining or snowing or When there is any ohanoe of contaminated atmosphere moving in the direction of the ear. However, in ease of an emergency, during inclement weather, a canopy is placed over the ear done before sampling. 24 GBRN 000318 TOWOLDMONOOQ2705 A Mtlafaotory Maple bottle le a five pint, round amber glass, peeker type oontelnar fitted with e 38 millimeter Bake- llta eerem eep with an aluminum or tin oup liner. Bottlea of thle deeorlptlon ean be purohaaed from the Northmeatern Bottle Company, 3lM north Broedmay, St. Louie, Mlaaourl aooordlng to their No. A-7253. Only new bottlea and eapa are uaed. When a ahlpment of bottlea la reoolved, the bottlea are eapped immediately and atored In their reoelvlng eartone. Prior to uae, the exterior of the bottlea la wiped with e clean eloth. The simplest aampllng devloe uaed la a olean atalnleaa ~ steal or aluminum dipper. However, this la not a generally preferred devlee because It permits Mmpllng the oar from the near surfaoe, only. Ihe sampling devloe eommonly uaed eonslats of a atalnleaa ateel tube, seven feet long with one end bent Into a hook, to serve as a handle and on the other end there la a atalnleaa steel buokat with a perforated bottom, mis bueket la about 3-1/1) lnehes Inside diameter and 6 lnohes deep to hold the % five pint bottle. This bottle la bald firmly by a atalnleaa steel oollar made to elide along the shaft of the Mmpllng devlee. Ttola eoller has a elamp attachment for fixing It tightly Into plaoe where desired around the neek of the bottle. Vben a ear la to be Mmpled, a new Muple bottle la clomped firmly In the bueket. All dirt la brushed and wiped away from the oar dome area using a elMn rag. -25- GBRN 000319 TOWOLDMONOOQ2706 The car dome la opened and tha oap la than reaoved from tha aaapla bottla. The aaapllng davlca la lnaartad Into tha ear ao that the neek of tha bottla la at laaat twelve to eighteen Inches below tha surfaoe of tha fluid. The aaapla taken la dlsearded aa lta purpoae la to rlnae tha bottla. A portion of the sample la used to rlnae tha interior of tha bottla oap. This proeadura la repeated until a ainlaua of three rlnaes has been aade; eaoh tine the aaapla "taken la not put back Into tha oar.'' These rlnaea ahould be dleoarded. Then tha aaapla la taken and the oap of tha bottle la acrewed down tightIf. khan the aaapla haa been obtained* tha ear done la.re placed, lonedlatelf. The exterior of the raaple bottle la wiped with a dean cloth and when returned to the laboratorf It la further clean ed with a cloth deepened with pure trichlorobenzene. if the aaapla la to be shaipped# tha oap la taped with Sootch Tape. The aaapllng derloe la also cleaned with pure trlehlorobenzene and la stored In a duet free* air oondltieded.'roon. .* 3.) Prua aaapllng. A glass thief* theroughlf cleaned with pure trlohlorobenzene and dried la used to aaapla druaa. 26 6BRN 000320 TOWOLDMONOOQ2707 ,, ' CHAPTER 5 LABORATORY AIALYSIS AID PROCEDURE FOR TREATIES AROCLORS AID THEIR MUTCHES WITH EARTH A staple of the Aroelor or Aroslor mixture ttksa from the ttakear, or drums, ts described la Chapter 4, Is analyzed In the laboratory to deternlae Its quality in aooordaneo with the property values given in Chapter 7. For eapaeitor uae, usually the iaportaat properties tested are resistivity, power factor, chlorides, and moisture. For transformer use dielectric strength, resistivity, aoisture, and chlorides are the iaportaat properties. If the saaple is out of line with the shipping specifica tions, it is indicated that the saaple has beeoae contaminated. In this case, another sample is to be taken and the properties redetermined. If still out of speolfleatlons, the saaple should be given treatment with earth. Treatment of the dielectric with conditioned Attapulgua earth will bring the electrical properties to the aaxlnua attainable-values. While there is complete agreement on the benefits derived from treating with conditioned earth, there is difference of opinion on details of the method, arising from factors such as the following. No doubt, there are differences in the absorbent power of various types of dlatoaaoeous earth with respect to removing aoisture, impurities and additives such as stabilisers or scavengers from the dleleetrlo 17 GBRN 000321 TOWOLDMONOOQ2708 materials. The sit* of the earth partides, temperature and conditions of aetlvatlon of tha earth, the oonoantratlona uaad and tha temperature, tha decree of agitation and time Interval at which tha dleleetrle la given earth treatment are all poaalbla varlablaa which are atlll being studied in varloua laboratorlaa. The aathod uaad by Nonaanto for treating tha fluid with aotlvated earth In tha laboratory lai The abaorbent la minus 200 aeah Attapulgua* earth ao tlvated just prior to use by heating in shallow trays for four hours at AOOC. (752P.) or for at least twelve hours at 250C. (482?.). At least one quart of the dleleetrle sample is placed Into a elean two liter Pyrex beaker or three necked flask. The beaker or flask should be eleaned Just prior to use In a manner similar to the procedure desorlbed in Chapter 6, Method No. 11,751 "Prooedure for Cleaning of Electrodes, O.B. Cell and Accessories". The flask or beaker Is fitted with a glass or stainless steel agitator. Beat Is applied using either a hot plate or a Olas-Col mantle and Is controlled by a thermostat such as a Penwal thermo switch with a stainless steel sheath. About 0.1 to 0,2ft of the activated earth, based on the weight)Oftbhe liquid la added. Attapulgus Division, Minerals k Chemicals Corp. of Amerloa, 210 Vest Washington Square, Philadelphia 5 Pennsylvania 28 . fiBRN 000322 TOWOLDMONOOQ2709 The wore wlscous dielectrics such at JLroclor* 1248 and 1254 apa haatad at about 70 to 80C. (1580 - 176r.) and tha laaa vlsoous materials aueh as Aroclor 1242 and Pyranole l48l 1467. and 1470 are baatad at about 50 to 60 c. (122 to 140P.). After haatlng and stirring tha sample for about four hours. It is flltarad using a elaan Pyrex glass suotlon flask and a buohnsr funnal flttad with a Vhatman No, 1 or Mo. 3 f11tar papar. This apparatus and tha bottla Into which tha treated sample of dlalaotrle Is transferred should hare been 0leaned In a wanner slallar to tha cleaning procedure de scribed In Chapter 6. The earth treated and "up-graded" sample Is then ready for final analysis of Its eleotrleal properties. 29 GBRN 000323 TOWOLDMONOOQ2710 CHAPTER 6 TEST PROCEDURES A. general Infornatlon The Monsanto tsst methods dssorlbsd here with the special equipment used are none of the eontrol testa employed to main tain the qullity of Aroelors for dielectrio use. They are suggested aa a guide for test work needed to indicate the quality of the dielectrios used in the nanufacture of eleotrloal goods, ltoe aost significant eleetrloal tests aade on Aroolors for eapaoltors are: 1. Dielectric constant. 2. Power Paetor, 3. Resistivity, For tvanaforaer use the aost significant tests of Aroolor mixtures are: 1. Dleleotrlo Strength. 21 Resistivity. In both eases a significant ehealeal test is corrosion chlorides. The following terns are defined: Dielectric Constant: The dleleotrlo eonstant (soaetlaes ealled speciflo induc tive oapaolty) of any eubatanoe is equal to the ratio of the eapaoltanoe of a oondenser when that subetance is used as the 30 . 6BKN 000324 TOWOLDMONOOQ2711 dielectrlo to the oapacltanee when there la a vecuun between tha conductors (for all praotloal purposes alr**at ordinary pressures nay ba used lnataad of a vaouua). Dielectric atronathi Dielectrlo Strength la tha rupturing atrangth of an . Insulating aaterlal whan subjected to voltage atraaa under apaolfle oondltlona and expressed In kilovolts. Breakdown varies with tha shape of tha Olaetrodao and does not increase dlreotly In proportion to the thlokaass of the dleleotrlo. Power Fafttori " The power faotor of a dielectric la the ratio of the ener gy lose la the dielectric to tha "apparent power" In tha di electric. Resistivity* Resistivity la electrical reslatanee offered to tha pas sage of a steady current, fhe velune resistivity la ohas- centlneter of an oil la the ratio of tha d-o potential gradient In volts per eentiaeter paralleling the current flow within the v staple* to tha current density la aaperes per square eentiaeter at a given lastant of tlae and under prescribed conditions. Polune resistivity la expressed In ota-ca. The analytical procedures described In detail include* 1. METHOD MO. 11,751* "PROCEDURE PGR CLIAXZ OP MCTROPES* O.B. CELL AMD ACCESSORIES. * 2. METHOD MO. U,608, "DZSZXCTRIC COMSTAMT AMD POWER FACTOR." 31 GBRN 000325 TOWOLDMONOOQ2712 3. METHOD NO. 11.605. "DIELECTRIC STRENQTH." A. METHOD NO. 11,607. "RESISTIVITY." 5. METHOD NO. 10,126, "CORROSION AND CHEMICAL STABILITY." 6. METHOD NO. 10.118, "IMOROANIC CHLORIDES." 7. METHOD NO. 10,087, "ACID NUMBER." 8. METHOD (MODIFIED) NO. 10,620, "MOISTURE (WATER)." Detailed Instruction and Testing Methods. 1. METHOD NO. 11,751, "PROCEDURE FOR CIEANINO OF ELEC TRODES, O.E. Cell and Accessories. a. The Electrode Cleaning Procedure: ~ 1) Place the electrodes in hot electrical grade Trichlorobenzene for ten nlnutes. 2) Wash with unheated TCB. 3) Rinse twice with methanol and twice with tap water. A) Place the electrodes in hot 10% Tri Sodium Phosphate solution. Soak and heat for ten minutes. 5) Wash thoroughly with'rtap water. CAUTION: After Step 5-- DO NOT TOUCH THE ELECTRODES WITH HANDS! . 6) wash with distilled water twice. 7) Dry in drying oven for at least two hours at 120C. b. The O.E. Cell Cleaning: 1) Reolean the dell before use, when wore than 8 hours have elapsed since the previous cleaning. 2) Follow the procedure for the electrodes starting at Step A. 32 GBRN 000326 TOWOLDMONOOQ2713 e. Cleaning of the Accessories: 1) Apply the same cleaning procedure as given for the electrodes (Steps 1 to 7) to prepare the glass spacer and beaker for next test. 2) Clean the thermometer in the same Banner aa the electrodes, except for Step 7. 3) Place the wet thermometer (after Step 6) directly in position in the temperature Beating Unit (Modified Fisher Isotenp Oven) and allow to dry. METHOD NO. 11,608. "DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND POWER FACTOR." I. Apparatus A. Osclllosoope: Heathkit Model 0-6. B. Constant Temperature Heating Unit: Fisher Isotenp oven. Model 13*245A, modified to include inter wall connectors. C. A. C. Generator: General Radio type 1302-A. D. Amplifier and Null Detector: General Radio type 1231-B with type 1261-A power supply. E. Capacitance Bridge: General Radio Co. Capacitance Bridge type 716-C. F. Test Cells: O.E. type, concentric cylinder electrodes Catalog #1.559.663. * 0. Class B driver transformer: This is used for .60 cycle measurements to excite the bridge directly from the domestic power line. It has 50 volts output with a 4800 ohm resistor in service. B. Tuned Circuit Filters: General Radio Type 1231-P2 (400 and 1000 cycle) and 1231-P3 (60 cycle). These filters aid in obtaining a more accurate frequency for the measurements by removing harmonics, noise, hum, eto. 33 6BRN 00032? TOWOLDMONOOQ2714 II Adjustment of Controls on Klsetrlesl Apparatus A. On Pans! Ho. 1 (Top Panel, Anpllfler and Null Selector} a. Turn the 4-way (sain power) ewlteh on the upper right hand aide to the #3 position to detsmlne the Dielectric Constant at 1000 cycles. Turn this switch to the #2 position for neasureSenta m oo cycles. b. Allow the equipment to warn up 10 nlnutes. 0. Turn "GAIN COOTROL" to 6. d. Depress "INPUT 0.03V." button. B. On Panel No. 2 (Oscilloscope) a. Turn "I1HEN." to about the 12 o'clock position. CAUTION: Do not allow a high Intensity spot "to renaln stationary on the screen for any length of tine. b. Using "HOR. POSITION" and "VERT. POSITION" controls center the Image on the screen. c. Adjust "FOCUS" for sharp line. d. Turn "FREQ. SELECTOR" to LOOKC. e. Turn "FREQ. VERNIER" to 80. f. Turn "VERTICAL CAIN" to 5. g. Turn "VERTICAL INPUT" tO "10 VOLT MAX.". h. Turn "HORIZONTAL CAIN" to about 20. 1. Turn "SYNCHRONIZING" to + 20. J. Turn "SYN." to "EXT. SYN." k. Turn "QEN. " to "SHEEP SEN." 34 GBRN 000328 TOWOLDMONOOQ2715  C. On Panel Wo, 3 (Capacitance Bridge) a. Turn "RANK SELECTOR" switch to "100 C" for 60 eyele measurements and to "1 Kc" for 1000 cyela measurements. b. Turn "METHOD SWITCH" to diraot. e. Turn "DISSIPATIOH PACTOR" selector switch to "0". D. On Pans! Ho. 4 (oscillator) a. Disregard this panel for measurements at 60 cycles. b. On 1000 cycle measurements, depress the NO. * 10 "MULTIPLY BY" button. " . Set "FREQUENCY DIAL" to 100. d. Turn "OUTPUT" dial so that pointer Is at the end of the arrow. e. Depress the "UNBAL. 5000 OHMS" button. When all of the above adjustments are made, the electrical apparatus Is ready for measurement of Dielectric Constant and Power Paotor. III. Determination of Constants for the Apparatus 1. Carefully*assemble the eell which has been cleaned and dried within the last 8 hours. Refer to Method No. 11,751 for the procedure to uae In oieanlns the bells. 2. Place the cell assembly in the Plsher oven which has been adjusted to 25C. 3. Connect the back wire Inside the oven to the lead on the Inner cylinder of the eell and the front wire to the lead on the outer eyllnder of the cell. 35 GBRN 000329 TOWOLDMONOOQ2716 4. Connect the eeble from the capacitance bridge to the terminals on top of the oven eo that the inner wire of the cable goes to the back terminal ana tne outside mesh casing of the cable ^the ground) goes to the front terminal. 5. Remove the thermometer from the top of the oven Before going on witn tne test. TCYs~Ts~Tiportant. 6. Make all adjustments on the electrical apparatus at directed In Part I of this method. 7. Balance the bridge by rotating the "CAPACITANCE" and "DISSIPATION FACTOR" dials on Panel No. 3 until the wide vertical band on the oacllllscope Is adjusted to a minimum width. 8... Record the sum of the readings on the "CAPACITANCE4* dial and vernier and call this value A. 9. Remove the beaker containing the cell from the oven and fill It with C.P. benzene to a level 0.737 Inches (ca.3/4 Inch) above the top of the oonoentrle cylinders of the cell. 10. Adjust the temperature of the benzene to 25C. while stirring with a thermometer. 11. Replace the cell In the oven (at 25C.) and make the same electrical connections as In Steps 3 and 4. DO NOT Interchange connections. 12.. Balance the bridge again as In Step 7. 13. Reoord t'he sum of the readings on the "CAPACITANCE" dial and vernier and oall this value B. 14. Calculate the cell constant by the following equation: Cell Constant. K B - A (this is usually S.zf 4 1.0 around 70 mmfd.) 15. Remove the cell from the oven and balanoe the bridge as In Step 7 with the "CAPACITANCE" and "DISSIPATION" "FACTOR" dials. 36 GBRN 000330 TOWOLDMONOOQ2717 16. Record the eum of the readings on the "CAPACITANCE" dial and vernier, and eall this value P. (capacitance of connecting cable.) ~ 17. Calculate the CELL LEAD CAPACITANCE bp the following equation! CELL LEAD CAPACITANCE, 0 . A - P - K (this is "" usually around 3 BBBfd.) HBEREt A CAPACITANCE OP ENTIRE SYSTEM IN AIR (SYSTEM CONSTANT) . 0 . CAPACITANCE OP THE CELL LEADS (CELL LEAD CONSTANT) - F CAPACITANCE OP CABLE AND WIRES WHICH CONNECT THE CELL AND CELL LEADS TO THE BRIDGE. (CONNECTOR CONSTANT) K CAPACITANCE OP THE CELL ALONE (THE CELL CONSTANT) Tabulate the systea Constant (A), the Cell Lead Con stant (G), the Connector Constant (p), and the Cell Constant (K) on a piece of stiff paper and post them near the instrument where they can be eaallyrreferred to for comparison and calculations. These constants must be cheoked at least once every three aonths and in all eases where the Dielectric Constant and/or Power Factor are out of specification. Measurement of Dielectric Constant and Power Factor on Aroolore, ryranoia, Inerteens, and Tri-Tctraoniorobensene Blends. A. Test Run on Cell to Determine Whether it is Clean S5T rroperiv-Aiignea. 1. Carefully assemble a cell which has been cleaned and dried within the past 6 hours. 36a SBRN 03Sl TOWOLDMONOOQ2718 NOTE: Refer to method NO. 11*751 for procedure to use in cleaning cells. 2. Adjust the oven control to hold at a temperature of 100c. for all materials except Trl-Tetra Blends. If a Trl-Tetra blend Is to be tested* adjust the oven to hold a temperature of 25C. 3. Place the empty cell assembly In the oven and connect the back wire Inside the oven to the lead on the Inner cylinder of the cell* and connect the other (front) wire to the lead on the outer cylinder. 4. Connect the cables from the eapaeltance bridge to the terminals on top of the oven so that the Inner wire of the cable goes to the back terminal and- the outside metal oaslng (ground) goes to the . .front terminal. - 5* Allow 15 minutes for the cell to reach temperature equilibrium Inside the oven. 6. Remove the thermometer from the top of the oven before taxing any measurements on the bridge. This Is important. 7. Make all the adjustments on the electrical apparatus as directed In Part I of this method. 8. Balance the bridge by rotating the "CAPACITANCE" and "DISSIPATION FACTOR" dials on Panel No. 3 until the wide vertloal band on the osollloscope screen Is adjusted to a minimum width. 9. Record the sum of the readings on the "CAPACITANCE" dial and Vernier and compare this value with the SYSTEM CONSTANT determined in Part II of this method. IMPORTANTt If the value obtained in Step 9 does not agree with the System Constant A (Part II) within 5 uuf, the oell must be re-cleaned* re-dried, re-assembled* and the test run for the System Constant must be repeated. NOTE: Although the above test run must be made prior to each analysis* the value obtained In Step 9 is not to be used in calculations but Is to be used only as a"check on the cleanliness and alignment of the"cell. 37 6SRN 000332 TOWOLDMONOOQ2719 B. Procedure for Testing Materials 10. Remove the cell from the oven and fill the beaker with the material to be tested to a level 0.737 inches (oa 3/4 Inch) above the cylinders of the cell. e 11. Adjust the temperature of the sample to 100C. (use hot plate) for all materials except Tri-Tetra blends. For Tri-Tetra blends* adjust the tempera ture of the sample to 25C. using an Ice-water bath If necessary. NOTE: Stir sample continuously with a thermometer while adjusting the temperature. 12. Flaoe the cell and sample In the oven and make the seme connections from the cell to the bridge as in -Steps 3 and 4. DO NOT Interchange connections. - 13. Allow fifteen minutes for the cell to reach tempera ture equilibrium Inside the oven. 14. Remove thermometer from the oven before taking a measurement. This is "important. 15. Hake the adjustment of oontrols on the electrical apparatus as directed In Part I of this method. 16. Balance the bridge by rotating the "CAPACITANCE" and "DISSIPATION FACTOR" dials on Panel NO. 3 until the wide vertical band on the oscilloscope soreen Is adjusted to a minimum width. 17. Record the sum of the readings on the "CAPACITANCE" dial and,,vernier* and call this value X. 16. Record the sum of the readings on the "DISSIPATION FACTOR" dial and switch. Call this value D. Calculations t . Dielectric Constant X-F - 0 ------X-- Where: X s Capacitance reading from Step 17. F Connector Constant (Determined in Part II) 0 .Cell Lead Constant (Determined In Part II) K Cell Constant (Determined In Part II) 38 GBRN 000333 TOWOLDMONOOQ2720 When assembling this booklet, a mistake was noted In the num bering of the pages. No page of contents Is missing. Only number 39 was skipped. We are pleased to Insert number 39 as .a blank page for your conveni ence for notes. If you care to make any. 39 GfiRN 000334 TOWOLDMONOOQ2721 % Power Factor f x D r6 Where: f Test Frequency (60 cycles or 1000 cycles) f0 Frequency of "Range Selector" on Panel No. 3 D Dissipation Factor reading from Step 18. NOTE: When D (dissipation factor) Is less than 0.1, the dlaslpatlon and power factors differ by less than 0.0005. Therefore, for our measurements, power factors and dissipation factors are equal. Precision: (Reference: General Radio Manual for Model 7l6-C Capacitance Bridge) a. Capacitance readings are preolse to 2 mmfd. x mul tiplier reading (i 0.20 of full scale for each range) when the dissipation factor Is less than 0.01. b. Dissipation Factor (Power Factor) readings are pre olse to i 0.0005 or 2Jt of the dial reading which ever is larger, for values less than 0.1 for D (Dissipation Factor). METHOD NO. 11,605, "DIELECTRIC STRENGTH." a. Apparatus and Oeneral Information The electrical equipment necessary to provide high voltage to permit the determination of dielectric strength of liquid dleleetrlo at commercial power frequencies Is basloally quite simple. The equipment assembled In the laboratory consists of a high voltage transformer of good design and with a current capaolty of 2.43 KVA and with equip ment for control of the voltage and a means of measuring the voltage and to provide safety for the operator. 40 GBRN 000335 TOWOLDMONOOQ2722 It la enclosed In a ateel gray crackle finished cabinet measuring h2* high, 22" wide, 17" deep and set on truck casters for easy nobility. Protective equipment incorporated In this apparatus prevents the application of high voltage unless all safeguards are compiled with. The door on rear of cabinet oust be closed. The cover over the oil must be all the way down and the voltage oontrol must be at 0 position, pallure to comply with these requirements will prevent any action when the red button Is depressed. The test cues Transformers, Voltmeters, and Accessories The askarel testing cup type NO. 22k809 supplied by General Electric Company Is mounted on the top rear of the oablnet. It Is protected by a heavy plastlo cover, hinged at the rear for accessibility to the re%oeptleal. It Is equipped with safety oontactor so placed that the olroult energising the high voltage oontactor cannot be completed unless the protective cover Is completely lowered and in place. It is Impossible for the operator or anyone else to touch the testing cup when high voltage Is applied. hi GfiRN 000336 TOWOLDMONOOQ2723 The High Voltage Transformer manufactured by the Kelly-Koett Manufacturing Co. la of the dosed core, oil immersed, shell type design. Rated 81.000 volt 40 mlllaapers. It was recovered from a used X-ray machine, purchased quite inexpensively. An auto transformer from the same X-#ay machine is connected so as to limit the out-put voltage of the high voltage secondary to 50.000 volts. lhe primary of the auto transformer is connected to the secondary of a 2-1/2 KVA powerstat variable auto transformer supplied by the Superior Electric Company. Power to the powerstat is controlled by a 4 con tact 30 amp. solenoid circuit breaker. The voltmeter mounted on top near front edge Is connected across the powerstat seeondary and Is calibrated to read dlreotly in Kilovolts in the range of 0 - 50 K.V. The overload circuit breaker consists of a small relay connected between one side of the high voltage transformer seeondary center tap and 42 G6RN 00033? TOWOLDMONOOQ2724 ground. It la adjusted to break contact on a current drain of about 50 mllllampers. The circuit for the coll of the solenoid circuit breaker la wired through the contacts of this relay. Safety and Operating Controls 1) Door interlock switch located on rear door. 2) Test cup cover Interlock switch. 3) Powerstat switch mounted on rear of unit arranged so that high voltage oontaetor cannot be closed unless powerstat is at " 'zero position. 4) Main power switch on front panel 5) Powerstat voltage control on front panel. 6) High voltage eontaotor push button on front panel (red). 7) Signal lamps mounted on top around voltmeter. Purpose and operation described in method of use. Procedure 1) Ascertain that the temperature of the material undera test is 25 (i 0.5)C. NOTE: Testing at other temperature is likely to give variable resulta whloh may be misleading. 2) Shake the sample container so as to thoroughly mix the askarel before filling the test cup. WOTEt This operation is especially Important with hied Aroelor as one impurities may settle to the bottom and the test may be misleading. 3) Rinse the testing oup three times with small portions of the sample to be teated. 43 fcBRN 00033B TOWOLDMONOOQ2725 4) Immediately after final rinse, fill the cup to a height of not leee than SO on. (0.787 in.) above the top of thecteotrodea. 5) Rock the cup a few tinea In order that an7 entrapped air nat escape. Close oover over oil test cup. 6) Allow to stand 3 nlnutes. CAUTION: THIS IS IMPORTANT. ----------- 7) Turn naln toggle swltoh on front panel to "ON" (or up) position. Both green and amber pilot lights on the top at either side of the voltueter will now glow. NOTH: The green signal light Is connected across the _ * 115 volt ln-put and denotes that line voltage has been applied to operating control circuit. Anber light Is connected In series with sensitive switch located under high voltage contactors and connected to Its armature. It Indicates that high voltage contactor Is In Its rest position and away from contaots energizing auto transformer. 8) Turn voltage control (large knob on front) to extreme counter-clockwise position. 9) Depress red button on front. This energizes high voltage transformer and olrcult breaker and Is indicated bp amber light going out and the red light directly over voltmeter will light:" "" % 10) vatoh the voltmeter and* While holding the . button "IN"* turn the voltage control at auoh speed that will cause voltage as Indicated on*voltmeter to'rise St a fits of 3 JC.V. per second. 11) Note and Record the voltmeter reading at breakdown. 44 o03^ TOWOLDMONOOQ2726 12) Repeat the teat until two successive break downs occur on each of two fillings of the teat cup which do not differ by sore than 10. Report the average value of these two readings (Step 12) as the Dielectric Strength. If the Unit of the instrument la reached before breakdown. report the Dlelectrlo Strength as 50 K.V. at 25C. Cleaning of the teat cup; After the test la completed, drain the cup. Plush the cup with benzene. Then fill with Aroolor 1248 and let stand. - until the next analysis. NOTE; An exception, when samples of oil from the plant are brought In for test, the cup must be thoroughly cleaned with benzene and carbon tetrachloride before and after running the test. The electrodes: The testing cup has two electrodes. Both electrodes are movable and have twenty threads to the Inch with index notches on both the electrodes and the lock nuts. ' To set the -2SR* Arrange one of the electrodes and the look nuts with the Index marks In line. Move the other elec trode until It comes In firm contact with the first electrode and lock It. 45 GBRN 0003*0 TOWOLDMONOOQ2727 New unscrew the electrode with the Index Berks In line (Step 1) two coaplete turns end lock It. This will leeve e gep of 0.1 Inch between feoes of the electrodes. Cleaning of the electrodes end the test eup free of carbon coating: The following ASTM method of cleaning shell be followed when It is apparent fron visual Inspec tion that the electrode discs of the eup are coated with carbon. Wipe clean with dry calendered tissue paper the electrodes and the test cup. CAPTION: It Is Important to avoid touching the electrodes with the finger or with portion of the tissue paper whloh has been In contact with hands. % Rinse Jthe electrodes and oup with dry lead-free gaso line. Stodda^ Solvent (or dry. waterwhlte Kerosene) until they are entirely dean. Care should be taken not to touch the electrodes or the Inside of the cup after cleaning so as to avoid possible contaalnatlon. 46 0003^ TOWOLDMONOOQ2728 METHOD NO. 11,607, "RESISTIVITY." ' a. Apparatus: general Radio Company Megohm Bridge Type 544-B. This la a combination of Vheatatone bridge and vacuum tube voltmeter for indicating null. The direct measurement of resistance up to 1,000,000 megohms Is made possible by the use of a vacuum tube detector whloh absorbs negligible amount of power. The voltage applied to the unknown resistor is held approximately constant, regardless of the value of the unknown resistance. This condition Is necessary to measure resistance properly. The accuracy of the Instrument In the range en countered In the measurement of Aroclor resis tivity, 100 to 1000 megohm Is 4 6ft. The Instrument Is equipped with a 115 volt AC power supply which supplies all operating voltages for the bridge Indicating circuits and In addition supplies 500 V DC for application to the material under test. The Instrument is completely enclosed In a waxed finish shielded oak cabinet measuring 8-1/2" wide, 22-1/2" long and 8" high. Approximate weight--26 pounds. 47 GBRN 0003^2 TOWOLDMONOOQ2729 Test Electrodes: Two concentric nickel cylinder* with feet, obtained fron General Electric Conpany. The inner electrode has outside dlaneter of 2.8" and a height of 3.2$" with area of 184 sq. en. The outer electrode has an inside dlaneter of 3" and a height of 3*25" with area of 198 sq. en. The distance between electrodes is, therefore, 0.1" or 0.254 cn. By theory, electrode constant (X) area/length is 191/0.254 or 752 where average area is 191 sq. en. Also X 36 z 10" z C (farads with air as dielectric) or 11.29 x C (nnfd. with air as dielectric). Glass Plate: Pyrex about 3-1/2" dlaneter with ooneentrle grooves to assist in spacing electrodes. Obtained fron General Electric Conpany. Heating Unit: Assenbled in the laboratory and la the sane unit described in Dielectric Constant Apparatus (see Method lo. 11,608; Equlpnent). Procedure 8 1) Assenble the test cell. Place the recently cleaned (within the last 8 hours--see Method Mo. 11,751, Step 9) electrodes in an 800 nl. beaker. 48 GBRN 000343 TOWOLDMONOOQ2730 2) Measure the capacitance of the teat eell (Ce) . according to Method No. 11,608 (Dielectric Constant and Power Pastor neasureaents.) 3) Pill the eell assembly uatll the liquid level 1b 3/4 inch above the top of the electrodes. 4) Beat the assembly on the hot plate to 100 ( 0.3)*c. 3) Place the assembly inside of the testing oven. 6) Attach top lead (+) on the aegoha bridge to inner electrode. 7) Attach other lead to outer electrode. 8) Throw the three switches at the top of the aegoha bridge to "ON" position. 9) Allow 10 alautes for assembly to reach teaperature equilibrium inside the oven. _ DANGER: Make sure control knob is la "CHECK" position. Otherwise, painful shook will result if leads ere touched. 10) Bring the galvanoaeter pointer to sero by turn ing the "ZERO ADJUST" teeb la the direction in which the pointer of the galvanoaeter should aove. 11) Turn the control knob to "CHARGE" position for 30 seconds. 12) Turn the control knob to "OPERATE" position and return the galvanoaeter pointer to sero by ad justment of the "MULTIPLY BY" switch and the aegoha dial. 13) Read after 30 seeoada. Calculationi Resistivity* - Megohm dial reading (Step 12) z 'Multiply By" reading (Step 11) z capacitance of eell (Step 2) in nafd. x 11.29 x 0.001. 49 G8RN 000344 TOWOLDMONOOQ2731 Report the reeult In units of 109 ohm-on, *Vslues of resistivity sre qualified by designation of tempersture end voltage. These are for this test, 100C and 500 volts PC. NOTE: It is important that the produot under test, eleotrodes, and beaker be at uniform temperature for this determination. Temperature variations In different parts of the sample will cause the gslvanometer sero to change constantly and give misleading _ results, CAPTION: Inasmuch ss measurements must be made at a potential of 500 volts DC a shock hazard exists In the handling of this apparatus. With the control knob in the charge and operate position full voltage of the bridge (500 volts) is applied to the positive and low terminals and through the test leads to the eleotrodes. Do not attempt to handle the electrodes of the test leads unless the control knob is In the "CHECK" position. Possible penalty for failure to observe this precaution -- Painful Shock. 5..,METHOD NO. 10,126 "CORROSION AND CHEMICAL STABILITY." a. Apparatus: O.B. Corrosion Apparatus consists of the following: 1) A Corrosion Plask - It Is a 300-ml. Pyrex flask 50 6BRN 0003*5 TOWOLDMONOOQ2732 with a ground glass 24/40 Joint equipped with a 12-lneh straight tube ae an air cooled con* denser. The air-condenser la painted on the outside with aluminum. 2) Hie Corrosion Apparatus: A transits box 32" long x o- wise x 5" deep. The top of the box represents a split transits board with 5 holes cut to fit the flasks. The box Is heated by two 500-watt. 15 volt O.E. Strip heaters with off-set terminals at one end (23.5" overall length). The heating length of the heating element Is covered by a copper strip 19-1/2" long x 4" wide x 1/4" thick. The temperature Is controlled by an automatic thermostat with temperature setting indicator. Procedure: 1) Roll a rectangular (2" x 4") piece of aluminum foil so that It will pass through a ground glass 24/40 Joint of the corrosion test flask. CAUTION: Be careful that after rolling the specimen does not touch Itself at any point. 2) Wash the aluminum foil (Step 1) scrupulously with aoetone. distilled water, acetone, benzene, and chloride-free ether. 3) Then place the foil on a clean watch-glass and dry In an oven at 110C. for 30 min. After cleaning handle the specimen with tongs or roroeps only. 4) Weigh accurately on an analytical balance the speolmen (Step 3) at room temperature. 5) Drop the weighed aluminum foil Into the chloridefree corrosion flask of the "O.E. Corrosion Appa ratus." Rinse out flask with sample and rinse end of oondenser with sample. 51 bBRN 000346 TOWOLDMONOOQ2733 6)-Add 200 ml. of the product under test to the aluminum foil (Step 4 and 5)* 7) Set the corroalon flask In the corrosion test appa ratus . 6) Attach a 12-inch straight-tube air-cooled condenser, the outside of which is painted with aluminum. 9) Cover the exposed part of the flask with aluminum foil. 10) Heat the flask for 6 (t O.l) hours at 210 U 9) C. The temperature of the liquid in the test flask Is mea sured indirectly using a thermometer inserted through a cork stopper and into similar liquid contained in an iden tical flask seated adjacent to the test flask on the healing chamber. 11) At the end of the heating period, detach condenser from the flask before removing it from the hot plate. 12) Remove the flask from the hot plate and cover all of the flask with aluminum foil (when the flask is not on the hot plate.) 13) Without removing'the aluminum foil covering of the flask, analyze the product (Step 6) remaining in the corrosion apparatus fort a Appearance. Color, and Condition. b Inorganic (Free) Chlorides--Apply Method No. 10,116 c Acidity (Acid Number) - Follow Method No. 10,087 14) With a pair of clean, straight nlchrome tongs, remove the aluminum foil specimen (Step 5)* wash thoroughly, dry and weight accurately on an analytical balance in the same manner as before (Steps 2, 3 and 4). Report the corrosion as loss or gain in weight to the nearest 0.0001 g. and the chemical Stability, as indicated by the ana lysis of the products "After Corrosion Test". In the same way as reported for the original (as received) material. 51 A fifiRN 0003*7 TOWOLDMONOOQ2734 6.. METHOD NO. 10.1X8. "INORGANIC CHLORIDES." Preparation of Standarda: 1) Make a primary standard of 100.0 ppm by weighing 0.1648 g. C.P. NaCl into a chloride-free 1 liter volumetric flask. Dilute to the mark and mix thoroughly. Make a 10.0 ppm standard by diluting 100 ml. of the primary standard to 1 liter, and mixing well, por every 0.1 ppm standard, dilute to 10 ml. of the 10 ppm standard to one liter and mix well. A 0.1 ppm beam Is considered the very faintest beam perceptible to the eye between 15-45 seconds after adding the AgNO, solution. If the beam Intensity Is not vlslble^at all. or If easily visible (too strong), discard the solutions and make new standards. _ 2) Weigh 20.0 g. C.P. AgN03 into a chloride free dark bottle. Add 20 ml. C.P. HNO- (chloride-free). Dilute to 200 ml. with water. 3) All solutions should be freshly prepared every two weeks and atored In glass-stoppered Pyrex bottles. b. Light Source: Employ the 2 battery Penllte flashlight, having a 3-4 mm. light aperture. New batteries must be need fre quently In order to perceive beams properly. c. Procedure: 1) Thoroughly rinse two separatory funnels with chloride-free water three or four times. Then take an aliquot from each funnel In a test tube which - has been rinsed with chloride-free water. Test these aliquots for Tyndall beams by adding 3-5 drops of AgNOo and allowing 45 sec. for full beam to evolve. Absolutely no dust or chloride beam should be present, (if beam Is present, rinse all equipment with 1:1 HNO3 and repeat Step 1). 2) When funnels are beam-free, drain out all the water exoept 50 ml. In one and 25 ml. In the other. Heat the water In both funnels to boiling. (Hold stopper while heating as steam may cause stopper to fall.) 52 GBRN 000348 TOWOLDMONOOQ2735 3) Transfer 50 ml. of the sample from the sample bottle at a temperature of 95-100C. into the separatory funnel contalnlnc the 50 ml. of boiling water. (As a precautionary measure, pour some of the sample from the sample bottle into s waste beaker before adding the 50 ml. to the funnel.) 4) Stopper the funnel and shake vigorously for at least l minute, venting frequently through the stopcock. (Care must be exercised at all times to toueh neither `the lower part of the funnel stem not the ground part of the stopcock.) 5) Allow the layers to separate and drain off the sample into the second funnel containing the 25 ml. of boiling water. (As before, drain off a few ml. of the sample Into a waste beaker before _ " draining the sample into the second separatory funnel.) It may be necessary to heat the sample when transferring the sample to the second funnel; e.g., Aroelor 1250. 6) Repeat step 4 and allow the layers to separate. Then drain off the sample into a waste beaker. 7) Combine both water extracts in one funnel and shake thoroughly. 8) Take approximately a 10 ml. aliquot of the water extract out through the bottom of the funnel into a 3/4" x 6" test tube. Again, first allow a few ml. to drain out before taking the aliquot. (The test tube used should be rinsed with chloride-free water several times before using.) i 9) Add approximately an equal portion of chloridefree ether. (The ether is tested by shaking a portion of it with chloride-free water and testing for Tyndall beam at the end of 45 sec. If beam is present, wash ether several times with chloridefree water until washings show no beam after adding 3.5 drops AglK^). 10) Shake the ether-water mixture until the emulsion in the sample disappears and the water layer is completely beam free before adding AgHOs. If emulsion is difficult to break, add sample dropwise through the ether and then shake. 53 GBRN 000349 TOWOLDMONOOQ2736 11) Add 3-5 drops of 10 AgNO* solution and test for . chloride beam for 45 see. exactly. If no beam Is present at the end of 45 seconds, report as <0.1 ppm. The very falnteat of beams is considered 0.1 ppm. if beam is stronger It will be necessary to compare with standards of 0.15# 0.20 up to 1.0 ppm, adding the 3-5 drops of AgNOe and comparing at the end of 45 sec. J The method is precise to the Merest 0.1 ppm. Report results to the nearest 0.1 ppm. METHOD NO. 10#087# "ACID NUMBER." a. Reagents: 1) Nitration grade bensol. _ 2) Anhydrous methanol. 3) A saturated solution of phenol red (phenol sulfonphthaleln) in methanol (approx. O.ljf). 4) A 0.01 N solution of BOH In methanol. b. Procedure: 1) Place 100 ml. of benzol# 100 ml. of methanol and 0.5 ml. (pipette) of phenol red indicator Into one of two clean dry 500 ml. Erlenmeyer flasks. 2) Neutralize carefully with the 0.01 N KOH (to be first definite pink color.) 3) Pour the mixture back and forth between the two flasks several times. If the solution is still _ neutral, divide It equally between the two flasks# If not, repeat steps 2 and 3. 4) Neigh (ft 0.05 g.) Into one of the flasks a 73.0 - * 3.0 g. sample and titrate with the 0.01 N# KOH until the sample matones the blank. c. . Calculations: Add No. (mg. KOH/gram aample) ml. 0.01 N KOH x D.56 ~ Sample weignt 54 GflAN 000350 TOWOLDMONOOQ2737 Report the results to the nearest 0.001 If they are below 0.1, otherwise to the nearest 0.01. The method is precise to 4 0.002 for acid numbers below 0.01 and to 4 0.01 & the range of 0.1 to 0.01. MOTE 1: To convert mg. KOH/gram to mg. NaOH/gram, multiply by 0.715. 8. METHOD (MODIFIED NO. 10,620, *MOISTURE (WATER)", a.Introductory Comment: The Karl Fischer Reagent titration method used In the analytical laboratory involves use of an analytical ba lance to weigh accurately about one drop of water used In preparing the standard. Since an analytical balance may not be available, the method has been modified and _ sues .a purchased standard water solution as described below. Also, In the laboratory a "Dead Stop" potentlometrlc method for determining the end point Is often used. However, as this equipment may not be available, the procedure described below uses the visual Indicator change for determining the end point. b.Apparatus and Reagents: 1) Karl Fischer Burett, Automatic Pyrex No. 5750, 25 ml. capacity. Ace Glass Company, Vineland, New Jersey. 2) Water Standard In Methanol. No. SO-W-2 (l ml. ; 1 mg. HpO) Fisher Scientific Company, 2800 Jeffer son Avef, St. Louis, Missouri. 3) Karl Piacher Reagent Solution NO. SO-K-2, Fisher Scientific Company. e.Standardisation of Karl Fischer Reagent Into a 500 ml. clean, dry Erlenmeyer flask, place about 100 ml. "Anhydrous" methoanol (soonerleally available, 99.950). Add Karl Fischer reagent to this blank until the first color change from lemon yellow. It is not necessary to read the burette at this point. Carefully pipette 50 ml. of standard watersolution Into the blanked methanol. Refill the Karl Fischer burette.Titrate the solution with gentle swirling to mix, until the same color is obtained as was obtained for the blank. Now read the burette. 55 GBRN 000351 TOWOLDMONOOQ2738 Moisture value of K.P. reagent In terms of grama HgO per ml. (Moisture value of stand* (Ml. Standard BgO solution) .ard water solution in gm. per ml. stated on label.) _____________ mi. Kiri pisener Reagent d. Solvent Mixture: Slnoe the solubility of the different askarels varies, the following solvent mixtures are suggested: Material Anhydrous Benaene Anhydrous Methanol Pyranol 1478 Fyranol i486 1467 Pyranol l48l Pyranol 1495 All Aroelors 0 ml. 100 ml. 100 ml. 100 ml. 110 ml. 300 ml. 200 ml. 200 ml. 200 ml. 190 ml. _ ~ e. Procedure, "Visual End Point." 1) Plaoe 100-300 ml. of dry solvent mixture (o) In a dry 500 ml. ground glass stoppered Erlenmeyer flask. 2) Titrate the solvent with K.F. reagent to the vis ual endpoint, l.e., the first change from the yellow to reddish orange that persists for 30 seoonds. Refill the burette. 3) Using a beam balance, weigh to the nearest 0.1 gram by difference, a sample containing 0.03 to 0.06 grav ms HjgO Into the flask. 4) Stopper and shake until the sample Is In solution. 5) Titrate the solution with K.P. reagent to the endpoint described In Step 2. Record the volume of K.P. reagent used. Calculation: % BoO ml. of K.p. reagent x BoO factor x 100 --------------- Sample"UelghT------------------ References: Mitchell, J. and Smith, D.M., Chemical Analysis, Vol. 5f Aquametry, Intenseienoe Publishers, Ino., New York, (1948) 56 SBRN 000352 TOWOLDMONOOQ2739 CHAPTER 7 TYPICAL PROPERTIES The 1200 series members of tho Aroelor family are chlor inated biphenyls, and are made by chlorinating biphenyl to approximately the percentage of chlorine, by weight, in dicated by the last two dlglta of the setial number. For . example, Aroelor 1254 Is approximately 54% chlorine on a weight basis. Accordingly, these Aroclors are not single or simple compounds. They are a mixture of lsomerlo com pounds oomposed predominately of the ehemloal compound In dicated below as being their approximate equivalent: Aroolor 1242 Aroelor 1248 Aroolor 1254 Aroolor 1260 Triohlorobipbenyl Tetraehlorobiphenyl Fentachloroblphenyl Hexachloroblphenyl For transformer use and some oapaeltor use where lower, viscosity Is required for better low temperature operation than offered by the above Aroclors, these products are mixed with pour point depressants, particularly trichlorobenzene resulting In various General Electric Company Pyranols described briefly as follows: Transformer Pyranol 1467* 600 of Aroelor 1260 40% of Bleo. Grade - Trlohlorobenzene 0,125% of Tin Tetraphenyl Transformer Pyranol 1470* 45% of Aroolor 1260 55% of Elee. Grade Trlchloro Tetrachlopobenzene Mix ture 0.125% of Tin Tetraphenyl Use of trl-tetraohlorobenzene and tln-tetraphenyl scavenger la subject to O.E. patents and lleense: Royalty arrangements should be eheoked before using. Questions about lleense concerning the use of anthraquinone stabilizer for DC eapaeltors should be referred to Western Electrle, 195 Broadway, H.Y.C. 57 GBRN 000353 TOWOLDMONOOQ2740 Capacitor Pyranol 1431 75* of Aroelor 1254 25* of Eleo. Grade Tri- ehlorobenzene Detailed properties of all of these produets are given as follows: AROCLOR 1242 PROPERTY TYPICAL Vise. 0 3T.80C. (ASTM D88) Speolflo Gravity t 25/15.5C. (ASTM D287) Color, APHA Condition Acidity, mg. KDH/g. Pour Pt,, C. (ASTM D97) Inorganic .Chlorides, ppm. Refractive Index 25 0. Distillation Range (ASTM D20) Corrected for stem and baronetrlo pressure Corrosion 82 - 92 seconds SayboIt oniver. 1.381 - 1.392 100 Clear 0.01 ___ -14 or lower 0.10 max. 1.6245 - 1.6265 10* 32C. min. 90* 366C. After heating with aluminum for six hours at 210C 2 10C, the aluminum must not be cor roded either on visual or weight Inspection and the Aroolor 1242 should meet the following specs: Color, APHA 150 Acidity,mg.KDH/g. 0.01 max. Inorg.Chlorldes,ppm 0.10 max. Condition Clear Water Content, ppm 35 Resistivity 100&C. 500 volts DC t 0.1" gap 500 x 10? ohm-om., min. Dleleotrlo Constant 100C, 1000 eyoles (ASTM D924) 4.7 - 4.9 Plash Point Clave. Open Cup* l60C., min. Fire Point c.* None to boiling point Sulfates (ASTM-D117-31)* _N_o_ne Fixed chlorine content (Carlus)> 41.5 - 42.5* Speolflo Beat # 25C.* 0.29 Evaporation 100C for 6 hrs.* 0.4* Dleleotrlo Strength (E7) 35 Min. (ASTM D877)* Not determined unless by special request. 58 GBRN 000354 TOWOLDMONOOQ2741 AROCLOR 1248 PROPERTY Vle. 5ft.ftC. (ASTM S-88) Spec. OPT, # 65/15.5C. (ASTN D-287) Color, APHA Condition Aoidity, mg. KOH/g. Pour Point C. (ASTN D-97) Refrae. Index 200C. Silt. Ring* (ASTN D-20) Water Content, ppn. Reels. 100C. 500 v D.C. 0.1" gap Dieleotrie Constant,100C. 1000 0*70 le Dieleotrio Strength 25C.* Flash Point, (jC.O.C.)* Fixed Chlorine (Carius)* Specific Heat 25C.* TYPICAL 73-60, seo.Saybolt Oniver. 1.404-1.414 100 Clear 0.01 1,630-1.631 3ft3 - 373C. 35 500 x 10? oho-cm., min. ft.6 35 XV aln. 193C. ft7.5 - ft8.56 0.27 Not determined unless by special request. 59 &BRN 000355 TOWOLDMONOOQ2742 AROCLOR 1254 PROPERTY TYPICAL Vise. 9 98.9C.(ASTM D88) Specific Gravity 65/15,5C. (ASTN DS67) Color, AFHA Condition Acidity, ag.KOE/g. Pour Pt. C.(ASTM D97) Inorganic Chlorides, ppm* Refraotlvs Index 9 25C. Distillation Range (ASTM D20) Corrected for stem and Barometrlo Pressure Corrosion 44 48 sec. Saybolt Dniver. 1.495 - 1.505 100 Clear 0.01 7-12 0.10 u _ 1.6370 - 1,61 10* 366-- 37SC. 50* 372 - 3830c. 90* 383 - 396C. After heating with aluminum for 6 hours 210C. plus or minus 10C, the aluminum must be cor roded either on visual or weight Inspection and the Aroelor 1254 should meet the following specs: Color, APHA 150 max. Acidity,mg.KDH/g. 0,01 max. Tree Chlorides,ppm.0.10 max. Condition Clear Water Content, ppm. 35 wax. Resistivity 1006C.,500 v D.C. 0.1" gap 500 x 10^ ohm-cm., min. Dielectrio Constant, 100C 4.15 - 4.35 1000 eyeles Dielectric Strength 25C* 35 K7., min. Burn Point (ASTM D92)* Higher than 350C. Sulfates (ASTM D-117-31)* None Fixed Chlorine Content(Carlus> 55*** 0.5* Evaporation 9 lOOOc. for 6 hrst 0.4* max. Stability* There shall be no liberation of chlorine or ohlorldes when the material Is heated 100c In glass vessels in contact with air for periods of at least one month. Ageing Characteristics* No loss In resistivity over original value on heating In air for 96 hra. at lOOOc. Speolflo Heat 25C.* 0.26 Not determined unless by special request. 60 GBRN 000356 TOWOLDMONOOQ2743 AROCLOR 1260 PROPERTY TYPICAL Vlso. 98.9C.(ASTM D88) 72 - 78 Sec. Saybolt Uhiv. SpecIfio Gravity 900C./15.5C 1.555 - 1.566 (ASTN D287) Color, APHA 150 Condition Clear Acidity, Dg.KOH/g. 0.01 Pour Pt.,C.(ASTN D97) 25-3*1 Inorganlo ohlorldes, ppo. 0.10 aax. Refractive Index, 25C. 1.6*55 - 1.6*70 Distillation Range (ASTN D20) 10*385- 39jgc Corrected for aten and 50* 390 - *0*C. baronetrio presaure. 90* *00 - *20C. Corrosion After beating with aluminum for 6 hrs. 210C. * 10C. the aluminum must nof be cor roded either on visual or weight inspection and the Aroolor 1200 should meet the following speoss Color, APHA 150 max. Free Chlorides,ppm. 0.10 max. Aeldlty,ng.KOH/g. 0.01 max. Condition Clear Water content, ppm. 35 Resistivity,100eC. 500 volts p.l" gap 500 x IO? ohn-om., min. Dlelectrlo Strength 50C.* 30 KV., min. Dielectric Strength 100C.* 30 K7., min. Dleleotrlo Constant 100C. 3.6 - 3.8 1000 oyeles* Bum Pt. (ASTN D92)* Higher than 350C. Sulfates (ASTN DI17-31)* None Fixed ohlorine content (Carlus)> 60 *0.5* Evaporation 100C. for 6 hrsR 0,2* max. Stability* There shall be no liberation of ohlorine or chlorides when . the material is heated 100C. in a glass vessel in oontact with air for periods of at least one month. Speoifio Heat 25C.* 0.23 Not determined unless by special request. 61 GBRN 000357 TOWOLDMONOOQ2744 PYRAMOL 1481 PROPERTIES TYPICAL Viscosity 37.8C. 70 - 82 see. Saybolt Unlv Spec. Opacity 15.5A5.5C 1.525 - 1.535 Color, APHA 150 MX. Condition Clear Acidity, ns. KOH/g. 0.01 MX. Pour Pt., C. -15 or lower Inorganlo Chlorides, ppm. 0.10 MX. ^ Refractive Index 25C. 1.6205 - 1.6215 Distillation Range Corrected for stem and barometrio pressure. First .drop 205C. Bin. 259t max. Below 270C. 90ft 380 - 395C. Corrosion Test Change In Weight 0.0j( Color, APHA 200 max. Acidity, after test,mg.X0H/g.0.01 max. Free Chlorides,ppm. 0.10 max. Condition after test Clear Water Content, ppm. 35 ux. Resistivity 100C 500 volts, DC, 0.1ngap 100 x 10 ohm-en. ,aln. Dleleotrlo Constant (100C., 1000 eyoles) 4.1 - 4.6 62 fcBRN 000358 TOWOLDMONOOQ2745 PYRANOL 1467 PROPERTIES TYPICAL Vlso. 37.8C.,(ASM d88) 54 f 2 see. Saybolt Ohlv. Spec ifio Oravlty f 15.5/15.5C (ASM D-287) 1,560 - 1,568 Color, APHA 150 bsx. Condition Clear Acidity, ag. KOH/g. t 0.01 aax. Pour Point, C. (ASM D-97) -32C. or lower Inorganlo Chlorides, ppm. 0.10 nax. ^ _ Refrsotlvs Index 25bC. 1.6137 - 1.6147 Distillation Range (ASM D20) 1st drop - 200C. nln. Corrected for stem and Below 270C. - 40* max. baroDetrlo pressure Corrosion 90* - 395 - 4l5C After heating with aluminum for 6 hra. at 200-220C.,the~ aluminum must not he corroded either on visual or weight in spection and the Fyranol should Beet the following specs: Color, APHA 200 max. Acldlty,Bg.KOH/g. 0.01 max. Inorganlo Chlorides 5 max. ppm. Condition Clear Water Content, ppa. 30 sax. Resistivity, 100C. 500 volts, .lw gap 100 x 10^ ohm-cm.,min. Dleleotrlo Strength, 25g. 35 K7., Bln. Dleleotrlc Constant, 100C., 1000 cycles* 3.7 - 4.-0 w Tin Tetraphenyl*' 0.125* 0.01* by weight Burn Point, (ASM D92)* None up to Bolling Point Plxed Chlorine* 59.1* Bln. Aro poraid Obbbb* Labs thin 1.04 (Oxygen Free Liquid 25C.) Total combustible gases Including carbon monoxide, hydrogen and volatile hydro carbons. *Not determined unless by special request. 63 CORN 000359 TOWOLDMONOOQ2746 PYRANOL 1470 PROPERTIES TYPICAL Vise. 37.8C. (ASTM DB8) Spee. Gravity t 15.5/15.5C., (ASTM D287) Color, APHA Condition Acidity, ng, XOR/g, Pour Pt.,C., (ASTM D97) Inorganio Chlorides, ppm. Refractive Index 25C. Distillation Range (ASTM D20) Distillation Range (ASTM D20) Corrected for stem and barometric pressure First drop 355 m 95? Corrosion 41-45 See. Saybolt Unlv. 1.563 - 1.571 150 sax. Clear -$4^c., or lower 0*10 max. 1.6075 - 1.6085 210C., Bin. 238 - 256C. _ 275 - 345?C. 380 - 4ooc. 390 - 4l5C. After heating with aluminum for 6 hrs. 200-220C., the aluminum Bust not be corroded either on visual or weight inspection and the Pyranol should aeet the following specs: Color, APEA 200 max. Aoldlty,ng.lCOH/g. 0.01 max. Inorg. Chlorides,ppa 5 max. Condition Clear Water Content, ppa. 30 Resistivity, 100&C., 500 v., 0.1" gap ^ 100 x 10 ohm-cm., min. Dleleotrlo Strength, 25C. 35 K7., Bln. Dielectric Constant, 100C., 1000 syoles* 3.8 -4.3 Tin Tetraphenyl* 0.1255 * 0.015 by weight Burn Point, (ASTN D92)* None up"to Bolling Point Fixed Chlorine* 60.5 0.5 Aro Foroed Oases* Total combustible gsses in (Oxygen Free Liquid 25C. cluding carbon monoxide, hydro gen and volatile hydrocarbons. Electrical Stability* After heating for 96 hrs. 100C in a closed container, the resistivity should not decrease more than 105 Not determined unless by speolal request. 64 GBRN 000360 TOWOLDMONOOQ2747 PYRAHOL, 1488 Vise. 37.8C. , Spee. Orav. 15.5/15.5C. Color, AFHA Aeidity (Mg XOB/g) Water, ppn. Condition Refrae. Index 25C. Free Chloride, ppn. Four Point, C. Reels. 100C., 500 v D.C. 1" gap Dleleotrle Strength (25C.) Corroslont Loss of Alumlma 54-- 2 Seo. Saybolt Dnlv. 1.560 - 1.568 150 mx. .014 nax. 35 aax. Clear 1.6137 - 1.6147 0.10 mx. A Lower than -32C. 100 x 10^ ohn-cn aln. Over 35 KV Rone - Heating with aluminum for 6 hrs. at 200-220C. The Pyranol after heating should meet the following speos: Color, AFHA 200 nax. Aeidity(MgKOH/g) .014 nax. Free Chlorides ppn .10 nax. Condition Clear Dleleotrle Constant 1000 oyoles 100C.* 3.7 - 4.0 Distilling Range (oorreeted)* 1st drop 200C. nln. Below 270C. 400 nax. 9056 point 295 - 415C. Burn Point (ASTM D-92)* None up to boiling point Fixed Chlorines* 59.10 nln. Aro Forned Oasei* Less than 1.00 total eon- (Oxygen-free liquid 25C.) bustlble gases including oarbon nonoxide, hydrogen, and volatile hydrocarbons. Not deternlned unless by special request. 65 GBRN 000361 TOWOLDMONOOQ2748 CHAPTER 8 EARTH TREATMENT OP AROCLGR IN THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY PRIOR TO USE. Aroelors and their mixtures supplied to the electrical industry oust conform with moat atrlot requirements sepeified by the industry aa shown in Chapter 7* Sinoe these products are sensitive to contamination from traoes of impurities, they require careful handling in the Industry when sampling or storing or using the materials to Impregnate capacitors or fill transformers. Cosnon oontaminants to be avoided include moisture, lonlaable impurities, metallic l^urltles, such as rust or oorroslon products from storage and handling equipment, and contaminants suoh as oils (mineral oils), lubricating oils or greases counonly used in equipment or other processes In the electrical Industry. Care must be taken to avoid contamination from contact with improper gaskets or packing materials, including natural and synthetic rubber and most plastie exclusive of certain Silicones and Teflon. Rosin solder fluxes, etc. may also introduce traoes of deleterious Impurities. The dleleotrlos are also susceptible to the harmful motion of ultra-violet light and, therefore, exposure to direct sunlight should be avoided. The adverse effect of lonlsable impurities Is especially pronounoed in the low viscosity Aroolors suoh as Aroelor 1242 66 . GBRN 000362 TOWOLDMONOOQ2749 or Aroelor mixtures such at pyranol 1481. In tht eate of nore viscous fluids, tueh at Aroelor 1254, the lonlsable im purities art not to fret to sort about In the fluid and, con sequently, the aore viscous fluids ean be handled with lest care than required for the thinner fluids. This it especially pertinent la eapaeltor manufacturing. When using the thinner type Aroelort to sake capacitora that offer superior low temperature operation, the following types of traee contamination affeotlng the eleetrloal properties \ of the dieleetrle have been experienced. Oeeasional droplets of perspiration froa operators, when winding the eapaoltor cores, have fallen onto the paper causing contamination la the finished units. Snail amounts of Olyptal resin and simi lar sealing compounds used to seal tiny leaks in the vacuum Impregnating equipment or storage tanks have caused contamina tion. Also, small aaounts of mineral oil entering the system have oaused similar trouble. A small droplet of any of these materials in one or several liters of the thinner type fluids results in notloeable contamination, whereas it My not have as much adverse effect on the aore viscous dleleetrles. To be certain that the fluids are free from traoee of contamination, it is standard practice to treat them with con ditioned dlatOMoeous earth and then to filter laBediately be fore use. Treatment with this esrth by removing traoe contam inants results in "19-grading" the eleotrlcal values, e.g.. 67 CBRN 000363 TOWOLDMONOOQ2750 the volume-resistivity nay be brought up considerably beyond thf specification minimum or the normal values of the dielectric as received. Likewise, Improvement In power factor may be ao compllshed. The earth treatment reeonedded for use by the electrical manufacturers is qualitatively the same as used In the produc tion of the Aroclors and their preparation for shipment to the eleetrleel Industry. Treatment of the Aroolors with earth by the eleetrloal manufacturers is a step required to assure that traoes of Impurity or contamination that may have been Introduced during storage or handling In the eleotrleal Indus try have been removed and that maximum electrical values have been attained immediately before the dleleetrlo Is Introduced Into capaoltors or transformers. It is impractical for the manufacturer to furnish these dlelectrlos to the customer at the maximum attainable eleotrl eal qualities because even with oareful packaging, shipping, sampling and handling In the electrical Industry, these fluids may easily pick up traces of contaminants from opened tankearo, drums, pipe line, pumps, eto. However, as supplied according to the specifications, the fluids are readily "up-graded" by the earth treatment. 2be type of dlatomaeeous earth used Is known as Puller's Earth, supplied by the Florldln Earth Company, Warren, Pennsyl vania, or the Attapulgus Division, Mineral ft Chemicals Corp, of America, 210 West Washington Square, Philadelphia 55, Pa., 68 TOWOLDMON0002751 or tholr equivalent* Usually a minus 200 mesh else, regular volatile. Is used and theqiallty should be specified as for use bp the eleetrleal industry* (Code 73122) The earth as received needs to be conditioned and acti vated, after which it should be stored only a minimum length of time (about a dap at the most) and In hermetically sealed containers, prior to use* It Is desirable that the earth be used Immediately after it haa been activated* Aotlvation should be done bp heating the earth contained in stainless steel shallow traps for four hours at 400C. in a muffle furnace* If a muffle furnace Is not available or the capaoltp bp this method map not be great enough, the earth can be activated bp heating at least twelve hours In an elec trically heated oven at 250C. Another method used Is to pan dry and activate bp heating at 100C* and using a strong vacuum, about 6 mm* of mercury. Ibis latter method is used in connection with transformer work and the former methods are usually used for pspacitor work. In the plaoe of pan drying, rotary driers map be used but their action should not be so severe as to break the earth par ticles to the extent of producing powder which Is difficult to handle In the subsequent filtering operations* It Is the consensus that the earth should not be heated above 400c* as this nap cause collapse of the partloles. 69 66RH 000565 TOWOLDMON0002752 The amount of earth used it usually 0.1Jf to 0,3Jf based on the weight of the fluid. Larger amounts of earth ean be used If the fluid la composed of only Aroelor or a mixture of Aroelor and ohlorlnated benzene or other pour point depressants. However* larger amounts of highly motive earth* In the range of 2% or 3* would be expeeted to selectively adsorb scavengers or stabilizers from the fluids oontalnlng these additives. This la especially of oonoern In handling the transformer fluids which usually eontaln scavengers such as tin tetraphenyl. For transformer work It la suggested that the earth be condi tioned and mildly activated by heating It at 100C. under va cuum* about 6 mm. of mercury. Not more than about 0.l of earth based on the total weight of the transformer fluid should be used. Por treatment with earth* the fluid la put Into a suitable tank fitted with an agitator* heating coll* and a cover. The proper amount of freshly conditioned earth la added and the mixture is agitated thoroughly and heated for about four hours. . The mere viscous dielectrics such aa Aroelors 1248 and 1254 are heated at about 70 to 80 C. (158 to 176?.) and the leas vlaeous materials such aa Aroelor 1242 and Pyranols 1481* 1467* and 1470 are heated at about 50 to 6o c. (122 to i4oF.) After about four houra contact the material la filtered through a Sparkler or Sweetland or a comparable filter press previously fitted with filter paper liners such as supplied by 70 - GbRN 000366 TOWOLDMONOOQ2753 Carl Schleicher and Sohuel Co,, Inc,, Keene, N.H. me paper la usually 25 mils thick and Bust be dried at 100C. to remove moisture, prior to use In the filter press, Ihe filtered dleleotrle material is then ready for impregnating capacitors or filling transformers. In some eases, especially for AC capacitor work where the dleleotrle does not require addition of stabilisers and aoeordlngly there is no danger of removing sueh additives by repeated earth treatment, good praetloe is to use continuous earth treating, circulation and filtration with oonstant read ing of the resistivity of the filtered dleleotrle. In Chapters 1 and 2 selection of proper materials of construction for the tankears and storage tanks was dlsoussed. It is equally Important to seleot proper materials of con struction for the processing tanks used in the capacitor and transformer industries and also for the lmprgnatlng chambers used in making eapaeltora. It is preferable that this equipment be made of stain less steel or aluminum, or , if it la of steel construction, the interior should be either clno-tln metallised or aluminum lined. While Iron or steel equipment is not regarded as de sirable for handling the fluids, this type of construction is used In some of the plants. Bare the possibilities of rust ing or oorroslon cannot be overlooked. If the equipment is kept free from water and if a film of elean dleleotrle adheres 71 GBRN 000367 TOWOLDMONOOQ2754 to tho surface of tho metal, e.g. when the tanka are empty, then satisfactory operation ean be experienced. However, a number of faotors mat be kept In mind and to cite an example, reference la made to the Impregnation of capa citora by the ohamber method, The moisture oontent of the paper uaed In the capacitor corea may eaally introduce several gallons of water Into the average Impregnating ohamber. nils water Is removed from the eapaeltora prior to Impregnation -- usually by heating the chamber to about 130C, under efficient vacuum, 100 microns or less. If the chamber Is not made of _ the preferred materials of construction, slight corrosion may occur and the film of fluid on the Interior surface of the tank may be contaminated and In turn introduce traces of impurities into the treated and dean dielectric subsequently Introduced Into the chamber for Impregnating the capacitors. In faot, because of this possibility of contamination, in some operations the capacitors are conditioned and dried preparatory to Impreg nation In a separate oven or chamber and when thoroughly dried they are then transferred Into a second ohamber used for Impreg nation, _ In the oase of relatively large size capaoltors, such as power faetor correction units, a manifold pipe system may be used to handle each unit Individually rather than by the batch- chamber method. The unimpregnated oapaoltors are placed into an oven and vacuum Is applied to the individual units attached to the manifold. 72 Q0Q3Cb TOWOLDMONOOQ2755 -When conditioned and dry, the dlelectrlo la Introduced Into the unit through the manifold. Care must be taken that noiat air or contanlnanta do not colleot In the branch through which the dleleotrlo la Introduced. In addition to rcooring moisture, another purpoae of the heat and vacuum conditioning treatment given the capaoltor unite prior to Impregnation la to remove traeea of lmpurltiea auoh as realdual advent from the metal cleaning operations and from solder flux, etc. lhe fluid la Introduced hot Into the evacuated capacitor units. The more visooua Aroelors, such as 1248 and 1254, are usually Impregnated at 85 to 130C. The leas viscous and more volatile dielectrics such as Aroolor 1242 and mix* tures of Aroelor with chlorinated benzene may be Introduced best at lower temperatures -- about 50C. optimum, 809;. max. Table 17 Indicates desirable minimum resistivity values of the dleleotrlo materials whan earth treated and ready for oapacitor Impregnation and similar values of the material following the process. TABLE 17 Dielectric 7olume Resistivity Ohm-cm at 100c. and 500 volts DC. Prior So----- *-------- "After--------- Impregnation Impregnation Aroolor 1254 2.500 x 109 800 x 10? Aroelor 1242 1.500 x 109 600 x 109 Pyranol 1481 600 x 10? 400 x 109 73 GBRN 000369 TOWOLDMONOOQ2756 In.the ease of new and freshly filled transformers using Aroelor dleleetrlo mixtures. It seems reasonable that the power factor of a sample of the fluid drawn from the trans former should be In the range of about 5 to 12 per cant, measured at 60 eroles and 100C. With field servlee of the transformer the power faetor value Is expected to lnerease somewhat. However, such a power faetor lnerease alone does not seem to have harmful effeot on the operation of the transformer. - A more usual measurement used for transformer fluid is volume-resistivity. This value of the new dleleetrlo prior to filling the transformer should be about 500 x 103 ohm-cm. at 1.000 oyoles and 100C. The similar value of the fluid taken from a new transformer should be at'least, about. 50 x 103 ohm-cm and no lower than 25 x 10? ohm cm. With long field servloe volume-resistivity values de- erease somewhat but seem to level off around 10 x 10? ohm-cm. with satisfactory 'transformer aeration. However. If the veiume-reslstlvlty of the fluid falls below 10 x 10? ohm-cm. the matter should be looked into. n GBRN 000370 TOWOLDMONOOQ2757 . CHAPTER 9 DERMATOLOGY AMD TOXICOLOGY Skin patch teats using Aroelor 1254 (biphenyl Chlorinated to the extent of 54 by weight) applied to gauze and placed In oontaot with the akin showed no primary Irritancy or sen sitization, The teats ware conducted under competent medical supervision and the standard procedure recommended by Drs, Louis Schwartz and Samuel M, Peok, Reprint No, 2552, Public Health Reports, Vol, 59, Mo, 19 (April 28, 1944) was used, _ If Aroclors are spilled on the skin, the akin should be washed In the usual manner with soap solutions. If accidental burns occur from contact with hot Aroolors, the burn should be treated the same as any ordinary burn, Aroolor adhering to the burned area need not be removed lamedlately unless treatment of the burn demands It, In whloh ease use soap and water or repeated washings with a vegetable oil. At ordinary temperatures Aroolors have not presented Industrial toxloologloal problems. If Aroolors are used at elevated temperatures In open systems, methods must be designed to exhaust any vapors arising, Xxperlmental work on animals Indicates that the maximum safe concentrations of vapors In worteooms is in the range of 1*,Q to 2,0 milligram per cubic meter of air. This applies to all of the liquid Aroclors. 75 6BRN 000371 TOWOLDMONOOQ2758 Laboratory technique merely requires leaaplng the hands free of the liquid and handling It under a well ventilated hood. Looailsed or spot ventilation together with general workrooa ezhauat la reeoamended for plant operations. When sampling tankears. eaavas gloves and safety glasses or goggles should be worn. No speolal elothing is required but the worker's garments should be laundered at least weekly and ehanged -in ease Aroolor or Aroolor mixture is spilled on the elothes accidentally. If workmen are exposed to Aroolor vapors at relatively high levels, as nay be the ease when opening a heated capacitor Impregnating chamber, a respirator should be worn during these short Intervals. The many years of satlsfaetory and safe use of Aroolors and their mixtures with chlorinated bensenes in the eleetrleal Industry for Impregnating eapaeltors and filling transformers has demonstrated the Industry's ability to handle these fluids without hazard to the workmen. It Is a simple natter and In line with good "ftouaekeeping" and personal oleanliness to eocerelce the suggested and required precautions in all eases. 76 CORN 000372 TOWOLDMONOOQ2759 GBRN 000373 TOWOLDMONOOQ2760 TOWOLDMONOOQ2761 LmLr^ GBRN 000375 TOWOLDMONOOQ2762 GBRN 0003 7b TOWOLDMONOOQ2763 TOWOLDMONOOQ2764 wvl assume GBRN 000378 TOWOLDMONOOQ2765 TOWOLDMONOOQ2766