Document YjmEd4MOX89qVj6wGXEq43MzO

TTHITi PIC-uSK? CLJTSCHI3M Allied Research Bulletin hC 35 November 1, 1957 f& 0007-SiP-0000013^0  rtra^tniYm^mirfniiMwiinwntiir I for PIGMENT? -1- Pigments are the fine solid particles used in. the preparation of. paint and are substantially insoluble in the vehicle. Pill THE DIFFERENT PIcaSTS UOED XU PAIHT BE CLAhSIlISD? Sever?!. methods of classification arc used, dependent upon color, opacity, chemical similarity, etc. A satisfactory division is: OPAQUE WHITE PIGifEiiTS, such as the v.iiite leads, sine sulphide pigments, zinc oxide, titc-.aj.um pigments, etc. EEINFORCIUG PI&u^Tb, inciiiiiny the pigjnun tat of little or no opacity, as bisne fixe, calcium -nilpierce- and carbonate, silic ilATURAI. EARTH COLOIlb, t,.? cb. iron cxicica, siennas, unbare, etc. LAKE* CGLOPJb, to inc3.udc those. pigmensr- orepared by precipitation of a dy onto a rv.s i (usually one of the: Inerts or :eLuninc ir.'draeo). &-A3E THE PRINCIPAL OPAQUE WITTE FlCScIIIb UhED IE* I'ALIT? ?<HITE LiL'D (basic load carbonate) WHITE LEsB (Basic 3.cad iidphnto) ZINC- OXIDE .UTiaOKf OXIDE LEADED - ZlilC OXIDE LITHOPGIiF. ZU'C bULPUIDE ;tnd t!iu rriruorcui Zinc SulrLide Pigments) TITmny DIOXIDE (and the reinforced Titanium Pigments) 0007-S HP-p00001341 TES MOST LtPORlANT REINFORCING PIGtfEilTo? &v BLEIUtJ LuLPHAiT., either ns gi'ouiid barytes or .ns bl:_nc fixe i CALCIUM tULPILiTE, as precipitated, aj gypxun, or ns calcined u ILICa '.'FlfflC AtoSLTINE i/iLuiD ^ U/tLCij end iaICa BI AVERAGE BULKING VALUES ARE LKOV.ii Hi' THE VuilTE FIGBBJfS Ltrj HfcETS? V, ite Load (Basic lead carbonr be) Ito Lead (3asic lead sulphato) sc Oxide cc Ccd.de (Leaded 35E) ad Oxide (Leaded 40>j ) ac Oxide (Leaded 50i; tbopone gb opacity lithopone (titan-too.) S Pigment (cn) (c?*>pt C8-R1) S Pigpent, (magnesium)(crypt Ab-i.'-o) 3 Pignent (Da) ac siulphida tmiun Pigment (Barium) ianiun Pigaent (Calcium) taaiua Pigment (magnesium) (Ti-bi.l) taoiun Lioxide &>o&y Oxide (Timcno::) wTiocific One- Pound height of Pigment Gravity ifuilk OcJU.cns in 28.5 Gals. 6.61 6.41 5.t 5.65 5.94 S.05 4. EC) 4-. 4~1-' w- Ji> C i.1^ 4. EL 4.00 i.CO W . lo O bb 5.7S .GI76E 0167b .1)2121 .02oo2 .0202.1 .01974 .01792 .01847 .05875 .0361 .02653 .030*01 .02792 .05306 .05678 .ObCJ .02030 1317 lbs. 1522 lbs. 1345 lbs. 1569 lbs. 1410 lbs. 1444 lbs. 1021 lbs. 1001 lbs. 756 lbs. 763 lbs. 997 los. 9bC lbs. 1021 lbs. 745 lbs. 755 lbs. 922 lbs. 1564 lbs. Reference - bibliography (3; T Ia t h e s ig n if ic a n c e o f ih d e k o f BERkCTioa? The refractive indue of a pigaunt measure.*} its power to bend light. From a purely optic-1 viewpoint, tile reflecting value of a pigner 0007-SHP-000001342 o nd consequently its HIDING POVIE?., depends upon the square of the differences between tlx- index of refraction of the pigment and the index of refraction cf the medium surrounding it. The index of re-fraetior of a ary film is in the vicinity of 1.43 to 1.54 for oil films and up to 1.70 for films of synthetic compo sition, and the ..idto pigments run above- this. Therefore, generally speaking, the higher the index of refraction of tiic pigment, the bettor its hiding power. This is not strictly true, since other properties, such as particle size, have a bearing on hiding power. Thus for every refractive index (single pigment), there is an optimum particle size at widen its hiding power is at its best. The- refractive indices or the common rrhito pigments are: Against air Load (b rbonato (3-uric) Load bulphatc (.L isle) ieitinony Cxi.de Line Oxide Lithoponi; Bni-iur-: 1`itauate Zinc huipfciue TiU i.94 to 2.03 (4),(7) l.S? (4),(7) 2.03 to 2.55 t'3), (8; S.C2 (4),(7) 1.84 (7) 2.33 .37 (7) 2.55 (8) NOTE; (liunbcrs in parenthesis are to references found in bibliography attached.) ? 15 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TEPJah "COVETING F01.ER," "RIDING POTTER," "OPACITY AND "TINTING STRENGTH?" Those four terms are us:sd rather loosely. Coi-rcetly speaking they are entirely different measures. 0007-SHP-000001343 I Irtiinur II i ~ r - 4- The Covering Power of a paint is its ability to spread out over or "cover" a surface with a thin film, end is measured as area or "spread." Covering por.or bears no relation to the hiding povre or opacity of thu film. The Hiding Pev'.vr of a paint or piement is defined by the h.S.T.ii. as its ability to obscure a surface over -~hich it is spread. The hiding power of a pigment is usually expressed ns square foot per pound: of a paint as square feet per gallon. Tho figures given for hiding fever indicate the number of square loot of a centi'astinr biach/whitc surf.- ce which ri.ll be "completely" obliterated to normal eye 07 one pound of the pigraent (in a vehicle) or bv eno gnlicu of paint. Opacity is a measure of oiu. p.-.vor of a film to obstruct transmitted light; that is, light pa,"soil through the film as against the measure of light reflected from it as is the case with Hiding Power. Tinting Strength is tho ability of a pigraeni to resist dilution vdth another pigment, or, the power of a pigiaunt to color a given O* quantity of paint or otuor pigaont. THE USUAL FIGURES FOR HIDING FOrJER OF bHIlE FIGiaSTl'C? Tho figures given by different authors in tiic literature vary considerably according to the sethed of measure, the particular sample used, etc. Particle size, brightness, tho vehicle formulation in which peasurod, ratio of pigment to vehicle, and a number ei other factors may 0007-SHP-000001344 -5- vary the figures obtained. The hiding Power of a given pigment is therefore not an absolute value; depends upon the condition its usage; end when figures are given they mist bo considered. t best, averages. The following figures are found in the- literature: OPACITY aS SQ. IT. PER LD. 0V5H .6LACIC Kallet Hnllct riiding Fowc.r Basic Load Carbone.to Basic Lead Sulphate Zinc Oxide Leaded-Zinc Oxide Lithopsae 50% Zno Pigment (Barium) 50? Zno Piguont (Calcium) 15? Titanatod LitLopano Zinc Sulphide 25% TiO-^ Pigment (Barium) 30? TiOo Pigment (Calcium) Titanium Dioxide Antimony Oxide 15 - 18 15 TO 27 44 44 53 40 43 115 100 32 103 85 167 HIDING FO'.iER (3) A.S.T.a. PAINT'S TINTED BLUE Hiding Power Tintine Strength 3o. Ft./ Lb. Pigment Blue Black Tintod Untintod 3asic Lead Carbonate Zinc Oxide Lithopone <25? Titanium Pigment Zinc Sulphide Titanium Dioxide 100 207 *201 453 470 342 100 225 2C0 410 545 1050 16.3 It.' U J. 60.4 60." 80.5 15.1 26.3 28.3 o5 O 46.6 54.3 0007"SWp-000001345 A.S.T.Lb HIDING PO'SER (3) tic . Ft./ L'o. Pier.ent Cryptomeber Linoleum Brush-Outs Operator 1 Operator 2 Basic Lead Carbonate Zinc Oxide Lithopone Titanox (B?) Zinc Sulphide Titanium Dioxide 15.5 22. 26.5 22.4 41.6 55.5 14.4 25.5 27.5 54.6 46.2 61.2 15.3 2b. 0 jo # c 55.9 47.0 67.5 HIDING POVhLE uF FAINTS OF E ;UAL MOJlLIT! (5) Sc. 1 5./Lb. ^inaont CKinotXZZR LTS0LEJA1 BRUSH-OUTS Fresh Puini ivgsrA i,,r- '.inek? ?rt3h Paint Aged Two Vieeks Titanium Dioxide Zinc bulpnide Titanox C Zinc Oxide ZnS Pig. Dcxium Titanox 3 Antimony Oxide Lithopone 35 Leaded Zinc Oxide Basic Lead Carbonate basic Lead Sulphate 62.6 7T:\Jm 26.6 25.0 o*; } 22.8 22.2 21.8 17.6 14.7 12.0 W>1 u* tCw 5 23. J. i:5.2 25.8 25.1 22.1 24.0 17.8 14.0 12.7 66.0 45.0 40.5 59.7 37.2 5b.5 29.6 28.7 28.4 17.5 15.5 58.7 42.6 57.9 9I.-U (> ooS 51.8 50.9 50.0 <utC 22.9 14.5 0007-SWP-000001346 -7- A.S.T.hi. HIDING POSER AT DIFFERENT CONTRAST RATIO (3) Methods Using Photometric Endpoint Methods Using Visual Grading For Establishing Complete Hiding Pigment Photo-elect. Crvptoaeter 99/b 98? Mechanical Brush-out 99% 95% Gard- Mod. Abso- Cryptomctor nor Mech. lute 60/40 Pigment Brush Brush Crypt- Vehicle Ratio out Out ometor Original 90? Brushout Essie Lead Carbonate 14.7 19.9 14.0 18.0 15.6' 13.6 15.2 Zinc Oxide 25. 50.2 24.0 52.0 19.9 19.5 22.0 Lithopone 4.0 34.1 2G.3 54.0 20.2 20.2 23.0 Titanox B 25.0 57.3 27.0 15.0 22.0 22.0 23.3 Titanated Lithopone 7.5 45.0 35.0 4S*0 23.8 s: o 30.7 Titanox C 30.7 45.7 55.5 56.0 25.9 25.9 28.9 ZnS Pigment Barium 26.0 50.2 o50 47.0 20.9 25. e 54.0 Zinc Sulphide So 0 76.1 55.0 71.0 45.2 36.6 44.8 Titanium Oxido84.5 152.7 84.0 128.0 54.1 52.0 62.8 14.6 18.6 19.8 18.0 2G.3 24.1 30.2 41.2 43.7 11.6 .18.6 23.7 25.6 28.8 31.3 55.1 47.7 67.9 iP CHEMICAL REACTIVITY II' A PIGMEHT? Kfcun the pigment has a Tbua.icn composition ouch as Zinc Oxide (ZnO) the acidic components of the vehicle nay react chemically with it to form o metallic soap (Zinc uinclcs.bc). borne pigments, such as pure zinc sulphide, Go not normally react 0007-SWP-000001347 -8- . jn this manner. Zinc sulphide pigment, however, is net 100 2nd, but contains small amounts of other substances of which tonO (Zinc Oxide) is usually one. Tliis fraction of basic component. (ZnO usually loss then l//t>) may react rath linseed or other free fatty e.cius to form the zinc soap. The relative reactivity then is the decree to vmich the pigment trill combine chemically with acidic substances of the vehicle to form soaps. Such soaps are of interest to the paint maker in obtaining certain effects in consistency, dispersion, drying, etc.,' and as a result, some special modifications cf pi-anonts (rorctive lithopono) arc offered. These have boe-n treated *dth basic materials to produce the reactive effect. THE IMPORTANCE OF :,CESiICl CCiSPOpIlICrN" U EVAULiTIKO PIQJEKTb? Tbc ideal chemical composition of each kind cf white pigment being knova., the testin' of u sample fox composition gives a measure of * its purity end indicates the dagx-oo cf accidental cr deliberate adultcra. tion. A cert-rln proportion of irrpuri ties are c;poCtei in any commer cial process, and the permissible degree has boon established by the A.b.T.U. 0007-SP-0000013h8 PTGfaENT Basic Load Carbonate TIIEOnX COMPOSITION 2 PbC03.Pb(0ii)2 (Ratio of the PbCOs to PbPfyjj may vary senior:hi'.t in dif fercut production processes.) A.S.T.E. SPECIFICATION Max. Lead carbonate (PbCO-), % 75.0 Total impurities including moisture 2.0 Coarse particles retained on 225 sieve 1.0 Mir.. 65.0 Basic bulpnatc iThitc Load Load Oxide (FbO) Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Lead oiilphi.to (Philip) Coarse particles 'retained on 225 sieve Total impurities including moisture 1.0 1.0 16.0 S.O Rom. 11.0 Lem. Sublimed Blue Lead Lead Sulpb? to (PtSO.J, % Lead Oxide (Pl-O), 3 Lead c'.iifiao (Pbi>), p Lead Sulfite (PbbG.j), / Zinc Oxide (^nO), p Carbcn '.ad undetermined cc arse particles-- L.tai residu or. ?.'it sieve 12.0 .0 .0 5.0 45.0 50. C 1.0 Zinc Oxide AiiiiRIC.l] PROCESS TKEICE PR0CE05 Coarse particlew retained in 525 sieve Zinc oxide (Zic.O) `fetal sulfur, % . Total impurities in cluding moisture, f- K..v 1.0 0.2 2.0 Eia. 93 Max. 1.0 0.1 l.C Min. 9S 0007-SWp-000001349 leaded Zinc Oxide - 10 - Coarse particles retained on 325 sieve Zinc cxido (ZnO) % '..Ator soluble salts Total impurities includ ing Eioisturo Merraal or basic load sulfate High-lcsdod Max. lain. 1.0 60 1.0 1.5 remainder ran. Lov.-lcnded Max. Liin. 1.0 93 1.0 1.5 ram. ren Leaded Sine Oxides (35`,->) Zinc Oxide (ZnG) 65p Basic lead sulfate 55% Lithopene Coarse particles retained on 325 sieve, % Line sulfide (ZnS), % Zinc -jxido, {?no), ) ieaterial .soluble in: .voter, > Bariun cull fc Max. Mill. 1.0 2S.G 2.0 0.3 90% ef the remainder High Opacity Lit'.iopono (Titanated) Zinc ijulfic e (ZnS) .c.5i barium tuibato (tnSCt:) C0i Tivniur. dioxide (TiCu) 15> Zinc Sulfide Pigment (Barium) Co.trc^ particles reta.ii:ad on 325 sieve, ;C Zinc Sulfiue (Z~S), % Zinc Oxiu. (ZnO), Z bOist'JLx'Cv, % iariua sulfate (E-ioO, P ii-e:. 1.0 1.0 G.c Remainder isin. 45.0 Remainder Zinc Sulfide Pigment (Calcium) Zinc Sulfide (ZiJb) Calcium Sulfate fil-oOi) 50% 50% 0007-SMP-000001350 Zinc Sulfide pigment (Magnesium) - II - Magnesium Silicate Zinc Sulfide 50?, 50? Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) Coerce particles retained on 325 sieve Zinc Sulfide (ZnS), f. Zinc oxide (ZnC), ? Moisture, % iaax. 1.0 1.0 0.5 Min. 95.0 Titanium Pigment (Barium) KEGULiJl Min. Coarse particles retained or. 325 :'.irru, % 1..G Titanium Dioxide (TiCy), ? 0 Total ties, includ- ing iBoiat'iiO, ? 1.0 Barium Sulfate (sasj.J., ? Liraainder rem. "HIGH HIDING1 Max. Min. 1.0 29.0 1.0 rem. rem. Titanium Pigment (Calcium) Coarse per nicies ruiciued on 525 sieve 1.0 Titanium Dioxide (TiG-d1, % fetal inpurities iunlu-ling moisture; ? 1.0 Anhydrous calcium suJ fate (CaSO^) remainder Mia. 28.0 Koraainder Titanium Pigment (Magnesium) Titanium Dioxide iif.gnfSii'ja Silicate Titaniur: Dioxide 77/= 30? Coarse particles roiainut1 on 5.15 cicve Titanium Dioxide f,p:r\ ** `.` L'-'ZA> Moi3turo, % Lax. 1.0 0.5 Min. 97.0 Barium Titanato (UaTiOg) Substantially pure barium titnnato. 0007-SHP-000001351 Substantially pu.ro lead titnnato. bubsir.nti.ully pure sine titans,te. Principally anti-icny oxide (bbOj) IS THE EFFECT OF "ALKALINITY" Li THE V.'rTTE flGHENTb? Acidity or alkalinity is usurJJly referred. to r.s "pH" which indicates hydrogen ie.; uon;c.ntr.-viioa. In pH range 7 Is considered c.s practically neutral. As gees belo*? 7, the pigment becomes more acid end sirix-.-rly, t:ie higher s:o~u 7 it is, t-ie norc alkaline. In considaiing vLat l x un- m vor-K. of r; lstivc acidity or alkalinity, prog.-'esoiou from 7 to 2 cr fros. ? tn 8, fox- instance, is logarithmic. That is, a. pH of G iudie.'. be:: that th. acidity is 1C tines that of pure wat.-a, .nilu figinr of e pH menus that the alkalinity is 10 times that of pure .jf.tor. Consequent--y Vix alkalinity of -a pigment having a pH of 9.0 Rill be 10 times that of one- of u pd = Bj cr 100 times tint of one- harin' a pH = 7. The pH cf pigments vcjiwS considerably and /fith some types, as litlzopones, may run nwiii-o between 6 r.nu 10 ou different brands. The effect of pii, furthermore, is different .rith uifievent pigments. General ly, increasing pH gives . ciaier x-ttia>- :nl mixing aid inclination to re-- -ctivity or soap forte tion ;ih tiv; liquids, i'he differences found arc &o **?**<>*;-> -- 0 0 0 7 -SUP-000001352 slight however, find more emphasis is placed on the surface character istics of the pigment as a whole- cf which the pH is only one indication. The following figures are given as the pH value of pigments in Hatiosal Paint & Varnish a s s o c , ocioui. Circ. So. 491: Aluminum Hydrate Antimony Oxide Asbestine Blanc Fixe Basic Curb. Yih. Lead gasic fiulph. Blue Lead Jasic dulph. hhito Lead Calcium Sulph. (Gypsum) Calc. Carb. (whiting) China Clay 6.1 4.2 - 4.25 8.4 3.5 5.9 6.0 6.2 - 6.?5 8.7 - S.75 0.5 6.8 Litho. (Regular) ii. S. Lithopono Tifcanatod Litho. Talc Barium Base ) Titanium Pig) Calcium Bare ) Titanium Pig.) Titan Dioxide Line bulphidc 7.0 8.8 7.9 - 8.0 9.15 7.6 7.25 7.4 6.55 In practice, the general run of pigments of different brands varies quite widely from these figures. HLiNT BY TiE "'/cLTTIKG EJ C? A r'l^jEIT The wetting of a pi.gm.-nt is coahraed effect of pigment wetting properties .nd liquid vvettirr power-. Genorally, the "wetting case15 of the pigment is a relative term used to denote the rapidity v-'.ti? which it will ~ct down or disappear into a vehicle in tiie usual paint .i5.>cing equipment. More correctly, it refers to the case or ability of th.. pig.'iunt to malic intimate cor.tccf with tho liquid over the entire surface cf cvoiy particle. In its dry state, a pigment exists as air flocculates in which the ultimate particles are more or 1-w-se strongly attracted and hold to each ether through electrical forces. The surface of the particles and tho flocculates or aggregates is covered by rn envelope of air, moisture or ether alien chemical. An easy wetting pigment then is one which perGits complete displacement of those envelopes by the vehicle without much rrk being put upon it. n poor retting pigment is one which resists such 0007-SVP-000001353 displacement. ,cj>!T Bit THE TERM "OIL A35P3PTI0N"? "Oil Abc-jrpti.cn" is simply the measure* or the quantity of an tjil required to produce c paste with a unit quantity of pigment. The "oil absorption" of any given piguont varies considerably vdth different jils and with tho so thud by nhich the pigment and oil are brought together. It is legitimate, hr.vever, to refer generally to pigment of *oii "low" or "hij;h/:.!3Serpti*.'ii in a relative sczir.i., :vrJ. the term "oil absorp tion" is still frequent! / vdth in too trade. The oil absorption, give" little true indication ns to prdnt consistency, since lo.< and high oil i^seivtieu pigments can b. cade to give let or high consistency or reverse V/ manipulation of the liquids. It is consider*id preferable tj roxcr to pigments as of "lovr or high consistency cle-.r.- cteristias" rs.thor than "oil absorption." 0007-SHP-000001354 Paint is r. suspension of a pigment in an organic liquid; such suspension being suitable for application to a surface- by moans of a brush, spray device or dipping, and capable of solidifying to a dry film cn the surface. j CONSISTENCY 0? PAINT id! IA!?CRT/1.'T CONSIDERATION? The consistency of paint is directly related to many of the important properties or characteristics of the paint. Desirable package condition as prevention or retardation of settling is afiocted by con sistency. The brushing characteristics, c-aoc of applicati-.tn, the flawing and leveling properties of the '.vet p.nir.t, the penetration and scaling of the surface, the gloss and film hardness after drying, and other proper ties arc related to consistency. The consistency cf the paint in the package must bo designed te take the proper amount or' thinner to render it of correct body for brush ing, spraying or dipping .-recording t; the purpose for fallen the paint is intended v.-ichout injury to its opacity and film forming proportias after reduction. DIFFERENT Kit7Do OF COK&ESTEHCf? Dii'fnrc-ac. typ-s >f paint consistency ore recognised according their observable; characteristics. Each type is important and desirable ^or certain purpose 'Foie: fell.-wing terms arc used in connection with 0007-SHP-000001 355 - 16 - consistency or body. VlbCOSITi The term in jftc-n used incorrectly for "consistency." The latter is a general tern to describe the body, structure or rigidity of any pigmented or unpignented paint nnterial either as to its type or its degree. "Viscosity" should be used only with reference to that type of flow which is proportional to the force or pressure applied. As such only free flowing liquids such us oils should be referred to as viscous. PLASTIC TYPE The plastic type of consistency, or flos, is tiyvt usually act with in the pigmented liquids, or ordinary paints. The plastic type paints do not flow directly proportionally to the pressure. There is a certain internal resistance due to structure which resists flow, and a certain aaount of initial pressure is required in order to start flow. HELD VALUE is a tern used as the anuun t. of pressure required to start the flow in a plastic type paint. TBlXCTECPi' Sono plastic paints which have v. heavy structure or consistency Rill become thinner when stirred or agitated. The term "thixotropy" is used to describe those plus tics v/hich become thinner on agitation but tend to regain their initial body on standing again. A puinc may bo plastic thixotropic or plastic and non-thixotropic, although it is doubtful whether tiere arc any paints without cone survll degree of thixotropy. Fa l s e b o d i This torn if; urod tc describe a heavy nnn-thixotropic type of 0007-SWP-000001356 consistency, usually obtained thrrugh the introduction of water or a soon or both to n jioiint JKE PRINCIPAL FACTORS AcTKCTING PaIWI COSdlbTSJCX? 1. Tho viscosity of the vehicle. 2. The typo .and structure in the vehicle. 5. The wetting power end wotting type of the vcliiclc. 4. The stability of tho vehicle. . The concentration of pigment in the vehicle. 6. The chunicol reactivity of the pignent. 7. The absorptive capacity of the pignent surface. 6. Tho state of flocculation or dispersion of tho pigment. 9. The presence of soap or ether colloidal gel structure in the vehicle. 10. The presence of floermlnting agents (as water) or other flocculating or defi 'cculeting agents. "COLaTION" j SD "DISPERSION''? \ Flocculation is that state :.r condition wherein tho primary Picuont particles are attracted to o-ioh ,,ther and held together by their ^electrical charges. The floes are lightly held soft masses. Harder ana CorL compact masses ni-e termed "aggregates." In tho air, flocculation prevents dusting. In vehicles, the ^traction, of the individual pigment particles for each other sets up a Jr i I**- fcI"cturo in the paint, r. high degree of flocculation tends to the .^^ucti-n of high consistency. 0007-SHP-000001357 />, - 18 - As a measuro of a state cr condition oi natter "dispersion" is the degree in which the reduction or neutralisation of the electrical attractions permits the individual particles to act cs separate entities. As a state of unitor "dispersion" is the condition wherein each particle of the pi.-jnont has no attraction for any other particle and therefore rill not fora flees. rtS a -jr: cess. "dispersion" is tlic operation of separating the individual particles from each other. With seft flees , s simple nixing in & liquid of good wetting power will effect dispersion. With the harder aggregates, considerable heavy grinding nay bo necessary to break dorm the tightly bound mass of particles. In either case, the process of dis persing effects permanent dispersion a state only if in addition to the nechanical njrk of separating the particles, they arc at the sane tine protected against reflocculation by s-*mc chemical treatment which will neutralize the electrical charges. 2 THE PRINCIPAL CLOSES OR TYPES INCLUDED IN THE TERM "EXTERIOR PAINTS"? 1. Exterior house paints. (a) Conventional ^il types. (b) "Ennutiisod" hmsu paints. (c) Exterior primers. (d) Trim colors - nay oc fast drying. 2. Metal, protective paints. (r.) Special priaers - aey be rust inhibit!vc basic lend clrroazite, zinc chn.jnte, ixidc, rod lead, graphite, etc. (b) Top coats - often block as graphite paints. Also in colors both cil typo (.as our Jiotolastic) or synthetic (as our Xeueli.stic). also j.uuirua paints. 0007-SWP-000001358 Potrolcuu industry finishes. Building points ) Tanl: paints } Lkiintonanco _no.ue-l3 ) metal protective paints ) uiisv be gas resisting. 4. Industrial enamels. /.r.ricultural and implement enamels. Pune enamels (gas stations). Toy enamels - such as coistor .vagons, bicycles, etc. 5, Bulletin colors and"tack sign" colors. (*) Oil type (paste) bulletin colors. (b) Syntactic ready-mixed as Korn Bulletin. (c> Synthetic "tick sign" finishes. Kca Field Coats " Press Sign Colors " Silk Screen ; iencil Cc 1 jrs Concrete and stucco paints - riito -no tints. Usually dmilar tr our -r.cre s; id stucco paints. 7. Porch and deck or.am ds. 8. Marine finishes. ; Includes button paints, Ixut-t, pping, hull dock prints, etc. - 9. Canvas paints - r^nin^h, etc. iC. Automotive finiSlsCvi " j LC Cv^uers. synthetier. 32 PlGMENTo ARE USED IN e x t e r io r p a in t ;v 1 - B-_eic Loud Carbonate 2 - Basic Lucd Sulphate 3 - Zinc Oxide 4 - Loaded-Zirc Oxide 5 - Titanium Piruonts G - Zinc t-u'-piiidc PiemenLs 7 antimony Oxide 0007-SUP-000001359 jj COSSIDERSD 0E3IRA3LE PIGfcSJi'/.TXO^ FOR jXF.iT GilADi: HOUSE P&IHTS? The cuulib;- uf pain: love;ids to a large extent on the pigment. combination use*.' anri upon the relation of opaque pigments and total pi3r.ier.ts to tl:o total non-volatile (oil plus pigment) in the paint. The pigment combination in a first grade house paint should be such as will give sufficient opacity as a result of its high-hiding pigment content together with a wise selection of inert pigment to give :: maximum durability. The pigment volume ratio (total pigment volume divided by ? total pigment volume plus non-volatile vehicle volume) should be 28 - - 30?>. In no case is less than 28;s recommended. With zinc sulphide typo of paints, the Her Jorsoy 2inc Goapauy and Krebs favor 28 - 525>. With high lead typo paints The national X>and b0npany favors 35 - 4($. i Paints of lower quality are usually characterized by lowered total pignent in which the high hiding pigment is decreased and the inert increased, lowered non-volatile vehicle content, increased volatile ~ content. f 0007-SWP-000001360 -21-- Tlie question of high vs. low lead, zinc-less, zinc-lead-titanate, Zinc Sulphide paints, etc. is so controversial that typical high grade formulation may here be presented by a tabulation of five different first grade paints. PAINT 1 2345 Percentage bv Weight Total Pigment Total Liquid 66.0 54.0 10C. 66.0 34.0 100. 66.2 33.8 100. 65.0 35.0 100. 68.3 51.7 100. Pigment % By Weight Lead Carbonate 34.3 18.0 - 37.9 50.0 Lead Sulphate 1*.2 16.0 15.8 12.9 - Zinc Oxide Ti.-Ba. Pigment 29.5 - 29.5 36.5 29.2 48.0 24.6 - 50.0 Lead Titanate - - 7.0 - - Ti. Dioxide 10.0 - - 12 i 3 - Calcium Carbonate - - - 3.1 - tog. Silicate 10.00 100. 100. 100. 9.2 100. 100. Pigmentation (Gals.} Opaque Pigment .296 .2a .297 .296 .276 Total Pigment 251 2a .261 .248 .276 Total Non-Volatile .915 .915 - .914 .900 .917 Total Paint 1.' 1. 1. 1. 1. 0007-SWP-000001361 EXTENT ma y o z l o l e a d e d z in c o x id e b e u s e d in me e t in g t h e f o r mu l a t io n s SHOWN IN PREVIOUS QUESTION? Paint No. 1 54.3 lbs. 16.2 " 29.5 " 80.0 lbs. Lead Carbjncte Lead Sulphate Zinc Oxide (Vjlvme of Lead and Zinc Pigments - 1.5295 C-als.) (a) To use Ozlc 412 - (352 Leuded-Zinc Oxide) 35.5/65.5/o jr r.;j;jrjximn.teiy 35?> Leaded-Zinc Oxide The fjrmula far this paint avoid then be: 34.3 lbs. 45.7 10.0 ' 10.0 per 100.0 lbs. White Dead Carbonate Ozl:.- 412 - 552 Leaded Titanium Dioxide tdagn^siurj silica T: tax Pigmentation (Volume vf Load and Zinc Pigments - 1.5450 Gals.) (b) To use Ozlo 511 '(505s Leaded-Zinc Oxide) Although the original f .rnuln calls for 34.3 lbs. of White Lead Carbonate, there is no basic reason why the lead should not bo added as the sulphate as far as the composition of the pigment will permit. Zinc Oxide exceeds Lead Sulphate by 29.5 - 16.2,' or 13.3 lbs. The formula might then be: 21.0 lbs. 59.0 " 10.0 * 10.0 " per 100.0 lbs. White Lead Carbonate Oal- 511-50* Leaded Titanium Di>xide Magnesium Silicate T.,tal PigiOwntati ;n (Vi.luiae ;;f Lead and Zinc Pigments - 1.5360 Gals.) 0007~SWp-000001362 18.0 lbs. ft. L. Carbonate Qzlz 412 Ti. 3a. Pigment Oslo 412 Ti. Be., Piguciit Lead Titanate 4.5 lbs. 53.0 " 33.5 " I'OO.O W. L. C. Oslo 511 Ti. Ba. 37.9 lbs. 57.5 " 12.5 " 3.1 " 9.2 100.0 V7.L. C.arb. ) or Oslo 412 Titeniur. Dioxide . Cc.Ic.iun Carbonate Mg. oilicutc 23.2 .lbs. 4-9.2 Yi.L.C. Oslo 511 Paint Ho Is of the so-called "Zinc-less" type. No Ozlo can bo used. REINFORCING PIGMENTS" USED IN EXTERIOR Pa INTS? The torn "Reinforcing Pigment" is used to designate those insoluble materials such as asbestine, whiting, silica, etc. which have practically no hiding power or color valv.es but are added to the points for the purpose of conferring certain other very specific and definite advantages. It is a conaon popular error to consider the addition of these materials sinply as diluents, added by vuiscrupulous print manufacturers ^or the purpose of reducing cost". ll.--t;iin.; covld ba farther from truth. 0007-SWP-000001363 Vith the present knowledge of paint performance jn exterior surfaces it oay be considered pr-actically impossible to formulate vrhnt would pass r.s c first rate, high grade exterior paint without the inclusion jf some propertijn :f inert ingredient. 3of.ru the advent of the high opacity pigments such as Zinc Sulphide or Titanium c .m sideruble enphasis was placed upon "pure" paint. Even if formulated to contain as much pignont as the paint would hold, the opacity was relatively Ion as compared to modern outside house paints and attempts to reduce cost by replacing pigment frith the non--opaque silica, etc., rrorc naturally considered objectionable. Before long, however, the advantages in durability that might be obtained by the judicious us. of a portion of c large p.articlod sub stance or reinforcing pigment wore recognized. With the availability of Zinc Sulvhide and Titanium t: maintain the opacity, the use of the reinforcing pigment for durability was possible and at the same time became practically a necessity since the use of a pure zinc sulphide -- or pure titanium di.od.de paint w.uld net only bo far too costly but would produce a paint lading the properties of durability, brushing ease, etc., that addition -f the reinforcing pigment can confer. A wide range of extender pigments is available and cnch has specific characteristics which influence the choice as to which one or which combination of them should be used to balance the opacity pigments, and the desired performance of the resulting paint. The principal extender typer. may be listed as: 0007-5KP-00000136tt Asbestine, fibrous type at magnesium silicate (good consistency end brushing). Mica and Talc, plate typos of magnesium silicate (high opaqueness t-- ultraviolet light). Whiting, calcium care mate (easy brushing). Gypsum, hydrous calcium sulphate. Calcined C0.SO4, anhyar.-us calcium carbonate sulphate. Silica, ground quartz or the infusorial type (to prevent crawling and to give "t.jjth" to the paint - high reflectivity for z one marking paints). Barytes, ground barium sulphate ore. Blanc Fixe, precipitated barium sulphate. They all contribute toward brushing ease, consistency, package condition, including non-settling, and durability when used in the optimum propor tions that have boon determined by leng periods of experimentation and research. THE PRINCIPAL CLaSSiSS OF. TXPSS INCLUDED IN THE TERM - "PIGMENTED INTERIOR Interior ball Finishes (residential, h.tcls, office buildings, etc.) (a) Primers and Sealers (1) for plaster, concrete and conventional wall boards, as well as repaint surfaces. (2) for p.rjus insulating boards such as tlasonite or Colotex Insulating hoards, etc. (b) Wall Paints (1) Flat brushing paints (2) Combination flat brush ?snd stipple pidnts 0007-SWP-000001365 (3) tint stipule paints (4) Texture nr*d stipple points (5) fconi (-loss brushing points (C.) ^cai glass brush and stipple paints (7) ecni gloss stipple paints (6) Gl.ss brushing paints (9) Glazing liquids (10) Concrete interior paints (11) Radiator paints i II. Interior Enanel Undercoatcro & Enamels (a) Undsrceaters (b) Intermediate er "Split C;ats" (c) Enamels (1) for waud and trim (2) for floor and dado (S) for furniture} chairs, tables, breakfast-nooks, etc. (4) Radiator cancel;; HI. Interior iSaintenance i'ainta (factories, nills, warehouses, packing houses, etc.) (h) Undcrceatcrs (1) f or T/wod, plaster, ~allb >arri, and concrete (2) for metal - rust inhibiting (b) ball Finishes (1) Conventionnl or fuix-resisting (2) Brush, spray, .-r coabiuafci *n 0007-SWP-000001366 \ fl; (3) Flat, semi-gloss, or gloss (4) Uildev: resistant (c) Enamels (1) fer flror end dad. () cooler enamels (5) pipe line identification (4) tanks - interior u exterior (5) Heat-resisting cnoocls (d) Zeno marking paints IV. Industrial enamels (a) lic-tal furniture enamels - also octal partitions (1) brush, spray or dip v. (?.) flat, semi gloss >r gloss (5) air-dry *.-.r bake (4) conventional or car-preof (b) Toy enamels (c) Handle finishes - br.otto, kitchen utensils, iron, etc. t- (d) General industrial enamels - heaters, air-conditioning units, etc, iV:- (c) Novelty finishes - radios, easterns, stokers, hot water heaters, etc. (f) Roller coating enamels - bottle crowns, screw tops, battery tops, etc. (g) Tube* coating enamels - toothpaste, creams, etc. 0007-SWP-00Q001367 W '* * Vi;.*'.,> ! (h) Interior siyn finishes (1) Field coats c>c picas sign colors (2) Stencil process cJ..rs - fl.it & gloss V. Vinter Paints (a) K:.ls jiiines - glue binder (1) hot water typo (2) colei water typo (b) Dry powder casein paints - hydrate! line to improve washability (c) ^oni-paste casein pain 1,0 - no hydrated lino; less washable VI. Pignented Furniture Stains VII. Interior Marine Finishes Sane as I. tt.raiTE FIGtiENTS ARE USED IN ULTERIOR POINTS? & { VV at : 1. Zinc Oxide s? nKt Titanium Pigments fm: 3. Zinc Sulphide Pigments 4. imtim-ony Oxide It will bo seen that the list is practically tho sane a3 for exterior paints, with the cxcepti >n that the White Leads are omitted. White Leads have been and to Some- extent still are used for certain interior enamels, but owing to their toxicity, the resistance against them has resulted in their practiced, elimination. Tho U3c of White Lead in interior paint is forbidden in certain states.. 0007-SWP-000001368  Ni .i tI i'cr interior paints certain demands on parf ornancc necessitate consideration of the pigments used from a soaorairt different angle. Properties either not considered er noro accentuated than in exterior formulations are expected of -saints for interior use. Vashability Exterior paints nuot withstand rain and light effects, with perhaps a very rare washing nith a brush. Interior paints, nitli the exception of a few specialties roust be capable of resisting frequent scrubbing with soap and alkaline washing powders. Yellowing The bleaching action of sunlight makes yoll.-xing a minor factor in exterior paints. V.ithout tills bleaching available, interior paints must bo formulated v.*ith respects t; its possibility on shaded surfaces. Sheen .a fair degree ox" gl.se -or sheen is looked for on newly applied exterior paints. TJiey arc expected to retain this for a reasonable tine inly. Interior paints any be required t: show anything between a vary high degree of gloss to \ dead flat, end to retain a-ppr o:doatcly the sane degree for a considerable periv.f tine. Pcnotr;'-ti:ir. Since rc-'ioc orati on on interiors is more frequent, than oil exteriors, paints f-.milatcd i ;r interior application uist be designed for painting over old file with ! .ittie or n..i prepareti.,n. Viith certain type iff- of -,ld file, this is expectin. a little t much, an-.; accordingly wall W;: priuers and sealere have bo-;' d-..,i;iv.d witner t./ Cyjr-i in \he ildar coats 0007-SW p-000001369 rX BY THE TERK "SPECIFICATIOI1 i'AlWTb"? /. nua..c'i' of authoriiativo organizations have established specifications or* paints and on t,;:/ pij'aents that nay be used in making the paiuts used in their jurisdiction, isucn, for example, ore the various federal and state departments: Navy, Bureau ox litandarus, bureau of Agriculture, State ^oads Depurtuent, etc. Paint manufacturers bidding on contracts with these bodies idxst calculate' their formulations end costs to neet the respective specifications. In the so-callod "L ebcl" states, enactments compel paint manu facturers to show the content of the point on the package, and formulations must bo made with respects uny special Laws concerning the nature of con tents that these legislative bodies have erected. Of more general interest are the specifications called "A.StT.ti." which have boon established by The American bocicty. for Testing of Materials. This is r. national organization of men connected with the manufacturing industry'. Ono branch of the society deals with paint, varnish, lacquer .'tnd similar surface protecting materials. This is the Committee D - I. This company is x-epre0.-/1ted oa this committee and the committee establishes with the approval of the whole society, certain specifications h paints, point materials and methods of test which arc generally accepted as standard practice for the industry'. The committee publishes - booklet containing the specific-itions and manufacturers gencriilly agree that materials furnished, as pigments, will aeot these specific.*!tions. Individuals concerned with tnu marketing of pigments should 0007-SWP-000001370 become acquainted aiih the A. 3. T.s;. specifications on their materials, The tests up-on which the scocii'ications are bar. yj. vdll be discussed in separate section. BASIC KNOV-LEDGE OF FOE ELATING PFX-iCII-LES OF VITAL IMPORTANCE TO THE SALESMAN? In the formulation of paints cf various types close attention must be given to the conditions under which- it. is to bo used, both as regards application and the service expected iron the film. For this reason, each formulation having resulted from costly research and experi mentation, paint manufacturers are generally loath to make any changes whatsoever in an established formula. Changes in pigEratation can effect radical differences in properties and performance, some of them not observable until long after application and therefore a change in erands is bound to meet r/ith resistance. When, hc-wover, the paint manufacturer is experiencing diffi culties and complaints cf performance, or finding costs too high against competition, the representative of the pigment producer, when thoroughly familiar with the characteristics of these offerings, nay be able to show benefits in cither or both performance and cost by utilising the pigments he has to market. For this reason, pigment manufacturers are ever alert to koep in touch with the trends of the trade, especially the localized demands of faster painters and contractors. The pigment salesman should bo able to shot/ his prospect hew raid why his goods _;r\y be profitably improved, and to 0007-SWP-000001371 assist hid in working cut for: ml- Li-ns permitting hie. tc acquire and hold speciflir.ed outlets for hie products. This subject ir too vast trout hero more than casually. The purpose is to show that the experience of each contact should be pyra mided and .itudiad with respects the baoic principles of formulation and performance. Hegurdlcsj of the type of fornula, the paint manufacturer is confronted with: 1. The coat, quality .ana characteristic properties of his raw materials. E. The cost, conn *, :-xd ec -it .s of putting those materials together into suit'1 Lie fern for marketing. ?. The ability i the pends tc retain a condition in the package such that after a wiai. of s tor. .go it viil still or In proper shape for use. 4. The cliuructeriotics in those permitting easy and cenventi,-.nal npplicaiim t.-- the surface. . The inherent pr- p .i ties that permit proper drying .Oiid hardening on, :uia pi- tccti-;n ;f, -oho surface, and to retail, that protection f;r a reus juabic period. To accomplish these oads, the paint manufacturer selects his raw mate-- rials rdutivo to coat and with respects taeir known performance in the five phases of his problem. The pigment pr.iduecr io required t > chow both the cost and per 0007-S H p-000001372 formance of his goods. The pigment product must be adaptable to, and *?: compatible Tilth, the other raw materials in the formula, -- the liquids, thinnors, and driers, -- and have certain riexibiliuy v/Lon these are modified or changed, sometimes to Considerable oxtoiit. Vo th this objective Pigments arc classified with resoect nnt only t; chemical content but to c hnrac. teristi sn as estahliciic?! by certain -all kn.-vn and recognized tests, 0007-SMP-000001373 & The term "><hitc Lead" v;as formerly used to indicate the basic I f carbonate of lead. Today it is equally applicable to the basic sulphate 36. of lead through the sanction of cannon usage end Federal and other specifications. BASIC CARBONATE OF LEAD? HOYv IS IT MnDE? Generally this pigment conforns to a fornula 2PbC03.Pb(0H)2* The proportion PbCOj (or lead carbonate) to Pb(OH) g (or lead hydrate) varies slightly according to the process of Eanufacturc. The Federal Government and A.S.T.d. specifications for white lead require a lead carbonate content of 65 tj 75% with the remainder lead hydroxide. The greater the percentage of lead hydroxide the more "basic" the pigment. 2> The specific gravity runs 6.7 - 6.8; and the bulking value 1.75 to 1.79. ft , It is commonly produced by one or the other of the following processes: Old Dutch Process, wherein metallic lead with a little acetic acid is placed in earthen pots and the pots arranged in a "stack" Tith alternate layers of pots and tan bark. Under the influence of heat and carbon dioxide generated by oxidation of the ton bark a complex series of reactions takes place between the lead, acetic acid and moisture. The metallic lead is "corroded" to the white pigment. The pigment is separated from the residual load, washed, dried and pulverized. About 100 - 110 days is 0007 -su p -Q 0 0 0 0 1 3 74 t1 quick Process (Carter Process). Tnis process is considerably less time consuming than the Old Dutch. 7inoly pondered lead is intro duced into rotating wooden cylinders and the charge sprinkled at intervals rdth dilute acetic acid. Yiara air mixed with COg is passed ever it continuously. The corrosion time is reduced to lc - 14 days. Chamber Process white lead is not used in the United States. The process resembles the Old ^hitch but the loid is corroded in the form of thick slicets hung in a chamber. Precipitation Process (Eustnn Process Load). j l number of precipitation processes have been tried. Generally they agree in that the lead is first dissolved to a basic s;JLt solution as basic acetate oi lead, from uiiich white lead is precipitated by moans gas or a soluble carbonate. Electrolytic Process is a variant of the precipitation process, the lead being dissolved under the influence of an electric current and precipitated with COg gas. ?fi GEIEFo l L PFj GPSRTIEJ CP iVHIlji Laid. CfuttOil-.rE? High Specific Gravity (with corrospor.dir.gly lew bulking value). specific Gravity is about -3.7. The reiyhc _f .a'.. s.liu gallon is -.bout 55 p yenrls. Hiding Fewer P.eiativjiy is c jap.-.rol te other rliitc. pig- 5 C T 0 0 0 0 0 -< J flS -f0 0 0 Refractive Index - 1.94 - 2.09. Compare to linseed oil at Oil Requirement - Varies rath process. Cartc-r and Old Dutch take 8-9% of linseed oil to make a stiff paste. With the precipitation processes, the oil requirements may be as high as 10-11% for the sane consistency. Wettability - Excellent. Reactive to acids in the usual oil vehicles. The precipitated white leads are somewhat more reactive than other process white lead, due to greater basicity. Color - The Old Dutch lead is usually somewhat brownish due to { ' stain from the tan bark. The Carter process pr-rduces better color. The precipitated end electrolytic processes show the whitest color of all. Particle ^ise - Very variable. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PaSIC LEiJ) CARBONATE IN PAINTS? White Lead, as the Basic Carbonate, is probably the nest popular exterior paint pigment; either used in the fern of the paste known as loadin-oil or as an ingredient of the lead-sine paints. Basic Lead Carbonate is one of the reactive pigments; that is, it readily unites Tilth the fatty acids of the oil vehicles, forming a load aoap. Lead s,,apa aro soft in nature and rathar soluble in the us>ial paint liquids, biost of the advantages, and /dLr.o the disadvantages of Basic Lead "0 0 0 7 -SHP 000001376 *n II flat'll Carbonate are related to this reactivity and soap formation. ^WANTAGES The formation of the lead soap effects a good bonding between .^^.- nt and the ncn-volatilus of the film, and also c^lnins the ease of wetting associated with this pigment. The soft type of the soap induces a corresponding softness of the film -with a slow nlasticizinn (or harden ing) effect and a hip-h degree ox elasticity. This is decidedly an advan tage in climates having high temperature- *>r lav? humidity, retarding the development of brittleness. Since the lead soaps set up r. sort of continuous interlacing structure, pigment/s >ap/non-volatile, and since the resistance to the disintegrating effect of ultraviolet light rays upon the film is relatively law, a Ehite- Lead film fails gradually by a chalking effect. Tlie entire film surface slowly crumbles and wears evenly away as a white powdery material. This moderate challdng is advantageous in rendering the film self-clear,ina ones chalking has set in, and, after the film has warn down to what is termed "ultimate failure," where there is insuffi cient remaining film to serve as protection to tho wood, the surface is still oven and serves as an excellent base far remain tinr without much Preparation. Excellent brushing qualities. DISADVANTAGES Excessive dirt retention in young coatings before the chalking is established, and due z . the softness of the.- film. Susceptibility mildew which fines easy lc-dgement in the soft film, or in the r >v.,'nor oJ. iiiln alter cholicing. 0007-SWP-000001377 Poor tint retention, since the chalking accentuates the white ana gives the appearance of fading. High specific gravity rith result that only a snail amount of oil can be used with it, thus reducing the spreading area per pound. Susceptibility to industrial furies (darkening). Feur glims retention. Inactivity, necessitating tk. use .only of vehicles ef low and controlled acid value. Inferior- resistance t > ultraviolet light. ibices save r.r-.hin,-: array of the.- film in periods el' heavy rain or prolonged eiccossivc- )ncii.irty. Loiativoly poor color. Kolatively lev. opacity. Low bulking vilue. The g.; :d p.-intc of ear:ic Loud C-rxbonate any be utilized, and the undesirable ones n.diiio-:, jvlici.us blending vich other pigments, notably Zinc Oxide. V.'hito Load C.arb mate finis its chief utility as tm Ingredient of house paints. Iv has bean ue-ei t. a.me artuiit in high gloss enamels fer interior painting, Lav this is l ./, outlawed in many states .due to the toxic properties of this piguout. *IC LE.Jj Basic lead fi'ti;''tt: ('.-sic s;uphr.te u itl-cu) is u vhi.V; pi: aub produced by r- suoiiur ti..:. ;ces.\ fre.e load. -uracily le/e? (Galena), -..ns i:d:on ay the vree r-:-.- .a ".ei-f.n.1. ->ut t-vi-.y o-jst :*i tiv oo 0 1 Ul c o I ooo o -J CD "uO" pigment is Bade iron Metallic lead rather than the ore. It is frequently colled "Sublined Lead." The canp.siti.m x l v :. ther variable, the fellerring representing an average Sulphate - 77% Lend Oxide - 15$ 2inc Oxide - 8$ This pigment is finer in particle than the basis carbonate of lead, Dire resistant to sulphur fume, end less poisonous. Two grades are ordinarily recognized, the "sublimed" and the "supersublimed.11 The latter is a selected grade deposited in certain portions of the collecting systin^ during Manufacture. It differs from the straight "subli-m"*" in having a fintr average particle size end some what better c.jlcr. Index ;f Refraction - 1.32 Hiding Purer - Slightly less than the carbonate of loud. Reactivity - hi;-holy loss than the curb note of lead. Specific Gravity - 6.4 - C.5u, f*i - lulizin** y-.eiue - 1.3.*> - 1.66 { t. t 1 TIE C&dL'JCTIMSTICh Ob ihl-IC SULPie-.Ti: 01" Lil.D IS PZV3B10R PAHSTS? Tfciy pigment d..cc n-. t differ g x.:tly zr the basic Carbonate- in generaL j.ierfvrtaacy. but if d as ; ire ..-.nierbut higher ceusioteacy 'no oulkiiij value.ria .ifievkat rxeity. situ.ugh ;jra.utlv lir/pr ref recently, Chore xc c -nsLdcr' Li v:\ri t-i n in the basic canto (K bob..-ecu diiioro.if yv Juotue 1 ts, resultin-; in s -.j o eh of u. i.'i.-.r. 0007-5WP-000001379 0--' - in reactivity and other characteristics. The basic sulphate ~f loud, or 'bnbliucd" lead, is occasionally used in exterior paint fonralaiicn as the Lan& for irvbrnducin_-/ the load. Generally, kota/vor, this pigaera hen heon reduced by the core tiurahla and n-ji'o universally .applicable loaded-nine oxide. This replacement is reflected in the tonnage production of this pignent which has dropped considerably over the past tor: or fifteen years. Fonsorly sublimed aid to lead had gained a rather id.de acceptance anong prdnt uanufacturers, n.-t s:> auch bocnacc of any particular quality characteristic, but because ..f Ir.cor initial pipnont cost and its higher bulk value ac c^^rou i; the c-o'b nwU. T.;-.dy, hjT.cver, very for; of the brands of house paint \ro 1 -.ruiUtod .ith sablinei lead. BLUE LEAD? Blue load is a eubiia .ti >r. product similar to sublinod basic leal sulphate, but it nns a ;-p-a7 color due tj the presence of carbon fron the fuel used in its sublimation and of sulphide of lead. It contaiaf. lead su3.phr.to (about SZ%) j load ood.de, about S3; with zinc oxide, carbon and load sulphide. 5SS IS HiJJE OF BLUE LE.'-.D IN PAXt'To? The gray color limits the use oi blue laud in paints. It is rated high as a nist-inhibiter. Cjnrparei to the srhito leads, it os practically :v.,n-rc active vd.th linseed il and resists lures. 0007-S If P-0000 01380 gpC OXIDE MADE? *Vf Zinc Oxide is produced by a fuming or sublimation of sine iBateriaisFrench Process - Zinc Oxide is uade by burning the fumes of taetalii- si^-C 'in a current of air. American Process Zinc Oxide - A mixture of sine ore and coal s ebargedinto a furnace and the resulting zinc fuaes arc oxidized by air Said collected as oxide in large fabric bags. CHARACTERISTICS UF ZEIC OXIDE IrJ PalNTii? Zinc oxide, like the uhito loads, is a reactive pigment, combining with the fatty acids of the paint vehicle to form zinc soaps. c soaps arc much more insoluble tad of a Larder typo than Iced soaps. ^Consequently the addition of Zinc Oxide to T.Tiitc load paints offsets and fios thosv charactciristics uue to the soft lead scape. In carefully regulated proportion to the loud, the addition of c Oxide hardens the film, promotes earlier plasticizing, and offsets gthe early cir.lkir*g, thus improving gloss ana tint retention. Zinc Oxide tigbly resistor* t to ultraviolet light und so serves to retard the influence of that agent upon film disintegration. fa The addition of Zinc Oxide, bouever, tends to an ultimate failure of the film by cracking and peeling, and ii used in excessive ^amount may leal to the necessity for complete removal of tuo rocainir.r filii either by burning or scraping toi'ero the suriv-.cc c:tn be repairs ecu Advantages s^ctistenco to ultraviolet. Pi fsadvrsitagoa rt>rd, brittle films - lacking ol^sticitj Disadv.-..nta.gc3 (Cont'd) Failure by cracking and peeling. Reactivity with paint liquids. Formation of insoluble soaps in the package. Classification of the numerous typos of Zinc Oxide is difficult. In general we may distinguish: American Process: Large aciculor or large rounds to small particles. Generally -smaller particles and more re active. Usually better color. Used mostly in enamels and special..tics. Very fine particle. Very reactive. Used mostly in rubber goods. Careful exposure study has shorn that as between different brands of Zinc Oxide the large particle sized types show better durabil- 7" ,iity in exterior paints than do.the finer particles. A range of particle * *>size from large to medium appears most advantageous. Consequently certain grades or typos of Zinc Oxide arc recom mended for exterior paint usage in combination with lead. Hone of those have shown any superiority over OZLO and for maximum around utility OZLO is definitely superior in formulation to blends of zinc oxide and lead. Z 0 fT O O O O O -d H S `-LOOO s h e PLACE OF ZIRC OXIDE IN INTERIOR PAINTS? Zinc Oxide contributes, gloss, film-hardness, uashability, nou* bellowing and consistency. It finds its principal use in enamels, but amounts may be cautiously introduced into almost any type of ^interior fonrulntions since by its reactivity it produces body in the [paint, and a certain type of brushing. Feactivity causes soap formation rdth r.cidic vehicles thus increasing consistency and lin.iting' the amount of this pigment that may j o C!?p3 yyivi in such formulation. 0007-SWP-000001383 Antimony e^idt. bboOj, is a vhite pigueut produced by sublinaof ant: raony c-r.!". ' USE OF ATTII^Ty OFIdE I'l P.-J2!T* Cheid colly, anticcny oxide is similar to zinc oxide in its paint behavior. Its use i greatly limited on account of its price. It `s a good pignent for blanketing or reducing chalking of titanium, and * Tates high in noii-yellcr.ing characteristics. 0007-SHP-0000013flu f-.l- -S5- j j e d -z in c o x id e ma d e ? ; I.eaded-zir.r. oxide ir. a white pigment produced by fuming processes similar to those employed for the manufacture of straight (lead-free) zinc oxides. Either the French Process or the American Process types of i '/production are employed, the. raw material differing in that whereas for f fthe production of Zinc Oxide a load-free sine material is used, in the iproduction of the leaded-ainc oxides a mixture in the proper proportions fv'of lead or lead ores and sine or zinc ores is taken as the charging mate Srial. & The American Process is most frequently employed. Lead .phide ore, %i-zic Oxide or carbonate ore, Silica "Chatt" and coal are <r*r> pnixod and the c-iargo introduced into a furnace whore reduction takes Jjfplace. The fume is then oxidized with air and the product collected in ^fabric bags. Thu Lead Sulphide is chinged in c 3j c process to basic lead p5sulphato and this is intimately mixed r.ifch the Zinc Oxide. jjj|' Grades are recognized according to the percentage of lead, ^calculated to lead sulphate und run from 2-3/E "loaded" up to a3 high as leaded. The 60/ leciod is not usually sold as such, but is reduced $ . / with straight zir.c oxide to either a 50^ or 35$ leaded product. I it ?.THS CHARACTEPJGTICS OF TIE LEaDED-ZIKC OXIDES IN PAINTG? paints. s r The loaded-zinc oxides are used chiefly in exterior (house) 0007-SWP-000001385 i By combining basic lead sulphate and zinc oxide in a simple fuming process (co-fumed pigment) a useful modification of lead and zinc ' is obtained which possesses considerable advantage over cither straight lead or zinc or a mere mechanical mixture of the two. The advantage seems to be due to a mixed typo of soap. Reac tivity is reduced and the chalking tendencies of the lead subdued without r as high fi degree of tendency toward cracking as when straight Zinc Oxide .is blended with Lead. `t z p es High to low leaded. 1005b co-fumoa. Blended co-fumed and straight Zinc Oxide. No apparent advantage occurs as between a given amount of co. fumod plus straight zinc oxide r.s blended by the pigment maker or as ;blended in a paint mixer. The latter procedure permits the paint manu facturer to use different typos of zinc oxide as desired, and in many c .formulations, when the ratio cf lead to zinc is calculated as a base, the .paint maker may by using r, mixture of a co-funed and zinc oxide obtain equal color, equal or high consistency, and sometimes better costs by taking his load entirely an loaded-zinc oxide and making up the ratio by a selected type of zinc oxide. In general, however, any combination of lead to zinc as 100 co-fuaud leaded zinc will outwear an equivalent blend of lead carbonate or sulphate with zihe^oxide, with better gloss and tint retention batter surface cleaning, less reactivity to liquids^ and less disturbance of Puckage condition through precipitation of soaps. 0007-SWP-000001386 s ' -47- Leadod nine oxide stands supremo as thu one opacity pigment V that may be used e.s Companion to any other white- pigment in formulation. t it may be used to introduce load into formulations containing the Zinc "f: Sulphide pigments v/neroas the "hite Leads are not compatible; it intro- duces ZnO 7/ith a modification of the hard inelastic film and insoluble 7: soaps of the straight zinc oxide; it is entirely compatible tilth either the White Leads, Zinc Oxide, Titanium Figment or the Zinc Sulphide Pigf. ment. 4:`' v,. i 70ZL0" LEADED ZINC OXIDE THE BEST LEADED ZINC OXIDE AVAILABLE? (a) Because it is 100% co-fumed. With all the lead content and all the ' zinc content combined into particles of identical composition the soaps produced when the pigment is mixed tath linsoed oil arc modified and balanced. The result is that thero is noithor a free lead soap nor a 1 free zinc soap present, and the properties of the blended soaps partake ' of the nature of both without the accentuated disadvantages of cither, t The reactivity is reduced and the elasticity of the film is retained for a longer period. ! (b) Because it confers a durability +- f-Hms made from it that is emi/H nr \ superior to any competitive oifoienb. Numerous and- repeated exposure ,, trials by many experimenters hnve shown 0ZL0 to equal or usually better . the performance under the same conditions of any competitive loaded-zinc if* v. oxide. - (c) Because the particle size represents a balance of small to lartrc 0007-SWp-000001387 -48- 'iclos without the presence of any undue mount cf either extreme voS or extreme course. This balanced gradation permits the formation ra file with high strength te resist mechanical abrasions and conform alternate shrinkage and expansion of the surface on which it is cad, and at the same tine carry focal relief points to ruliove internal stresses developed during the drying and hardening processes. 5) Because it gives optimum consistency in high era.do paint. Practically paint technicians agree their high grade paint must contain a volume 'portion of pigment to non-volatile oil plus pigment of ZB% minimum, t is, for each 28 gallons of pigment in a formula there oust be not sore than 72 gallons of drying oil. For high lead paints the figure is above 3/o. The consistency value ;>f OZLO is such that this ratio can be maintained, using, ns desired, pigment? mixtures of OZLO - W. L. Carbonate ' Titanium - Inert; and with the correct amount of oil have a product of ood brushing consistency, covering power and hiding power. Of late, brands of leaded-zinc oxide made by blending a high- zinc oxide with straight zinc oxide have appeared on the market, hesc brands give considerably higher consistency than the 100S co-fumed Pignont and for this reason have received favorable report from some paint takers. This conception is based on the idea that the paint maker can by ;_hsc of this high consistency lcaded-zinc oxide, pr oduce a paint to which ;-the pointer may add reducers, thus reducing his cost. There are two fun- flattental fallacies in this idea from the standpoint of a high grade prd.it "Job: 0007-SWP-000001388 -49- reducing the paint thus made, the drop in hiding power is very ^id, and long before the point of 30 d brushing consistency is cbed the hiding p.r.'or j.s far bdo-v normal. is iao-jssible to get into the print f .-rrauln enough oil and pigment ,'tj-j.s high consistency character to paintain the ratio of ZB% a pigment volume ratio. The paint maker either has to sacrifice wioght of the paint, the pigment concentration, the balance of his fBents, cr his 81 pigment volume ratio.' Whichever he does, he oust e a panelty in the rating or grade of his paint, and a drop in sons .Himblu ieniv.ro cause the c..l r i.. tic bast obtainalvle frvr a 10C co-funed nigmont. "r .or ef the blohdwi c.-mpotitivo:.; is whiter than CiZLO when compared y te it, but th.! .cher auvantnges of OZLO f;n outweigh this contion, since: t; . tint-;, arc1, color points the colir of the Icndod-Einc oxide used is r. footer. iCticaUiy ail livst-grado p.vVot-; now include a percentage of Itanium Jlo:ri.de introitunad far the prirpase of increasing opacity. In presence of tlur titanium and duo to its whitening power, the /feronecL iu no.'. u dr.c to the loaded-zinc oxide are extremely sliglit. 301 critLcismr for xl.r ' re based _rc eolcr in tha can. Or. the job cv.fta.xsd pigr:;u'3 are Indistiujiish-iMo for- color differences from o occha-acnj Ifec2aUSq ft giro s.- \j;. __c*v ry. ;>.;:r far mnr.cn and coma? jibtitty v/tth all waivtc m; Cents. C2L-0 nay be used, "nd is being used, la coibiJiatior. 0007-SHP-000001389 v with the white lords, iri.th titanium pi^nonts and with zinc sulphide pi- ; aonts. It is the one univors-JL o ;iai.nni..n .vacity pigment for universal forBalntion. GSTj O l-.-.cs Iho j --L* hotter. uoae '..ajto lo'-d may b.: use! with nine sulphide- pigment. As OZLO g *io iOk'ir'-.b'Xv :.d any be introduced into zinc sulphide fori-cile.tien with entire crtisfr.czijn. * "here Las boon considerable pi-opagrndft c'ncorning the selection * J of certain opucini f_,rnr. of zinc oxiJ-; for exterior puints. In spite of this, no such fort lias been found to adequately replace the performance V i. of the co-fuaed leaded-zinc oxide. Zinc oxide f.-ocn not nect the require ments as a companion pigment for titanium and zinc sulphide. Lcadcd-zinc oxide djes, end in addition forma con^ntible mixtures vitk the white leads. 0007-SWP-000001390 t ho pone? eov. is it bade? Lithopono is a co-precipitated white pigment. That is, the tffe ingredients, barium sulphate and zinc sulphide, are precipitated siiailtanc ju::ly by the reaction which takes place an mixing a solution of sine sulphate with a saluti.jn of barium sulphide. The whole manufacturing process involves a number of steps as fellows: 1. Reduction of Barytes ore to Barium Sulphide; This is accomplished by roasting the ore in tie presence of carbon in the form of coke. The product is called "Black Ash" and consists principally of Barium Sulphide with some coke and ash. 2. Leaching of the mlack --sh. The Black Ash is put into water which dis solves out the Barium oulpiu.de. The slurry is then filtered. All the coke and other impurities remain in the filter and a pure solution of Barium Sulphide is obtained.3 3. Preparation of Zinc Sulphate Solution. Zinc metal or roasted zinc ore3 are treated with sulphuric acid to give on impure sine sulphate solution. This solution is purified by oxidising chemicals and filtered. The product is a pure solution of zinc sulphate. Precipitation of Lithop^ne. when the puro zinc sulphate solution is mixed with the pure barium sulphide solution, r. white precipitate called "crude" lithopono is obtained. It contains about 71# of Barium Sulphate -and 29P vf ^inc Oulphid, . Crude lithopono has no value as .? 0007-SHP-000001391 -52- pigncnt. It is of lew opacity ;aid hiding power and cxtrcncly high oil absorption. Calcination or boat troatuont is necessary to con vert it into the opaque piguent of fine c>.,lor and jjaint inking quality known as "Lithopono." 5. Calcination of the "Crude." The crude lithoponu is separated fron the water by filtration and drying. The dry lunps are then passed through o rotary calciner at about 800'' C. in r. neutral (air-free) atnosphere, and suddenly quenched in cold water. 6. Finishing. The wet slurry, lithopanc suspended in water, is ground wet in pebble nills, filtered, dried, and finally pulverized in' a roller sail and the final product uir-floatcd. The dust is collected in fabric bag3 and packaged. THE MOST IMPORTANT GENERAL TXPES OF LITHGPONE USED FOR PAINT? 1. General purpose or "ncrncl" grades. 2. Special encael grades. 5. Reactive grades. 4. Suspension grades. 5. T/ater sensitive grades (thixotropic type). 6. High opacity grades (Titanated Lithopono). 7. Water dispersi.m grades. .tHE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL PURPOSE TIPE OF LITH0P0NE. General purpose cr "noraal" litiiopones cover a range of low to high consistency characteristics tending t > follow their oil absorption 0007-SWP-000001392 figures. They arc all relatively 1-j w in chemical reactivity, have excel lent nixing and grinding properties and arc not particularly sensitive to *atcr or to delicately balanced vehicles. Rav/ material stacks nay bo simplified by using the general purpose type of lithoponc and obtaining special effects by fornulating with special vehicles and by spocial processing in the paint factory. Sene of the unusual paint effects, however, arc either not obtainable by liquid manipulation fron the general purpose lithopuncs, or only with difficulty or excessive costs. This type of lithoponc is advantageously used in the goneral run of flat paints, gloss paints and enamels. THE SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENAMEL GRADE LITHOPONES? Fur U3e in enamels; texture, freed.- from hard aggregates, and fineness of particle are of especial importance. In the production of special enamel grades, particular attention is given to fineness; soft texturo, mixing and grinding ease, and ability to produce paints having good flow, leveling and suspension characteristics in enamel formulations. A number of special enamel grades are offered to render possible high flow, to retard flow (or n in-sagging), full body to thin body, high to intermediate gloas, etc. In all of those specialties the vehicular part of formulation is important as the spocial effects due to pigment modification may be at a oaxiuum or entirely neutralized by choice of liquids. 0 007-SWp-000001393 jE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LITHDPQKES G? TIC "REACTIVE" TYPE? i, & Reactive types of lithoponc are used principaUy for control of w ^ consistency' and-to obtain certain brus'jing effects. Reactivity is cf- f. fected by a pigment nonufacturing technique in which a saall but coro' fully regulated percentage of a rc-'ctivc, basic material is left on the i!; surface of the pigment particles. This reactive component of the pigment combines with the acidic component of the vehicle with s iivp formation. The soap affects consistg ency according tv typo. The liquids' used exert a profound effect upon the ; results obtained since n >t only d i they govern the type of soap produced, ir-r t hut also determine -.rhoiher it will remain closely adherent to the pigtlcnt surface, fere structural ;xdymolecular layers around the pigment, or dis^ solve -out end disperse int.> the vehicle generally. j&THE "SUSFSrSION" GRADES OF LITHGFONZ?' Litlvoponus treated with certain soaps, and usually referred to ^as "Treated" lithopones not only improve wetting ease but actually promote ft; R certrdn degree of flocculcnt structure. This structure prevents or ^retards settling tendencies of the pigment and thus aids in maintaining o pgood package condition. p? These specials are also usually somewhat resistant to flow on $? ' v*. account jf their flocculent nature and may thus be used in combination % other types to prevent sagging, esoecially in low pigment-concentmfe*. 5: "ion enamels. 0007-SWP-000001394 -55- f They arc good nixing and easy grinding lithoponos and nay be used in nany types of formulations in flat wall finishes, stipples, gloss Points and enanels. THE CHARACTEIIISTICS OF THE VTiiTER-SENblTIVE LITHOPONES? Rater-sensitive lithoponos, frequently ternod "thixotropic," are characterized by an unusual degree of sensitivity to the presense of water. Lithopones of this type, in oil femulations, porait a certain degree of replacement of the nil contacting the particle by water. The rosult is a flocculated structure of a high thixotropic nature. That is, such paints will on standing set up to a rather rigid nature, and yet, under mechanical stress by stirring or brushing will become quite thin and fluid. V/hoa the stress is removed, they return to 'the rigid structure more or 1-css rapidly. This type structure permits a goad package condition and non settling and yet breaks down under thG brush to a good fluid consistency for easy brushing. Used alone, these pigments give paint structures hich usually set up too rapidly back of the brush, thus leaving brush rics, but this feature, as well as general consistency of a paint may be controlled by mixing a portion of thixotropic type with normal type lithopone. The use of a small percentage of water, or of a neutral (as Ivory) soap solution to the formulation is necessary in promoting the ^1 thixotropic effect. 0007-SWp-000001395 > Just as lithopones may be made iuore receptive or attractive to oil liquids by certain treatment of the surface, t'iey may bo prepared for special water-attractive properties, buck pigments find particular utility in the production of caselo-ccld-water paints either straight or oil-bound typo. These lithepenjd readily tux with cold water to form a smooth, limpid paste without jumping. They show considerable resistance against settling in water cron in lor concentrations. COMPETITIVE ZINC SULPHIDE PICIiENTS CLiiLSIElED? Note: In the following general classification, several brands have been classified according to the manufacturer's information, and have not been tested in this Laboratory. Consequently, the list as given is to be considered as tentative and subject to revision. G3ESRAL PURPOSE LITHOPOITES High Consistency Medium Consistency Low Consistency Permolith 461-HX Permolith 461-R Permolith 461-LL 461-H " 4G3.-o 461-HH Albrlith Black Label #11 Albalitb Blue Label ,#10 Fonolith LF. (bemi-Iiigh) Albalith Gr. Label #13 " #107 " LR (Regular) Ponolith LR-LO Ponolith FT " RR-Grr.dc 9 " NIi-Gmdc 8 " HO Beckton TJhitc H-Grade 45 " A3H (lcady Beckton White M-Grcdc 5500 n n n n 49 texture for exterior) n n n ii 551j Unilitk 44 3ccirccn Tfliite H-Gradc 47 Unilitk 88 r 6C (High) " 11 40 Munolith fSO n 6G-*i Unilitk 2? Eagle (High) Astrolitn .4 Eagle (Medium) * 0292.-0 (coarse tex.) 2Z-V 0007-SHP-000001396 Lou Consistency Eagle (Low) bunolith 47 " 97 " 107 Astrolith-L 3PECI.iL EE/JdEL GRADES Medium Consistency Low Consistency nibnlith Maroon Label #24 Enamel Beckton #4i Bunolith #90 *Pcruolith B-44 Alb. Red Label #14 * " Maroon Label #55 Ponolith EL " EMG " EL-117 " FLO " 212 " 318 Enamel Beckton Grade 44 Unilith 22-41 Gunolith 95 R 96 " 96-AA Astrolith SEG " SF REACTIVE LITBOPONES *Albalith 362 " Maroon Label #94 " " #05 Unilith 68-R Sunolith 85 scsparsioM g r ad e l it h o p o n es High Consistency Medium Consistency Low Consistency Permolith /-12 " A-22 lbalith 95 " 106 Ponolith HO-J-Grade 149 " HO-J " 151 Permolith a -24 Permolith W-33 Albrlith Inrnon Label #73 Albalith 98 " " :/.lC2 " 105 Ponolith LP-J Beckton White J-Grade 7 beckton Vihitu J-Grade 30 ,! ' " 51 28 29 0007-5WP-000001397 SUSPENSION GRADE LITKOPOKES (Cont'd) Hjph Consistency tJcdiua Consistency Low Consistency " " JG- " 55 Astrolith DC Unilith 44-S Sunoliih 10S Unilith 22-S HATER SENSITIVE (THIXOTROPIC) LITIiOPCNE iilbali'th <04 135 Ponolith LPr-'v7 Astrolith G5 * Pigments which show characteristics of two classes any appear twice. t h e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f l it k c p o n e in Pa in t s ? Litlioponc finds its principal use in the interior paints. This pigaent, by slight differences in the way it is processed, nay be obtained ir. a wide range of properties from ncn-ruuctivo t-j highly reactive, low to ; high consistency, high sheen to dead flat. Special modifications arc made possessing high dispersion properties in oils or in water, extra ease of fixing with the liquids, to give prints having extra non-settling proper ties, for accelerated or retarded flow, or for spocial types of brushing or of structure (as thixotropy). Fisher as the normal litbcp.-no or in those various modifications lithopone finds extensive usage in flats, undercoators, semi-gloss paints, enamels and in ueny spocial types ef formulation. Vlith the wide ranee 0007-SWP-000001398 types available, the formulater is able to select a brand which will give bin almost any typo of paint desired ;/hon mixed into properly selected liquids. Lith-pone has a good color and opacity. It has easy brushing and good film forcing characteristics. Paints cade from it are relatively stable and resist undesirable change in the package. For these reasons lithopone remains one of the cost popular pigments for inside paints. Lithopone is als-j used for exterior paints. The earlier lithopones wore photogenic, that is, they possessed the undesirable characteristics c.f darkening in sunlight and bleaching again in the dark. This objection has been overcome by improvements in the process of manufacture, and all high grade lithopones today arc light fast. The use of lithopone in exterior paints has come about because of the lower cost of pigmentation thus obtained. Its lack of durability in exterior paints, failure by early and heavy chalking is more pronounced in the whites in which it is now seldom used. The presence of even relatively small amounts of tinting colors apparently greatly retards this chalking and paints cf reasonable durability may be formulated in tints with lithopone. Lithopone points are classed as second grade compared to tho lead-zinc paints. igOnmiUTIOH UaI BE USED FOR HOUSE PiJUTS w it h LITHOPONE? The following is a typical lithopone bouse paint formula; Total Figment % By Weight K Liquid % " " 67.0 55.0 100.0 0007-SWP-000001399 Gallons in One Gallon of Faint Opacity Figment Total Pigment Total Non-Volatile Pigment volume ratio is 55!o. Pigmentation {% by weight) 12.5 Lead Sulphate) 22.7 Zinc Oxide ) n'*s* Czlc-412 5.0 Titanium Dioxide 52.0 Lithopone if 10.0 Magnesium Silicate 100.0 8. Except for the questionable utility of lithopone in an exterior paint at nil, the formulation is representative of the best use of that pigment. The replacement of the 52// lithopone by ZOff Zinc Sulphide Extended Pigment, micaceous type, and 22f? Magnesium Silicate would improve durability. DE SHOULD BE TAKEN IN "HATCHING" A COMPETITIVE LITHOPONE? The lithopone industry fcui graduated from the idea that all desired paint types ana characteristics could bo produced from a general line of pigment, such as the ordinary lithopone solely by manipulation cf liquids and incorporating procedure. The older lithcpoao3 were producod with the idea principally of uniformity of the general characteristics, such a3 color, opacity, re activity, light-fascness, etc. and graded "wil absorptions" or consistency properties. 0007-SWP-000001U00 -61- YJith the advent jf now typos cf paint liquids, and the donand "or special paint porforuanco, the pigment, mu:uf:>.cturor found that by ^^cifie nodificat.i,n of certain of the chemical and physico-chemical jrapertic2 of liis pigment, ho c raid mniorinliy assist the paint maker in bbtaining certain desired recults cither in quality or costs. /.s a result, a number of very specialized typos of lithopono jtove been developed. The actual clientcal or physical tests in the lab oratory show only e-wlrumol? sun11 differences as between those different types of pigment, but the performance of paints made fron them may vary widely in both type and degree. As between competitive brands of litho rn- of the same special typo, the differences found by analysis may bo sc g'-'-nl 1 as to escape detection by the usual laboratory means, and yet 33c pigments develop point differences cf considerable magnitude. For this reason, the actual "matching'1 of a lithaponc may prove n impossible task. In producing specialty points from the specialty lithoponcs, the it manufacturer is net at all freed from responsibility as to results In liis product by simply changing his pigmentation. Each of the lithopones is adapted to performance with specific types of liquids for the dcvclop;Uent of the special properties. As a result of ibis close relation between pigment and liquid, ,in any proposals for change in pigmentation it is far loss important to know what pigment is in current use than to know: (1) the exact porformj ecce requirement which the paint maker expects cr desires in his product, (2) the exact character and proportions of the liquids used. 0007-SWP-000001U01 -62If a paint manufacturer is using a certain brand of pigment and certain liquids in obtaining certain product performance, the simple sub stitution of another brand of lithepene, no matter how similar it appears under the usual chemical and physical tests, may give radically different performance. But, if the data m liquids and desired performance is available, the pigment manufacturer may be able to suggest pigment sub stitution possibly accompanied by certain liquid modifications to equal or oven better pcrfwnaancc and cost. 0007-SHP-000001H02 -JC SULPHIDE? Hov; IS IT IL'JJE? Zinc culp-iidc is an intensely v.iiite, highly opaque white pigp.~nt produced by a process quite oii.iiJ.an t-., that for unking lithopone, except that the precipitation reaction is between sine sulphate and i i hydrogen sulphide gas. The product c :ntains sine nnd sulphur only, as represented by the chemical oeuatior. ZnS. 'THE HIGH OPACITY GFuiDEd Of LITHOPONE? In regular or nornal lithopone.the opacity is subject to slight modifications according to degree >f dispersion, particle size, etc. For use in certain types of liquids a small amount of deeply adsorbed surface 'moisture affects opacity and hiding power through interfacial relations r jin the film. Generally, however, any definite increase in hiding power over /the normal must be obtained by addition of a second pigment, either zinc /sulphide or titanium. In view of the ;-..3.T.L. rulings, the word "Lithopone" is usable M 'only for the regular, c>-pi*ocipitati/o, 28 - 29% ZnS, pigment. Those zinc sulphide pigments containing r. greater percentage of ZnS, whether by blending of lithopone with 2uo or by co-precipitation, must be called "Zinc Sulphide Extended Pigments" an>l not "L itkapone." A border lino case is that mixture of 85% lithopone with 15% rchich by current acceptance may be called Titanated Lithopone. As the Zinc Sulphide Reinforced Pigments, then, we have: 0007-SWP-000001403 "_34-- * ZINC SULPHIDE PIGMENT, BAFIUH (not Double strength Lithopone or High Strength Lithopone) containing 50 - 55$ ZnS with barium as blanc i`i:<e (LiX^) ZINC 'SULPIUD;: FIGMENT, CaI-CIUM (not Calcium Lithopone) containing 50 - 55/j Zut* with calcium sulphate (CaS04) ZINC SULPiIDl PIGMENT, MACirEi'aOIi - containing 55$ ZnS v?ith e. magnesium silicate. ZINC SULPHIDE EXTENDED PICSHITS CLASSIFIED? ZINC SULPHIDE - LARIOrJ Cryptone LA-19 " LA-40 " BA-47 " BA-455 " BA-140 Krebolith Superlitli SL " 2L " LX (enamel type) (eur.ponciou typo) (thixotropic typo) (water dispersion type) ZINC eULFETDE - CALCIUM Cryptone CB-125 ' C3-Z1 ! C3-455 (high consistency) (medium consistency) (thixotropic type) TITANnTED LITHOPONE Permolith T-ZOO Cryptone BT-11S " BT-115 " BT-120 " ET-445 " BT-164 Ti-Tone Ti-Tone-L "J "P Duolith HO " NR " LO Tidblith 88 " 66 i. 44 (medium consistency) (high ") (medium " ) (enamel grado) (tnixotropic grade) (iff.ter dispersion grade) (medium consistency) (low consistency) (suspension grade) (paper grade) (hijli consistency) (medium 11 ) (loti ") (high ) (medium-high consistency) (" ") 0007-SWP-000001404 -Si^ TITAH.-.Tl'D LITHuPONE tPout'd) Tidoiith 66-V.' Titanolith liO " L'J Tidoiith 44--K Titanolith 45 (nigh consistency) (Lev.- ") (maud gride) (suspension trade) (annuel grade) 230 ciJLP.'ilDE - JAGaE>HJil Cryptone Iii-150 THE CHARACTERISTICS or THE ZINC SOLPJIDL PIGfcSHTo IN EXTERIOR PAIHTS? A discussion of the Zinc Julphide Pigments is necessarily tied up with that of extender pigments. A fev: years ago it was the General opinion that Sine Sulphide Pigments roro uns.>.*isfactory for use in exterior paints, ml could bo usnd only ir. the- .low priced, lower grades of paint. I ithepune did achieve a considerable usage- but always in second grade paints with eirpoctaticn of a ecJipxr.itivily 3hort life on the sur face . The principal re-.sou for the use of Lithopone in exterior paints was, of course, low cost. In the whites the early and excessive chalking' r.-as troublesome,. but it was found that the addition of oven a relatively small unount of colored pigment, as in the tints, materially retarded the failure since the coloi*od piquant helped in resisting tho action of ultraviolet light on tho film. As a result, fair durability in tints and colors as compared to other second grade paint expectations resulted in a certain degree of popularity for tills type of pigmentation in tlio lov/ priced paint field. 0007-SWP-000001405 -Ob it was suspected and later proven that the early failure-of exterior paints made with Lithoponu was not due to the Zinc Sulphide content but to the blanc fixe (precipitated barium sulphate) with which it was combined. Recent studies have shown that Zinc Sulphide can be used in exterior formulations and will give very satisfactory durability perform ance ranking comparable to the first grade prints providing certain rules of formulation are carefully followed. Paints formulated with straight Zinc Sulphide plus a coarser particled extender, as spar Calcium Sulphate, certain types of Silica or Silicates, especially magnesium silicates of the micaceous type, gave markedly improved resistance to weathering. And it is now known that if basic lead carbonate or basic lead sulphate are excluded from the formula, if a certain percentage of a flaking typed pigment as mica or micaceous talc is included, and the per centage of zinc sulphide - leaded-zinc oxide and proper type of extender arc kept within certain controlled limits, a very satisfactory durability performance may be expected. Moderate chalking Good repainting surface Medium plasticizing rate Disadvantages Prejudices based on experience with lithopone paints Graying with ultraviolet light under certain unusual conditions Incompatibility with Lead Carbonate Necessity for using a definite type of inert. Lithopone, approximately 26 - 50% Znb, co-prccipitated with blanc fixe. Titanated Lith,;p jne - 15% Ti0. 0007-SHP-000001406 -67- ` Zinc Sulphide-Barium Pigment, 50 - 55% ZnS with 45 - 50% of blanc fixe. Zinc `Sulphide-Calcium Pigment, 50 - 55% Zns with 45 - 50% of precipitated Calcium Sulphate. Zinc Sulpliido-Magnesium Pigment, 50 - 55% Zns extended with special typos of magnesium silicate and micaceous talcs. A good deal of discussion Could center around the different types. Briefly, since it is the precipitated 3aS0^ or Blanc Fixe that is responsible for the poorer durability of Lithopone, the improvement with the Zinc ulphide Extended Pigment, Barium, (or Calcium), is proportional only to the reduction of the ratio of the precipitated portion. The use of spar type, calcined calcium sulphate gives at once a marked improve ment. The principal interest, however, has centered around the use of Zinc Sulphide extended with magnesium silicate. This in long series of exposure tests rates high in durability. The inability of the small paint user to secure the proper type of extender pigment, and an apparent ability to incorporate more of the micaceous types without introducing "rough" paints indicates a distinct advantage gained in actually pre-mixing the Zinc *>ulphide with the micaceous extender, before incorporating into the point. The adoption of this type as the principal morns of introducing Zinc Sulphide into exterior paints seems the logical trend at present. ^Fo r mu l a t io n ma y b e r e c o mmen d e d FOR A ZINC SULPHIDE HOUSE PAINT? The following is typical of a formulation that has shown satis factory durability performance on exposure: 0007-SWP-000001407 -68- For 100 gallons paint 102 lbs. 420 " 157 " 1 5" ( 2.16 gals.) Oslo 412 (15.15 " ) Zinc Sulphide Pigment-Silica Type (55% ZnS) (6.75 " ) Asbestine( 0.11 " ) Aluminum Stearate (0.06 " ) Paint Grinders' Litharge The inclusion cf above 8 gallons of a bodied linseed oil in the 100 gal. formula is recommended. The pigmentation then is (by weight).: 15% 61.9% 25.1% 100% Ozlo 65/35 2ns (55%) Extended Pignent Asbestine or 9.75% 5.25% 54.00% 51. % 100% Zinc Oxide Vi. Le-aG "Sulphate Zinc Sulphide Extenders THE COST RELATIOrlo BETTiEEH THE ZliiC SULPHIDE FIGMEKTS?' 100 lbs. (55% ZnS) %inc Sulphide Barium Pigaont cost3 $5,875 100 lbs. blend (55% ZnS) 63 lbs. Lithopone 4-5/8) 37 " Zinc Sulphide 9) costs $6,086 100 lbs. blend (55% ZnS) 55 lbs. ZincSulphide 0 2,}) 35 " Talc 0 24) 10 " Mica @ 4*) costs $6.05 lOO lbs. blend (55% ZnS) 55 las. Zinc Sulphide 8 9#) 45 " Blanc Fixe 0 2$) costs $5.85 0007-SWP-000001408 Tit a n iu m d io x id e ? h o :; is it ma d e? Titanium dioxide (or titanium oxide), TiOg, is the whitest and the most opaque of the white pigments today available. It i.-- produced from titanium ores containing TiOg, iron oxide, Silica, end some other impurities. The ore is first " sulpha tod" whereby the different ingredients, except Silica, are converted to sulphates by a treatment 'with sulphuric acid. The solution is filtered off from the. insoluble silicates and purified to remove the iron and other incidental sulphates. The pure solution of titanium sulphate is then "hydrolyzed" by i pressure and dilution to throw out ;n amorphous form of titanium, titanium hydrate. The hydrate upon calcination is converted to titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide, like zinc sulphide, is marketed to a con siderable extent as an "Extended" pigment. At present there is available Titanium Pigment, Barium - two forms, one containing 25% TiOg and the other 53% TiCg. The extender is blanc fixe (precipitated BaSO^). Titanium Pigment, Calcium - 50% TiOg with 70% precipitated (and calcined) calcium sulphate (Co SOa ). Titanium Pigment, Magnesium - 50%. TiOg with 70% silicate of magnesium. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TITANIUM PIGMENTS IN EXTEFIOR PAINTS? 0007-SWP-000001409 Prior to the advent of the titanium pigments, white lend in cil end the lead-zinc mixed paints wore lacking in opacity to the extent that a practical two coat job was impossible over unpointed or badly discolored surfaces. These paints also discolored badly, particularly in the areas of high population where the moat paint is applied. The introduction of the titanium pigments permitted the paint manufacturer to overcome both of these defects, at least in a large measure, but has not resulted in any material increase in durability. The titanium pigments arc practically inert or non-resetive frith paint vehicles and form no soaps with them to effect a bonding of the pigment, as is the case with zin and load. As a result of this lack of bond, the titanium pigments shot; considerable chalking in the films on exposure. The chalking of titanium differs in type from that of lead. The particles of the latter having surrounded themselves with an intimate bonding with the film show a weathering effect wherein small flakes of film slov/ly detach themselves from the surface. Tiith titanium the individual particles simply pop out of the film, leaving minute holes which act as focal points at which weather effects and light effects are concentrated. Titanium may bo added tv formulations cither as the oxide, Ti(>2 or as reductions of the pure oxide with extender pigments (as blcnc fixe, calcium sulphate, magnesium silicate, etc.). It is generally admitted that little, if any, actual advantage to the paint is gained by the use of a TiO^ pro-blended with on extender by the pigment manufacturer as against blends in the paint mixer. Possibly certain paint manufacturers J 0007-SWP-000001410 -71u do find it more economical to imrchr.se the blends ratiler than carry separate stocks of TiOg and extender. High whiteness in color High opacity Disadvantages Inertness Poor banding Kith the film Rather difficult wetting Excessive chalking Whitening or fading of tints Poor {doss retention Absorption of drier in the package with resulting poor drying when applied to surface Rather poor wetting nnd grinding char acteristics High absorptitin of ultraviolet light Lead iitanato deserves special mention. It is not usod in formulation in the same way as the other titanium pigments and differs materially from them. Firstly, it is of a cream yellow color, and r. secondly, it is, unlike the other titanium pigments, highly rasistant to |- chalking, so much so that the addition of 20% or more of.it to a fornula| tion: where color is unimportant, will offset the chalking duo to other pigment ingredients, such as lead. The failure of the film with lead ?. titanate present, bocomos of the cracking-flaking typo. It is used principally in the manufacture of tinted house paints to improve tint t retention, but as yet has received very limited acceptance. In white P paints, due to its color, it is impossible to add enough to be of definite value. Titanium Pigment, Barium was the earliest extendod titanium pig ment to be generally introduced into house paint for the purpose of increasing opacity. Practical exposures showed too marked a chalking 0007-SWP-000001bll -7- tendoncy, and its use has now been largely disc intinued. Titcniup Pi?nc-nt. Calciun is net largely used in exterior paints, although its increased bulkin' value would appear to Bake its use economical. Titanium Pigment, Hsi-nosiuift Tv'x; like the Titanium Barium is nv uere than a nechnnical mix which the paint oixar nay duplicate for himself from straight TiOg and silicates. Indeed no advantage has been definitely shown to exist between any of the extended titanj.un pignents, and the sane proportions of titanium with the sense ex tender when blended by the paint maker. The nagnusium type, however, is nuch more desirable as an extender than dlanc Fixe and this type can be expected to eventually replace the Titanium-Barium and thu Titanium-Calcium for exterior usage. The general usage of titanium in the best exterior for 'isolations today Units the amount t- 1055 of the total pigmentation to avoid exces sive chalking. It is usually introduced as the straight titanium oxide, since the paint maker is thus enabled to include the extender pigments of snail or large groin type which his experience has shown hin to possess the best durability performance compatible with the other pigments used. TEE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TITANIUM PIGffiMTS IN INTERIOR PidOTS? Titanium dioxide, either straight or in thu fora of one of its "extended" modifications is included in. interior formulations solely for the whiteness of color and the increased opacity which it adds. Titanium dioxide is usually added straight as TiOg, since it then is necessary to replace only a la-jirimna amount of the other pigments. 2 T ill 0 0 0 0 0 -d MS- 0 0 0 The use of the- calcium extended Titanium, however, is of considerable interest. Calcium sulphite as an extender has a high bulking value, and consequently gives higher consistency, pound per pound, as compared to other inerts. By use of calcium extended titanium oxide, reducing the- ether inerts in the formula in proportion, on economic ad vantage is obtained, i.e. - maintenance of consistency with a lower pound age of pigment. The use of Calcium Titonox is increasing and offers seri-ous competition to iithopcnc. Titanium dioxide and the- titanium-calcium pigments brush well when properly formulated although there is usually a preference toward the zinc sulphide pigments in this respect. Thu chief objections to titanium are serious enough to have resulted in a strict limitation of its usage. They ore (1) l'cor wettability (2) Absorption of driers in the package. been Wettability lias/s noewbat improved by the manufacturer, but the absorption of driers remxins objectionable. Blanketing vith relatively large amounts of a second pigment, usually a zinc sulphide pigment is found necessary in producing satisfactory paints of certain typos. Pure titanium oxide finds extensive use in enamels especially those of the baking type, refrigerator enamels, etc. In this type of formulation Zinc Oxide or Antimony Oxide is used to buffer the chalking tendency of the titanium. 0007-SWP-000001413 -74- niBLIHGRrtPH7 (1) Joachim, ''Paint oncl Varnish Formulation'1 - (1051) Ad . Paint J. Co. (2) L. A. fctelshuinur, "Paint Consistency Kith Particular Reference to Formulation Kith Lithopano." Am. Paint Journal, Val. 21, Ho. 55, Hay 24, 1057. (5) K. it. Gardner, "Physical end Clionicol Examination of Points, Varn ishes, Lacquers and Colors," 7th Ed., (1935). (4) "Paint and V-rnish Lecture Lvursc" jf the New England Paint and Varnish Production Club. (5) "Paint Section of the Nov: Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Catechism," by Cc j . B. Hbckol, Drugs, 0il3 and Paints, Novembor, 1954. (6) "a .S.T.H. Standards j e. Preservative Coatings for Structural Materials," boptenoer, 1935. (7) lierwin. Proc. A.S.T.L. 17, P:;rt II, 496, (1917). (8) Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. (9) Paint Iifg. Ass'n Circulars No. 70. (10) Paint and Varnish be. beet. Bull,. Ho* 6. (11) Paint, Oil rad Chen. Rev., July 5, 198, p. 18B, Recent Improvements in Am. Lithopones by J. E. Bo.-go. (12) Paint and Varnish beet. Circular No. 502, p. 49. (13) Point, Varnish and Lacquer a s s o c . be. Circl. No. 491. (14) "The Relative Jdoth.ds For Determining Particle Size of Pigments," by Stutz and Pfund, Journ. 2d, and Eng. Chau. V jl. 19, 51 (1927). (15) Handbook of Chemical *icr.,sc'.py by Chanut and Mason, p. 413. v ! >h .i V pmsTtft. ig& gl& tS N ffS V 0007-SWP-000001U14