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l.: : ; ETHYL NEWS INDEX-1962 ' AGRICULTURE AND AVIATION Farm Market, The--Big, Growing, Changing............................................ ................................. July-August Follow the Flying Suitcase (Automated baggage handling)................................. September-October Miracles of Beltsville, The (USDA research work)...................................................................Mareh-April Schoolhouse in the Sky (Flying educational TV station)............................................ January-February AUTOMOTIVE Journeys into Yesteryear (Historic highways)................................. ........................... September-October Let's Talk Sense About Highway Safety........................................................................ January-February Letter from a Magic Circler (William M. Murray travel letter)............................ September-October Power for Flowers (Tournament of Roses parade floats)....................................... November-Deeember Profile of an Outboarder (Characteristics of motorboat owners) . . - . . . May-June They Travel in Magic Circles (Offutts' trailer trips).................................................................. July-August Thumbs Down on Thumbers (Hitchhiking)................................................................................... May-June What About the '63s? (New car octane requirements)............................................ November-Deeember ETHYL CORPORATION Albemarle Story, The (Description of subsidiary company)..................................November-Deeember ( Annual Review of Gasoline Quality Full of Helpful Information............................................ March-April Antiknock Compounds and Public Health................................................................................... May-June Antiknocks Make a Difference.......................................................................................................July-August Breath + Chemicals = Warmth (Heated suit)................................................................ January-February Caustic Chlorine Plant under Construction at Baton Rouge.................................................. Mareh-April Company Promotes Specialist to Assistant Medical Director (Dr. Robert T. P. deTreville)................................................................................ July-August Desktop Demonstration (Model blending system)..................................................................... July-August "Ethyl" Products at Work..................................................................................................................... May-June Executives in Key Posts (Officers of new Ethyl Corporation)................................. November-Deeember Experienced Employee Named Export Sales Operations Manager (J. T. Biehle)........................................................................................................... March-April Flammable! Handle with Care!............................................................................................January-February Importance of Women, The (Women on Wheels II).................................................. September-October Lead-in-Air Tests Made Easy................................................................................................. January-February Magic Circles Keep Rolling........................................................................................................... March-April Marketing Research and Analysis Division W'H Serve Oil Industry............................ July-August MPA is the Answer................................................................................................................................May-June New Ethyl Corporation, The........................................................................................... November-Deeember New Liquid Dyes on Market as Petroleum Product Coloring Agents...................... ..... July-August New Look at Truck Requirements, A................................................................................ January-February Continued on next page ETc 29991 ETHYL NEWS INDEX-1962 <cd> ETHYL CORPORATION (continued) Picture Story (Rodiooctive piston rings)...................................................................September-October Rood Numbers without Road Testing (Calculated octane numbers)....................................... March-April Twenty-five Years in Baton Rouge (Plant anniversary)............................................ September-October Two New Additives (CI-2 and MPA-D)........................................................................ January-February Which Antiknock and How Much? (Ethyl survey findings).............................................January-February Wide and Deep (Ethyl message)..............................................................................November-December GENERAL INTEREST Antidote for J. D. (Bakersfield, Calif., lawfulness program)....................................... January-February Burning Up the Ice (Iceboating).........................................................................................January-February Company's Coming (Foreign visitors in U.S.A.)................................ --:--T"........................July-August Festivals are Fun................................................................................................... July-August "Gotta Match?" (Book match business)................................................................................... March-April How to Approach Your Congressman............................................................. July-August Life of a Russian Plant Manager, The........................................................................ November-December Mail by the Pail (Detroit mailboat service)..............................................................................March-April Pilottown, Ahoy! (Headquarters of Mississippi River pilots)................................. November-December Rangers in Training (National park school)............................................................. September-October Revolution in Research, The..............................................................................................September-October Six Hundred Billion Gallons a Day (Water quality management)............................January-February Szabad Europa Radib (Radio Free Europe)............................................................. September-October What Do You Know About Your Government? (Civics quiz)..................................................March-April PETROLEUM Birthdays for Both (Anniversaries for Marathon Oil and Findlay, Ohio)............................July-August Jenny, 1812-1962 (Oil company history)......................................................................................... May-June Let's Promote Progress (Adaptation of Murdock speech)....................................... November-December Nature's Filing Cabinets (La Brea tar pits)................................................................................... March-April Oil from the Oceans of Venus................................................................................................... May-June Oil Goes to School (API school program)................................................................................... March-April Petroleum Pumpkin (Union Oil storage tank).............................................................September-October Putting the Heat on Snow (Snow melters).................................................................. November-December Truth about Modern Gasoline, The (True or false quiz)....................................................... May-June You've Probably Never Shaken This Hand but You Should!..................................................March-April ETHYL NEWS ETHYL IAN UARY-PIWUI 1062 Published by Ethyl Corporation 100 Pork Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds and other additives used by oil companies to improve the quality of petroleum products. B. B. Turner, President William R. Perdue, Jr., Vice President and Treasurer Herbert A. Savage, Secretary Richard F. Cook, Editor, ETHYL NEWS Stanton P. Nickerson, Associate Editor Carsten Grande, Art Director Articles from outside sources are welcomed. Upon request, permission to reprint material appearing in ETHYL NEWS will be granted. Contents Page 600 BILLION GALLONS A DAY............... 1 2 NEW ADDITIVES.................................... 6 LEAD-IN-AIR TESTS MADE EASY............ 9 ANTIDOTE FOR J.D........................................10 LETS TALK SENSE ABOUT HIGHWAY SAFETY...................................... 14 FLAMMABLE! HANDLE WITH CARE. ... 17 BURNING UP THE ICE................................ 20 WHICH ANTIKNOCK AND HOW MUCH?.......................................... . 23 SCHOOLHOUSE IN THE SKY.................... 26 BREATH + CHEMICALS = WARMTH . . 29 ON THE COVER win ter's snow, which will become spring's water, piles deep near Mt. El bert, Colo., highest peak in the Rockies. Ways to help satisfy the country's growing water requirements are outlined in "600 Billion Gallons a Day," page 1. PHOTO CREDITS: Cover, Frank Klune, Jr., through Free Lance Photographers' Guild; pages 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14*15, and 22 (top and bottom left), A. Devoney; page 5, The Atlontic Refining Co.; pages 10, 11, 12, 13, Jack B. Kemmerer,- pages 17, 18, 19, Camero Associates; pages 21 ond 22 (right). Three Lions; poge 29, drowing by Wolter Hortens. Printed in U.S.A. Improved water quality management is vitally needed to help quench the nation's insatiable thirst. In less than 20 years, fresh water requirements are expected to double to . . . 600 Billion Gallons a Day By James M. Gill ETHYL NEWS ETC 29994 ith a zooming population and a static water supply, control of water pollu Wtion has become America's greatest natural resource problem. The country's 185 million people now use 320 billion gallons of fresh water a day. By 1980, when we may have as many as 250 million people, water require ments are expected to double to 600 billion gallons a day. It is reported that our maximum fixed water supplies, which we can hope to develop by engineering works in the next twenty years, is perhaps 515 billion gallons a day. This indicates a theoretical deficit of 85 billion gallons a day by 1980. The shortage will have to be made up by increased reuse of the available supply. Present water-population prospects indicate that three out of four Americans January-February 1962 600 Billion Gallons a Day "Industry spends millions of dollars to conform to accepted or prescribed standards of water quality. However, It is inevitable and proper for waterways to be used for dispersion and assimilation of industrial waste, provided water quality is not unreasonably impaired." will depend on surface streams for drinking water in 1980. To safeguard these people, the U. S. Public Health Service estimates that $600 mil lion a year--double the present rate--should be spent on sewage treatment facilities. Water supply and protection then is a big problem and demands immediate attention. Increased responsibility for water pollution control was given to the federal government last year by amendments to the Federal Water Pollu tion Control Act. Under specified conditions, the federal government can take action to re duce pollution in navigable waters, even when those waters are wholly within the boundaries of a state. This means increased activity by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare 2 in the whole field of water pollution abatement. Unfortunately, the Act does not define pollu tion. In this respect, the Department could make a valuable contribution in developing some technique or procedure that would result in a logical means for arriving at what consti tutes pollution. Such a contribution would aid the U. S. Public Health Service in carrying out an effective program and would provide leader ship and assistance to the various state and local governments. This task is, of course, not easy. Basic data must be developed on the condition of our streams and water supplies. Quality is meas ured in different terms by different users. What constitutes a pollutant to one user may be of ETHYL NEWS no consequence to another. A constituent in a stream is of importance only when related to the use of the waters. In other words, pollution cannot exist except in a specific relationship to an actual or intended use of the waters. In his natural resource message last year, President Kennedy proposed "an intensive and broadened research effort to determine the specific sources of water pollution and their adverse effects upon all water uses; the effects upon the health of the people exposed to water pollution; and more effective means for pre venting, controlling or removing the contam inants that now pollute our rivers and streams." Congress moved swiftly to translate the pro posals into action. It provided for development January-February 1962 of: (1) a practical means of treating waterborne wastes to remove the maximum amounts of physical, chemical and biological pollutants; (2) improved methods to identify and measure the effects of pollutants on water uses; and (3) methods for evaluating the effects on water quality of augmented stream flows to control water pollution. Provisions have also been made for the establishment of field laboratory and research facilities. Thus, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1961 broadens the role of the federal government, both as a regulator of water pollu tion and as a sponsor of expanded research. The cause of clean water can best be furthered if the federal government will emphasize its role in 3 ETC 29997 600 Billion Gallons a Day federal and state government, institutes of higher learning, and industry aimed at making the fullest the field of research and utilize its considerable use of our water resources. This is not a time persuasive weight in encouraging state and local for complacency, nor is it a time for frantic, ill- governments to shoulder their obvious respon conceived programs. Constructive action can sibilities in the matter of meaningful controls. only be taken when we know where we are, Unreasonable degradation of the quality of where we are going and how we hope to get there., our waterways should be corrected by eliminat ing the pollutants at the source. This should be Economic and Social Considerations a matter of direct local concern and control. Certainly, in the absence of specific technicaleconomic yardsticks by which to measure the condition of a stream, it makes sense that regu lations be applied by people most familiar with the needs and problems of the community. This is an area that should not be lost to the federal government by reason of default. State and local governments must not only recognize their responsibility, but must also ap propriate the necessary funds to establish and maintain adequate engineering staffs, labora tories and control agencies. Too often these groups have not received a sufficient share of state or local revenues to do the job that is clearly their responsibility and one which they can do most effectively. Research must sweep away many of the un knowns in the field of water pollution abatement and forge the link between the problems of today and the solutions of tomorrow. There is the need for concentrated, scientific endeavor by A water quality management program that will assure the wisest possible use of our avail able water resources must be based not only on the results of expanded scientific endeavor, but also on firm economic and social considerations. Fundamental studies are needed in the field of water values to define more accurately costquality relationships. There are limits, admit tedly difficult to define, on the price that can be paid for higher quality water. Beneficial water uses should be analyzed in the light of economicsocial considerations and water quality standards set to achieve a reasonable balance between benefits and costs. Recognizing its community responsibilities, industry supports the establishment of sound water quality requirements designed to provide full utilization of water resources. It spends millions of dollars to conform to accepted or prescribed standards. However, it is proper for waterways to be used for dispersion and assimi lation of industrial waste, provided water quality is not unreasonably impaired. Industry recognizes that the time is gone for ever when raw waste can be dumped indiscrim | James M. Gill, the author inately into public waterways. Industry accepts I of this article, is manager waste treatment facilities as a cost of doing busi R| i I I of the Ethyl Corporation manufacturing plant at Pittsburg, Calif. He has spoken and written on water pollution control and ness. The record shows that over the last decade these costs have represented an increasing per centage of new plant investment. In spite of industry's advancements in the recently was appointed industry reprefield of waste abatement, increased efforts will sentative on the Advisory Group for thbee required to keep streams in proper condition. Advanced Waste Treatment Research Program conducted by the U. S. Depart ment of Health, Education and Welfare. The entire water resources of a state cannot be maintained for the exclusive use of any one group. In certain cases, maximum benefit to the people of a state may be attained by use of par- 4 ETHYL NEWS ETC 29998 ticular waters for the dispersion and assimilation of wastes. Likewise, there are areas in which the recreational uses of water may well dictate substantially higher water quality. Regional control agencies should determine which beneficial uses of local waters are to be protected in the best interests of the people and should establish water quality requirements nec essary to provide this protection. As stated before, it is the intended or actual use of the water that determines whether any given dis-. charge constitutes pollution. It follows that the same or similar waste discharges may be subject to different treatment requirements where the receiving waters are deemed to have different beneficial uses. Water quality management is not a precise science with ready solutions to all problems, but it is steadily growing in stature and knowledge. It has the responsibility for providing water of proper quality and in adequate quantity at the place and time where it is needed. It is not sufficient to say simply that water must be clean and not polluted. Interwoven are technical, eco nomic and philosophical considerations which must be evaluated in any sound water quality management program. Broad Viewpoint Important Technically, we have the know-how to extract from the ocean an abundant supply of fresh water, but there are overriding economic con siderations. It is also possible, by increasingly restrictive legislation, to gain some improvement in water quality. But such action must be weighed against the basic American philosophy of freedom of enterprise. Clearly, policy makers must maintain a broad viewpoint encompassing all facets of water man agement and not be moved by emotional, un reasonable demands of any group. Policies must be broadly conceived, dedicated to the maxi mum beneficial use of our waters for all seg ments of our society. To do this requires the advancement of knowledge in every phase of water management. # January-February 1962 if-' - ' -'? y.i. ; The oil industry is a leading contributor to water quality improvement in many parts of the country. For example, this cyclator is but one of several elaborate treating facilities through which water from Atlantic Refining's Philadelphia refinery passes before being discharged into the Schuylkill River. 5 i. new join Ethyl's growinj FOR HEATING OILS CCT~'thyl" combustion improver 2, the I j Company's new additive for home heat ing oils, increases the cleanliness and efficiency of oil heat and at the same time promotes flexibility in refinery operations. An organic compound of manganese, "Ethyl" Combustion Improver 2, or CI-2, is highly ef fective in improving combustion characteristics of heating oil, in reducing its tendency to smoke, and in improving oil burner efficiency. The larg est measures of control are obtained when it is added to oils in quantities as small as .025 to .050 gram of manganese per gallon (9.4 to 18.8 (Continued on page 8, column 1) 6 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30000 additives ist of products for the oil industry thyl's new additive for diesel fuels, that can affect vital parts of the fuel injection E "Ethyl" Multi-Purpose Additive--Diesel, system, the heart of a diesel engine. improves engine performance, protects critical The detergent action of MPA--D prevents engine parts against rust and deposits, lowers the buildup of gum and varnish-like deposits the smoke level of exhaust, and reduces engine which can clog injector nozzles and cause plun maintenance costs. Used in average concentra gers to stick. Such malfunctions distort fuel spray tions of 200 parts per million (58.5 lbs. MPA-- patterns and, in turn, increase exhaust smoke D to 1,000 bbl. fuel), it is effective in a wide and reduce power. By keeping injector parts range of fuels. clean and functioning properly, "Ethyl" Multi- The new product is a companion to "Ethyl" Purpose Additive--Diesel helps maintain en Multi-Purpose Additive for gasoline, but is dif gines at peak operating efficiency and prevents ferent in its application. the development of undesirable exhaust smoke. "Ethyl" MPA--D extends diesel engine over Extensive tests have demonstrated that the haul periods by controlling rust and deposits (Continued on page 8, column 2) Janunry-February 1962 7 2 new additives "Ethyl" Combustion Improver 2 (Continued from page 6) lbs. of CI-2 per 1,000 bbl. oil). Use of the additive enables refiners to im prove the burning quality of present fuel oil blends and to include more catalytically cracked components and aromatics in heating oils with out loss in burning quality. For refiners who do not segregate diesel fuel from heating oil stock, CI-2 presents no problems since it is not detri mental to diesel engines. Full-scale laboratory tests have shown that the use of "Ethyl" Combustion Improver 2 re duces smoke formation as much as 50 percent at low concentrations and up to 80 percent at higher concentrations. In a direct comparison in two furnaces, smoke output was cut in half immediately when CI-2 was added to fuel of the unit that had been operating on untreated oil. Conversely, the smoke doubled as soon as the second furnace changed to untreated fuel. By contributing to more complete combus tion, the additive not only reduces smoke output but also improves burner efficiency, reduces burner maintenance costs, and should help make heating oil more competitive with natural gas. It thus offers benefits to refiners, dealers and home owners. For home owners, it provides cleaner heat, lower maintenance costs and lower fuel costs through increased efficiency. For dealers, it helps cut costs on oil burner service contracts. CI-2 is generally more effective in less ex pensive concentrations than commercially avail able "soot destroyers" and it does not have un desirable effects on the storage stability of straight-run or catalytically cracked blends of heating oil. At the small concentrations in which it is used, CI-2 presents no health hazard to those handling treated fuel oil. storing it or burning it in their furnaces.# "Ethyl" Multi-Purpose Additive--Diesel (Continued from page 7) use of MPA--D maintains the level of exhaust smoke of clean engines at the clean-engine level and reduces the smoke level of dirty engines. It makes possible a higher engine power output at a given smoke level or maintenance of the same power output at a lower smoke level. Exhaust smoke control is important to diesel engine operators since they often have to run engines at lower power levels to stay within smoke output limitations. In protecting engine parts against deposits, MPA--D reduces maintenance costs by extend ing the operating life of fuel injectors before cleaning or replacement is necessary. In one test, a diesel fleet averaged 30,000; miles longer in jector life when it used a fuel containing MPA --D. This is equivalent to a fuel saving of 0.6 cents per gallon. Protects Fuel System Parts For refiners who do not segregate diesel fuels from domestic heating oils, the use of MPA--D creates no problems. In fact, some advantage may be realized since the detergent action of the new additive should reduce deposits on burner filter screens and nozzles. MPA--D protects not only sensitive injector parts against rust during idle periods or lay-ups, but also fuel system parts and fuel storage tanks and pipes. "Ethyl" Multi-Purpose Additive--Diesel is a liquid ash-free, surface-active, organic com pound. It can be blended in the same manner as other fuel additives, either in batches or con tinuously, and is readily soluble in diesel fuel. It is chemically stable and non-corrosive and re quires no more handling precautions than pe troleum products.# 8 ETHYL NEWS ETC. 30002 Made Easy Ethyl Corporation develops new equipment for refiners to use in checking gasoline storage tanks ompact new equipment for oil refiners to C use in measuring the lead content of the air in cleaned gasoline storage tanks has been de Ethyl product service engineer John Watt gives an on-tbe-scene explanation of the use of the veloped by Ethyl Corporation. Called the "Ethyl" new lead-in-air test equipment. Lead-in-Air Analyzer, the equipment is equally effective in measuring lead-in-air in tanks that color comparitor. When a standard color is contained gasoline improved by tetraethyl lead found that matches the color of the solution, the or one of the newer lead alkyl antiknocks. number on that standard color indicates the Packed in an attractive, fitted lightweight amount of lead present in the sampled air. carrying case, the complete lead-in-air analyzer The primary use of the new lead-in-air ana kit weighs less than 20 pounds. It contains all lyzer is to determine if a cleaned tank can be the supplies and equipment needed to obtain safely entered for maintenance or repair without accurate, on-the-scene test results. protective equipment. Tests are relatively simple to make. A glass The new equipment is the most recent of ampule containing crystalline iodine is inserted many Ethyl innovations designed to facilitate in the intake port of a small hand pump and lead-in-air tests. Developed by Ethyl Corpora one cubic foot of air is drawn through it. Special tion scientists and distributed by Shilstone Test chemicals, supplied in sealed containers, are ing Laboratory, it may be purchased by refiners used to extract and analyze the lead which ac from Shilstone. cumulates on the iodine crystals. Ethyl product service engineers are available The color of the lead-chemical solution is to train refinery personnel in using the new then compared to numbered standard colors in a equipment.# January-February 1962 9 ETC 30003 jte Antidote for cJ. D. Teen-agers in Bakersfield, Calif., leam lawfulness by riding in police cars Teen-agers helping man police patrol cars? It may sound unusual, but it happens every week end in Bakersfield, California--and it's paying off. It's part of Police Chief Harry V. Grayson's program to promote safe driving, in crease respect for law and order and fight juven ile delinquency. The unique undertaking was launched four years ago after 38 Bakersfield youngsters of high school age were picked up by authorities in con nection with a series of petty crimes. So far, it has provided about 1,500 youngsters with a close-up of their police force in action, and-- more important-- has helped reduce the juvenile crime rate. On Friday and Saturday nights, eight boys-- two from each of the city's four high schools-- ride with policemen on the 8 p.m.-to-midnight tour of duty. To qualify for a patrol car assign ment, students must have a good reputation and the recommendation of their principal. Since they go along as observers, the young sters don't take an active physical part in direct. police action, but they can help in several ways. Before going on duty, they are briefed in the use of the police radio and call for assistance when things get out of hand for arresting officers. On accident calls, they set out red flares and warn oncoming motorists. They watch officers "frisk" suspicious characters and go along with police in- 4 10 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30004 Before going on duty with members of the Bakersfield, Calif., police department, selected high school students are briefed by Chief Harry Grayson, above, and, left, get patrol car assignments. ... In potentially dangerous situations, below, the youngsters watch action from the safety of police cars. Antidote for J.D. vestigators when burglaries have been reported. If the police cars are called on an armed rob bery, the boys are dropped off at a safe spot and picked up again later. In other dangerous situa tions, they remain inside the car. Now and then, the boys even help solve a crime. Once, for example, soon after the pro gram was started, an observant rider recognized the driver of a speeding car that ran a stop sig nal. "I know that guy!" he shouted and directed police to the home of the law breaker. It turned out that the speeder was responsible for a series of unsolved robberies as well as for traffic law violations. As might be expected, early riders with police were subjected to vicious name calling by some of Bakersfield's young toughs. But after a few weeks, when the observers reported back to their schools, the adventurous side of police car work began to prove appealing. Sneers and snide re marks changed to pleas for a chance to partici pate in week-end patrols. How well is the program paying off? "There has been a definite decline in thefts, destruction of property and other typical juvenile crimes," Chief Grayson reports. "And we've had hun dreds of requests for information from other police departments throughout the country. Most of them seem to like the idea. I'm sure it won't be very long before teen-age observers will be riding in patrol cars on Friday and Sat urday nights in other cities." # Od accident calls, Bakersfield boys put out red flares and then inspect damaged cars, learning first-hand the importance of safe driving. . . . Right, the arrest of an irresponsible youth for reckless driving further impresses them. 12 30006 FTC Routine nighttime checks for open or broken doors and windows discourages burglary. . . . But when breaking and entering is reported, youngsters accom pany investigating officers, watching and listening attentively. I An insight into police and fire department cooperation is gained by teen-agers riding in patrol cars as they watch teamwork at meat market fire. . . . Right, a routine check on girls out after curfew concludes the high-schoolers' tour of duty. January-February 1962 ETC 30007 LET'S TALK SENSE i BSCURED BY THE CACOPHONY of ghoulish O guessing and bloodthirsty reporting that is dramatically dished out by radio, television and newspapers is the very real progress that has been made in automotive highway safety. From a high of 11.5 deaths per 100 million vehicle miles in 1945, the rate was slashed to 5.3 in 1960. In 1961, it was reduced even more, with a record low of 5.1 posted in the first 11 months. A reduction of this size is an outstanding ac complishment any time, but it is even more impressive in view of the skyrocketing automo bile population. While the highway death rate was being cut more than 55 percent, motor ve hicle registrations were increasing almost 150 percent. In the decade and a half since World War II, the number of cars, trucks and buses on Amer ica's streets and highways soared from a little over 31 million to more than 74 million. At the same time, the number of licensed drivers has risen to more than 90 million. Yet the death rate was more than cut in half! 14 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30008 With the automotive safety record constantly improving, it's high time TV, radio and news paper reporters, insurance companies and "safe ty" organizations, stopped screaming death and destruction. It's time they called a halt to cre ating the impression that the only safe place for the family car is home in the garage. It's time, instead, they started talking sense about auto mobile fatalities. There's no minimizing the importance of highway safety--and nobody wants to--but sen sational reports of widespread carnage are not January-February 1962 only misleading, they can be disturbing and downright harmful. Instead of making drivers safer and more competent, they can make them more tense, more nervous and more accidentprone. Or else they can frighten them into not driving at all. "In traffic safety campaigns, scare techniques are common," reports Dr. James L. Malfetti, director of the Safety Research and Education Project at Teachers College, Columbia Univer sity. "So are claims for their effectiveness. But there is no evidence for these claims. In fact." 15 LET'S TALK SENSE ABOUT HIGHWAY SAFETY * reports Dr. Malietti, "psychological studies in related fields show that scare campaigns as now conceived do more harm than good." Like Dr. Malfetti, many safety consultants have come to realize that what makes better drivers is not horror but help; not scares but sug gestions; not terror but teaching. Teaching Pays Dividends Education, of course, has been one of the biggest contributors to automotive safety and it offers one of the greatest potentials for improv ing the record of the last few years even more. Starting with bicycle safety campaigns for pre driving-age youngsters and continuing through high school and adult driver training courses, sound rational teaching has paid big dividends. One evidence of its value is seen in the lower insurance rates for graduates of high school courses. Cook County (Chicago), 111., with a program based largely on education and training, has been outstanding among municipalities conducting educational traffic safety programs. The bicycle safety and high school driver education phases of the program there have been in operation for some time. The third phase--voluntary and mandatory adult driver education--was launched last year. The Cook County program may well provide a pattern' for other municipal ities to follow. Oil Company Contributions In the oil industry, the API Travel Develop ment Committee has a Subcommittee on High way Safety Education, which is studying the problem. At the same time, many individual oil com panies sponsor successful highway safety cam paigns as a public service. These campaigns were called a "vital and valid" factor in last year's record low death rate, according to Gen. George C. Stewart, executive vice president of the National Safety Council. 16 Modern highways, too, have helped with the safety record. Mile for mile, highway travel is now three times safer than it was 25 years ago and twice as safe as it was 15 years ago. The new system of interstate highways now under construction is expected to make driving even safer. Some 36 states are cooperating in a study comparing accident experience on the new roads with that on older existing routes. Pre liminary findings indicate that completion of the system will result in saving 3,500 to 4,000 lives a year. Many companies and industry groups inter ested in automotive transportation, many gov ernment agencies, and many other non-profit organizations are working to promote highway safety even further. Traffic engineering and uni form highway signs and laws also are expected to play a vital part. Positive Note Needed But for the future, scare propaganda and mis leading fatality statistics should be deemphasized. Safety messages should strike a positive note. They should try to make each motorist realize that by being a better driver he' pan make specific contributions in certain situations and contribute to overall highway safety. As part of this approach, it has been pro posed, for example, that roadside signs listing rules for safe passing on a particular stretch of highway would be helpful. And radio messages could be directed to drivers caught in a sudden storm, suggesting safe procedures for using brakes, clutch and deicing windshields. Fundamental to everything, of course, is safe driving. Safe driving is a skill which, once mastered and remembered, provides great plea sure. On the other hand, poor or careless driving leads to accidents, injury and property damage. America's automotive safety record can be improved even more--without horror and hys teria--by the conscientious application of the principles of safe driving.# ETHYL NEWS ETc 30010 J New Ethyl show for oil companies to use in teaching safety at refineries is entitled... FLAMMABLE f LE WITH CAKE "ft\W ur purpose in bringing this presentation to you is to describe and show some of the avoidable hazards of handling petroleum products, so that you may help keep the oil industry the safe industry that it is." These comments introduce "Flammable! Handle with Care," a new Ethyl Cor poration show for customers to use in promoting maximum safety at refineries and related facilities. The presentation's emphasis is on what the oil industry feels are some of the most essential precautions and procedures to be followed by refinery personnel. Unfolding with dramatic impact in 45 minutes of live demonstrations and January-February 1962 17 ETC 3001 FLAMMABLE! HANDLE WITH CARE motion picture sequences in color, the show is a comprehensive extension of related Ethyl safety films, among them "Danger! Water" and "Danger! Air," which point out how to avoid potentially hazardous conditions in which water and air may be culprits. It is a compelling sequel to "Fire Power," another Company show designed to teach the safe handling of gasoline. Why and How Disasters Occur "Flammable! Handle with Care" deals realisti cally with everyday situations and circumstances at refineries, bulk plants and auxiliary installations. At the same time, the presentation builds thorough understanding of the basic reasons why and how disasters occur. Film footage of actual holocausts helps drive lessons home. Stressing the urgency of measures to protect human life and property, trained Ethyl representa tives who conduct the presentation make these points: "When petroleum products are handled and used properly, there never need be a fire or explosion. As a general rule, refinery fires can be caused by only three things: faulty design or inspection of equipment, improper use of the equipment, or care lessness on the part of operators." Simple but effective demonstrations make clear some of the conditions under which fires or explo sions can erupt. Then audiences are shown how eliminating any of the three basic factors--combus tible vapor, air, and ignition temperature--can prevent dangerous reactions. A model glass pipeline is used in explaining how fuel vapors create invisible hazards by flowing and accumulating until an ignition source causes rapid flash-back fire. Other demonstrations show how small quantities of petroleum products can jeopard ize refinery safety unless adequate precautions are taken to prevent fire or explosions. The presenta tion also covers common but frequently unrecog nized ignition sources, among them light switches and electric motors. Because many refiners consider static electricity one of their most insidious problems, the presenta 18 tion is particularly thorough in explaining how dangerous voltages can build up even from the mere flow of process streams. Audiences learn the importance of recognizing conditions and circum stances conducive to static generation. Attention to a number of other protective refinery measures gives breadth to the show. In watching miniature fires, listening to repercussions in con tainers and seeing what happens to models as a result of simulated carelessness, audiences are taught invaluable lessons. Among the points driven home--are those which illustrate how inadequate venting causes storage tank collapse and how re finery fires can start from spontaneous combustion. Concluding portions of the show review and summarize some generally accepted fire-fighting methods. Although exhaustive treatment of this complex subject is not attempted, dramatic demon strations explain the principles of applying carbon dioxide, chemicals, water fog, flame arrestors and other extinguishers. Miniature demonstration shows bow fire could start from spontaneous combustion of improperly discarded waste. i ETHYL NEWS ETC 30012 Throughout "Flammable! Handle with Care," it is made dear that Ethyl's objectives are to augment and emphasize the safety programs which all re finers conduct. Such advice as this is given fre quently: "Now you can see why it is important to observe all of your company's rules and regulations for precautionary measures . . To Help Oil Industry More broadly, the presentation is a significant contribution by Ethyl to help the oil industry chalk up still more noteworthy achievements in reducing damage and loss from fire. API statistics show that oil industry fire losses fell to a new low in 1960--to 39 percent less than the year before, with 15 percent fewer conflagra tions. But with damages totaling $4.1 million, efforts are being pushed to reduce losses even further in coming years. That is the purpose of "Flammable! Handle with Care."# Collapsed gallon can illustrates what can happen to inadequately vented refinery storage tanks. Jnnuary-Februnry 1962 Static electricity in action: Left, a spark touches off an explosion of combustible vapor rupturing the paper cover of a model tank. . . . Above, a simple belt and pulley generate enough current to light up a neon "Ethyl" sign. 1!! 19 ETC 30013 By Thomas A. Hoge without ideal sailing conditions nearby, would-be skippers had to stay home. ith winter gripping America's northern Now hard water sailors scan weather reports, Wlakes and rivers, a frostbitten band of stal lash their boats to trailers or family station wagons warts is having another go at that fastest, mostand head for a cold, dry spot. If there is no ice on daredevil of marine sports--iceboating. local waters, a freezeover is usually accessible by First-timers compare iceboating to racing a brake highway. less automobile down a slippery hill. But veterans Traditional eastern iceboating centers have been claim nothing is more exhilarating than skimming the Hudson River, the Navesink River in New over the ice at speeds up to four times the velocity Jersey and Long Island's Great South Bay. But of the wind. All you need, they say, is plenty of many other lakes and rivers have come to be used courage and very few nerves. with the increasing popularity of the sport. Iceboat Anyone who has tried jockeying an iceboat along clubs schedule races and meets from December a narrow, glass-slick river at 100 miles an hour, through March. with rocky banks looming on both sides, agrees it is anything but a bore. Hard water sailing was once the exclusive diver- Wide Range of Craft Midwesterners who have taken up the sport in sion-of the wealthy, for they alone could afford the the past few decades stage races and regattas on ponderous ice yachts costing thousands of dollars. But the sport has been streamlined to fit more modest pocketbooks. Today's trim, graceful little boats are much less expensive, far safer and often just as fast as the leviathans that thundered up and down the frozen Hudson River at the turn of the lakes in Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minne sota, with the Gar Wood trophy meets being held on Detroit's Lake St. Clair. There are now more than 1.500 iceboats in the United States, ranging from big class A racers, carrying 350 square feet of sail, to tiny DN's with century under 600 feet of canvas. Carried on Cars only 60 feet. Some types are strictly speedsters, while others are designed for pleasure as well as racing. Modern maneuverable craft cost from S450 to The bow-steering E class, or Skeeter, is the most $2,000 complete. Do-it-yourself assembly models popular and perhaps the ablest of today's racers. run still less. And today's iceboats can be carried Riding under 75 square feet of dacron sail, it has easily on automobile trailers or on car tops. proved itself in free-for-all meets from New Jersey Until light models were on the market, iceboaters to Montreal to Minnesota. spent much of their time in a state of frustration. The little DN is a favorite among beginners. They had to have ice, but there could be no snow Only 12 feet long, with a 16-t'oot mast, it is covering it. They needed wind, but too much wind light, easy to handle and costs less than $500 with could wreck their fragile craft. In other words, all the trimmings. 20 ETHYL NEWS IIli-- --IM IM --i- iimi mil |~rr r ETC 3001- For those who want the thrill of iceboating with out some of the risks, designers have come out with a two-seated sled--minus a sail--driven by a four-horsepower engine geared to a pusher-type propeller. The little craft cruises along at speeds up to 40 mph. On turns it hugs the ice instead of heeling like a sailboat. Sled and motor weigh no more than 150 pounds and cost about $400. In summer, the motor-driven propeller can be used to push a boat through swamps or shallow water. Iceboating once was a strictly competitive sport, but today there are many fans who never race at all. They prefer to glide leisurely over the ice, enjoying the whistle of the wind in the rigging. With these pleasure sailors in mind, designers came out in 1948 with the double=chity Yankee. A handsome craft with a 19-foot hull and a 23-foot mast, it has the speed of a Skeeter and handles so easily it is a good boat to teach winter land lubbers the mysteries of hard water sailing. They're off! At the drop of the starter's flag, hard-water sailors begin a thrill-packed iceboat nee. January-February 1962 21 Iceboating, which originated in Holland, was introduced in this country by Dutch settlers in the Hudson River valley about 1790. Post-Civil War skippers raced the express trains that sped along riverside tracks and set speed records that have rarely been beaten. In 1907, on the Shrewsbury River in New Jersey, Commodore Elisha Price clocked his yacht "Clarel-' at the blistering pace of 144 miles an hour. While his achievement remains an official first on the books, a Wisconsin speedster reportedly hit 150 mph in a dazzling spurt during the winter of 1953. When properly sailed, an iceboat can go about four times as fast as the wind propelling it. The reasons are complex, involving mathematics and physics, hut they add up to the fact that boat speed results from a combination of wind strength and the bite of runners in the ice. With a gentle breeze of eight to ten miles an hour, an iceboat can hum along at a 40-mile clip, and sailors feel as though they are bucking a gale. When the wind hits 40 miles an ifour or more, it's time to hang on! Cruising serenely along like the iceboater at the left is lots of fun, but the spine-tingling thrills come when the wind whips craft up on two runners like the one above. For those who prefer iceboating with fewer risks, there are two-seated sleds (below) driven by a small engine geared to a pusher-type propeller. ETHYL NEWS ETC 30016 Which Antiknock and How Much? Value to refiners of newer, more volatile additives pinpointed in Ethyl studies By Stanton P. Nickerson ' 7hich antiknock will do the most to W improve my gasoline at the least cost?" Refiners looking for the answer to this basic question are finding Ethyl Corporation better qualified than ever to supply them with a wealth of new information which will help them decide on the best antiknocks to meet widely different needs. An exhaustive, continuing program pinpoints effectively the usefulness of newer, more volatile lead additives. Their behavior in the premium and regular fuels of customer companies has been investigated under a variety of controlled conditions. The Ethyl antiknocks more volatile than tetra ethyl lead (TEL) include tetramethyl lead (TML), physical mixtures of tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead (TELMEL) and equilibrium mixtures of lead alkyls (MLA). Lack of fami liarity with the commercial potentialities of these antiknocks has limited their acceptance-- often to refiners' disadvantage. But now that more complete information about the effectiveness of such compounds is January-February 1962 23 Which Antiknock and How Much? available, Ethyl Corporation can--in a very practical sense--offer oil refiners attractive oc tane bonuses, in keeping with evolutionary needs of modem fuels and engines. At the same time, new Ethyl findings are contributing substantially to more desirable matings of gasolines and anti knocks, often at material cost savings. The Ethyl evaluation program has accumu lated the most comprehensive data on lead alkyl behavior ever assembled. It includes more than 19,000 research and motor octane ratings and over 15,000 road ratings obtained with 26 test cars operating on chassis dynamometers. These tests were conducted with 338 samples of premium and regular gasolines from 93 oi companies. Ethyl's evaluations of how variou: lead alkyls performed in the fuel samples repre sent the usefulness of such additives in an esti mated 57 percent of the nation's crude capacity. Test results contribute fresh information about the impact of hydrocarbon type, gravity, sulfur content and other characteristics on anti knock effectiveness in gasoline. There is con siderable new evidence that the selection of the best additive depends upon a gasoline's compo nents, as well as upon its properties as a whole. Of all the Ethyl findings, none are more sig nificant than those obtained from the down-to- In accumulating the most complete data ever assembled on tbe usefulness of new lead alkyl antiknocks, Etbyl tests gasoline for sulfur content, above, and determines fuel hydrocarbon type, left. These and other properties affect additive behavior. 24 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30018 In running 26 cars on chassis dynamometers, more than 15,000 road octane ratings have been determined for gasolines containing the volatile lead alkyl additives. earth road performance of gasolines containing the various lead antiknocks. Realistic analyses of the cost effectiveness of these additives, under conditions corresponding to actual driving, show that present laboratory methods do not establish their true potentials. In 40 percent of the road test fuel ratings Ethyl has made in its evaluation program so far, for example, a gain of 0.5 octane number or more was realized at the same cost, when lighter TELMEL 75 was substituted for the more familiar TEL. Close to 60 percent of the road tests with TELMEL 75 showed octane improve ments of 0.2 or more as compared with TEL. Advantageous margins also have been shown by TELMEL 50, MLA 500 and other alkyls in similar tests. All this information, tabulated on some 1,700 IBM cards, is available to oilmen concerned with a more thorough exploration of comparable antiknock costs. Ethyl refinery technologists are ready to assist customers in making the most effective use of these and other evaluation tools.# Refiners concerned with their costs can share Ethyl's evaluation findings, available on 1,700 IBM cards for use in mechanical programming. January-February 1962 SCHOOLHOUSE IN TNE $KV Wk A flying television station beams lessons to more than a million students in the Midwest By A. B. Ferrara he thousands of modern functional school Tbuildings built in recent years don't look much like the little red schoolhouse Mary and her lamb attended. One in the American Mid west has even sprouted wings! It's a classroom in the sky that is beaming educational courses to over a million elemen tary, junior and senior high school and college students in Indiana, Ohio, iiinois, Wisconsin, Michigan and Kentucky. Twenty hours of instruction are transmitted weekly over each of two television channels from the blue-sky school. Courses include col lege-level Russian, biology and algebra; high school American history, world history, and American government; junior high school gen eral science; and Spanish, French, English,'arith metic and music for elementary schools. Special Planned, checked, rechecked and rehearsed before being taped for subsequent telecasting to students, TV lessons can help raise the level of education in many parts of the country. 26 ETC 30020 Vtaile the flying TV station, a converted DC-6 airliner, circles 23,000 feet over Montpelier, Ind., programs go out over two channels once through an ingenious retractable antenna. The schoolhouse in the sky is fitted out with six tons of telecasting equipment, operated by an engineer and two technicians. Twenty hours of instruction for elementary, junior and senior high school and college students are transmitted weekly under sponsorship of the Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction. January-February 1962 JV \S Wkd lJ X. 4 fe ETC 30021 SCHOOLHOUSE IN THE SKY instruction in arithmetic for gifted fifth and sixth graders and professional assistance materials for practicing teachers also go out over the airwaves. While students seated at desks in earthbound clas-.ooms focus their attention on the screens of TV sets, a converted DC-6 airliner circles lazily 23,000 feet over Montpelier, Ind., tele casting lessons. The plane is fitted with six tons of equipment and an ingenious, retractable 24foot antenna over which sound and pictures for two channels can be transmitted simultaneously. 200-mile Range An engineer and two technicians operate tape recorders and monitor picture and sound output for the two ultra-high-frequency educational channels. With the help of a "roll-stabilized" hy draulic device, this crew also keeps the antenna pointed to the center of the earth despite rolling, pitching and banking of the plane. The antenna must be vertical while in use to prevent any loss of signal to receiving sets throughout the wide reception area. The airborne telecasting system has a range of 175 to 200 miles. It covers 23 times the area of a ground based station whose signal is limited to about 50 miles by the curvature of the earth. The ultra-high frequency of the educational program channels means that most home TV sets cannot pick up the programs unless equipped with a converter. In the Chicago area, howevei many of the airborne lessons are retelevise over Station WTTW--Channel 11, for hom consumption. Plane-to-ground telecasts are not new; the were first investigated as long ago as 1947. I June 1948, equipment installed in a flying B-2 telecast the Republican national conventio from Philadelphia. Later the same year, the fim game of the Cleveland-Boston world series wa beamed from a plane. It wasn't until 1959, however, that education al TV from aloft was attempted, with the Fori "Foundation and others as sponsors. Then, th Midwest Program on Airborne Television In struction (MPATI), with headquarters at Pui due University, in Lafayette, Ind., was formed t> select a curriculum and recruit teachers for th schoolhouse in the sky. j Television instruction is not expected to re place teachers in the classroom, but it can--lik maps, film strips, movies and textbooks--serv as a valuable teaching aid. Lessons are plannee rehearsed, checked and rechecked before the are taped for televising, and therefore are out standingly clear and effective. That's why the; are expected to be used more widely in comin years and why they can be counted on to helraise the level of education in many parts of th country.# A New Look at Truck Requirements Anew method for accurately measuring the octane requirements of automobile trucks has been developed at Ethyl Corporation's Research Laboratories in Detroit. Although trucks use about one quarter of all gasoline consumed by motor vehicles, little information on their road octane requirements has previously been available because their high noise level tends to mask the sound of damaging high-speed knock. To overcome the noise barrier, Ethyl engineers have come up with a way to measure the road octane requirements of trucks--at various speeds and loads--on a chassis dyna mometer. Data obtained by the new Ethyl method have been used to construct octane-requirement "maps." These maps correlate Research and Motor octane numbers with trace knock at various engine speeds. A map for a given truck includes a "zone of satisfaction" which contains the combinations of Research and Motor octane numbers that will satisfy the engine at all speeds. Such ' maps can be used by oil refiners and truck manufacturers to determine how well various fuels will match engine requirements. 28 ETHYL NEWS Breath+Chemicals=Warmth he moisture in exhaled human breath is Tall that is needed to energize a unique new heating system for cold-weather clothing now being developed in Ethyl Corporation research laboratories. The heating system is designed for use in space suits, arctic gear and possibly even hunting outfits. Wearing clothing equipped with the device, a person simply breathes normally. Fresh air enters through valves in a canister mounted in the face piece of the clothing's hood. As he exhales, his breath passes through a section of the canister containing sodium aluminum hy dride. The resulting chemical reaction releases hydrogen from water vapor in the breath. The hydrogen is too dilute to bum, but dis tributed through flexible tubes to catalyst units in boots and gloves it can produce enough heat to keep the wearer warm at extremely low temperatures. The catalyst units can be located anywhere in the clothing and as' many as needed can be used. Relatively simple controls can be pro vided to permit the wearer to adjust heat out put, to compensate for temperature changes caused by muscular activity, wind, or solar radiation. The Ethyl system is based entirely on chemi cal reactions and does not rely on electricity or other external sources of power for its opera tion. It promises high heat output per unit of weight, as well as simplicity and economy. The chemical heating system is an outgrowth of Ethyl research on sodium aluminum hydride. The Company has developed a process for pro ducing this chemical and other complex metal hydrides directly from their elements. The process, which could sharply reduce the cost of the compounds, makes their use in the coldweather suit and other applications economi cally practical. "Was this actually part of the Oregon Trail?" his is where it ended. T2,000 soul-testing miles of it. Six months of fighting In dians, disease, mountains and flooded rivers. Six months of spine-jolting pounding of the covered wagons. Here, at Rowena Bluffs in Oregon. When you drive here with your children, perhaps they can imagine a party of set tlers--men, women and chil dren (some born during a slight pause of the wagon) stopping here to raft the wag ons down the Columbia to Fort Vancouver and the Wil lamette Valley. Men and women with hope and faith and determination and little else gathered to gether at Independence, Mis souri. They hitched up and pointed their wagons toward opportunity in the great Northwest, and, in the doing, made the map of the United States that much bigger. Your children can read about history in books. But how much more real it be comes when they stand on the spot where it was made. Wherever you live, you're surrounded by places like this, places where history was lived, where it can spring to life again in the imagination of a child. And all it takes is your car. Ethyl calls this your Magic Circle. Why not discover the wonders in your Magic Circle next week end ? Your service station dealer will be glad to help. ETHYL CORPORATION New York 17, New York Ethyl Corp. of Canada Ltd., Toronto. Magic Circle advertisements are published by Ethyl to help you get more enjoyment out of your car. Ethyl Corporation makes additives used by oil companies everywhere to improve their gasolines and your driving pleasure. GINKGO RTTRiriEt ' RAINIER I bCrSNv fOREST^ iiNATIONAL. PARK | m LQ^'1I >v1% INMAN PAINTED ROCKS NATIONAL ROWENA ^MONUMENT BLUFFS N One of o series of advertisements directed to the motoring public to help expand the market for gasoline and other service station products 4 ETC 30025 ETHYL NEWS MARCH-APRIL 1962 Published by Ethyl Corporation 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds and other additives used by oil companies to improve the quality of petroleum products. B. B. Turner, President William R. Perdue, Jr., Vice President and Treasurer Herbert A. Savage, Secretary Richard F. Cook, Editor, ETHYL NEWS Stanton P. Nickerson, Associate Editor Corsten Grande, Art Director Articles from outside sources are welcomed. Upon request, permission to reprint material appearing in ETHYL NEWS will be granted. Contents .Page MAGIC CIRCLES KEEP ROLLING............... I GOTTA MATCH?............................................ 4 OIL GOES TO SCHOOL...................................7 MAIL BY THE PAIL...........................................10 WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT YOUR GOVERNMENT?.................. 14 ROAD NUMBERS WITHOUT ROAD TESTING................................................17 NATURE'S PILING CABINETS....................... 20 THE MIRACLES OF BELTSVILLE.....................24 ETHYL IN THE NEWS......................................28 YOU'VE PROBABLY NEVER SHAKEN THIS HAND......................................29 mm mwi -- ON THE COVER Saxe Junior High, in New Canaan, Conn., is one of thousands of junior and senior high schools throughout the country where the API school program is helping teach youngsters about oil. See "Oil Goes to School," pages 7-9. PHOTO CREDITS: Cover, E. J. Cyr, through Shostol; page 8, American Petroleum Institute; pages 10-13, Baker John son; pages 14*15, United Press international; page 17, A. Devaney; pages 20*23/Jock B. Kemmerer; poges 24-27, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Printed in U.S.A. Magu Highly successful market expansion program for the oil industry continues again this year ETC 30026 I ETHYL NEWS ic| Circles Keep Rolling From Massachusetts' Mohawk Trail to Missouri's Mark Twain country-- From Tennessee's Cumberland Gap to California's Mojave Desert-- From Wisconsin Dells to New Mexico missions-- y From ocean to ocean, from border to border, there's no limit on the places to go, ir the sights to see, the history to be learned and the fun to be had in America--by car. That's what the 1962 model of Ethyl Corporation's highly successful, award-win ning Magic Circle market expansion program for the oil industry will tell the coun try's motorists this year. Designed to help oil companies sell more gasoline and other service station prod ucts, the program will be highlighted by full-color, full-page advertisements in national /s March-April 1962 ETC 30027 Magic Circles Keep Rolling Con you we Boone's axemen hacking a trafl to the west? \ The scenic and historic mountains of eastern Tennessee are highlighted in the Cumber land Gap Magic Circle ad. The Wisconsin Dells ad, in full color, is on the back cover. magazines. Starting in May and continuing through the peak spring, summer and fall driv ing months, Magic Circle messages will run in Life and The Saturday Evening Post. Attractive photographs, appealing copy and intriguing maps will point out specific points and areas of interest for motoring families and will remind them that no matter where they live, there are similar places to go and sights to see. The 1962 Magic Circle campaign draws on the findings of "How to Motivate Motorists," Ethyl's exhaustive survey of motorists' attitudes about pleasure driving. It also is based on the 1961 campaign which attracted increased at tendance at points of interest it featured and which won awards from the National Associa tion of Travel Organizations and Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge. The Ethyl survey revealed--among other things--that: car-owning families prefer auto mobile travel to any other form of transporta tion; they find driving pleasant, relaxing and adventuresome; cost of automobile operation is not a major factor in limiting car use; and sight seeing is the principal attraction on trips of all kinds. 2 ETHYL NEWS The National Association of Travel Organiza tions saluted the 1961 Magic Circle advertise ments for stimulating travel by automobile. In singling out Ethyl to receive the top award for national advertising, Freedoms Foundation said: "When told in Ethyl Corporation adver tising ... in full-page color in magazines of large national circulation, American history came to life and became an adventure." Attendance figures at historic shrines across the country demonstrate that American motor ists enjoyed that adventure last year in greater numbers than ever before. Following publication of Magic Circle ads in which they were featured, attendance shot up at such widely separated spots as Fort Ross, Calif.; the Alamo in San Antonio; Wright-Patterson Air Force Museum, Dayton, Ohio; the Civil War shrine of Gettys burg, Pa.; and Mesabi Range Ore Mine, Minn. Parking Lot Enlarged From Cape Hatteras, N. C., the National Park Service wrote: "Since the publication of your advertisement, it has been necessary to en large the parking area at one shipwreck site and the number of personal and mail inquiries has increased about 100 percent." Besides effective national, advertising, Ethyl's 1962 Magic Circle program also includes other successful travel-stimulating features from pre vious years. The Magic Circle Travel Clinic is again sup plying travel articles describing one-day and week-end trips to newspapers throughout the country. Complete with pictograph maps and photographs, these features are published as edi torial material in some 200 leading daily news papers. The Clinic supplies similar publicity to more than 500 smaller city dailies and countyseat weeklies. Magic Circles USA, the woman's club travel program inaugurated last year, also continues. Already more than 6,000 clubs throughout the country are using the materials and the number is still growing. Based on survey findings that women enjoy driving even more than men and that they often decide whether or not there will be a family automobile trip, Magic Circles USA, encourages women to explore their own areas --by car--with other club members and with their families. The Ethyl materials explain how to organize woman's club travel programs and how to conduct and publicize them. And so--with market expansion still one of the oil industry's major goals--Ethyl is again applying its successful formula of Magic Circle activities to supplement the efforts of individual oil companies and of industry organizations to help promote the sale of more gasoline and other service station products. An encased George Washington honor medal, Freedoms Foundation's top award for national advertising, is presented to Russell. B. Weston, right. Ethyl's director of advertising and sales promotion, by Kenneth D. Wells, Foundation president Award salutes Ethyl's 1961 Magic Circle campaign as the best advertisements cre ating and supporting a better understanding of the American way of life. March-April 1962 3 ASK the next person you meet for a light, and the chances are he'll hand you a book of paper matches.-------- ' Go a step further and ask him what's on the cover and he may well be able to tell you--without help. This experiment pinpoints two typically American business talents--a genius for low-cost mass produc tion and the art of putting over a safes message. "Free" book matches are so commonplace that we take them for granted. They're given away by stores, restaurants, hotels, banks, food, medicine and clothing manufacturers, oil and automobile companies--by all types of businesses. Nowhere else in the world are matches distributed with such abandon--and in no other country are they so plentiful and inexpensive. All told, some 12.5 billion match books are used in this country every year--a fact that has earned them the title "the most widely read books in the world." America's output is 143 books of matches per adult, per year. In sharp contrast, the output in Russia, the world's second largest book-match producer, is one ETC 30030 book for every two adults--and they're not free in the USSR. The roster of match book advertisers runs the gamut from companies selling oilwell drilling mud and baby chicks to those operating railroads and airlines. Auto companies use them to promote new models and gaso line refiners use them to sell their brands of motor fuel. A Virginia church has used book matches to stim ulate attendance and a national fraternal organization has distributed them to call attention to its charities. A Connecticut savings and loan association sends out match books proclaiming "It's a boy!" or "It's a girl!" to new parents, with a cover that can be redeemed for $ 1 to open an account for the baby. Some companies distribute book matches to em ployees as part of their industrial safety campaigns, while others send them to potential customers with return coupons printed on the covers. Politicians have found book matches an effective way to get their names, and often their faces, fixed in voters' minds. Even the Executive Mansion in Washington has per sonalized book matches, imprinted "The White House," for the use of visitors, guests apd even souvenir hunters. An attractive Congressional secretary, a member of a group from Capitol Hill that attended a White House luncheon recently, told how prized the Executive Man sion matches are. It seems that as most of the guests were leaving. President Kennedy was looking for a match, but could find none because guests had pocket- % "Gotta Match?" ed them all. The blushing secretary finally had to open her purse and offer the President a light from a book of White House matches she herself had stashed away as a memento of the occasion. Some strong instinct of thrift prompts smokers to hold on to match folders until the last light is used. Of 9,000 discarded match books picked up on Chicago streets in a unscientific but down-to-earth survey, only seven contained unused lights. Although wooden friction matches were made and sold in this country as early as 1835, paper book matches didn't come into being until almost 60 years later. One day in 1892, Joshua Pusey, a Philadelphia patent lawyer, cooked up a mixture of chemicals on a stove in his office and dipped some cardboard splints into the paste. He fastened the resulting matches in a cover, painted a striking surface inside, and named his invention "Flexible Matches." But marketing the matches was harder than in venting them, so he sold the patent to a match man ufacturer. The firm fixed the number of matches in a folder at 20, and moved the striking surface to a safer position on the outside of the cover. Match salesman Henry C. Traute put advertising on match book covers, but he got the idea from the manager of the traveling Mendelson Opera Com pany. Preparing for a New York performance, the manager bought up hundreds of match books with blank covers and put his singers and musicians to work hand-lettering a message on each. "Wait--we are coming!" it said, under pasted-on photos of the troupe's leading lady and its comedian. The opera manager's scheme opened new vistas for salesman Traute. He got an Akron lithographer to print a Milwaukee brewer's ad on several match book covers and packed his bag for a quick trip to Wisconsin. The brewer took to the novel advertis ing plan and Traute stunned his employer by wiring in an order for 10 million match books. Traute didn't stop with his first big sale. A tobac co manufacturer came through with an order for 30 million books and William Wrigley capitulated to Traute's sales talk and bought a billion books to promote his chewing gum. But book matches were still being sold to the ultimate user, and Traute thought they should be .giiies-away. The super salesman convinced the pro prietor of one of four tobacco shops at a New York City intersection that he could take business away from his competitors by giving away book matches with every purchase. Soon all four stores were hand ing out the matches, and the rest is history. Free matches are so taken for granted that during World War II Federal price control regulations did not permit stores to stop giving them away on the grounds that it would constitute a price rise. Although it became a multi-million-dollar busi ness, the book-match industry didn't forget its debt to inventor Joshua Pusey. A few years ago, it cre ated an Oscar-type trophy--the Joshua plaque--to be awarded to companies and advertising agencies that made unusual use of book matches to promote goods and services. Ethyl Corporation is one of nearly a half-million business concerns that use book matches to convey a product, service or corporate message. For many years, the Ethyl name and trade-mark were simply reproduced in the Company's traditional yellow and black colors on match book covers to help build and maintain corporate good-will. Now, the Ethyl colors are on the matches themselves--yellow tips on black cardboard-- enclosed in clean white covers. The outside of the covers carries the name and trade-mark and location of the Company's principal offices. Inside are listed 21 of Ethyl's chemical product categories. 6 ETC Oil Goes to School The widespread use of API school materials and services broadens student interest in and understanding of oil's physical, economic and sociological contributions. The materials teach teen-agers about petroleum--from its origin and Drake's discovery well through today's multiple uses and tomorrow's prospects. "Transportation since 1775" is one of the helpful displays for junior high school teachers. In four colors, it depicts the history of land, water and air transport, emphasizing petrole um's role. A booklet entitled "The Chemistry of Petroleum" and related processing charts bring oil refining operations dramatically to life for high school pupils. "Facts about Oil," maps showing major oil and gas producing areas, a four-color chart on "Science in the Search for Oil," and a new companion booklet on "Science in the Petro leum Industry" also help teachers tell oil's story. These and related API publications not only explain the industry but also add to the impact of a special leaflet, "There's a Place for You in the Oil Industry." The appeal of such materials helps motivate youngsters to prepare for careers in exploration, production, refining, transporta tion, marketing, research or some other phase of the oil business. State and regional organizations of oilmen serve as liaison agents, helping the industry ap preciate more fully schools' objectives, prob lems and needs. Industry representatives also are giving enlightening classroom and assembly talks and demonstrations more frequently this year. They are helping youngsters learn about the number and variety of petroleum products and how oil company research sparks new busi ness, creates jobs and provides investment op portunities. State oil organizations, cooperating oil com- 8 panies and the API library supply motion pic tures for the school program. Typical of some 150 available films are "Wildcat," an exciting, true-to-life account of two Oklahoma wildcat ters; "Three for Tomorrow," which tells how three young men choose careers in oil; and "Twenty-four Hours of Progress," summarizing "what oil means to our nation and to all of us." Ask for Materials The school program is under the aegis of the API Committee on Public Affairs and is the re sponsibility of the Advisory Committee on Edu cation, of which former educator Earl B. Whitcraft of Socony Mobil is chairman. Close co ordination with the API staff and professional educators results in the creation of valuable teacher and student aids and in their objective distribution. Booklets, charts, maps, guides, reference in formation, films and other program tools are sent out only when schools ask for them. This eliminates indiscriminate mailings and wasteful distribution. Requests come to the API and state organizations of oilmen as a result of school vis its by industry representatives, announcements in educational journals and displays at educa tors' conventions. Simply written and attractively illustrated, the API school publications integrate easily into classroom work and are widely used to supple ment textbooks. Improved guides that show teachers how to make the most of materials add to the program's increasing usefulness. Before the current academic year began last September, some 31,000 schools had requested various items. Nearly a million copies of "Sci ence in the Petroleum Industry" were ordered. So great was the demand that on a single day last August 60 tons of teacher and student aids were shipped. The 7,600,000 copies of publica tions sent out last year represent almost a 50 percent increase over the number of orders re ceived in 1960. When schools ask state petroleum organiza tions for API literature about the industry in general, they also are given supporting regional statistics. These include facts about area refiner ies, petrochemical plants, service stations and other facilities, and data on the industry in the state as an employer and taxpayer. Information of this kind ties in with the public relations activities of individual oil companies. In fact many companies find that the API's ef forts kindle interest in and appreciation of their own cooperative educational efforts. In addition to the improved materials which have been distributed for use this year, the Ad visory Committee on Education and API staffers are working on new publications. These include booklets for high school students, covering such complex subjects as the industry's sociological aspects and the economics of petroleum. The most recent API report on its school ac tivities concludes with the following comments, directed to member oil companies: "It goes without saying that in the long run our public relations problems involve the atti tudes which adults carry over from their high school days. If we can present our industry in its true colors--as significant, progressive, serv ing the public well at reasonable cost--and at the same time render a service to education, we shall have accomplished our objective." vri' ' * 1UCH1NG MCTERimS 1 J `W'ChemstijJ, m mn PetrdeoB ? ETC 30034 ETC 30035 At this time of increasing interest in the - cleanliness and purity of the air--particu larly in and around the country's larger cities-- the amount and composition of automobile ex haust discharged into the atmosphere is widely discussed. Since tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl lead and related lead alkyls are used as antiknock compounds in practically all motor gasolines, questions have been raised about the amount and possible effects of lead compounds that may be finding their way into the air through exhaust. Despite impressions to the contrary, lots of information is available on the concentration of lead compounds in the atmosphere and on their relation to public health. Tetraethyl lead and other lead alkyl anti knock compounds have been among the most thoroughly studied industrial products, from the standpoint of public health, in the last 35 years. Since leaded gasoline came into general use in the mid-1920s, more time, money and effort have been devoted to their medical aspects than to any other contemporary product, except the practical application of atomic energy. Manufacturers Sponsor Research Most of the medical research into antiknock compounds has been sponsored and financed by antiknock compound manufacturers and much of it has been done by The Kettering Laboratory in the College of Medicine at the University of Cincinnati. Findings have been published in sci entific and medical journals and have been made available to investigators and to public health authorities. These findings have demonstrated consistent ly that: Lead compounds discharged from the ex haust of automobiles have not created a hazard to the health of the public. May-June 1962 The concentrations of lead from all sources generally found in the air of American cities are low. The amounts of lead to which the general population is exposed from all sources-- including foods and beverages--are below hazardous limits. There has been no demonstrable change on the part of the average American, either in his intake or output of iead7 or in the amount retained in his body, in the last 20 years or more. An understanding of the sources of lead and of the body's intake and absorption of it makes these statements more meaningful. Here are facts to help provide such an understanding: Many Sources of Lead First, lead antiknock compounds are only one source of the total lead in the atmosphere. Just how much of a source, it is difficult to estimate since accurate measurement methods were not developed until after leaded gasoline had come into widespread use. However, it is a well known fact that lead in the air comes from the combus tion of wood, coal and vegetable matter, from lead in the soil, from man-made products con taining lead, and from lead in meteorites. Second, far more lead is taken into the body from food, water and other beverages than from the air. In many observations it has been found that lead intake from food and drink averages one-third of a milligram a day, while intake from breathing is as little as one-twentieth of that amount, or as much, perhaps, as one-fourth of it, depending on where and how the hours of the day are spent. (The amount of lead in the air varies greatly in different areas of the same city and respiratory volume varies greatly with the size and activities of an individual.) 7 ETC 30036 Antiknock Compounds and Public Health However, the amount of lead absorbed by the body as well as the amount that enters the respir atory and digestive systems should be carefully considered. Generally, less than 10 percent of the lead swallowed is absorbed in the digestive tract. On the other hand, from less than 35 to as much as 50 percent of the lead in typical city air may be absorbed by the respiratory tract. But remem ber, the amount of lead taken in from food and drink is from four to 20 times greater than that taken in from the air. Absorption from Food and Air As a result, the average person in the general population may, in an ordinary day, absorb about 30 micrograms (0.03 milligrams) of lead through his digestive tract and somewhat more or less (usually less) from the air. In other words, lead in food and beverages is just about as important as lead in the air in contributing to day-to-day absorption by the general public. But regardless of the source of the lead which the average person takes in, it has been found in repeated thorough studies that the quantities of lead ejected from the body daily so nearly equal thd quantities injested that any accumulation-- even in a lifetime--is too small to be detected. These accumulations, therefore, have little if any physiological significance. Speaking of the amount of lead which is in haled, it has been found that concentrations in urban atmospheres vary widely. From time to time, unusually high values have been reported and have occasionally been given more signifi cance than they deserves. Generally, however, the lead content of the air of representative American cities is very low. In this connection, it has been found that the atmosphere of individual American cities may contain an average of from one to six micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air, although it is doubtful that the average is as high as six in any one city. These averages are far below the concentra 8 tion of 200 micrograms per cubic meter which is the accepted U. S. specification for safe con centrations of lead in the air in industrial plants. This specification does not apply to the gen eral atmosphere, of course. Instead, it takes into consideration the shorter and more intermittent occupational exposure to lead (approximately 40 hours a week) of workers, as opposed to con stant exposure to the general atmosphere by the population as a whole. The real criterion of safety, insofar as human exposure to lead is concerned, is freedom from a rate of intake and absorption that will cause progressive accumulation of lead in the body over a long period of time. Under present gen eral conditions of exposure, outside the lead in dustries, no such accumulation occurs. Looking ahead, it is possible to recognize any potential threat well in advance of its possible materialization and there is pmple time and sat isfactory experimental meahs for obtaining in formation required to establish a standard that will provide a suitable margin of safety. In considering the part lead compounds from automobile exhaust play in the overall lead con- In studying lead concentrations in the atmosphere University of Cincinnati College of Medicine has an: ETHYL NEWS lent of the atmosphere, the results of periodic and fairly comprehensive investigations in the city of Cincinnati are quite revealing. Since the late 1940s, while there has been progressive in creases in consumption of gasoline and in vehicu lar traffic, there has been a significant reduction in the lead content of the air. Traced, in Part, to Coal The reduction can be traced, in part, at least, to reduction in airborne lead contributed by coal combustion. It appears that the amount of lead in the Cincinnati atmosphere from the combus tion of coal had at one time been at least the equivalent of that from automobile exhaust. This fact alone helps put the subject of lead in the air in more balanced perspective. Of perhaps even more pertinent significance are these findings: Available data indicate that there is no evi dence that groups of people living in Los An geles. a so-called "smog" area, are absorbing lead into their bodies at a rate significantly greater than are corresponding groups in Cin cinnati. Studies of men working in outdoor areas of comparatively heavy automobile traffic repeat the pattern of "normal" findings on the Amer ican scene for the last 20-odd years, so far as lead absorption is concerned. Of further interest--especially to the oil in dustry--is the fact that while lead from automo bile exhaust has created no public health hazard, neither has unbumed leaded gasoline. The low concentration of lead alkyls in com mercial gasoline insures that there is no hazard of lead absorption in association with the usual procedures of its commercial distribution. No case of tetraethyl lead poisoning has occurred among the thousands of persons who have trans ported and dispensed leaded gasolines in the ordinary operations of the American petroleum industry. Similarly, antiknock compounds, as such, are not found in the ambient atmosphere of cities in more than minute traces, since all but very minute quantities are burned to inorganic lead in the internal combustion engines of automo biles. Accordingly, these compounds, of them selves, present no hazard to the public health. ing Laboratory of the :nds of air samples. The low concentrations of lead alkyls in commercial gasoline insure that there is no hazard of lead absorption in usual procedures of distribution. ETC 30038 Disaster may await motorists who pick up hitchhikers, so it's always best to turn . .. THUMBS DOWN By Frank L. Remington riving along a state highway one day, D an Indiana motorist spotted a pedestrian lugging a gasoline can. There w?ts no stalled car in sight, so the driver offered the/man a lift. "You had quite a distance to walk for gas," the motorist commented after they had ridden together for several miles. "Oh I don't have a car," his passenger re plied. "This can is my suitcase. I never have to walk far before someone gives me a ride." Lots of automobile drivers are like the Indiana motorist--they can't resist the appeal of fellow-motorists in distress, or of servicemen, college students and youngsters. There's lots of room in the car, so why not give the thumber a ride? These are fine sentiments--pure, noble and decent--but unfortunately the modem hitch hiker may not be all he appears. He may look like a mild-mannered clergyman, a college boy, the kid next door, or your own brother, but turn out to be a desperado or an insane killer. "There is no way to distinguish dangerous criminals by their looks and there is no such thing as a `criminal type,' " says FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover. "The motorist who gambles on being a judge of character may be gambling with his life." The average driver's chance of picking up a 10 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30039 THUMBERS murderer is, of course, quite remote, but the chances are good he may offer a ride to an un savory character of some son. In a single year, troopers on the New Jersey Turnpike who picked up hitchhikers for investigation bagged 162 run aways, 98 AWOL servicemen, seven persons fleeing mental institutions, five escaped convicts, and some 500 characters with criminal finger print records. The list of atrocities committed on motorists who have picked up hitchhikers reads like a catalog of crime. Dead on Lonely Road A businessman who had visited his son at Hobart College in Geneva, N. Y., gave a lift to a young man thumbing a ride near his son's fra ternity house. Next day the businessman was found dead on a lonely road--56 stab wounds in his body. Another man, driving his wife, mother and 10-year-old son, picked up a dungaree-clad lounger on a Kentucky highway. Ten minutes later the hitchhiker pulled out a knife and or dered the car stopped. "Now get out," he snarled, "all except the old lady." He drove off, still flourishing the knife, with the man's mother at his side. Forty-five minutes, later, the police caught up with him--too late. May-June 1962 ETC 30040 THUMBS DOWN ON THUMBERS Thugs sometimes fake injuries to make sympathetic motor ists stop and offer rides. The "bummer" had rammed the stolen car into another automobile, killing himself, the old lady and one of four people in the other car. Female hitchhikers can be as deadly as the 'male. In Utah, a motorist picked up two young women asking for a ride to Denver. The next Hitching and Hiking itchhiking is not a modem mode of H travel, bom of the automobile age. For centuries it has been used by migrants too poor or too lazy to provide their own trans portation. The term "hitchhike" originated years ago when two men--with but one horse between them--wanted to make a long journey. One of the travelers would ride the mount a pre determined distance, dismount, hitch the ani mal to a tree and proceed on foot. The second man would walk until he came to the horse, mount up and ride on ahead and leave the horse for his companion. And so the two would alternately hitch and hike to their ulti mate destination. thing he knew, after stopping at a lunch counte for sandwiches and coffee, he was waking u in a cheap hotel. The "ladies" had slipped knock out drops into his coffee and made off with hi car, his luggage and $1,000 from his wallet. The newspapers are full of similar stories, be police statistics indicate that 40 times mor hitchhiking crimes are committed than are re ported in the press. Motorists can protect themselves by neve picking up strangers. Regardless of their fin; appearance, it's just too risky. Fortunately, 31 states and the District c Columbia have turned thumbs down on thumb ers by passing laws against ride solicitation, bu many such laws are not as effective as antici pated and are almost impossible to enforce. Per haps the State of Washington has the kind o statute that ultimately may put hitchhikers ou of business. It punishes drivers who give rides Americans are just too good natured and"gen erous. Their natural impulse is to give hitch hikers a lift. And the hitchhikers--both th 12 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30041 -gg An old but successful ruse is the rolled-up blanket which looks like a baby. Deceitful hitchhikers in variably spell trouble for unsuspecting drivers. harmless and malicious species--have learned to take advantage of this trait. Insurance companies and law enforcement agencies agree that the driver who gives a stranger a ride does so at his own risk. Aside from facing the danger that a hitchhiker may be a gun-toting outlaw, a driver can be hit with a staggering lawsuit if the stranger is injured in an accident. One ride bummer collected $2,564 be cause his host took his eyes off the road for a moment and lost control of the car. Unless human nature changes drastically, which seems highly unlikely, many motorists doubtless will continue to pick up ride solicitors despite every warning against the practice. If every state would enact tougn anti-hitchhiking laws it would sharply curtail the custom--and save many a life. Lacking this, however, the prudent driver would do well to heed the words of one promi nent highway official: "Anyone who picks up a stranger is foolish. If he risks the safety of a woman with him, he's guilty of criminal negli gence. And the driver who picks up several hik ers, letting possible thieves or killers get into the car, simply has rocks in his head." t; The female of the hitchhiker species can be even more deadly than the male. The would-be helper who succumbs to an apparently innocent girl's appeal for a ride may find himself held up at gunpoint. May-June 1962 13 ETC 30042 :I1 Neighboring planet has petroleum potential By Duane Valentry f the day should ever come when the last drop of oil has been I pumped from the earth, petroleum may be imported to our planet from Venus via rocket-powered space tankers. Fantastic? Perhaps, but really no more improbable than today's space exploration seemed only a few decades ago--particularly since British astronomer Fred Hoyle and others think that Venus may well be laden with oceans of oil. After the sun and the moon, Venus is the brightest planet in the heav ens. It can be seen in broad daylight. During "inferior conjunction"-- once every 19 months--Venus becomes, at 25 million miles, earth's near est neighbor except for the moon. But for all its brightness and closeness, Venus has long been an enig- . ma. For centuries astronomers have peered at it through powerful tele scopes but have seen no valleys, no plains, no craters, no oceans--nothing. The planet is hidden behind dense cloud cover. Even when it swings close to earth, it cannot be examined since it lies in direct line with the sun. Almost complete concealment has caused Venus to be called the "Mys tery Planet" and has given rise to an ages-old guessing game--just what does the planet look like? The mystery may some day be solved--perhaps even in this century-- if earthmen succeed in landing on the planet. Meanwhile speculation and conjecture continue. ` . . . ^____________ ETC 30043 Venus is imagined as a desert with dense atmosphere and furious gales, hotter-thani'oiling-watcr temperatures and a smoking earbon dioxide mantle no sun can penetrate. It is seen as a lush paradise with shimmering oceans, inhabited by creatures like those that i named prehistoric earth. "So far the only gas found in the atmosphere of Venus is carbon dioxide, which is pres ent in enormous quantities," says astronomer Hoyle, known for his unorthodox theories. All attempts to detect substances with cloud-forming properties similar to water have tailed." Dr. Hoyle previously has suggested that Venus' thick clouds may be formed of fine dust particles. To that suggestion he now adds the possibility that the clouds consist of droplets of oil. Hoyle supposes that if great quantities of oil gushed to the earth's surface the oil would absorb oxygen from the air--all the oxygen if there were enough oil. Water vapor, no longer shielded from the disruptive effect of ultra-violet light from the sun, would begin 10 dissociate into separate atoms of oxygen and hydrogen; the oxygen combining with more oil, the hydrogen atoms escaping into'space. "On earth it is clear that water has been dominant over oil," Dr. Hoyle says. "On Venus the situation seems to be the other vyay around. The water has become exhausted and pre- sumably the excess of oil remains--just as an excess of water remains on the earth." The slow rotation of Venus on its axis indi cates to Hoyle the presence of slow-moving tides in its oceans. "Previously the difficulty was to understand what liquid the oceans were made of. Now we see that they may well be oceans of oil," he suggests. Dr. Hoyle refers to the puzzling lack of ob servable oxygen in the extensive Venusian at mosphere. Oceans of hydrocarbon oils would readily absorb oxygen and the great surface heat--possibly 600 degrees--would account for oil vapors composing the dense clouds surround ing Venus," he reasons. Other astronomers call this an interesting theory, at least. They admit that the clouds of Venus are very dense to be composed of water and they never show a rift or opening as earth clouds do. Space author Guy Murchie is among those who go along with Hoyle's ideas about oil on Venus--primarily because of the abundance of carbon dioxide there. "If the oxygen has gone mostly into carbon dioxide," Murchie theorizes, "Venus must have 16 In circling the son, Venus becomes our closest planetary neighbor once every 19 months, when its orbit brings it within 25 million miles of the earth. Below, an artist's conception of a single-stage space ship blasting off from nigged Venusian terrain after landing crews of oil pioneers from earth. ETHYL NEWS carbon available in tremendous quantities, with --very likely--a vast unoxidized residue still re maining in some natural form such as oil or coal, and, perhaps, the Venusian oceans are literally oceans of oil." Nobel prizewinner Willard F. Libby, Uni versity of California professor, goes Hoyle and Murchie one better. He believes that oil may .xist in "fair quantities" in the bottoms of crat ers on the moon. Carbonaceous chrondites, a type of meteorite, .ontain crude oil in the form of paraffins. Meeorites of all sizes continually hit the moon's .urface and sufficient hydrocarbon material may lave accumulated over the ages. Professor Libby eels, to form substantial oil deposits. "These deposits would freeze solid each bit er lunar night," he says, "but melt into pools n the blistering daylight." Apparently carried away by all the conjecture about outer space oil. Space World magazine comments: "Future oilmen may find Venus their Valhalla--no drilling, no unmanageable gushers, no wells running dry. They would sim ply land at the edge of the endless petroleum oceans and pump an inexhaustible supply of oil into their rocket-powered tankers." Then, seemingly forgetting the vital role of refiners and chemists in the manufacture of ex otic rocket fuels, the magazine continues: "If true, Libby's prediction would furnish astro nauts with a handy source of native rocket fuel for their space ships." Don't say all this is impossible. Instead, better fasten your space ship seat-belt and hang onto your space helmet. Remember, globe-circling astronauts were something strictly out of Buck Rogers only a few years ago!* Carthmen exploring Venus to bring back samples of minerals and flora will wear protecting clothing and carry their wn air supply. High temperatures may make the planet much like the earth of prehistoric times. -Sr H n I i R! ETC 30046 MPA MPl More and more refiners are finding that for increasing the anti-corrosion, anti-icing and detergent qualities of their gasolines .. . T}thyl" Multi-Purpose Additive for au' tomotive gasolines has been on the market for little more than four years. But in that short time it has scored some impressive accomplish ments: MPA is used in one out of every five gallons " of automotive gasoline sold in the United States: MPA is widely used in gasolines in Canada and a number of other countries through out the world. MPA or the equivalent is a required in gredient of premium grade gasoline pur chased by the City of Los Angeles, Calif. MPA's use is continuing to grow and is ex pected to become much more extensive in the future. What's behind the widespread use of "Ethyl" Multi-Purpose Additive in motor gasolines and its bright prospects for the future? Refiners have found that small amounts of the product in premium and regular grades of motor fuel provide three clear-cut advantages at very low cost: MPA reduces carburetor icing in automobile engines, eliminates carburetor de ls posits, and protects engine parts, storage tanks and pipelines against corrosion. These advantages help refiners and marketers win more satisfied customers by assuring indi vidual motorists and fleet operators of better vehicle performance and fewer maintenance and repair problems. * \ Causes Ice to Slough Off In reducing carburetor icing, "Ethyl" MPA combats a situation that occurs in cold automo bile engines operating on volatile fuels when out side temperatures are in the 30 to 55 range and the relative humidity exceeds 65 percent. Under these conditions, moisture in incoming air sometimes freezes on carburetor throttle blades and throttle bodies. A sufficient accumulation of ice can cut off the flow of air to the engine and cause stalling. Used in the recommended concentration--50 parts per million, or about 12 pounds per thou sand barrels of gasoline--MPA causes ice to slough off vital carburetor parts and disappear before it can cause operating difficulties. In the same concentration, MPA acts as an ETHYL NEWS ETC 30047 iI effective detergent, removing or preventing the accumulation of carbonaceous deposits on the walls of carburetor throttle bodies just below the closed position of the throttle blade. These de posits can be particularly troublesome in newer model cars with multiple-barrel carburetors which have small tolerances. - In automobiles equipped with automatic trans missions, smooth engine idling is important to prevent cars from creeping. This smooth idling is enhanced by the detergency of MPA in re moving carburetor deposits. The efficient detergent action of MPA in a test in some 30 Los Angeles police cars led to the city's requiring that all the premium grade gasoline it buys "contain multi-purpose additive such as that manufactured by Ethyl Corpora tion." Los Angeles police department mainte nance supervisors found that the use of MPA eliminated the necessity to "boil out" carbu retors to remove deposits. Now, the three-fold action of MPA is improv ing performance and reducing maintenance on municipal cars, trucks, fire engines, ambulances and other automotive vehicles. May-June 1962 "Ethyl" Multi-Purpose Additive is a valuable marketing and promotion aid to a number of refiners who have publicized its presence and value in their gasolines to increase gallonage and attract new customers. One major oil company, using the product in its premium grade motor fuel and stressing its detergent quality, has boosted premium sales by 28 percent. Protects Fuel System Parts In its third role, as a corrosion inhibitor, "Ethyl" MPA prevents deterioration of automo bile fuel system parts and reduces maintenance and replacement of storage tanks, pumps, pipe lines, valves and fittings, tank trucks and other metal surfaces with which gasoline is in contact during transportation and storage. The additive prevents destructive oxidation by forming a pro tective coating on metal surfaces. The active ingredients in "Ethyl" Multi-Pur pose additive are described chemically as mixed substituted oleamides. The product itself is a clear, amber-colored liquid. It is manufactured at the Ethyl plant at Orangeburg, S. C., and is shipped commercially in drums and tank cars. 19 ETC 30048 18 ( For 150 years and five generations, this oil marketer has supplied New Englanders with everything from whale oil to modern gasoline The Jenney schooner William fought British in War of 1811 A 150-year-old company in a 103-year-old industry? That's not impossible. Take Jenney Manufacturing Company, "America's oldest oil company" and the fourth largest mar keter of petroleum products in the greater Boston, Mass., area. Founded in the trying war year of 1812 by Stephen and Isaac Jenney and now headed by Robert M. Jenney, their fifth generation de scendant, the company is commemorating its sesquicentennial in 1962. Long before Colonel Drake and Titusville, Jenney supplied New England with whale oil for illuminating lamp fuel, and--in the years just before the birth of the modern petroleum indus try--with camphene, a "burning fluid" made from distilled turpentine and alcohol, which was a superior illuminant in its day. Anticipating new developments and changing markets in the oil industry, Jenney subsequently became a pio 20 neer manufacturer of kerosene and then of gast line and fuel oil. Jenney Manufacturing Company can clait several oil "firsts" in its distinguished centur and-a-half-long history. As soon as kerosene from "rock oil" appeare to be catching on in the 1860s, Jenney converte its South Boston camphene plant to one of th first oil refineries in America--to manufactur the new product. Jenney kerosene deliver wagons became a familiar sight in New Englan< and Jenney kerosene was shipped in barrels am tins to all parts of the world. First, fourth and fifth genera tion members of the Jenney family who have helped shape the history of the com pany that bears their name: Co-founder Stephen, former president Charles S. and present president Robert M. 30049 Jenney stations are a familiar sight throughout much of New England. A few decades later, when horseless carriages began to sputter and churn through the dust and mud. Jenney sold New England's first motor gasoline. After the turn of the century, when the auto mobile proved it was here to stay, Jenney scored another first when, in 1915, it opened New Eng land's first drive-in service station on a busy corner in Medford, a Boston suburb. This first station is still doing a thriving business today, 47 years later. Now there are over 600 Jenney stations stretching from Maine to Rhode Island and ex tending out to the tip of Cape Cod. They are identified by a bright new red-white-and-blue Jenney sign, introduced as part of the company's 150th year program. How has a relatively small, family-run busi ness managed to survive devastating wars, dam aging depressions and keen competition for a century and a half? "The company has prospered because its thinking has been progressive, its marketing effective and its products excellent," says Presi dent Robert M. Jenney. Tracing Jenney's genealogy back through the father-to-son succession, finds Isaac and Stephen Jenney opening their doors for business in down town Boston in the shadow of the old state house. It was 1&12 and the country had just entered a bitter and controversial war with England. The young company's trade in "W. I. (West Indies) Goods"--rum, molasses and sugar--was almost 21 ETC 30050 JENNEY 1812-1962 throttled by the marauding British navy before it got started. Helping fight its own battles, Jenney was issued a letter of marque, signed by President James Madison, commissioning the Jenney schooner William as a privateer, and authoriz ing it to "subdue, seize, and take any armed or unarmed British vessel, public or private, which shall be found within the jurisdictional limits of the United States, or elsewhere on the high seas.. Records kept in an old sea chest in the offices show that the William soon captured an enemy 22 ship. As was the custom, the ship and its carg were sold and the proceeds distributed amon the Jenney crew. The interval between the War of 1812 an the Civil War was one of growth for Americ and for Jenney. Whaling and whale products be came big business in New England. Whale oi was used to fuel lamps in shops and homes; i went into the best candles, soaps and ointments it lubricated machinery and axles--anything that moved. Nothing was wasted. Besides oil, Jenney sold whalebone for corset stays and hoop skirts, jaw- ETHYL NEWS ETC 30051 '3 ip and its cargo * tributed amons ? i ir of 1812 and | th for America i ale products be- | 'and. Whale oil ; and homes; it | and ointments; | txles--anvthing 1 oil, Jenney sold ioop skins, jaw- \? ETHYL NEWS bones for billiard balls and piano keys, and ambergris for perfume. But eventually whales became scarce and the price of whale oil shot up. Inventors developed substitutes. One of them, camphene, sold for about one-third the price of whale oil. Foreseeing the potential in the new product, Jenney built a plant in South Boston to manu facture camphene. Five years after the factory was started, kerosene came on the market and Jenney converted the plant to a petroleum re finery, bringing in crude in large wooden drums on railway flatcars from the first oil fields in Pennsylvania. The 50-year-old company had become a pio neer in the brand new oil industry! Jenney is one of New England's senior corpo rate citizens, and is well known throughout its marketing territory in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Its kerosene wagons and service stations on highways and on streets of cities, towns and villages have become almost as much of an institution as town meet ing and baked beans. Growing with New England But Jenney is also aware that success in the past is no guarantee of success in the future. The company believes in New England, its people and its future and is making plans to grow along with them. Many of the plans for this growth are formu lated in an ingenious map room at Jenney's Boston headquarters. There, detailed maps of New England show the locations of Jenney serv ice stations, routes of existing and proposed roads and highways, populations and population growth rates, and anticipated or potential sites for new marketing outlets--outlets that will serve new and growing population centers. But Jenney's interest in New England extends far beyond its own marketing activities. This in terest spurred the company to sponsor a hard hitting public service advertising campaign last year, calling for rapid transit extensions and ' balanced transportation" for metropolitan May-June 1962 Boston and vicinity. Boston, the industrial, com mercial and cultural center of New England, is strangling itself with traffic--"the land of the bean, the cod and the (traffic) jam," they called it. The solution, the big, full-page ads said, is not only more highways, but also extended rapid transit facilities reaching out to the new growing areas of suburban population. Urged by Jenney to make their wishes known to the Massachusetts legislature, the public re sponded overwhelmingly. Many people credit Jenney with being instrumental in opening a new era in public transportation for greater Boston by saving the Old Colony railbed rightof-way to Plymouth and the South Shore. A century and a half old, but still dynamic and farsighted, Jenney prefers--even in its sesquicentennial year--to look forward rather than back. It anticipates new and better products and new opportunities in the New England it knows so well and has served so long.* BOSTON. HOME OF THE BEAN THE COD ANOTHE JAM Jenney One of the hard-hitting, full-page newspaper ads in the Jenney campaign for extended rapid transit facilities labeled Boston the home of the bean, the cod and the (traffic) jam. 23 ETC 30052 Profile of a By Stanton P. Nickerson seldom buy for that reason alone. Having a boa helps them make friends and leads to more socia e's a man of moderate means, with an in activities. H come close to $8,000 annually. He may Outboard owners are as quality, product anc be a skilled technician or foreman, sales repreb rand-name conscious as the less nautical mind sentative, manager or in one of the professions. ed. They react to marine advertising and pro He and his wife are in their early to middle 40's, motion in much the same way that the genera and have one or two children, ages 9 to 13. public responds to other sales appeals. They own their own home and at least one car, Businesses and industries concerned with and take their vacations in the summertime. boating can do a better job of meeting customei That's a quick profile of the average owner of requirements by knowing how much outboard- an outboard motorboat. In other words, he's ers have in common with non-boaters. They ear much the same as a good many landlubbers, profit by understanding the buying habits and aside from his preference for recreation afloat. attitudes of the 36 million people who partici Most outboard enthusiasts live in populous pate in recreational boating every year. areas reasonably close to navigable waters. They The stakes are high. Last year, mariners spent consider a boat a major expense and even a some $2,340,000,000 for new and used boats, luxury, but seldom an extravagance. Ownership motors, fuels and lubricants, trailers, mainte is a status symbol to some extent, they say, but nance and repairs, docking, launching and stor- 24 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30053 an Outboarder Suppliers of goods and services can profit by understanding boaters' buying habits ng a boat i ore social t >duct and cal mindand proe general s. ted with customer lutboardThey can abits and a partici- ters spent ed boats, mainteand stor- age and similar necessities, according to the Outboard Industry Associations and the Nation al Association of Engine and Boat Manufac tures. Millions of dollars were spent for fishing tackle, picnic and camping gear, swimming suits, water skis, cameras and film and a wide variety of other outdoor equipment. Owners of the nation's 6,100,000 outboards were responsible for a major share of such ex penditures. This year the outboard market will oe still larger, since more engines than ever will be churning coastal and inland waters. Brisk spring sales and unofficial indexes point to a 15 percent increase in the nation's outboard census --to about 7,600,000 units, an all-time record. Gasoline, of course, will be a major require ment. Compared with last year's consumption of 547,000,000 gallons, the total fuel needs for 1962 are estimated at more than 800,000,000 gallons, with commensurate demands for vari ous lubricants. Because the typical outboard owner uses his boat about 21 times a season for trips of two to five hours, gasoline purchases range from 25 to 100 gallons annually. Eleven percent, however, use close to 200 gallons, and a sturdy five per cent is in the 300-gallons-a-year bracket. Twenty-two miles is the average distance outboarders travel to reach waterways--usually by car. Petroleum marketers are interested to know that twice as many outboard owners fill boat engines gasoline tanks and reserve containers at automobile service stations as at waterfront marinas. Service stations also are the source of most outboard motor oils--usually bought in quart cans. Another trend is the expanding use of leaded Profile of an Outboarder automotive gasolines in both inboard and outboard engines. Outboarders using leaded automotive gaso lines outnumber those using "marine white" by more than two to one, even when the unleaded fuel is readily available. At the same time, 85 percent of the outboard owners responding to a nationwide questionnaire say they are not troubled with serious plug fouling. More than half report plug life of a full season and longer--up to 100 hours. Ten percent find that their plugs are good for over 100 hours to better than 200 hours. On a broader front, dependability of all kinds is a major contributor to outboarding's booming popu larity. Starting ease, the simplicity of engine opera tion, economy and satisfactory performance are sup porting factors. The Fun of It Findings of the Outboard Industry Associations, in a coast-to-coast survey, reflect the generally high level of owner satisfaction. Most enthusiasts cite the "simple fun, enjoyment and uncomplicated pleasure" they get from leisure hours afloat. The motorboat industry has learned that far more people use their outboards for these general reasons than for any single activity, such as fishing. Re laxing, escape-from-it-all and building family to,, gethemess are other benefits frequently reported by owners. Further light on what's in store for 1962 and for the next few years is being shed by outboard indus try surveys, marketing studies by Boating Progress magazine and others. Keeping outboards in continuous service longer --up to a full year--is one of the new trends noted. This practice is gaining momentum wherever tem peratures and weather permit--especially in Florida, California, the Gulf Coast and Hawaii. Some 20 percent of the nation's outboards are in year-round operation, with another 10 percent in readiness from seven to nine months a year. Over half of all owners use their engines up to six months at a stretch. A desire for rapid acceleration and speed, partic ularly among younger outboarders, explains increas ing interest in more powerful engines and in running two units in tandem. More than half of 2,000 owners responding to a questionnaire already have models of 30 to 50 horsepower. When it is time to buy 26 Outboarders are big buyers of fishing, cam] and picnicking equipment, sporting goods,* c eras and film and other outdoor paraphernalia. i Twice as many outboard owners buy boat fuel ETHYL NEW TC 30055 again, most of them say they will want engines of 50 horsepower or more. Models up to 100 horsepower are available for the first time this year. This is an increase of 25 per cent over the maximum ratings of 1961. Other in novations include alternators in place of generators, air cooled engines and at least one four-cycle make. Multiple carburetors with fixed high-speed jets and automatic chokes are standard equipment in most cases. Kinship between home, family car, boat and out board engine is being strengthened by the increased use of boat trailers. (See "Putting Keels on Wheels," ETHYL NEWS, May-June 1960). It is estimated that last year's 3,100,000 trailers (factory-built and home made) will grow to some 3,700,00 in 1962. Tow Easily Trailers simplify storage and mooring problems and give owners more flexibility in choosing water ways when "docks" are home basements, garages, or outbuildings. Mounted on a trailer hitched to an automobile, a boat can be easily towed to launch ing sites. As for outboarding in general, "the future .... looks most cheerful," according to the Outboard Industry Association. Engine company executives support this viewpoint with such comments as "we expect to show a substantial (sales) improvement over 1961;" " the marine business outlook for 1962 is excellent;" "there is a distinct return of buying enthusiasm" and "we are looking for our best year in marine engine sales." Guide to Better Boating As a guide to the proper selection of fuels and lubricants, Ethyl Corpora tion has prepared a new edition of its handy, pocket-sized booklet, "Inboard and Out board Marine Engine Gasoline and Oil Recommendations." The publication summarizes what engine manufacturers say about gasolines and oils to fuel and lubricate their 1962 models. Compiled as a service for oil companies con cerned with the growing marine market, the booklet is available to Ethyl's customer refiners. - ^3 ts as at marinas. May-June 1962 Operating two engines in tandem helps satisfy desire for more speed and power. 27 ETC 30056 n serving the petroleum industry, Ethyl Cor I poration manufactures and markets a wide variety of additives used by oil companies to im prove the quality of many products. But in spite of the importance of these additives, their work is seldom, if ever, seen by consumers. That is be cause they perform essential jobs only in combi nation with gasolines, oils, greases, transmission fluids, diesel and jet fuels and other products that are used inside engines and other machines. In the pictures on these pages, the work of a few of Ethyl's many products is brought to light. "Ethyl "Ethyl" Antiknock Compounds improve the octane quality of gasoline and increase its ability to withstand the heat and pressures encountered in automobile engine combustion chambers. If octane quality is low, gasoline bums too fast or explodes (above right), its energy is released more rapidly than pistons can absorb it, and knocking results. Knocking wastes energy, causes engine overheating, cuts power, limits performance, reduces mileage and can lead to engine damage. "Ethyl" Antiknock Compounds help gasoline bum smoothly and evenly (right) to provide maximum power and performance. "Ethyl" Ignition Control Compounds (1CC1, ICC3, ICC4) in gasoline prevent preignition and spark plug fouling (left) and rumble. They encourage normal combustion of fuel-air mixtures in automobile engine combustion chambers (right). ICCs change the chemical composition and neutralize the harmful effects of deposits built up under conditions of urban, stop-and-go driving. These deposits can interfere with normal spark plug firing and disrupt engine performance by becoming so hot that they cause abnormal combustion. 28 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30057 products at Work "Ethyl" Multi-Purpose Additive--Diesel (MPA-D) prevents or eliminates the buildup of gummy or varnish-like deposits which can clog injector nozzles (left) and cause plungers to stick. Such malfunctions distort fuel spray patterns, increase exhaust smoke and reduce power. By keeping injector parts clean (right) and functioning properly, MPA-D helps maintain engines at peak operating efficiency and prevents development of undesirable smoke. "Ethyl" Multi-Purpose Additive (MPA) for gasoline reduces carburetor icing, eliminates carburetor deposits and protects engine pans, storage tanks and pipelines against corrosion. Carbonaceous deposits on throttle bodies (above) can reduce power, cut engine efficiency ,.nd waste gasoline. In cars equipped iih automatic transmissions, they can cause "creep." The action of MPA eliminates these deposits (below) and prevents the accumulation of ice on throttle blades and bodies which reduces air flow and cause stalling. In preventing corrosion, MPA reduces maintenance costs and replacement of engine and gasoline handling system parts. "Ethyl" Antioxidant 702 is a unique and extremely effective oxidation inhibitor for use in a wide variety of automotive, aviation, railroad and marine diesel, outboard and industrial oils. It suppresses the formation of acidic and insoluble products of oil oxidation and, in addition, possesses unusual anti-wear properties. In reducing scuffing-type wear on the edge of piston rings (above), for example, it helps protect the metal surface to such an extent that original machining marks (below) are still clearlv visible. ETC 30058 Roll back the centuries in the City in the Sky Your car can sit idly staring at a garage wall. Or it can trans port you and your children to a place where your eyes can pierce the mists of the centuries. It might happen anyplace... just a tankful of gasoline from wherever you live. If you live in the Southwest, discover Acoma, "City in the Sky." Coronado's army discovered it in 1540. A sandstone and adobe pueblo nestling just beneath the soft, blue canopy of the sky, a sheer 375 feet above the windswept desert. Except for the mission, built in 1629, hordly o stone has changed in the past four hundred years. You can see the streets, the burial grounds, the homes built uncounted centuries ago. Standing here where a people reached for the sky, your children might learn the lesson that challenges are made to be taken, that the impossible exists to be conquered. But this you can discover wherever you live. The conquering spirit of America can be found in skyscrapers fingering the clouds from on island still called by the Indian nome, "Manhattan." North, East, South and West, you can box the compass with presents like this for a growing child. Ethyl.calls this your "Magic Circle." Take the trip next week end. Your service station dealer will be glad to help. ETHYL CORPORATION New York 17. New Yo. Ethyl Corporation of Canada Limited, Toronto This* Magic Circii odvirtitiminft or* pubinhid to h#/p you g* mor* mjoyminf out of your cor. Ethyl mokis addition ustd by o componios to tmprov* th*ir posotm** ond your driving p)*oiur On* o1 e sorios of odr*rti**i#nt directed to tho lootering pvblic to Holp oipond tho oiortot for gosolin* ond othor station produr ETC 30059 ETC 30060 ETHYL NEWS JULV-AUOUST, 1002 Published by Ethyl Corporation 100 Park Avenue, Now York 17, N. Y. manufacturer of ''Ethyl" antiknock compounds and other additives used by oil componies to improve the quality of petroleum products. 6. B. Turner, President William R. Perdue, Jr., Vice President ond Treasurer Herbert A. Sovoge, Secretary Richard F. Cook, Editor, ETHYL NEWS Stanton P. Nickerson, Associote Editor Corsten Grande, Art Director Articles from outside sources ere welcomed. Upon request, permission to reprint materia) oppearing in ETHYL NEWS will be gronted. Contents Page COMPANY'S COMING .................................. 1 FESTIVALS ARE FUN..........................................6 THE FARM MARKET-BIG, I GROWING, CHANGING..............................10 t HOW TO APPROACH YOUR CONGRESSMAN ............................................. 14 THEY TRAVEL IN MAGIC CIRCLES.............. 18 ANTIKNOCKS MAKE A DIFFERENCE____ 21 BIRTHDAYS FOR BOTH ................................ 24 ETHYL IN THE NEWS.................................. 28 I DESKTOP DEMONSTRATION......................29 THE COVER shows one of the colorful floats in the annual Peonut Fes- 1 tivol's parade at Dothan, Ala. Turn to "Festivals Are Fun," (pages 6-9) for more pictures of typical fetes which motorists can en joy when they go on Magic Circle trips. I ,iii i PICTURE CREDITS: Cow. Wayne Floyd from Shojtol; poges 2*4, U. S. Travel Service, Pan American World Air* ways; page 3 (bottom) Ef Pocono Ranch from Gillette Associates; poges 6-9, Tenn. Dept, of Conservation; Union i Pacific R.R., Fla. Development Comm., lo. Dept, of i Commerce & Industry, Hawoii Visitors Bureau, Wash, Dept, of Commerce & Economic Devel., III. Div. of Parks, Oregon Highway Dept., Ohio Dept, of Industrial & Ec. Devel., Mont. Highway Comm.; poge 11, top, Frederick lewis from Cities Service Oil Co.; bottom, Oliver Corp.; poge 12, A. Devoney,- poge 13, H. M. Lambert from Frederick lewis; poges 18*20, C. E. Boden; poge 20, bottom, Airstreom, Inc.; poges 22, 23, API, Cities Service Oil Co., Socony Mobil Oil Co.,* poges 24*27, Marathon Oil Co.,- page 28, Poch Bros. Printed in U.S.A. By Stanton P. Nickerson ETC 30061 I Government and industry efforts are bringing foreign visitors to the U.S.A. urks on beaches in New England? Australians at Independence Hall and other Tnational shrines? Swiss Family Robinsons climbing the Rockies? South American businessmen attending conventions in Chicago, New Orleans or San Francisco? Once highly improbable, these situations are not unusual today, as increasing numbers of transient foreigners come to the United States. At long last, America is becoming a host country instead of only sending its people abroad to be guests. If midsummer trends continue, the year's influx of foreign visitors will top 600,000--a new high. And this, according to travel authorities, is only the beginning. Some predict that within a decade, close to 2,000,000 foreigners will swell the incoming tide of annual vacationists, sightseers, businessmen, scientists, students and a host of their compatriots who want first-hand knowledge of the United States. Modern traveler-visitors are a far cry from the "homeless, tempest-tossed" -rson ETc 30062 Coining Multilingual information booths have been set up in cities throughout the country. More than 2,500 visitors from all parts of the world stopped at this one in New York's Rockefeller Center during its first month of operation. <rO*MT!ON **2Si'** JEUTSCH immigrants of yesteryear. Today's invited numbers come by plane or on comfortable ocean liners. Within reasonable limits, they have sufficient means to enjoy this country's attractions--in much the same way as Americans traveling abroad. Migration from overseas is a carefully engineered phenomenon rather than a haphazard turn of events. It comes largely from close teamwork between a new federal agency, the United States Travel Serv ice, and a variety of private enterprises which want to accomodate more foreigners. To Promote Understanding .Until the USTS was established as part of the Department of Commerce last summer, with a budg et of $2.5 million, ours was the only major country in the world without an official travel promotion bureau under government auspices. Congress authorized the new agency to "develop, plan and carry out a comprehensive program to stimulate and encourage travel to the United States hy residents of foreign countries for . . . study, cul ture, recreation, business and other activities . . . and for promoting friendly understanding and good will among people of foreign countries and of the United States . . ." Here are the major reasons for undertaking such a venture: It is designed to help stem the billion-dollar-ayear depletion of this country's gold reserves, caused largely by American expenditures abroad. At the same time, the government is using the USTS to boost the intensity of its drive against foreign mis understanding of the United States. ------Efitirely a service organization rather than a com petitor for any share of profits, the government agency is a catalyst for all those with stakes in in ternational travel. Among private enterprises, Pan American World Airways' "Visit the USA" program is the largest and most comprehensive, with the company spending close to $4 million this year. USTS supports international carriers, hotels, domestic transportation services and others by en couraging more people to see America, and then helping them do so. The best prospects for visitors are innumerable foreign nationals who have always dreamed of coming. Thousands more are being persuaded by publicity and advertising in newspapers ahd maga zines overseas, carefully tailored to appeal to the people of different nations. Promotions emphasize special events, points of interest in the United States, regional attractions and a variety of this country's scenic, historic and distinctive facets. Offices Abroad Offices in key cities abroad, serving some 40 lands, are simplifying trips to America by acting as clearing houses for assistance formerly obtainable only through diverse and often complex channels. With "Travel a New World--See the USA" as a slo gan, each office is a fountainhead of information and guidance. Fluency in foreign languages is proving most ad vantageous to USTS personnel. It helps them break down barriers of uncertainty and confusion, kindle enthusiasm for coming to America and spark friendly feelings toward the United States. Office ETHYL NEWS ETC 30063 T Marion Baldwin, U. S. Travel Service chief in Frankfurt, Germany; Gerhard Mueller, travel agency owner of Wies baden; and William Naylor, Pan American Airways district sales manager and chairman of the "Visit the U-S.A." committee in Frankfurt, are representa tive of those cooperating in die program. ti nt nan im he Is, nen hie of by ea:he ize es, y's 40 as ble els. slo- ioo adeak idle ark flee WS American Indians, of whom they have read and whom they have seen in movies, are especially fascinat ing to youngsters from abroad. July-August 1962 National shrines attract foreign visitors as well as Americans. This group from France lis tens intently as a guide tells the story of the Liberty Bell. 3 ETC 30064 ESCUBRAIIM M1INDD NOVO /. mntxauLQi ETHYL NEWS ETc 306s tors are involved, undoubtedly demands further attention. All but a few critical segments of the travel and related industries agree, however, that the USTS is helping eliminate misconceptions, and is working constructively with public and private agencies to promote facilities, services and attractions for budg et-conscious visitors from overseas. Brief group tours for an all-inclusive cost of $500 to $600, which the agency has helped create, are proving popular among Europeans of limited means, although some participants report that they see too little. More extensive itineraries can be arranged at costs of $98 a week and more. Special rates and discounts for foreigners are being offered by transportation services and hotels and motels. Greyhound and Continental Trailways, for example, sell blanket passes to visitors from overseas for $99. good for 99 days of unlimited bus travel anywhere in the United States. Certain airlines are also selling bargain tickets, among them TWA, which has a low cost "bus out-- buzz back" ground and air travel plan to cities in the Midwest and Far West, and half fares for foreign couples over 50 years old. Some car rental agencies have reductions for non-Americans with international drivers' licenses. Railroads have cut coach fares by 15 percent. The USTS tips its hat to private enterprises like Pan American, with its 370 offices overseas cam paigning for more traffic from business and pro fessional circles. Such passengers often add lowcost "see America" tours by automobile or bus to their official trips. To Bring Businessmen-Tourists The airline keeps close tabs on conventions and technical meetings, ranging from the International Mink Show in Milwaukee to sessions of the Ameri can Academy of Allergy in Denver. Pan American expects to carry the equivalent of 100 jet-loads of businessmen-tourists this year. Measures to simplify and expedite procedures in entering and leaving the United States for business or pleasure have widespread and heartfelt endorse ment. So do personal touches to make foreigners feel more welcome. Gone are yesteryear's visa delays, fingerprint re quirements, tedious forms and other complexities. At ports of entry, attractive receptionists greet arriv- Jufy-August 1962 als in their own languages, guide newcomers through Customs and offer other assistance. Welcome mats are out wherever foreigners are appearing in sizable numbers. Following recom mendations of recent travel conferences, "Friendly Americans Win American Friends" programs are being developed in most states. Speak Their Language Greater use of foreign languages is a keystone of such activities, beginning with reception desks at major terminals and including local bilingual guide services. Visitors from abroad are interested in how Americans live, work and play, and many want to see manufacturing plants, refineries, sports events, office buildings, supermarkets, farms and ranches and different kinds of homes. While it will take time to develop the abilities, understanding and finesse required of successful hosts, Americans already have the most essential asset of a tourist country. Voit Gilmore, director of the USTS, puts it this way: "The natural warmth, friendliness and sincerity of our people can bring more visitors, win more friends and generate more `repeat business' than any other element of the United States travel in dustry." ETC 30066 Winnebago Indians whoop it up in their famed war dance at the Stand Rock ceremonial in natural amphitheater each May and June at Wisconsin Dells. are housands of people are paying tribute this year to lissome blossom Tqueens and crop maidens; to Dutch funnel cakes and snow laced with maple syrup; to horse-propelled boats and to bronco-busting cowboys. These are a few inspirations for some 1,200 festivals which add color and drama to life in all parts of the country. Many are elaborategalas revolving around everything from harvests to scientific milestones, historic events and cultural progress. Others are zany affairs prompted by little more than Americans' traditional love of a frolic. Some festivals have won international fame, but many more are known only in the regions where they are held. In any case, once a festival gets started, it usually becomes an annual event. No matter where venturesome Magic Circle motorists drive, they are likely to find a bonus of enjoyment in some kind of celebration. On these pages are pictures of a few of the many kinds of fetes and fiestas being staged at various times of the year. 6 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30067 JPpW^f -,v V tXxMW Iff \ L The joining of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads at Promontory, Utah, in 1869, to create the first transcontinental rail route is reenacted at festivals in Ogden, Corinne and other communities in the state almost every year. r, 1 The Memphis Cotton Carnival is an annual festival held the first two weeks in May to salute Tennessee's lead* ing cash crop. Here the king's and queen's barge is spectacularly lighted under a fireworks-filled sky. Decked out as fierce members of the Billy Bowlegs Krewe, these two "pirates" are set to take part in "Invasion" of Fort Walton Beach, Fla., in connection with an annual festival which also is highlighted by a giant treasure hunt. Left, yesterday's skills go into making "funnel cakes," bizarre delicacies served at the annual Pennsylvania Dutch Folk Festival at Kutztown, Pa. Below, the International Rice Festival at Crowley, La., features this Acadian-Freneh band. IIIIi iV 1: etc 3006; J-J FESTIVALS ARE FUN Athletic Chinese youths do a lion dance in the streets at "Night in Chinatown" festiv ities, a regular feature of the Narcissus Festival held each winter in Honolulu. Floating on a pink cloud over a float covered in beautiful blossoms rides the lovely queen of the Wenatchee (Wash.) Apple Blossom Festival, held each May in Pacific' Northwest. Two local products are saluted annually in September in Nauvoo, HI., when the local citizenry and thousands of visitors turn out for die "Wedding of the Wine and the Cheese." This dance in the state park, a parade and coronation highlight the colorful event, which traces some of its old-world pageantry to Roquefort, France. 8 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30069 I I The World Championship Timber Carnival, held each July in Albany, Ore., rewards winners of billing (log rolling), chopping, bucking, topping, speed climbing and axe-throwing contests with handsome cash prizes. A smiling "sea goddess" poses in front of lobster pots with a tasty looking specimen at the annual Maine Seafood Festival at Rockland. Left, hundreds of tons of pumpkins and squashes and a free feast that includes pumpkin ice cream, pumpkin cake, pumpkin pie and pumpkin soup are features of annual fall Pumpkin Show in Circleville, Ohio. Above, rodeos are festival highlights throughout the West. In Montana, there's a rodeo every' summer weekend. July-August 1962 9 ETC 30070 Big operators are becoming good customers for oil and other industries 'T'ake a look at modem American agriculture and one characteristic seems to stand out-- SIZE. Almost everything about the country's farms is getting bigger. Gross farm income was about $40 billion last year--almost as much as the nation's defense budget--and net farm income was the high est in eight years, $13 billion. Crop production was at record highs in 1960 and 1961. Coupled with a continuing decline in the number of acres harvested, this results in higher output per acre and per farm. A fraction of the nation's 2 Vi million com mercial farms--about one-fifth--are the big, growing ones, and now account for two-thirds of total farm income. Farm equipment is getting bigger. The average tractor sold this year is twice as powerful as the average tractor of 1945. In a year's typical service, it consumes a third more fuel than the average modem passen ger car. Leading commercial farmers farm big acre age, use big equipment, buy in big quanti ties, and their expenditures per acre and per farm are increasing. What are the implications in these facts for oil companies and other major suppliers to the farm market? Here are a few: Because of their size and influential position, the big farm operators com bine adequate resources, good credit and know how to become profitable and desirable custom- 10 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30071 ;et ies The .* as . In hird sen- cremti- I per for the and om- iow- 10m- :WS Big, Growing, Changing ers for the oil and other industries. As a class, they buy most of agriculture's petroleum prod ucts. More and more of them may be considered industrial accounts. While the farm petroleum market is growing at a rate of between two and three percent a year, indications are that for individual mar keters profitable farm petroleum sales will de pend mainly on: (1) increased market penetra tion which moves more product; and (2) more efficient distribution of the same product vol ume which reduces costs. Because the make-up of the market is chang ing so rapidly, the second of these two factors may provide greater opportunities. Each large customer held, or new one gained, becomes progressively more valuable. Both approaches, however, call for continuing aggressive analyses The average farm tractor in use to day is twice as powerful as the tractor of 1945. 11 ETC 30072 1 The Farm Market I . i A*v V y ,y->w'; *. A Ethyl Corporation's detailed Information for petroleum marketers includes data on farm fuel consumption and expenditures for tractor, car, truck, household and other fuels. of the changing market, particularly as the tempo of the change quickens. As a major supplier to manufacturers of petro leum products, Ethyl Corporation has long been interested in the farm market. This interest started almost 30 years ago when, in coopera tion with a tractor manufacturer, Ethyl devel oped the high compression gasoline tractor en gine. Continuing engine development work with tractor manufacturers in the intervening years has contributed to further improvements in the efficiency and durability of farm machinery engines. Today, Ethyl enjoys a unique position. In serving oil refiners, the Company is up-to-date on current and future trends in fuels and lubri cants. At the same time, Ethyl maintains the kind of contacts with farm machinery com panies that lead to cooperative programs de signed to enhance the efficiency and economy of modem petroleum powered agricultural ma chinery and equipment. Because of this advantageous position, Ethyl has been able to develop detailed, illuminating information on several aspects of the farm mar ket which is not generally available from other sources. The information is designed to help 12 petroleum marketers in planning current and future agricultural sales. It includes facts on geographical distribution of farms of various size and their purchasing potentials; farm fuel consumption and expenditures for tractor, car, truck, household and other fuels in various parts of the country; gasoline prices and taxes; pro duction, horsepower and fuel type of wheeled tractors and their fuel consumption; tractor en gine octane requirements; and future trends in tractor development. Billion-Dollar Business The magnitude of the farm market is seen in the fact that in 1960 farmers spent $1.57 bil lion just for the "gasoline and petroleum fuel and oil used in the farm business." Tractors, the main production tool, used nearly four billion gallons of motor fuel and farm passenger cars and trucks accounted for another four billion, to say nothing of all the petroleum products used for farm home heating, cooking and lighting. Capital expenditures for the purchase of trac tors, trucks, automobiles and other machinery and equipment, most of it petroleum powered, were over $3 billion in 1960. For the last eight ETHYL NEWS ETC 30013 years, tractor sales have been in the 200,000 range annually, or slightly less than half the level of the early 1950's. Most predictions are that sales will average slightly below this level for the next several years. Today, gasoline powered tractors account for a little more than half of all new models sold but 70 percent of all tractor fuel consumed is gasoline. This is explained by the former greater popularity of gasoline models and the fact that annual new tractor sales account for only about four percent of units in the field. Since the economy of diesel tractor engines is not improving at the same rate as gasoline en gines, there are indications that the pronounced popularity increase of diesels in recent years may have slowed considerably. At the same time, while production percent age of LP-Gas tractors has declined slightly in each of the last six years, LP-Gas consumption has increased because of field conversions of Managers of big commercial farms are astute busi nessmen who stuSy carefully the quality of products they purchase to meet operating needs. July-August 1962 gasoline tractors to bum LP-Gas. It appears that this practice will continue but at a some what slower pace. The horsepower of the average tractor sold has doubled since 1945, Ethyl statistics show, but much of the work done with the newer larger tractors calls for substantially less than maximum horsepower. Hence, potential fuel consumption is not so much related to the num ber of tractors or to maximum power as it is to the nature of local agriculture and operating practices such as hours-of-use per tractor, type of fuel used, and efforts to apply minimum tillage theories. Little Difference in Fuel Prices How much are fanners paying for their prin cipal tractor fuels? The average tank truck price of regular grade gasoline was 27.6 cents a gal lon in 1961 and diesel fuel was 16.6 cents per gallon. But when tax rebates for agricultural use are subtracted from the price of gasoline, the net difference in price is only about one cent a gallon. When he does buy, how does the farmer pay for his gasoline? The great majority use credit, special studies reveal. As a matter of fact, nearly 60 percent of the "innovator" farmers queried answered that they always use credit. Looking ahead, petroleum marketers are aware that current trends toward higher power per cubic inch of engine displacement, per pound of engine, per pound of fuel, and per tractor dollar, coupled with the demand for equal or better durability, mean greater de pendence on proper fuel and lubricant charac teristics. More additives are needed to supply many of these characteristics, and the resultant higher quality will justifiably bring higher prices. In selling to big commercial farms, it is im portant to keep in mind that managers of more and more of these farms classify fuels and lubri cants, as well as the machinery in which they are used, as production tools. Therefore, product reliability and productivity are becoming more important than prices. 13 ETC 30074 A FORMER CONGRESSMAN REPORTS ON How to approach your congressman By Frank N. Beard Executive Vice President, American Petroleum Institute. Mr. Ikard represented Texas' 13th Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives from 1952 to 1961. How to win friends on Capitol Hill and in fluence Congressmen has been a subject of study and thought since the first days of our Repub lic. In recent years, instructions, bulletins, pamphlets and recommendations have poured out from head quarters of various organizations urging the citizenry to "write your congressman" on current issues and legislation. Having been a member of Congress for 10 years --six of them on the Ways and Means committee-- I was on the receiving end of a barrage of mail, telegrams and petitions every day of those 10 years. Here are some reactions and advice--from a congressman's point of view--on how to communi- ETHYL NEWS ETC 300T5 cate effectively with legislators. My observations fall into three categories: Know your congressman Know your subject Know the procedure to follow' Do you know your congressman personally? If you do not, it is probably your own fault, because a congressman is about the easiest public servant there is to meet. Every other year he is up for reelection and this means that he is always running for office. When he gets back to his district, he is eager to meet his constituents. His door is always open. His time is your time. Your problems are his prob lems and he will make every effort to help you with them. In other words, your congressman wants to know you a whole lot more than you may want to know him. The next time your congressman comes home, make it a point to go by his office and meet him. Then, when at some later date you get in touch with, him about legislation or some other matter, he will have a personal feeling about your needs and prob lems. This applies to every constituent, regardless of political affiliation. Your congressman represents all the people of his district. Democrats and Repub licans alike. If you are on the opposite side, he will be doubly eager to find some common ground where he might be able to win the support of you and your friends. The Way He Votes Don't fall out with him because he doesn't vote just the way you want him to on all issues. Keep your eyes on the main issues. If after considerable discussion with him on questions in which you are primarily interested you feel you are seeing eye to eye, don't ruin this relationship by writing him a nasty letter when he votes for a new dam in the West or for more public housing in the East. You don't know what his commitments are on these sub jects, so give him the benefit of the doubt. He will appreciate the fact that his voluminous mail on his vote for the dam or the housing does not contain a letter of condemnation from you. Remember, it is considerably easier to contact a congressman who is your friend and whom you know personally than it is to contact a stranger. Although there may be two schools of thought on the subject, I maintain that congressmen are human, too, and subject to the same motivations as other ETC 300T 6 people. It is a whole lot easier for a congressman to go along with the wishes of a personal friend than with someone who contacts him only when the chips are down. Sacks of Mail If a congressman had a nickel for every letter he received from constituents who don't understand the subject they are writing about, he could retire and live on the proceeds. When that sackful of mail is hauled into his office every morning, he can be certain that only about one letter in 25 will be from a constituent who really knows about the subject that prompted him to take pen in hand. Since the congressman has only three or four staff members to answer about 300 letters a day, they can't explain in detail what the facts are. Hence, the misinformed, letter-writing constituent receives a vague but pleasant stock reply that really pleases no one, including the congressman. How can a constituent get to know his subject so that he can effectively present his side to his congressman? The first and best evidence, as in a court of law, is your own personal experience. Base your request for your congressman's support of your position on what you know' from your own experience. Give him facts and figures in a clear, concise manner. Tell him how proposed legislation would affect you and your business. iL_ii JL. $i iV/ fj Trade organizations also are good sources of in formation. Many of them maintain staffs in Wash ington and have lots of advice and counsel on every subject which might affect you, your business or organization. These trade organizations are not al ways infallible and I have felt that they sometimes are too ready to cry "Wolf', but on the whole they do a good job and can help keep you informed. In addition, I have been impressed, during the few months that I have been connected with the API, with its employee information program. It can have a solid and long-term value in helping members of the oil industry to know their subjects. What is the quickest and most effective way to get a message across to a congressman, bring him around to your way of thinking and secure favorable legislation? Trylo talk to your congressman personally about your legislation. If this is impossible, write him a letter. Keep it simple. Keep it on a personal basis. Show by facts and figures how you yourself will be affected by the legislation. Long Sessions Remember that your congressman is a member of at least one committee and often attends meetings from 10 a.m. until the convening of congress at noon each day. From noon until about 6 p.m. he is confined to the floor of the House where legislation requiring his presence is being voted on, or he is back in afternoon committee sessions. After 6 p.m., he gets a chance to read his mail and sign the answers to those 300 letters a day. Even though he is putting in a 10- to 12-hour day, your congressman is not necessarily going to have any vast knowledge of the ramifications of the particular subject in which you happen to be in terested. Therefore, it is important to put your problem on a personal basis if you want to bring him around to your way of thinking. He is much more interested in you and your well-being than in the impersonal problem of how best to frame a general bill. In al most every instance, a congressman does not know exactly how a bill will be worded (unless it arises in his own committee) until the committee where the bill is being considered reports it out favorably. Timing also is very important. Write your con gressman when the bill is pending in committee. Do 16 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30077 not wait to write him just as the bill is brought to the floor of the House for consideration. The place to kill a measure or amend it favorably is in com mittee. Your congressman is glad to refer your views to the proper committee when it is considering legislation, but he can't do very much if your appeal reaches him after the bill has been reported from the committee to the floor, except with his one vote on the measure. Neither should you wait until a measure has passed the House and is pending in a Senate com mittee. What can your congressman do for you then? He can only suggest that you get in touch with your senators who may or may not be able to help you. A senator, representing as he does a whole state, has commitments to many more varied and conflicting interests than your congressman who represents you and your area. Again, timing is important. About 50 percent of a congressman's mail per tains to things constituents want done for them: Get a small business loan; get a son-in-law out of the army; get a son appointed to the Naval Acad emy: get a new dam on a river. The other 50 per cent contains requests for the congressman to vote in a certain way on legislation. If he is conscientious--and almost all congress men are--your congressman tries to fulfill all these requests, but only occasionally does he receive let ters thanking him for his efforts. On the theory that your congressman is human, write and thank him when he has voted your way on an issue--any issue. He will remember your thoughtfulness. Commands Respect I have purposely not mentioned what is known on Capitol Hill as "pressure mail". This material is of little help and effectiveness. It takes a new congressman only about two months to recognize even from the outside of the envelope a deluge of pressure mail. He cannot completely ignore it; all of it must be answered; it must be evaluated when he casts his vote. But in the long run it carries very little weight, and in certain instances, defeats its own purpose. ______ It is the straightforward earnest letter that com mands the respect and attention of your congress man. A congressman never tires of hearing from his constituents who have something to contribute to the welfare of the nation. He knows they write straight from the heart, and that he is their friend in Washington and their friend in court. Speaking from 10 years of experience on Capitol Hill, I can tell you that your congressman is pro foundly influenced by the opinions expressed in your communications with him. July-August 1962 17 ETC 30078 THE Travel Clinic article: help Gulf Oil Research executive and his famil> to plan trailer trips ETHYL NEWS ETC 30079 Widespread use of gasoline additives qualities that enable it to do all these jobs. Some of the qualities are provided by refining processes to improve octane quality benefits --catalytic cracking, reforming and others--and the blending together of selected gasoline base at refiners, motorists and the public stocks. Others come from special modem chemical \ additives. These additives protect automobile engines against harmful knock, prevent spark plug fouling he high quality of the gasoline readily avail and preignition, control carburetor icing and the T able at the corner service station is one of the buildup of combustion deposits, protect engine main reasons why motorists today enjoy more ef parts against corrosion, and help overcome operat ficient and economical automobile transportation ing and maintenance problems. than ever before. What provides the high quality? A combination From Three to Seven Additives of modem fuel components and chemical additives Most modem gasolines contain at least three-- scientifically blended together to meet the special and sometimes as many as six or seven different ized needs of today's automobiles. additives. The most important are lead antiknock Gasoline, of course, must be highly versatile. compounds which increase the octane quality, or It must be able to withstand indefinite storage with the gasoline's ability to produce power without out deteriorating--and yet go to work in a car at knocking. I a moment's notice. It must provide fast starts, rapid acceleration, smooth performance and good mile Refiners have been adding tetraethyl lead (TEL), the principal antiknock compound, to gasoline for *( age in all kinds of cars under all kinds of driving almost 40 years. Today, TEL or one of its related * conditions--in winter and summer, in mountains antiknocks is used in about 98 out of every 100 and deserts. gallons of gasoline made in the United States. Refiners build into gasoline the versatility and the The amount of antiknock compound added to July-August 1962 21 ETC 30080 i Antiknocks Make a Difference each gallon of gasoline is very small in comparison to the total volume of a gallon--about one-twen tieth of one percent. And yet its effect in improved economy and efficiency is tremendous. At present use levels, antiknock compounds are adding an average of about nine octane numbers to the nation's gasoline quality. It is these nine oc tane numbers which enable modem automobile en gines to provide peak power, top mileage and de pendable performance. Antiknock compounds, then, are important to the oil industry and the motoring public. They help refiners make the highest quality gas oline at the lowest possible cost, and at the same time conserve millions of barrels of crude oil every year. Antiknock compounds help motorists by as suring that they get the greatest value--in power, performance and mileage--out of every gallon of motor fuel they buy. The ready availability of antiknock compounds in blending plants at refineries enables oil compa nies to achieve desired octane quality for both premium and regular grades of their gasoline sim ply and economically. And the additives help them maintain that antiknock quality day after day, ad justing easily to various seasonal changes in prod uct demand. The lead alkyl antiknocks are, in effect, a man ufacturing tool, helping refiners achieve maximum flexibility of operation. At the same time, by sup plying the top octane numbers as needed, they enable refiners to defer large capital expenditures for expensive processing equipment that would otherwise be needed to achieve octane quality. Processing and Antiknocks Final octane quality, of course, usually is obtained from a combination of refinery processing and the use of antiknock compounds. Most re finers use both methods for efficiency and economy. Processing alone limits gasoline yield because of the severity of the processing operation. Use of antiknock compounds eliminates such losses and helps refiners make high quality gasolines that can be sold to motorists at reasonable prices. Antiknock compounds also enable refiners to Antiknock compounds supply the most important octane numbers in gasoline, assuring far better performance than would otherwise be possible. They protect engines against harm ful knock and enable them to develop maximum power . , . As a manufacturing tool, the 22 ETHYL NEWS etc 30081 ith ice gone from the water and Great WLakes shipping in full swing once more, one sighted approaching ships through a brass tele scope and rowed out with messages, letters, of the country's most unusual postal delivery freight, coffee, laundry, newspapers--anything services is again busy delivering the mail. A to make the sailors' isolated existence more unique shore-to-ship system born almost 90 comfortable. years ago dispatches letters and packages ad Today, descendants of the founder use a dressed to Detroit 22, Michigan, to ships plying power boat to deliver tons of mail and many of the Detroit River. the other things the originator carried. In 1874, J. W. Westcott, a retired Great Lakes The present mailboat, the J. W. Westcott captain, founded the J. W. Westcott Company, 11, operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week. a marine reporting service. Captain Westcott It's exciting fun to watch it contact a passing March-April 1962 ETC 30082 ETC 30083 March-April 1962 30084 etc EY TRAVEL IN MAGIC CIRCLES es ch lily ips rws or oilman William C. Offutt, and for many for further study to make sure they don't miss Fother motorists, the Ethyl Corporation Magic worthwhile sights in areas visited. Circle Travel Clinic articles that appear in hundreds The Offutts enjoy complete freedom and flexibil of daily and weekly newspapers throughout the ity on their travels--they have a completely equipped country provide much more than interesting read modern trailer. At a moment's notice, they can be ing. They are a valuable stimulus and guide in plan off on a trip or can change plans en route without ning week-end and vacation trips to scenic and his a concern about lodgings, eating places or other toric points of interest. accommodations. Mr. Offutt, who is director of the Gulf Research "It's a wonderful way for us to do things as a and Development Company's Process division at family," says Mr. Offutt, a confirmed trailer enthusi Harmarville, Pa., maintains a complete file of Magic ast in the four years he has owned his 24-foot alu Circle articles and accompanying maps at his home minum Airstream unit. The compact, lightweight in suburban Pittsburgh. He and Mrs. Offutt, and trailer sleeps the whole family. It has a refrigerator, sons Bill and Bob, use them in laying out their far- stove, heat and running hot water provided by bot reaching auto travels and take them along on trips tled gas; a kitchen, bathroom with tub and shower, July-August 1962 19 ETC 30085 They Travel in Magic Circles and everything needed in a home-away-from-home. It has more than paid for itself in savings on hotel, motel and restaurant bills, according to Mr. Offutt, and has enabled the family to see quaint New England, visit the historic Middle Atlantic states, bask in Florida's winter sun, travel the wide spaces of the Middle West, and roam the Rocky mountains and the Southwest. Magic Circle trailer travels have taken the Offutts to almost every part of the country except the Pacific coast, and they're hoping to make that one of these days.* Trips aren't all traveling. Often trailer is parked for several days at a time while Offutts take time oat for sightseeing, recreation, and, here, fishing. ] j 1 On several occasions the Offutts have met with hundreds of other carefree trailer owners at state and national rallies. At left, William Offutt is pictured in farmer's garb he donned while participating in entertainment that the fun-loving, trailerites traditionally put on at such rallies. nfllfr ^ w " :ai viiinn -CTHI tiv---s--\,zS' WHAT Here's a fun-to-take quiz that will help you check your citizenship I. Q. Part I Indicate whether the following state ments are "True" or "False" 1. Our form of government is a democracy based solely on the principle of majority rule-- that what the majority want they are entitled to have. 2. The "electorate" consists of all those who have the right to vote. 3. Knowledge of the political process is inter esting, but of little value to the individual citizen. 4. Economic, political, and social changes are so rapid that even the interested citizen can do little about good government and honest politics. 5. The growth of government protects the in dividual, so personal freedoms are not affected. 6. Political parties are provided for in the Con stitution. 7. Pressure groups perform no useful function when they lobby in Congress. 8. Independent regulatory commissions of the 14 Federal Government answer to the President. 9. About Vi of the eligible voters do vote in primary elections. 10. A President can be removed from office if the House impeaches him and a majority of the Senate finds him guilty. 11. "Judicial Review" is an unconstitutional usurpation of power by the Supreme Court. 12. Election laws are passed by the individual states. 13. The political party official closest to the voter is a Precinct Committeeman. 14. Decisions of the state supreme courts must be reviewed by the United States Supreme Court. 15. The Constitution may be amended by a majority vote of the people in a general referen dum. 16. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respecti're ly, or to the people. ETHYL NEWS ETC 30087 iBOUT YOUR GOVERNMENT? 17. No person may become President of the United States who has not been a resident within the United States for fourteen years. 18. The Supreme Court has the right to pick and choose all cases that come before it. 19. A Presidential veto may be overridden by majority vote of the Justices of the Supreme Court. 20. Representatives are elected for 3-year terms; Senators for 6 years. 21. The boundaries of Congressional Districts are set by the House of Representatives. Part II Which answer or answers make the following statements correct? 22. The "Hoover Commission" report dealt with: (a) Cost estimates of the Hoover Dam; fb) The cost of providing relief to war-stricken areas of Europe; (c) The problem of how to im prove government efficiency; (d) The foreign problems we face as a nation; (e) Foreign aid funds and their distribution. 23. The President of the Senate is: (a) The Secretary of State: (b) The Vice President of the United States; (c) The Senator with the greatest seniority; (d) The Secretary of Defense; (e) The Senate Leader of the majority party. 24. Politics is: (a) Usually a conflict between good people and bad people; (b) A conflict be tween public-spirited people with honest differ ences of opinion; (c) The art of unprincipled compromise; (d) Pretty dirty stuff; (e) A public quarrel between political bosses who really co operate behind the scenes. 25. The best way to make democracy work is to: (a) Be strictly impartial and non-partisan; (b) Let the winning party rule without interference; (c) Appoint experts who can handle the com plex problem of politics; (d) See to it that more good citizens get active in political and commu nity work; (e) Guarantee complete equality to all people. 26. The State Department of the United States reports to the: (a) Foreign Relations Commit tee; (b) House of Representatives; (c) Senate: (d) United Nations; (e) President. 27. The principle of separation of powers means that: (a) All powers vested in the House are March-April 1962 ETC 30088 WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT YOUR GOVERNMENT? also vested in the Senate; (b) All executive pow er must be divided between the House and the Senate; (c) The Supreme Court has legislative powers; (d) Governmental powers are dispersed among the President, Congress, and the Supreme Court; (e) Individual states are sovereign. 28. The Constitution of the United States sets up: (a) A method of government that includes several cabinets; (b) A federal system based on checks and balances; (c) A government in which states' rights are supreme; (d) A highly centralized form of national government; (e) A government based on group representation. 29. Constitutional qualifications for members of the House of Representatives include three of the following: (a) At least 25 years of age; (b) A United States citizen for at least 7 years; (c) A resident of the state from which elected; (d) Resident of the district from which elected. 30. The most important power of the House of Representatives is: (a) Investigating scandals in government; (b) Impeaching the President; (c) The power to appropriate money or withhold it from various government agencies; (d) The power to make treaties. 31. The "Electoral College" is: (a) A special college for the children of Congressmen; (b) The group of people who count the final ballots in an election; (c) The County Board of Elec tions; (d) The group that officially elects the President; (e) An honorary society of publicspirited men. 32. The first article of the Constitution pro vides for: (a) The legislative branch; (b) The executive branch; (c) The judicial branch. 33. Supreme Court Justices are appointed by the: (a) President; (b) Attorney-General; (c) Senate; (d) American Bar Association. 34. Confirmation of the President's Cabinet must be made by the: (a) House of Representa tives; (b) Senate; (c) Supreme Court; (d) House of Representatives and Senate. 35. Final determination of whether or not a federal law is constitutional is a function of the: (a) Supreme Court; (b) President's Cabinet, (c) Attorney-General; (d) House and Senate. Part III Supply the word or words needed to answer the following correctly 36. What is the name of the present Speaker of the United States House of Representatives? 37. What other title does the Commander-in- Chief of the Armed Forces have? 38. Who is the Vice President of the United States? 39. Who are the United States Senators from your state and to what party does each belong? 40. Is your state divided into Congressional Districts? If so, in which one do you live? 41. Name your United States Representative (or Representatives) and hii party affiliation. (Include the name and party affiliation of any Representative-at-large.) 42. Name the three branches of the federal gov ernment. 43. Which party controls the current Senate? 44. Who is the United States Ambassador to the United Nations? 45. What two groups make up the traditional so-called "Coalition" in the House? 46. Should both the President and Vice-Presi dent not be able to carry on, who is next in suc cession to the Presidency? 47. Is the Attorney-General a member of the President's Cabinet? 48. In the event of a tie vote in the Senate, who casts the deciding vote? 49. For how many years does a Senator serve when elected? 50. What is the maximum number of times a person may be elected President? (Quiz prepared by National Association of Manu facturers and used by permission.) ANSWERS ON PAGE 28 16 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30089 By using mathematical equations, refiners can save time and money and determine their gasolines'.... ROAD NUMBERS WITHOUT ROAD TESTING he proof of the pudding may be in the Teating, but the proof of a gasoline is in its performance in cars on the road. Oil refiners and gasoline marketers know that the better the road performance of their motor fuels, the more satisfied their customers will be. That's why refiners spend so many hours and dollars on actual road ratings: they want a true picture of their gasolines' ability to satisfy vehicle octane requirements. Research and Motor ratings are valuable in insuring product uniformity at the refinery, but experience has shown that they are not absolute measures of antiknock quality in multicylinder engines. On the other hand, actual road ratings are expensive and time-consuming, since, to be meaningful, they must be conducted in a num ber of cars under a variety of operating con ditions. What's the solution? One big help to refiners facing this dilemma are road octane prediction equations to calcu- March-April 1962 Road Numbers Without Road Testing late the road octane numbers of their fuels. These equations correlate certain laboratory gasoline test results with road performance. Use of the equations can reduce the need for actual road testing and provide substantial savings in time and money. What are these equations and how are they arrived at? Studies of fuels with a constant tetraethyl lead level have shown that road antiknock behavior can be predicted simply by using Research and Motor octane numbers, together with hydrocarbon-type content. However, when the TEL content is variable, the inclusion of TEL content in the calculations increases the accuracy of the prediction. It c rp, Data obtained from tests of premium and regular gasolines of varying TEL content in premium and reg ular requirement cars were used to estab lish values for vari ous equation terms. r This latter finding confirms the fact that TE1 makes a significant contribution to road pei formance over and above its indicated effect i laboratory ratings. In other words, the TE1 provides a road bonus--higher octane qualit on the road than is indicated in laboratory test; If two gasolines have identical Research an Motor octane numbers and hydrocarbon-typ compositions, the one with the higher TEL cor tent will exhibit better road performance, i most cases. Use of the following equation can provide a excellent index of a fuel's road performance Road Octane Number -- a + b(R) + c(M) -f d(A) + e(l E"= Research octane number M -- Motor octane number A = Aromatics in percent by volume T = Milliliters of tetraethyl lead/gal. (The hydrocarbon-type variable may be rep resented by either aromatic or olefin cor centration, depending on which type is mor effective for the particular cars and fuel rated. In recent Ethyl studies, aromatic coe centration happened to be more accurate i calculating road performance.) The values for a, b, c, d and e in the equatioi have been established by computer technique for different cars at selected rating speeds. Fort; premium gasolines of varying TEL content it four premium-requirement cars and 40 regular grade fuels of varying TEL content in three regular requirement cars were used. The gaso lines were representative of currently marketed regular, premium and super-premium grades 18 ETC 30091 A variety of engine and transmission types was included. Currently, the precision of equations in pre dicting road octane numbers is about one-half octane number in cars tested. This precision can apply provided the laboratory quality of the fuels being studied falls within the range of laboratory qualities of those fuels used to derive the equations. Equations are used primarily to compare the road performance of individual fuels within a group. The calculated rating is, in effect, the average road rating that would have been ob tained if the fuel had been rated in the par ticular cars for which the equation is applicable. Studies have shown that the relative ratings of individual fuels in a group are consistent, that is, the ranking of a group of fuels in order of road antiknock quality does not vary sig nificantly in a given car at different times. How ever. an equation for a specific car may not ex actly represent all cars of that make and model. In addition to using entire equations to pre dict road antiknock number, the various terms within the equation can be used to relate specific fuel properties to road antiknock per formance. For example, it can be observed that Research octane number contributes most to road behavior at low engine speeds. On the other hand, Motor octane number is the prime criterion for good high-speed road performance. Effect of Aromatics and TEL The influence of aromatic and TEL content may appear small compared to the laboratory octane ratings, yet these qualities often mean the difference between satisfying or not satis fying a car at critical speeds. For instance, the equations indicate that a difference in TEL content of 3.0 ml per gallon between two fuels having identical laboratory octane ratings and hydrocarbon contents can represent a difference in road octane number of up to 3.0 numbers. What about the lighter lead alkyls such as "TELMELs" and "MLAs"? Ethyl's Research and Development depart- March-April 1962 Eiectronic computer techniques help develop data for refiners to use in applying octane prediction equations. ment is developing road octane prediction equa tions for fuels containing these antiknocks. So far, studies show that, in automatic transmission cars, laboratory octane numbers and hydro carbon type provide reliable prediction of the road octane numbers of fuels when the concen tration of the lead alkyl antiknock is constant. Thus, as for TEL, a road bonus exists for the lighter lead alkyls. One of the important benefits of the more volatile antiknocks is their ability to provide more equal distribution of octane quality to all cylinders of an automobile engine under condi tions which promote fuel segregation or mani fold lag. Experience has shown that the road performance of fuels with light lead alkyls in manual transmission cars is not adequately pre dicted by equations. There are indications that a modified equation containing terms that will describe fractional fuel and additive effects may be more accurate. But there is no doubt that the use of equa tions can, in many cases, do an important job for refiners, saving time and money. 19 Marios Baldwin, U. S. Travel Service chief in Frankfurt, Germany; Gerhard Mueller, travel agency owner of Wies baden; and William Naylor, Pan American Airways district sales manager and chairman of the "Visit the US.A." committee in Frankfurt, are representa tive of those cooperating in die program. li nt nan >m he Is, li en ale of by ~a_ :be ize es, y's I National shrines attract foreign visitors as well as Americans. This group from France lis tens intently as a guide tells die story of the Liberty Bell. Company's Coming tools, in seven different languages, include enlighten ing and persuasive publications, posters, displays, illustrated travelogues and sound films in color. Ways and means of encouraging prospective visi tors differ considerably. The French, for example-- unlike Germans--are lukewarm about "package vacations," preferring to set up their own itiner aries. Japanese are attracted by Hawaii's beaches and tropical lushness. Italians look forward to coming but need assurance of welcome and freedom from red tape. Many Australians heading for Eu rope, as they often do, stop off in the United States after learning that a ticket routing them across this country costs no more than transportation via the Middle East. Questions which foreigners ask most frequently about coming to America have to do with expenses. This problem, a difficult one because so many fac- t ' r L i'It ft ^ a 2^ jBEISENSIEINEINENElfEWElJ VMJEPORUNNIIEVDMIINOO 7 * it k*. ^ BESUXIIS8D&UJJL ^ Captioned "Discover a New World, Visit die United States," posters prepared by the United States Travel Service are being displayed throughout the world. OECOIIVREZ UNNOIfVEAll MONDE IlFSniRRl ||M MIINDO NOVD varmlb rrmms >$*. . nsnosjijL&k ETC 30094 ETHYL NEWS ton are involved, undoubtedly demands further attention. All but a few critical segments of the travel and related industries agree, however, that the USTS is helping eliminate misconceptions, and is working constructively with public and private agencies to promote facilities, services and attractions for budg et-conscious visitors from overseas. Brief group tours for an all-inclusive cost of $500 to $600, which the agency has helped create, are proving popular among Europeans of limited means, although some participants report that they see too little. More extensive itineraries can be arranged at costs of $98 a week and more. Special rates and discounts for foreigners are being offered by transportation services and hotels and motels. Greyhound and Continental Trailways, for example, sell blanket passes to visitors from overseas for $99. good for 99 days of unlimited bus travel anywhere in the United States. Certain airlines are also selling bargain tickets, among them TWA, which has a low cost "bus out-- buz2 back" ground and air travel plan to cities in the Midwest and Far West, and half fares for foreign couples over 50 years old. Some car rental agencies have reductions for non-Americans with international drivers' licenses. Railroads have cut coach fares by 15 percent. The USTS tips its hat to private enterprises like Pan American, with its 370 offices overseas cam paigning for more traffic from business and pro fessional circles. Such passengers often add lowcost "see America" tours by automobile or bus to their official trips. To Bring Businessmen-Tourists The airline keeps close tabs on conventions and technical meetings, ranging from the International Mink Show in Milwaukee to sessions of the Ameri can Academy of Allergy in Denver. Pan American expects to carry the equivalent of 100 jet-loads of businessmen-tourists this year. Measures to simplify and expedite procedures in entering and leaving the United States for business or pleasure have widespread and heartfelt endorse ment. So do personal touches to make foreigners feel more welcome. Gone are yesteryear's visa delays, fingerprint re quirements, tedious forms and other complexities. At ports of entry, attractive receptionists greet arriv- July-Augurt 1962 als in their own languages, guide newcomers through Customs and offer other assistance. Welcome mats are out wherever foreigners are appearing in sizable numbers. Following recom mendations of recent travel conferences, "Friendly Americans Win American Friends" programs are being developed in most states. Speak Their Language Greater use of foreign languages is a keystone of such activities, beginning with reception desks at major terminals and including local bilingual guide services. Visitors from abroad are interested in how Americans live, work and play, and many want to see manufacturing plants, refineries, sports events, office buildings, supermarkets, fanns and ranches and different kinds of homes. While it will take time to develop the abilities, understanding and finesse required of successful hosts, Americans already have the most essential asset of a tourist country. Voit Gilmore, director of the USTS, puts it this way: "The natural warmth, friendliness and sincerity of our people can bring more visitors, win more friends and generate more `repeat business' than any other element of the United States travel in dustry." SEETHE ETC 30095 Winnebago Indians whoop it up in their famed war dance at the Stand Rock ceremonial in natural amphitheater each May and June at Wisconsin Dells. housands of people are paying tribute this year to lissome blossom Tqueens and crop maidens; to Dutch funnel cakes and snow laced with maple syrup; to horse-propelled boats and to bronco-busting cowboys. These are a few inspirations for some 1,200 festivals which add color and drama to life in all parts of the country. Many are elaborategalas revolving around everything from harvests to scientific milestones, historic events and cultural progress. Others are zany affairs prompted by little more than Americans' traditional love of a frolic. Some festivals have won international fame, but many more are known only in the regions where they are held. In any case, once a festival gets started, it usually becomes an annual event. No matter where venturesome Magic Circle motorists drive, they are likely to find a bonus of enjoyment in some kind of celebration. On these pages are pictures of a few of the many kinds of fetes and fiestas being staged at various times of the year. 6 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30096 Hie Memphis Cotton Carnival is an annual festival held the first two weeks in May to salute Tennessee's lead ing cash crop. Here the king's and queen's barge is spectacularly lighted under a fireworks-filled sky. Decked out as fierce members of the Billy Bowlegs Krewe, these two "pirates" are set to take part in "invasion" of Fort Walton Beach, Fla., in connection with an annual festival which also is highlighted by a giant treasure bunt Left yesterday's drills go into making "funnel cakes," bizarre delicacies served at the annnai Pennsylvania Dutch Folk Festival at Kutztown, Pa. Below, the International Rice Festival at Crowley, La., features this Acadian-French band. i ETC 30097 FESTIVALS ARE FUN Athletic Chinese youths do a lion dance in the streets at "Night in Chinatown" festiv ities, a regular feature of the Narcissus Festival held each winter in Honolulu. Floating on a pink cloud over a float covered in beautiful blossoms rides the lovely queen of the Wenatchee (Wash.) Apple Blossom Festival, held each May in Pacific Northwest. Two local products are saluted annually in September in Nauvoo, III., when the local citizenry and thousands of visitors turn out for the "Wedding of the Wine and the Cheese." This dance in the state park, a parade and coronation highlight the colorful event, which traces some of its old-world pageantry to Roquefort, France. 8 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30098 The World Championship Timber Carnival, held each July in Albany, Ore., rewards winners of billing (log rolling), chopping, bucking, topping, speed climbing and axe-throwing contests with handsome cash prizes. A smiling "sea goddess" poses in front of lobster pots with a tasty looking specimen at the animal Maine Seafood Festival at Rockland. I Left, hundreds of tons of pumpkins and squashes and a free feast that includes pumpkin ice cream, pumpkin cake, pumpkin pie and pumpkin soup are features of annual fall Pumpkin Show in Cirdeville, Ohio. Above, rodeos are festival highlights throughout the West In Montana, there's a rodeo every summer weekend. July-August 1962 9 ETC 30099 The Farm Marke Big operators are becoming good customers for oil and other industries '"Take a look at modern American agriculture and one characteristic seems to stand out-- SIZE. Almost everything about the country's farms is getting bigger. Gross farm income was about $40 billion last year--almost as much as the nation's defense budget--and net farm income was the high est in eight years, $13 billion. Crop production was at record highs in 1960 and 1961. Coupled with a continuing decline in the number of acres harvested, this results in higher output per acre and per farm. A fraction of the nation's 2 V2 million com mercial farms--about one-fifth--are the big, growing ones, and now account for two-thirds of total farm income. Farm equipment is getting bigger. The average tractor sold this year is twice as powerful as the average tractor of 1945. In a year's typical service, it consumes a third more fuel than the average modem passen ger car. Leading commercial farmers farm big acre age, use big equipment, buy in big quanti ties, and their expenditures per acre and per farm are increasing. What are the implications in these facts for oil companies and other major suppliers to the farm market? Here are a few: Because of their size and influential position, the big farm operators com bine adequate resources, good credit and know how to become profitable and desirable custom- 10 ETHYL NEWS 1 lhl i :et ies The ^ as . In hird sen- icreintiPer for the and .om- 10W- tom- EWS Big, Growing, Changing ers for the oil and other industries. As a class, they buy most of agriculture's petroleum prod ucts. More and more of them may be considered industrial accounts. While the farm petroleum market is growing at a rate of between two and three percent a year, indications are that for individual mar keters profitable farm petroleum sales will de pend mainly on: (1) increased market penetra tion which moves more product; and (2) more efficient distribution of the same product vol ume which reduces costs. Because the make-up of the market is chang ing so rapidly, the second of these two factors may provide greater opportunities. Each large customer held, or new one gained, becomes progressively more valuable. Both approaches, however, call for continuing aggressive analyses The average farm tractor in use to day is twice as powerful as the tractor of 1945. 11 etc 30loj years, tractor sales have been in the 200,000 range annually, or slightly less than half the level of the early 1950's. Most predictions are that sales will average slightly below this level for the next several years. Today, gasoline powered tractors account for a little more than half of all new models sold but 70 percent of all tractor fuel consumed is gasoline. This is explained by the former greater popularity of gasoline models and the fact that annual new tractor sales account for only about four percent of units in the field. Since the economy of diesel tractor engines is not improving at the same rate as gasoline en gines, there are indications that the pronounced popularity increase of diesels in recent years may have slowed considerably. At the same time, while production percent age of LP-Gas tractors has declined slightly in each of the last six years, LP-Gas consumption has increased because of field conversions of Managers of big commercial farms are astute busi nessmen who study carefully the quality of products they purchase to meet operating needs. July-August 1962 gasoline tractors to bum LP-Gas. It appears that this practice will continue but at a some what slower pace. The horsepower of the average tractor sold has doubled since 1945, Ethyl statistics show, but much of the work done with the newer larger tractors calls for substantially less than maximum horsepower. Hence, potential fuel consumption is not so much related to the num ber of tractors or to maximum power as it is to the nature of local agriculture and operating practices such as hours-of-use per tractor, type of fuel used, and efforts to apply minimum tillage theories. Little Difference in Fuel Prices How much are farmers paying for their prin cipal tractor fuels? The average tank truck price of regular grade gasoline was 27.6 cents a gal lon in 1961 and diesel fuel was 16.6 cents per gallon. But when tax rebates for agricultural use are subtracted from the price of gasoline, the net difference in price is only about one cent a gallon. When he does buy, how does the fanner pay for his gasoline? The great majority use credit, special studies reveal. As a matter of fact, nearly 60 percent of the "innovator" farmers queried answered that they always use credit. Looking ahead, petroleum marketers are aware that current trends toward higher power per cubic inch of engine displacement, per pound of engine, per pound of fuel, and per tractor dollar, coupled with the demand for equal or better durability, mean greater de pendence on proper fuel and lubricant charac teristics. More additives are needed to supply many of these characteristics, and the resultant higher quality will justifiably bring higher prices. In selling to big commercial farms, it is im portant to keep in mind that managers of more and more of these farms classify fuels and lubri cants, as well as the machinery in which they are used, as production tools. Therefore, product reliability and productivity are becoming more important than prices. 13 30102 A FORMER CONGRESSMAN REPORTS ON . . . How to approach your congressman By Frank N. Heard Executive Vice President, American Petroleum Institute. Mr. Ikard represented Texas' 13th Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives from 1952 to 1961. How TO WIN friends on Capitol Hill and in fluence Congressmen has been a subject of study and thought since the first days of our Repub lic. In recent years, instructions, bulletins, pamphlets and recommendations have poured out from head quarters of various organizations urging the citizenry to "write your congressman" on current issues and legislation. Having been a member of Congress for 10 years --six of them on the Ways and Means committee-- I was on the receiving end of a barrage of mail, telegrams and petitions every day of those 10 years. Here are some reactions and advice--from a congressman's point of view--on how to communi- ETHYL NEWS ETC 30103 cate effectively with legislators. My observations fall into three categories: Know your congressman Know your subject Know the procedure to follow Do you know your congressman personally? If >ou do not, it is probably your own fault, because a congressman is about the easiest public servant there is to meet. Every other year he is up for reelection and this means that he is always running for office. When he gets back to his district, he is eager to meet his constituents. His door is always open. His time is your time. Your problems are his prob lems and he will make every effort to help you with them. In other words, your congressman wants to know you a whole lot more than you may want to know him. The next time your congressman comes home, make it a point to go by his office and meet him. Then, when at some later date you get in touch with, him about legislation or some other matter, he will have a personal feeling about your needs and prob lems. This applies to every constituent, regardless of political affiliation. Your congressman represents all the people of his district, Democrats and Repub licans alike. If you are on the opposite side, he will be doubly eager to find some common ground where he might be able to win the support of you and your friends. The Way He Votes Don't fall out with him because he doesn't vote just the way you want him to on all issues. Keep your eyes on the main issues. If after considerable discussion with him on questions in which you are primarily interested you feel you are seeing eye to eye, don't ruin this relationship by writing him a nasty letter when he votes for a new dam in the West or for more public housing in the East. You don't know what his commitments are on these sub jects, so give him the benefit of the doubt He will appreciate the fact that his voluminous mail on his vote for the dam or the housing does not contain a letter of condemnation from you. Remember, it is considerably easier to contact a congressman who is your friend and whom you know personally than it is to contact a stranger. Although there may be two schools of thought on the subject, I maintain that congressmen are human, too, and subject to the same motivations as other July-August 1962 i> ETC 30104 people. It is a whole lot easier for a congressman to go along with the wishes of a personal friend than with someone who contacts him only when the chips are down. Sacks of Mail If a congressman had a nickel for every letter he received from constituents who don't understand the subject they are writing about, he could retire and live on the proceeds. When that sackful of mail is hauled into his office every morning, he can be certain that only about one letter in 25 will be from a constituent who really knows about the subject that prompted him to take pen in hand. Since the congressman has only three or four staff members to answer about 300 letters a day, they can't explain in detail what the facts are. Hence, the misinformed, letter-writing constituent receives a vague but pleasant stock reply that really pleases no one, including the congressman. How can a constituent get to know his subject so that he Can effectively present his side to his congressman? The first and best evidence, as in a court of law, is your own personal experience. Base your request for your congressman's support of your position on what you know from your own experience. Give him facts and figures in a clear, concise manner. Tell him how proposed legislation would affect you and your business. J I JL. ll ! It/.-; Trade organizations also are good sources of in formation. Many of them maintain staffs in Wash ington and have lots of advice and counsel on every subject which might affect you, your business or organization. These trade organizations are not al ways infallible and I have felt that they sometimes are too ready to cry "Wolf', but on the whole they do a good job and can help keep you informed. In addition, I have been impressed, during the few months that I have been connected with the API, with its employee information program. It can have a solid and long-term value in helping members of the oil industry to know their subjects. What is the quickest and most effective way to get a message across to a congressman, bring him around to your way of thinking and secure favorable legislation? TryTo talk to your congressman personally about your legislation. If this is impossible, write him a letter. Keep it simple. Keep it on a personal basis. Show by facts and figures how you yourself will be affected by the legislation. Long Sessions Remember that your congressman is a member of at least one committee and often attends meetings from 10 a.m. until the convening of congress at noon each day. From noon until about 6 p.m. he is confined to the floor of the House where legislation requiring his presence is being voted on, or he is back in afternoon committee sessions. After 6 p.m., he gets a chance to read his mail and sign the answers to those 300 letters a day. Even though he is putting in a 10- to 12-hour day, your congressman is not necessarily going to have any vast knowledge of the ramifications of the particular subject in which you happen to be in terested. Therefore, it is important to put your problem on a personal basis if you want to bring him around to your way of thinking. He is much more interested in you and your well-being than in the impersonal problem of how best to frame a general bill. In al most every instance, a congressman does not know exactly how a bill will be worded (unless it arises in his own committee) until the committee where the bill is being considered reports it out favorably. Timing also is very important. Write your con gressman when the bill is pending in committee. Do 16 ETHYL NEWS ElC 30105 not wait to write him just as the bill is brought to the floor of the House for consideration. The place to kill a measure or amend it favorably is in com mittee. Your congressman is glad to refer your views to the proper committee when it is considering legislation, but he can't do very much if your appeal reaches him after the bill has been reported from the committee to the floor, except with his one vote on the measure. Neither should you wait until a measure has passed the House and is pending in a Senate com mittee. What can your congressman do for you then? He can only suggest that you get in touch with your senators who may or may not be able to help you. A senator, representing as he does a whole state, has commitments to many more varied and conflicting interests than your congressman who represents you and your area. Again, timing is important. About 50 percent of a congressman's mail per tains to things constituents want done for them: Get a small business loan; get a son-in-law out of the army; get a son appointed to the Naval Acad emy: get a new dam on a river. The other 50 per cent contains requests for the congressman to vote in a certain way on legislation. If he is conscientious--and almost all congress men are--your congressman tries to fulfill all these requests, but only occasionally does he receive let ters thanking him for his efforts. On the theory that your congressman is human, write and thank him when he has voted your way on an issue--any issue. He will remember your thoughtfulness. Commands Respect I have purposely not mentioned what is known on Capitol Hill as "pressure mail". This material is of little help and effectiveness. It takes a new congressman only about two months to recognize even from the outside of the envelope a deluge of pressure mail. He cannot completely ignore it; all of it must be answered; it must be evaluated when he casts his vote. But in the long run it carries very little weight, and in certain instances, defeats its own purpose. ______ It is the straightforward earnest letter that com mands the respect and attention of your congress man. A congressman never tires of hearing from his constituents who have something to contribute to the welfare of the nation. He knows they write straight from the heart, and that he is their friend in Washington and their friend in court. Speaking from 10 years of experience on Capitol Hill, I can tell you that your congressman is pro foundly influenced by the opinions expressed in your communications with him. ETc 3uio6 Planning a trip is half the fun. Emma and William Offutt study maps and Magic Circle Travel Clinic articles befoi starting out with their two sons on trailer travels from home in suburban Pittsburgh, Pa. With his older son, Bill, a student at Grove City College, Mr. Offutt fastens trailer to special hitch mounted on the rear bumper of his Mercury ... Below, meal preparation and serving is a cooperative affair, so it's not surprising to see Mr. Offutt pouring milk for the family. THE Travel Clinic articles help Gulf Oil Researcf executive and his famil) to plan trailer trips ETHYL NEWS ETC 30307 TRAVEL IN MAGIC CIRCLES es ch lily ips rws or oilman William C. Offutt, and for many for further study to make sure they don't miss Fother motorists, the Ethyl Corporation Magic worthwhile sights in areas visited. Circle Travel Clinic articles that appear in hundreds The Offutts enjoy complete freedom and flexibil of daily and weekly newspapers throughout the ity on their travels--they have a completely equipped country provide much more than interesting read modern trailer. At a moment's notice, they can be ing. They are a valuable stimulus and guide in plan off on a trip or can change plans en route without ning week-end and vacation trips to scenic and his a concern about lodgings, eating places or other toric points of interest. accommodations. Mr. Offutt, who is director of the Gulf Research "It's a wonderful way for us to do things as a and Development Company's Process division at family," says Mr. Offutt, a confirmed trailer enthusi Harmarville, Pa., maintains a complete file of Magic ast in the four years he has owned his 24-foot alu Circle articles and accompanying maps at his home minum Airstream unit. The compact, lightweight in suburban Pittsburgh. He and Mrs. Offutt, and trailer sleeps the whole family. It has a refrigerator, sons Bill and Bob, use them in laying out their far- stove, heat and running hot water provided by bot reaching auto travels and take them along on trips tled gas; a kitchen, bathroom with tub and shower, July-August 1962 19 I etc 30108 They Travel in Magic Circles and everything needed in a home-away-from-home. It has more than paid for itself in savings on hotel, motel and restaurant bills, according to Mr. Oifutt, and has enabled the family to see quaint New England, visit the historic Middle Atlantic states, bask in Florida's winter sun, travel the wide spaces of the Middle West, and roam the Rocky mountains and the Southwest. Magic Circle trailer travels have taken the Offutts to almost every part of the country except the Pacific coast, and they're hoping to make that one of these days.* Trips aren't all traveling. Often trailer is parked for several days at a time while Offutts take time out for sightseeing, recreation, and, here, fishing. On several occasions the Offutts have met with hundreds of other carefree trailer owners at state and national rallies. At left, William Offutt Is pictured in farmer's garb he donned while participating in entertainment that the fun-loving, trailerites traditionally put on at such rallies. ETC 30109 Widespread use of gasoline additives qualities that enable it to do all these jobs. Some of the qualities are provided by refining processes to improve octane quality benefits --catalytic cracking, reforming and others--and the blending together of selected gasoline base I refiners, motorists and the public stocks. Others come from special modem chemical additives. These additives protect automobile engines against harmful knock, prevent spark plug fouling he high quality of the gasoline readily avail T able at the comer service station is one of the and preignition, control carburetor icing and the buildup of combustion deposits, protect engine main reasons why motorists today enjoy more ef parts against corrosion, and help overcome operat ficient and economical automobile transportation ing and maintenance problems. than ever before. What provides the high quality? A combination From Three to Seven Additives of modem fuel components and chemical additives Most modem gasolines contain at least three-- scientifically blended together to meet the special and sometimes as many as six or seven different ized needs of today's automobiles. additives. The most important are lead antiknock Gasoline, of course, must be highly versatile. compounds which increase the octane quality, or It must be able to withstand indefinite storage with the gasoline's ability to produce power without out deteriorating--and yet go to work in a car at knocking. I a moment's notice. It must provide fast starts, rapid acceleration, smooth performance and good mile Refiners have been adding tetraethyl lead (TEL), the principal antiknock compound, to gasoline for age in all kinds of cars under all kinds of driving almost 40 years. Today, TEL or one of its related conditions--in winter and summer, in mountains antiknocks is used in about 98 out of every 100 and deserts. gallons of gasoline made in the United States. Refiners build into gasoline the versatility and the The amount of antiknock compound added to July-August 1962 21 ETC 30110 Antiknocks Make a Difference each gallon of gasoline is very small in comparison to the total volume of a gallon--about one-twen tieth of one percent. And yet its effect in improved economy and efficiency is tremendous. At present use levels, antiknock compounds are adding an average of about nine octane numbers to the nation's gasoline quality. It is these nine oc tane numbers which enable modem automobile en gines to provide peak power, top mileage and de pendable performance. Antiknock compounds, then, are important to the oil industry and the motoring public. They help refiners make the highest quality gas oline at the lowest possible cost, and at the same time conserve millions of barrels of crude oil every year. Antiknock compounds help motorists by as suring that they get the greatest value--in power, performance and mileage--out of every gallon of motor fuel they buy. The ready availability of antiknock compounds in blending plants at refineries enables oil compa nies to achieve desired octane quality for both premium and regular grades of their gasoline sim ply and economically. And the additives help them maintain that antiknock quality day after day, ad justing easily to various seasonal changes in prod uct demand. The lead alkyl antiknocks are, in effect, a man ufacturing tool, helping refiners achieve maximum flexibility of operation. At the same time, by sup plying the top octane numbers as needed, they enable refiners to defer large capital expenditures for expensive processing equipment that would otherwise be needed to achieve octane quality. Processing and Antiknocks Final octane quality, of course, usually is obUdfled Trom a combination of refinery processing and the use of antiknock compounds. Most re finers use both methods for efficiency and economy. Processing alone limits gasoline yield because of the severity of the processing operation. Use of antiknock compounds eliminates such losses and helps refiners make high quality gasolines that can be sold to motorists at reasonable prices. Antiknock compounds also enable refiners to Antiknock compounds supply the most important octane numbers in gasoline, assuring far better performance than would otherwise be possible. They protect engines against harm ful knock and enable them to develop maximum power ... As a manufacturing tool, the 22 ETHYL NEWS conserve the country's crude oil reserves, a major the average car on the road--38 ton-miles of trans .m dd- economic benefit to everyone. The use of these gasoline additives saves about 250 million barrels of crude petroleum a year. Without antiknock com portation. Or, to put it another way, a gallon moved one ton of automobile a distance of 38 miles. To day, in the average car on the road, a gallon of pounds, refineries would have to use about nine gasoline provides 45 ton-miles of transportation. im percent more crude oil to achieve the same gaso line quality. So if motorists today had to revert to the lower octane quality gasoline of 1951, they would suffer Pey in supplying the most important octane numbers a very real economic and performance penalty. es in gasoline, antiknock compounds provide far bet Operating on gasoline quality and automobile dd ter road performance than would otherwise be engine efficiency of 1951, motorists would use 15 possible. They protect engines against harmful percent more gasoline to get the same amount of knock at all driving speeds and enable them to transportation they get with 1962 fuels and en develop maximum power. Thus, by promoting effi gines. b- cient combustion, antiknock compounds help en It's easy to see, then, that antiknock compounds ng gines get more useful work out of every gallon of provide huge savings in-money and natural re -e- gasoline. sources. It has been estimated that they save the >y- Just how important are the nine octane num motoring public about two billion dollars a year of bers provided by antiknock compounds? on gasoline costs. of They provide the equivalent of 11 years of gas The use of antiknock compounds by refiners to nd oline progress. In other words, if those nine num save these billions of dollars year after year--and an bers were missing from 1962 gasoline, it would millions of barrels of petroleum as well--is an out be down to the quality that prevailed in 1951. standing example of how the oil industry operates to Back in 1951, a gallon of gasoline supplied--in for the benefit of the entire country. i i! additives help refiners achieve flexibility of operations and enable them to defer large capital expenditures for expensive processing equipment that would be needed to obtain octane quality. ... In making it possible for refiners to make more gasoline from every barrel of crude oil, antiknock compounds also help conserve the nation's petroleum supplies. /S Juty-Auguat 1962 r 23 etc 30112 iDKTHPAy Marathon Oil and its home tow: t was fitting that The Ohio Oil,Company- I now Marathon Oil Company--and Findlay Ohio, commemorated important anniversaries dur ing succeeding weeks this summer. Fitting becaust the company and the city have been living am working together for most of three-quarters of i century. For "eight exciting days and nights," from July 21 to July 28, Findlay--93 years old when Ohic Oil moved to town--celebrated its 150th birth day. The sesquicentennial was highlighted by pa rades, fireworks, historical exhibits, antiques dis plays, band concerts, festivals, street dances, a mammoth pageant entitled "Along the Old Mill Stream," and the crowning of a queen. Then on August 1, the oil company, organized in nearby Lima in 1887, but headquartered in Findlay since 1905, marked its 75th anniversary by Left, getting ready for official name changing on Aug. 1 meant replacing 3,800 service station emblems with Marathon's distinctive "M." Below, this float symbolizing company operations participated In a Findlay sesquicentennial parade. 24 ETHYL NEWS ETc 30113 officially changing its name from The Ohio Oil Company to Marathon Oil Company. The city was originally Fort Findlay, named after Colonel James Findlay when it was built as a hastily constructed log stockade in the first year of the War of 1812. But as Findlay it has long been the county seat of northwestern Ohio's Hancock County and a prosperous center of 30,000 people. Throughout the oil world--in Libya, Tunisia and Somali Repub lic; in Ireland, West Germany, England and Spain; in Australia, Guatemala, Argentina and Canada; in Alaska and the rest of the United States; wherever Marathon Oil has exploration, production, transportation, re fining and marketing operations--Findlay is known as the nerve center of the growing, changing com- pany. It is typical of the city-company relationship that many of the 1,831 Marathon employees who live in the Findlay area, and work in the attrac tive, modem headquarters offices there, did so much to make the community's sesquicentennial celebration a success--and did it as individuals rather than as oil company employees. (C. Z. Hard wick, Marathon's executive vice president, was chairman of the board of trustees of the sesquicen tennial association and scores of others served on key committees.) This has always been the company's way of doing things locally. It is a big factor in the com munity, recognizes its responsibilities and more than meets them in financial as well as in personal participation, but seeks no publicity or recognition. Plans to Grow But if Marathon has not been aggressively prom inent in community life, it has been in the oil in dustry in recent years. In keeping with its new aims --to grow at home and abroad; to expand its pro duction and marketing areas, volume and reputa tion; to compete successfully with better known companies; and to attract public and investor in terest--the company is being publicized nation ally and internationally. In anticipation of its 75th birthday on August 1, advertisements were placed in national publica tions. "Why does a company change its name?" the ads asked, and then, in answering the question, they highlighted the company's changing complexion. "We've outgrown our old one. From a small crude oil producer in northwest Ohio, Ohio Oil has grown into a large integrated company. It explores, produces, refines, transports and markets. Its op erations have long since expanded beyond the bor ders of Ohio. In recent years it has burst national boundaries and has become a world-wide company. July-August 1962 25 ETC 30114 < i f \ Wells like tills one in Lybia are sources of supply for Marathon In expanding its European markets. "The company has crude oil reserves of almost a billion barrels, a third of them in Libya. It has four refineries in the United States and an interest in refineries now being built in Spain and West Germany . . . "Its marketing area has broken out of the mid west to include eleven new states throughout the southern Atlantic and Gulf coast areas . . . "In the past three years, Ohio Oil has increased its crude oil reserves by more than 300 million bar rels, tripled its refining capacity, and more than doubled the number of states in which it markets. It has set up a sales organization in Europe for its Libyan oil and is studying the possible sale of liquefied gas from Alaska to markets in Japan . . . Major Brand Name "The name `Marathon' has been our major brand name since 1930. It is a good name to grow with ..." , "Grow" is just what Marathon is doing. The new Marathon designation is now on 3,800 service stations and on pumps, product labels and tank trucks in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Kentucky; and on equipment, in stallations, stationery and other printed materials wherever Marathon operates. Down has come the old name and the Greek runner trade mark and up, in their place have gone "Marathon" and a big, red "M" on a blue-bordered, white hexagon. Achieving prominence as an integrated interna tional oil organization with interests or operations on five continents is admittedly a big switch for the Findlay-based company, which was little known outside of a handful of midwestem states for many years and then primarily as a domestic producer and marketer of crude. As a matter of fact, it was as a producing company that Ohio--now Mara thon Oil--was born in 1887 when 14 small, in dependent producers joined forces to survive the fierce competition that was raging in the Trenton Limestone fields of northwestern Ohio. The company extended its production in the midwest, and in the mid-continent and Rocky The company owes much of its stature to the accom plishments of three Donnell family presidents. The first, James C., below left, began his career in the 1870's. His son, "O.D.," center, API medal winner, was next On the far right, seated, is James C D, today's president, with Grant H. Young, vice president in charge of marketing. 26 ETHYL NEWS Mountain areas, and went into pipelining early in the century, but didn't get into refining or market ing until it acquired Lincoln Oil & Refining in 1924. The Lincoln refinery at Robinson, 111., enlarged and modernized, is now one of the company's four petroleum product manufacturing centers. A second major expansion was the purchase, in 1930, of Transcontinental Oil. With it came three small refineries (no longer operating), a pipeline system, nearly 100 bulk storage plants, the Mara thon name and trade mark, almost 400 service stations in the Texas-to-North Dakota area, and vast oil reserves in West Texas. The purchasing of successful operations is a policy that has worked well repeatedly. In 1959, Ohio bought Michigan's Aurora Gasoline Compa ny, the largest customer for its Wyoming crude, and with it refineries at Detroit and Muskegon, 680 "Speedway 79" service stations, and a good industrial fuel and heating oil business. Just this April, most of the assets of Plymouth Oil Company were purchased, including producing properties in the United States and Canada; a re finery at Texas City, Texas; and transportation, distribution and marketing facilities. For the present, refined products from the Plym outh refinery are marketed by the Republic sales division through 28 terminals to unbranded inde pendent jobbers and distributors in 11 southern and Gulf Coast states. Future plans call for Marathon brandname marketing in these states, beginning perhaps after 1963. Meanwhile, in the last few years, Ohio has taken steps to strengthen its marketing position in its home territory--especially in urban areas. It bought a 91-service-station company in Akron; built a cine-million-gallon bulk terminal near Cleveland; purchased a Bowling Green, Ky., marketer and service stations in Cincinnati; bought a gasoline and fuel oil wholesale operation in Chicago which serves four states; and has an interest in a new pipeline tying Milwaukee and Green Bay, Wise., into its Chicago terminals. Of the 3,800 service stations displaying the Mar athon emblem, over 1,000 have been added in the last four years. _______ At Home and Abroad Overseas, Marathon explores and produces-- and will refine--in partnership with other groups. In Spain, its 25,000-barrel-a-day refinery project is a joint venture with the government and private business interests. In West Germany its 40,000 b/d facility is in association with a local company. At home, it owns production properties in 21 states, has estimated reserves of 613 million bar rels of oil and 2.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. Spearheading the growth, expansion, and diver sification (Marathon is in petrochemicals now, too) is J. C. Donnell II, third member of the long-time Findlay oil family to direct the organization. Grandfather James C. Donnell, who started by hauling crude to a refinery in the original oil town of Titusville, Pa., in the 1870s, was first a field manager for Ohio and moved up the managerial ladder to head the company. The same path was followed by his son, "O.D.," whose stature in the industry was so universally recognized he was awarded the American Petroleum Institute gold medal for distinguished achievement in 1953. When J. C. Donnell II became president in 1948, he knew the company from years of experi ence that began when he started as a part-time messenger at age 12. He recognized the impor tance--in a changing industry and a changing world --of research, expansion and diversification. Changing the corporate name from the old Ohio designation to Marathon on the 75th anniversary focuses attention on these changes and growth.# July-August 1962 27 ETHYL in the NEWS New Liquid Dyes on Market as Petroleum Product Coloring Agents OFFERING ADVANTAGES OVER DRY DYES Current ly in use by the oil industry, Ethyl Corporation is marketing newly-developed "Ethyl" Automatic Liquid Dyes for use in petroleum products. Red-6, Red-G and orange colors are now available. Combinable in any proportion with gasoline, lu bricants, hydraulic oils and transmission fluids, the automate liquids are stable and homogeneous. Their color strength is comparable to dry dyes. The new liquids combine uniformly and readily with refined products because the dyes are already in solution, and so required mixing time is shorter. It is no longer necessary to consider total solubility or solubility rate, inasmuch as the liquid coloring is completely compatible with petroleum products. Expenditures for equipment and maintenance are less when liquid dyes are used because slurry tank age is not necessary, nor is there any clogging prob lem. Less space is required for storage of liquid dyes as compared with dry types. Samples of the new automate dyes are available through Ethyl representatives. Marketing'Research and Analysis Division Will Serve Oil Industry Company Promotes Specialist to Assistant Medical Director eflecting the growth of Ethyl Corporation's R marketing research activities in recent years, a A specialist with extensive experience in aerospace new marketing research and analysis division has and occupational medicine has been created within the sales department of the been appointed assistant med Company. It replaces the former marketing analysis ical director of Ethyl Corpora and planning section. tion. He is Dr. Robert T. P. The new division is to be responsible for Ethyl deTreville, who is responsible marketing research, as well as related efforts for the to Dr. Frank Princi, medical Dr. deTreville oil industry. Its studies will be in addition to the director. comprehensive surveys and reports on gasoline Dr. deTreville joined Ethyl last September after quality and petroleum product sales which the 10 years with various Air Force commands. His group now prepares. most recent assignments were as chief of aerospace Christopher E. Bruhl is the newly-appointed di medicine and chief of health and safety. rector of marketing research and analysis, and will Earlier in his career, Dr. deTreville underwent supervise all the new division's activities. Merritt E. training at the School of Aviation Medicine in San Collins will continue to be responsible for marketing Antonio, Texas, before becoming chief of physical analysis and planning activities. standards (for flying) at the Headquarters Air Ma teriel Command, Dayton, Ohio. He became a flight surgeon in 1953. The new assistant medical director is a fellow of the American Academy of Occupational Medicine. A graduate of The Citadel, his M.D. degree is from the Medical College of South Carolina and his Sc.D degree in industrial medicine was conferred by the C. E. Bruhl M. E. Collins University of Cincinnati in 1956. 28 ETHYL NEWS etc 30U1 11 ow Ethyl Corporation's new antiknock compound blending system works is being demonstrated by a product service engineer. Using a model of equipment now available to customer companies, he is explaining the system's advantages. The model shows engineers and refinery management how such a simplified design provides flexibility in meeting individual refinery needs. The new system has alternate provisions: for conventional batch blending of antiknocks and gasoline, and for continuous stream blending, using meters. Another in a series of Ethyl contributions to efficiency and economy at refineries, the new equipment is intended to save time and manpower. Simplicity makes it less expensive than earlier blending systems. July-Auguct 1962 ETC 30118 The trees remember when this was a swampland Adventure sleeps in your garage. Awaken your car this week end. Fill it with your family. Go away together. Whichever woy you will. Wonderment waits all around you. If you live in the Southeast, make a date with Orangeburg, South Carolina. And meet the Edisto Memorial Gardens. Wander where the wisteria and the myrtle and the dogwood dream, let your children hold hands with nature, let them learn the lesson the azaleas and the roses whisper in the scented breeze. The lesson is this: The beauty that catches your breath here today was once worthless swampland. This garden didn't just grow. Men willed if into being with their dreams and imagi nation, their hunger for beauty. Here, 55 brief acres of America tell a story of the conquer ing spirit that can make miracles grow in barren wasteland. But, no matter where you live, the triumph of the spirit of mon abounds. It flowers in parks and is preserved in museums. It springs from morble monuments and hushed battlefields. Wherever you are, they are. Always just a short drive away. Ethyl calls this stirring country all around you a Mogic Circle. Why not start exploring yours this weekend? Your service station dealer will be happy to help you. ETHYL CORPORATION New York 17, New York Ethyl Corporation of Canado limited, Toronto These Magic Ore/e advertisements ore published to help YOU get more enjoyment out of your cor. Ethyl mokes oddilives used by oil companies to improve their gosohnes and your driving pleasure. One of o series of advertisements directed to the motoring public to help expand the market for gasoline ond other service station products ETHYL NEWS SIPTBMHR-OCTOBBR, IM2 Published by Ethyl Corporation 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. manufacturer of "Ethyl** antiknock compounds ond other odditivei used by oil companies to improve the quality of petroleum products. B. B. Turner, President William R. Perdue, Jr., Vice President ond Treasurer Herbert A. Sovoge, Secretory Richard f. Cook, Editor, ETHYL NEWS Stanton P. Nickerson, Associate Editor Corsten Grande, Art Director Articles from outside sources ore welcomed. Upon request, permission to reprint material oppearing in ETHYL NEWS will be granted. Contents Page THE REVOLUTION IN RESEARCH............. 1 PETROLEUM PUMPKIN................................ 5 SZABAD EUROPA RADIO............................. 6 RANGERS IN TRAINING............................... 10 25 YEARS IN BATON ROUGE......................14 JOURNEYS INTO YESTERYEAR...................16 THE IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN............... 20 FOLLOW THE FLYING SUITCASE.............22 LETTER FROM A MAGIC CIRCLER.............26 PICTURE STORY............................................... 29 ON THE COVER: An artist's impression of "glassware'' in a mod ern chemical research laboratory. In labora tories of all sorts, across the country, research is , ! going forward at the fastest pace in history. See "The Revolution in Research," pgs. 1-4. PICTURE CREDITS: Cover, Morimoto Studios; poge 1, United Press Internotionol; poge 2 (upper left) AT&T, (lower right), Generol Electric; poge 3, General Motors, poge 5, Will Hoys through Union Oil Compony; poges 6-9, Rodio Free Europe; poges 10*13, Frank l. Remington; poge 16, New York Public Library; poge 17 (top), Penn* sylvanio Depi. Htghwoys, (bottom), Idoho ond Oregon Highwoy depts.; poge 18, Tennessee Conservation Dept.; poge 19, New Mexico Stote Highwoy Dept.; poges 22*25, Jock Kemmerer; inside bock cover, Eric Owen. Printed in U.S.A. ETC 30121 Spectacular sew prodncts and processes that speed our progress stem Irom... Space program research has led to new fuels, i V ** v IX ' ' 1 Research By Kenneth Swartwood General Manager, Research and Development Ethyl Corporation t a laboratory on the coast of Maine, doctors A and medical technicians are studying the be havior of living cells, and observing how they change when disease strikes. In a trailer on the New Mexico desert, scientists are evaluating ways to make bitter, brackish water sweet enough to drink. At a campus-like center not far from New York City, communications engineers are exploring ways to crowd hundreds of telephone conversations onto a tiny beam of light. All across the United States, research and develop ment are surging ahead at the fastest pace in history. So many people and so much money are involved that research has become an industry in itself. It's the "Industry of discovery," said Sumner Schlicter of Har vard Business School, and "its product is knowledge." These figures give some idea of the tremendous scope of the research revolution: Research spending this year will total close to $ 16 billion. Five years ago, it totalled $10 billion; ten years ago, less than $5 billion. More money was paid out for research last year than in all the years from the American Revolution to World War II. The federal government is the biggest single spend er of research dollars--mostly for military pur poses--but nearly three-quarters of all research work is done in the laboratories of private com panies and more than 40 percent of such work is paid for with corporate funds. In terms of manpower, research ranks among the top dozen industries in the nation. It employs about 350,000 people--almost half the number in the giant auto industry. What's behind the feverish urge for discovery that 1 ETC 30122 The Revolution in Research seems likely to push research spending all the way to $25 billion a year by 1970? Is the huge outlay of time, money and effort really necessary? What will come from it all? A partial answer is found in the words of this commentary: "Research is the great multiplication table. It is the margin between pint and bushel, between ounce and pound, between dozen and gross. In America, it is the margin between homespun and nylon, be tween a pot on the hearth and an eye-level wall oven, between root cellar and deep freeze, between horse and tractor, between wagon and jet liner." Spurred by cold war tensions, much research springs from harsh military necessity--by the need for new, effective, dependable weapons. But out of military research have come many new products for civilians. Satellites and manned space craft streaking across the skies have led to spectacular new fuels, n> heat-resistant metals, new drugs, new guidance a control systems. One drug, developed from a miss propellant, is being used to treat mental ills. Solvi the problem of maintaining astronauts in flight t led to a new method of lowering blood pressi during surgical operations. Pyroceram, a material originally devised for nt cones, now provides housewives with pots and pa that can be taken from a freezer and safely put a hot fire. Cramped quarters in missiles and rockets ha dictated important strides in miniaturization--wh tling down the size of electrical circuits so they c fit into tiny spaces. Now science is moving into t realm of molecular electronics to produce electric devices smaller than any once thought possible. For most companies, the search for new pr ducts and new ways of doing things is no mere sic line to government-sponsored research and develo ment. They have found that they must turn out Telephones that transmit pictures of users, as well as their voices, have already been developed and are slated for widespread use in the years ahead. The oil and automotive industries, among the in industrial research, are forever looking tomorrow, exploring better fuels, lubricants, vehicles--and even highways and traffic i A host of new developments--from efficient building materials to automatic work-saving appliances and built-in communication systems--will streamline housekeeping in homes of the future. 2 ETHYL NEW! etc 30123 host of new products to stay ahead of competition, boost sales and supply tomorrow's markets. "Just stop your research for a year, while your competitors keep on, and you'll be dead," says Dr. Emanuel Piore, director of research at Internation al Business Machines. E. J. Thomas, Goodyear Tire and Rubber board chairman, puts it this way: "The most important job of our company's scientists is to make present products obsolete. If they don't, somebody else will." For an idea of how fast the technological revolu tion is moving, take a look at some commonplace products. Just before World War II, television, electric dishwashers, food-waste disposers, de humidifiers, aerosol sprays and many other house hold items were novelties. Wonder drugs were just coming into being. The fabulous field of petrochemi cals was just beginning to be tapped by oil company researchers. Progress is so rapid that perhaps 50 percent of all the goods that will be sold in 1975 are not even known today. A shorter range forecast says that in 1964--year after next--14 cents of every dollar spent fo rthe products of U. S. manufacturers will be for things not now on the market. In the ma chinery industry, new products will account for 23 cents of each dollar's sales; in chemicals, 20 cents; in the transportation industry, 29 cents. What will some of the products of the future be? Here are some possibilities: Clothing made of paper; houses built from pre-formed plastic sections; TV screens that cover a whole wall; rooms heated and cooled by electric current running through the ceiling; phones that transmit pictures of users as well as their voices; portable, cordless appliances for the kitchen and workshop; closets in which clothes are cleaned and pressed electronically; serv ing buffets that refrigerate food and beverages, warm rolls and plates, dispense liquids, and dispose of food wastes. How soon today's possibilities will be realities is a matter of guesswork. But an accelerated outpour- \ 1 The Revolution in Research ing of new products can be predicted unquestion ably as the research of the late 1950's starts to pay off. The old rule-of-thumb used to be seven to ten years from test tube to market, but effective use of pilot plants, computers and automatic equipment has cut the time lag. In 1957, average time for a product to go from laboratory to market was eight years, Dow Chemi cal reports. In 1959, it was five years, and now it's down to four years. Not all research hits the jackpot, of course. One estimate says that only one new product in 25 has a market life of more than two years. Even so, money spent on apparent failures isn't necessarily wasted; it's worth a lot to find the dead-ends. Only a few years ago, research men often had to knock hard on top management's door to get at tention. Now, progressive firms are research minded. The reasons are clear: Research generates a steady flow of new and exciting products, spurs investment in new plant and machinery, and provides new jobs. Research helps keep companies healthy and growing by contributing the profits that are vital for survival in today's competitive scram ble. (Profits after taxes averaged only 4.3 per- ' cent of sales for manufacturing corporations in 1961, compared with 7.1 percent in 1950.) Research helps companies diversify. By de veloping new products made from its own basic materials, an industry contributes to economic stability and national growth. Many petroleum companies, for example, have gone into petrochemicals; chemical firms into plas tics; food processors into frozen and dehy drated foods. Research produces the things that people want. By providing for mass production, it helps bring prices down, and lower prices con tribute to a higher standard of living. ("The living standard of the average American worker, brought about by research, is higher than that enjoyed by royalty 100 years ago," says Dr. C. E. Larson of Union Carbide.) Finally, if there were no other reason on earth for research, it probably would be done anyway-- by restless, inquisitive scientists looking to see what A WHAT'S AHEAD? Here are some of the many projects research has tackled--and a look at what breakthroughs will mean: An inexpensive method to freshen sea water will mean an end to water shortages in many places, open the way to new homes and new industries in desert areas. Ways to control the weather will help bring rain where needed, ward off blizzards and tornadoes, cut loss of hfe and property. New drugs and medicines promise eventu ally to cure the common cold, reduce suffer ing from arthritis, cancer, allergies, other ailments. Doctors are finding ways to pre serve human tissue, transplant living organs ------ fTBm one person to another. Hospitals are installing electronic panels to "monitor" pa tients so they'll get better care. Ways to stop corrosion in metals will save industry an estimated $6 billion a year. Vast strides in communications, already ap parent in TV programs beamed across the sea, will mean phone calls across the country or around the world costing little more than a local call. Business machines will "talk" with each other over nationwide networks, exchanging data on punch-cards or tape. New methods of using metals, new develop ments in electronics will stem from lowtemperature research in the field of cryo genics. Cheaper nuclear power will lower light bills, bring new industries to underdeveloped areas, provide energy for space vehicles. Aircraft of new design will take off and land vertically. Airports will be more accessible to travelers. Refrigerators and air-conditioners will work without moving parts, thanks to progress fat thermo-electricity. Continued strides in miniaturization of elec tronic components promise TV sets the size of a pack of cigarettes, tiny radios and re corders. I ' lies on tomorrow's horizon. George Bernard Shaw summed it up: "The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore progress depends on the unreasonable man." ETHYL NEWS ETC 30325 PETROLEUM PUMPKIN here's more behind this jack o' lantern face than a hollow pumpkin. There's a huge tankful of light gasoline components and lots off goodwill for Union Oil Company of California. Again this year, for two weeks at Halloween time. Union delighted thousands of children-- and adults too--in the Los Angeles area, by painting the monstrous eyes, nose and mouth on the tank at its refinery close by the bustling Har bor Freeway. Floodlighted after dark, the widemouthed grin is seen night and day by carloads of passing motorists and--because of its size-- by thousands more residents of Los Angeles County. It's more than 18 feet from the bottom of the nose to eye level; the mouth is 73 feet wide and each tooth is four feet square. First painted 10 years ago, the tankside face has become a Halloween tradition, attracting families from miles around and extensive news paper, radio and television coverage. To facilitate annual creation of the petroleum pumpkin, the tank is painted a pastel orange the year around. The face is superimposed in late October and removed early in.November. ETC 30126 Szabat In Hungarian and five other langu; By Stanton P. Nickerson - Americans are homeless and Workers in capitalistic coun- tries have to fight greedy bosses . . . Only Sovietsocialism guarantees democratic prosperity . . . Criminals and jails out-number students and schools in the United States . . . The world looks to Russia for peaceful leadership in science, industry and cul ture, but Western imperialists want war . . Communist-inspired lies and distortions such as these fall on increasingly deaf ears in eastern Eu ropean countries these days. So do still more blatant claims and counter-claims designed to poison minds and hearts. Instead of swallowing Russian propaganda, mil lions of people behind the Iron Curtain put their faith in the ringing truth of Radio Free Europe-- so devastating a weapon against communism that the Kremlin is beside itself with frustration. Radio Free Europe--to which satellite nations listen more often and regularly than any other voice of the free world--is a powerful network which owes its beginnings, growth and accelerating impact to American business firms and individuals. The oil, automotive, chemical, steel, rubber and paper industries are among its principal supporters. Twelve years old on July 4, Radio Free Europe looks forward to continuing its inspirational role. By merely being on the air, RFE proves to captive peoples that freedom-loving countries--especially the United States--are concerned about their fate. Broadcasts keep vital channels of communication open and give listeners renewed hope and confi dence in the future. Twenty-eight transmitters and relay stations in West Germany and Portugal--some of them the ETHYL NEWS - dEuropa Radio Tuaga Radio Free Europe blasts Soviet lies with truth i i urn) unret- >ols r>sia cul- i as Eu:ant nd^ Tiilheir e-- ibai ons oice lich oact The iper ope 'oie. >tive i ally ate. tion jnfi- s in the :ws r world's most powerful--beam nearly 3,000 hours of diversified programs to Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania each week. In satisfying listener hunger for truth, the net work devotes almost half of its time to news and news commentary. It reports and discusses develop ments on international fronts, world opinion and events directly affecting satellite countries. It also broadcasts religious services, interviews and discus sions. cultural and intellectual programs, native music, drama, satire, humor and other material banned or distorted by the communists. Close to a million words a day of broadcast ma terial are supplied to the central RFE office in Munich from its bureaus in the United States and key European cities and from other sources. Experts distill a daily budget of 100.000 words of news casts in one or more of the six languages which RFE uses. A guiding principle is "always accuracy, truth and reliability: complete news and information even when the truth momentarily hurts." The network "never preaches hate nor attempts to incite violence ... but by exposing the cynicisms, fallacies and failures of communism, the merits of free democra cies speak for themselves. This kind of understand- Tbe popularity of RFE conies not only from its penetrating newscasts, but from such diversified programs as re corded music, dramatic humor and satire and (below, right) sessions of West Germany's parliament. ir ' . Radio Free Europe ing helps captive peoples chart their way toward eventual freedom." Since 75 percent of the 12 million radio owners in the five satellite nations tune in on RFE at least twice a week, the spotlight of truth is penetrating countless areas which Russia wants to shroud in the darkness of ignorance. Listeners hear, for example, about East Germans penetrating the Berlin Wall; obstructionist Soviet tactics in proposals for the control of nuclear test ing; brutalities and hardships inflicted on unwilling victims of communist domination; resistance to col lectivism throughout eastern Europe; and what the United States is doing to help underprivileged coun tries, improve international relations, explore space and promote world peace. Directed by Americans All operations of the network and its parent organization, the Free Europe Committee, are di rected by Americans under policies and practices determined by headquarters in New York. Actual programs, however, are prepared and conducted by refugees from captive countries. These men and women include prominent educators, political exiles, editors and writers, clergymen, musicians and thought-leaders. Knowledge of what goes on in Russian slave ter ritory is gathered with exhaustive thoroughness. Information comes from listeners, from those who have fled captive lands, from more than 50 com munist radio stations, and from the pages of com munist publications. Although it is dangerous to write, listeners often do so. A Polish engineer, for example, told RFE that . . people are convinced that RFE is ob jective ... We often wonder how the station can be so well informed." From Czechoslovakia, a letter assures programmers that their "clever satire cuts the communists to the quick." Speedy and merciless rebuttals of Soviet distor tions--augmenting broadcasts from such other west ern sources as the United States government's Voice of America--are particularly repugnant to the com munists. So much so that RFE has been called "the snake-nest of misinformation, espionage and sub- Broadcasts of religious services counteract the Iron Curtain's atheism in eastern Europe. version ... an evil witches' kitchen," and "the agency of provocative warmongers, founded by criminals." Much of Moscow's fury stems from inability to silence the network's transmitters and keep them from reaching still more of the 80 million people in eastern Europe. With ingenuity and persistence, RFE circum vents the attempts of 2,500 Russian jamming sta tions which send out blasts of static. It uses the Letters from listeners keep RFE up-to-date on the fallacies and failures of communism. ETHYL NEWS ETC 30129 latest electronic counter-devices and "saturation broadcasting," in which programs go on the air over different frequencies simultaneously and are repeat ed again and again. Compared with the vital importance and impact of its efforts, the financial needs of RFE are mod est. Its current Crusade for Freedom campaign (to make 1963 operations possible) has an $11 million goal--only a fraction of the $185 million which Russia spends annually for jamming attempts alone. Support Welcomed The roster of companies, foundations, organiza tions and agencies which are contributing reads like a "Who's Who" in American enterprise. So does the list of prominent businessmen serving as volunteer officers, directors, consultants and advisors. People of substantial means give more money than the manon-the-street, of course, but everyone's support is as welcome as it is urgent. Givers are assured that their donations will be directly applied to the vital broadcasting. "By giving to Radio Free Europe," says Presi dent John F. Kennedy, "Americans may be sure that they are bringing a beacon of light into coun tries to which millions of us are tied by kinship, and whose hope for freedom all of us must share. This is a peaceful concern, but a firm one. Radio Free Europe needs and deserves our generous help." Monitoring 50 communist radio stations and news services gives the network ammunition for exploding Soviet lies. I _<* - #. " \Jk. *3? s ' A'" s. * 7% I 1 *< *-.f f. r >1* > ^--r f ^r he man in the broad-brimtned hat and forest- How does one man acquire the experience and Tgreen uniform is one of the most versatile versatility required of a national park ranger? officers you can imagine. He's a qualified mountain He's trained. climber, fire fighter, rescue worker, tracker, skier, At the National Park Service Training Center in game warden, marksman, lecturer, first aid worker, California's Yosemite National Park, comprehensive greeter, guide, information specialist and possessor 12-week school sessions are held twice a year. of a dozen other varied skills. Fledgling rangers, naturalists, historians and other He's a ranger of the National Park Service and public contact employees attend one of the sessions one of the principal reasons why millions of motor during their probationary year. They come from Mt. ing Americans find national parks attractive, educa McKinley National Park in Alaska, Everglades Na tional and enjoyable. tional Park in Florida, Death Valley National ETHYL NEWS 3013] ind Monument in California, Mt. Desert National Park preserve the scenic beauty and wildlife of some 180 on the coast of Maine, and the many other areas national historic and military parks, battlefields, administered by the National Park Service. memorials, recreation areas, parkways, and ceme r in The class training, practical experience and con teries, covering 23,000,000 acres, and to cooperate iive tact with other rangers at the school provide guardi in national conservation and recreation programs. ear. ans of the parks and plant and animal life with Since visitors to national parks have a predelic- iher invaluable background. tion for getting lost and stranded, student rangers ions First of all, the Training Center orients rangers study all phases of search and rescue work. They Mt. to the National Park Service. It teaches that the leam bow to scale mountains and ease tenderfeet Na- Service was created within the Department of the down precipitous cliffs; how to find and aid tourists onal Interior by an act of Congress in 1916. Its job is to marooned in woodlands. WS September-October 1962 11 ETc 30132 RANGERS in TRAINING Each summer, in Yosemite Park alone, an, aver age of 35 to 40 children wander away from parents. Fortunately, children don't panic as adults are in clined to, but do have a tendency to climb to tower ing heights. First aid, often a part of rescue work, is taught by Red Cross instructors--how to set broken bones of mountain skiers and treat heat prostration of desert wanderers. Since the reaches of National Parks are sometimes used as criminal hideouts, rangers, under the tute lage of FBI agents, are taught how to solve law enforcement problems and how to handle firearms safely and effectively. Lots of training time is devoted, too, to fire pre vention and control and to the management and protection of park wildlife. The park rangers' relationships with visitors are based on education for cooperation rather than on punishment. They learn to answer tourists' ques tions diplomatically and regulate their activities with tact to insure enjoyment with safety and protection for the parks, their plant and animal life and natural beauties, and other visitors. Sometimes, rangers must even arbitrate between animals and humans--particularly in Yellowstoni where the tame appearance of the bears makes i difficult to convince visitors that they can b< dangerous. Making his rounds there one day, a ranger cami upon a father, his camera ready for action, coaxing his small son to feed a cookie to a bruin. When the ranger warned the man that feeding was prohibitec by law, the visitor replied that "One little cookie isn't going to hurt the bear.'' "Would you send your son into a cage with a beat at the zoo?" the ranger asked. * "Why of course not. I know better than that,'- was the reply. The ranger patiently explained that park bears can be every bit as ferocious as zoo bears--especial ly where food is concerned. For park visitors, the National Park Service makes these suggestions: Rangers have been trained to make visits safe and happy experiences for the millions who frequent parks each year. Remem ber to ask them for information and help, but remember, too, to observe park rules and regulations and to show consideration for the plants and animals that live there. At the Yosemite school, rangers are taught bow to handle animate ... 12 ... administer first aid . ETHYL NEWS Experience in fighting forest fires qualifies rangers to help protect parks from an ever-present threat 'W JP years and billions of pounds of antiv knock compounds after it first went on stream, Ethyl Corporation's manufacturing cen ter at Baton Rouge, La., passed an important milestone this September--a quarter-century of service to the oil and automotive industries and to the Company. At its start-up in the early fall of 1937, the new plant stood in what only months before had been a sprawling cornfield on the north side of Louisiana's capital city. Today, the huge inte- 14 grated installation is part of a far-reaching in dustrial complex that has earned for Baton Rouge the title "Petrochemical Center of the South." Expanded, modernized and diversified contin ually since its beginning, the plant is now Ethyl's principal manufacturing facility, the world's largest plant for the manufacture of antiknock compounds, and the producer of man\ other chemical products created to meet the changing needs of modern industry. ETHYL NEWS ETC 30135 Besides a full line of antiknock compounds containing tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl lead, com binations of the two, and manganese, Ethyl's Baton Rouge plant produces trimethyl phos phate (marketed as ICC 4, a highly effective ignition control compound), vinyl chloride for plastics, vinylidine chloride for paper and paper board coating, and large quantities of many | such basic chemicals as chlorine, ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride, methyl chloride, sodium, and (starting in 1963) caustic soda. September-October 1962 k Over the years, the plant has become more than a manufacturing center. Facilities include a modem, multi-million-dollar laboratory, which is the heart of the Company's chemical research and development work. The plant also is a cen ter for engineering, purchasing, traffic, account ing, electronic computations and patents, serv ing not only Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge, but Ethyl people and departments located at in stallations throughout the length and breadth of the country. 15 ETC 30136 JOURNEYS ha&M % INTO YESTERYEAR By Thomas A. Hoge of the landmarks that pointed the way for earl; trail-blazers remain. oadbuilders like to claim that America's R. superhighways point the way to her future. A motorist driving through the Southwest i struck by signposts for Rabbit's Ear Pass, Wagor They might add that many also come from her Mound and Bent's Fort. They are mementos of ths past. Santa Fe Trail, which extended 780 miles fron Journeys back along many of our principal St. Louis to Santa Fe, N. M. thoroughfares mean travel straight into the heart Prairie schooners, lumbering four abreast be of American history. These ribbons of asphalt be hind 10-horse teams with armed outriders, travel gan as the trails our forefathers blazed across the ed the Santa Fe Trail from 1823 until the outset land, as Indian paths, or as hoofprints stamped of the Civil War, when the railroad moved in. by migrating buffalo herds. Caravans carried up to a quarter of a million dol Among the best known were fabulous roads of lars in cargo, ranging from vintage claret and raw commerce like the Santa Fe Trail; emigration whiskey to velvet and fine linens. By 1860, nearly routes like the Oregon Trail, along which nearly 17 million pounds of freight had passed over the 100,000 pioneers traveled westward; and such cat trail. tle roads as the Chisolm Trail, route of enormous As a teen-ager. Kit Carson, legendary hunter livestock migrations. and Indian fighter, earned his keep on a Santa Fe Most of the trails have disappeared, but many caravan by herding spare horses and mules, while Many modern highways follow the routes of the country's most historic trails y he kept his rifle cocked for hostile Indian raiders. sights en route, including Scotts Bluff, Neb., which Today's motorist can retrace much of the old offers a fine view of remains of the old dirt road. is prairie schooner route on modem highways. Points Although longer trails west of the Mississippi n of interest include Dodge City, Kans., site of Boot have captured much of history's attention, earlier le Hill Cemetery, where many a badman and a few routes in the East played comparable roles in the m good ones were laid to rest. At La Junta, Col., nation's growth and development. Bent's Fort Museum is filled with old Santa Fe None played a more vital part in the early drama stage coaches and related Americana. of expansion than the Wilderness Road from Vir 1- Vi hile traders were heading for the Southwest, a ginia over the Appalachians into Tennessee and the et growing army of settlers and their families began bluegrass lands of Kentucky. This 300-mile stretch moving toward the wilderness that is now Oregon. from coastal tobacco fields through the Cumberland 1> - Their imagination fired by tales of lush fields and Gap has a record of peril and privation unmatched IW forest abounding in game, the first pioneers set out in its day. ly in 1843 for this land of plenty. It took them gruel The Transylvania Company, a group of land pro he ling months to slog 2,000 miles from the Missouri moters, picked Daniel Boone, the famed scout and River to the Pacific Ocean, blazing the nation's Indian fighter, to blaze the trail through wild and '.er longest emigrant route. hostile Indian country. Setting out in March 1775, Fe Motorists can now follow the route of Oregon Boone and 30 men hacked their way for miles ile Trail pioneers and enjoy many scenic and historic through brush and thick canebrake. Near their goal les Today, the Oregon Trail, still visible in many places, is marked by descriptive signs such as this one in western ite. Idaho. The old trail, now U.S. Route 30, is a modern highway in the Powder River Valley of eastern Oregon. JOURNEYS INTO YESTERYEAR they were ambushed by Shawnee braves and three of Boone's men were slaughtered before the little band ever looked on the lush plains of Kentucky. For the next 20 years, the Wilderness Road re mained impassable to wagons. But in those two decades, more than 200,000 settlers traveled the crude, narrow road on horseback and by foot. Some of the women also walked, leading packhorses. Others rode, their babies dangling in saddlebags. Widened for Wagons Finally, in 1796, after Kentucky became a state, the trail was widened for wagon traffic. Today mod em parkways take motorists over the once tortu ous route to such attractions as the 20,000-acre National Historical Park at Cumberland Gap and historic Civil War battlegrounds. Some of the Southwest's great trails were beaten into the earth by cattle herders. For more than a dozen years, beginning in 1867, the Chisolm Trail was the route of vast herds of longhorns driven by weathered cowhands over a thousand miles froir Brownsville, Texas, to the railhead in Abilene Kans. The runs were marked by hardships and hazards, including Indian attacks, sudden blizzards and treacherous river crossings. But in little more than a decade, over three million longhorns had pound ed over the Chisolm Trail to help Texas survive the lean years following the Civil War. Today, U.S. 81 runs, a smooth ribbon, close to the old route. Little evidence of the great cattle migrations remains, however, other than a few markers. Another trail of commercial importance in its heyday also followed a north-south course--be tween Nashville, Tenn., and Natchez, Miss. Known as the Natchez Trace, it was once the most perilous route below the Mason-Dixon Line. A modem parkway--part of the National Park system--now parallels much of the original artery's course, extending some 450 miles through country- A sylvan pathway and split-rail fence are all that remain of the dark and treacherous Natchez Trace between Nash ville, Tenn., and Natchez, Miss. Signs on the modern parkway parallels it tell the historic road's story. 18 ETHYL NEWS Another picture of progress is seen in these before and after photographs of die Santa- Fe Trail route in New Mexico. Pre-Civil War caravans are only memories as a modern asphalt road speeds can and tracks on their way. side rich in scenic and historic points of interest. To travel over the notorious Natchez Trace about 1800 was to journey with every known haz ard. A favorite haunt for outlaws and renegade Indians, the Trace saw violence of all kinds. Nearly even' day some unwary traveler was found in a murky swamp, his throat cut and his pockets empty. Return Route for Merchants Yet, with all its dangers, thousands of planters, peddlers, slave traders and riverboat men made their way along the sinister artery. Merchants carry ing their wares down the Mississippi by flatboat usually pocketed the profits and sold their boats at Natchez or New Orleans, and traveled back along the Trace. Such well-heeled individuals were natu ral prey for bandits who infested the area. So it goes throughout the country--east, west, north and south. No matter where they go, motor ists roll easily over smooth paving laid down over trails blazed generations ago. Anyone who follows U.S. 40 from Cumberland, Md., to Wheeling W. Va., for example, is retracing the old Cumberland Road, hacked through the wil derness nearly 200 years ago by General Braddock and his British forces. Cars rolling over U.S. 101 on the Pacific Coast are retracing El Camino Real, the famous royal September-October 1962 highway built by Spaniards who pushed up from Mexico into California during the 1700's. It linked Spain's early missions, many of them restored into some of the state's principal attractions today. The famous U.S. 1, which skirts the Atlantic coastline from Maine to Florida, coincides with many stretches of America's earliest major trail-- the Boston Post Road--laid down in 1639. Amer ica's first post rider galloped over the route in 1673, taking mail from New York to Boston in three weeks. Benjamin Franklin, when he was colonial postmaster, started night-and-day mail service over the Post Road. Ride on Warrior's Path A visit to New Mexico by car can include driving over the route of the Spanish conquistadores be tween El Paso and Santa Fe. Or when a sightseer cruises along parts of picturesque Massachusetts 2, he will be riding the fringe of an old warrior's path, the Mohawk Trail, from which the modem road takes its name. It took our forefathers long, weary weeks to coax their loaded packhorses along lonely roads battered by the elements and under constant threat of high waymen or hostile Indians. Today it takes only a few hours to cover the same ground without under going the slightest peril or hardship. 19 etc 30l 4q i The report oi a new Ethyl surrey presents significant facts for the oil industry on... The Importance in the gas W'hat percentage of women in car-owning households buys gasoline for the family auto mobile? What makes a woman choose a particular service station or brand of gasoline? How does a woman on an automobile trip in unfamiliar territory decide if a service station will have a clean rest room? How important is "service" to a woman driver? The answers to these and lots of other questions about the motoring and buying habits of distaff drivers can be helpful to oil marketers planning advertising, sales promotion and marketing cam paigns and designing, locating, building and oper ating service stations. The answers appear in "Women on Wheels II," a report of Ethyl Cor poration's second study of the importance of women in the gasoline market. Two years ago, Ethyl presented to the oil indus try its first comprehensive report on the role of women as customers for gasoline and other service station products and services. That report was received so enthusiastically that Ethyl undertook the second survey. Like the first report, "Women on Wheels II" provides revealing facts on the ownership and use of automobiles by women, the gasoline purchasing habits of. women, and the importance of women in deciding about automobile maintenance and ser vicing. The new survey report also contains new types of information and goes deeper into some o the areas touched on two years ago. For example, it provides detailed answers ti Questions 2 and 3 above: "What makes a womai choose a particular service station or brand o gasoline?" (Her decision is based on convenieno of station location, performance of car with par ticular brand of gasoline and the service provider by personnel at station.) "How does a woman or an automobile trip in unfamiliar territory decide ii a given service station will have a clean rest room?' (Her decision is based on exterior cleanliness anc housekeeping, accessibility, "open" appearance and brand of gasoline sold.) Hundreds of female heads of households in 83 =3^ 20 ETHYL NEWS )f Women )iine narket representative areas throughout the United States were interviewed earlier this year to provide such i helpful up-to-date information for the oil industry. , The interviews revealed that while there has been f no radical change in the percentage or characteristics of female drivers since the earlier study, there are indications of growth in the female potential in j the gasoline market. This conclusion is based on a a slight increase in the number of multi-car families ;f (which gives the woman a car over which she has greater control) and on the rise in "primary decision d makers" (those women who normally make un ci portant decisions on the use of an automobile). In general, no major shift in service station or 3 brand loyalty is reflected in the 1962 survey results. VS September-October 1962 "Service" continues to be the most important factor influencing women's choice of a station. Appar ently, it is more difficult to convince a woman that one particular brand of gasoline is best than to win her loyalty through careful attention to her car. "Women on Wheels II" reports that little change has occurred among the two major groups of women in car-owning families--those who drive and those who do not drive. Women who drive still tend to be younger, have more formal education, work outside the home and have more children. They also are more likely to be members of fam ilies with higher incomes where the head of the household is employed in a white collar job. There have been some pronounced changes, how ever, in the area and type of community in which women drivers live. In 1960, it was reported that West Coast and urban women were more likely to drive than those in other sections and other types of communities. While this continues to be the case, it is now also true that the North Central part of the country and rural communities have an in creasingly high incidence of women drivers. General findings of this sort, supported by de tailed facts, figures, charts and graphs, are supplied in "Women on Wheels II." The data are presented in two booklets published by Ethyl Corporation as a service to the oil industry. One booklet is a sum mary of the survey findings and the other is a detailed report on the importance of women in the gasoline market. 21 ^^oXtr- ~t/l Automated electronic equipment speeds passengers' luggage to and from planes at modern airports By Jack B. Kemmerer As America's airlines have zoomed into the jet age, one of their big problems has been handling the torrential flow of passenger baggage carried on the big fast planes. Since a single DC-8 carries almost 150 pieces of luggage on just one flight, thousands of bags weighing scores of thousands of pounds are pouring through airport passenger terminals every day. Piston age methods simply can't cope with the flood of work. One of the most successful of the new systems devised to cure the baggage bugaboo is "Rapistan," a fully automated installation used by United Airlines at Los Angeles International Airport and at Chicago's huge new O'Hare Field. At Los Angeles, Rapistan has a capacity of 3,000 pieces of luggage an hour. On a 6,000foot conveyor system, it hustles departing pas senger baggage from check-in counters to planes in a matter of minutes, without manual han- \ \ dling, sorting or identification. Rapistan als stores and recalls bags for later flights automa ically and transports luggage from incomin planes to baggage claim areas before newly ai rived passengers get there. The speed, accuracy and elimination of lug gage damage that Rapistan provides has in spired airline officials to term it an unqualified success. Because it operates behind the scenes, onl a few feet of the system are seen by passengers At check-in counters, outgoing baggage is pu on special trays which weigh their load automat ically. When ticket agents press a few buttons oi a control panel, indicating flight number, a com bination of 12 small magnets on the trays' side 22 ETHYL NEWS etc 30143 fj? ' is activated. The resulting magnetic numbers are scanned or "read" by an electronic device r that directs loaded trays to the proper loading ramp at the right time. Loaded trays move to vertical lifts where they are lowered to the floor below for their unerring ly accurate 500-foot-a-minute trip through a -1 r complicated maze of tracks. Near their destina tions. trays move up to loading ramp surfaces >' where they are loaded into baggage containers and put aboard waiting planes. 1 Magnetized trays are not used for incoming baggage since all pieces from a given flight go n to the same claim area. Luggage is merely taken from newly arrived planes and placed on a slid- s er-belt conveyor and whisked to claim areas. S Septembor-October 1962 f At start of journey, luggage is put on traveling trays by passen ger agents at check-in counters. Agents direct electronic equipment to transport bags to the correct flight by pressing control but tons on counter-top panel. ETC 30144 23 Follow the Flying Suitcase '/ m 3f /. fcv* >*V Above, en route to planes, loaded trays travel on underground track. Luggage consigned to later flights circulates on storage track until directed to specified ramps electronically. u Left, flight numbers and locations set on equipment enable baggagemaster to bring up luggage for as many as eight departures at a time, and to "find" bags on storage track in as little as three minutes. Closed circuit TV screen gives information on incoming and outgoing planes. Right, at end of conveyor, trays are unloaded by first person to touch luggage since it left check-in counter. It is put on carts for trans fer to waiting planes. Here baggage is loaded directly into plane. On United's DC-8 jets, bags are first put in containers at end of conveyor and con tainers are loaded into plane baggage compartments. 24 ETC 30145 \e [3 irt FLieHT, 5 64 Si ^5 Luggage from incoming flights is taken directly from planes and put on a moving belt to whisk it to claim areas so new ly-arrived passengers can pick it np without delay. Back home again after her trip, the young lady pictured earlier at check-in counter retrieves her luggage. At Los Angeles airport, claiming area is conveniently lo cated near street, taxis and parking lot. ETC 30146 At claim areas, luggage goes from conveyor belt to a moveable "bead" which travels back and forth, deposit ing bags in empty spaces on stainless steel rack. i -f JMaricetiag for ostetaadlag i to it* activities. Writing to MtiulnT^ Nriosal La- ' dock, ttayi Corporation vice presidentriftetth- ; "SSmiMS trite teem tee few been ridtiy tripe to parts of toe eonntry. is I am really sold on the Magic Circle travel-by car idea. Since I have reached retirement age, I can choose my travel methods. In general, I have discarded other forms of travel in favor of travel by automobile. It may take more time, but it offers offsetting rewards. Here is a current report of richly rewarded activities: In January, Ben Symon, now retired from In ternational Lubricants Corporation, invited me to play (?) in the Seniors' Invitational Golf Tourney at Point Clear, Ala. Instead of flying down, Grace and I drove. We enjoyed the drive and the sights so much that after the tournament we continued south into Florida where we had a great time visiting old friends. That trip and its memorable sightseeing got us started. In March came NPRA meeting at San Antonio. We did not even think of flying. We drove, stop ping at Dallas enroute. It was about 500 miles on perfect roads. After the convention, we continued west to the Big Bend country of Texas and then into the blooming New Mexico and Arizona desert. In Tucson's resort area (I hadn't known they had one), we went into the mountains where we saw skiing activities and many feet of slowly melt ing snow. After much sightseeing in Phoenix and environs, we drove on to Flagstaff, this time b passing Oak Creek Canyon with its beauty to te the new limited access road paralleling the canyt trail. We had an easy drive back to Oklahoma v bustling Albuquerque. We had driven 2,500 miles to add to the 3,5C miles of our Florida trip. Then came time for the NLG1 directors' meetir and for the API Lubrication committee meetir at St. Adele, Canada. Because the other trips ha been so fine, we again decided to drive--Turrn Turnpike, Tulsa, Will Rogers Turnpike, Joplii Springfield, St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit and o into Canada. Some of the people we visited on our travel had a stock question: "Aren't you afraid h drive?'' Our answer is "No." With limited access roads, extra lanes, goo< signal devices, courteous patrolmen, well locatet service stations, excellent hotel and motel ac commodations, we feel just as safe as we want tc feel. There are speed limitations and other driven to consider, but certainly roads of today are much safer than those old traffic-jammed gems of yester day and yesteryear. Today's cars are excellent, too, and as for fuels and lubricants, they are astonishingly effective in sustaining good mileage and ease of operation. I can't figure why more peoople don't take advant- ETHYL NEWS 30147 Letter from a Magic Circler--2. age of today's driving pleasures. From Toronto, we went to St. Adele, in Quebec, and after several pleasure-filled days there and several trips through the scenic Laurentians, we returned to Montreal. A high point of the whole trip was the meeting of the API General Com mittee for Marketing. It was a honey! We drove from Montreal down to New York City, which we enjoyed. The only traffic problem came in joining the Long Island Expressway, which was really not too bad, since even at the worst we averaged 35 mph. The gorgeous beauty of Long Island and the visit with my daughter and her family in Port Washington made up for the slow movement. We left New York via the Jersey Turnpike, get ting on the Pennsylvania Turnpike at Philadelphia. Pennsylvania is another state which has "it." Such hills, mountains, forests and streams! No wonder I've taken to painting, having seen so much of the natural beauties of our land! Through Ohio (where I was bom), then In diana, and finally the land of the Illini. Great roads in all three of those states. Missouri was in great shape of early summer and then in a burst of rain we gushed home to the land of the redman and me. We continued to keep a careful log and found that we had covered 4,400 miles. We sure revived our interest in history on that trip. It was a dandy! After several days at home, we started on a Western trip. Originally, we planned to go to Europe, but local charm was too great. Our first focal point was Ames, Iowa, where we attended a family reunion, celebrating the 60th wedding anniversary of a wonderful aunt and uncle. We left Ames for Yellowstone, but at Chadron, Nebraska, ran into inundated roads and were re routed north towards the Black Hills. Mt. Rushmore was a noble sight for all of us, including a grandson, to see. The hills were prime and we were happy to have gone that way. The next day we stopped in Sheridan, Wyoming, at the Sheridan Inn, Buffalo Bill's old hostelry. The road to the Cody entrance to Yellowstone is the one to take. It is an easy road nowadays, since completion of the new tunnel, and is very scenic. Our reservation was at Mammoth Springs Hotel, since the springs are our favorite spot. September-October 1962 We saw animals like we never did before. Imag ine a big horn sheep, looking for handouts, am bling around cars parked on the highway. Im agine a big gray lobo wolf, lying at ease, possibly after a buffalo calf meal, in a light woods, just off the road. There were bears galore--including cubs up a tree--moose, elk and buffalo. We had to tear ourselves away from the Park and its unbelievable canyons and waters (Moran expressed this great beauty in his paintings) and get going again, with Seattle the goal. Montana and its ponderosa pines and vast, well stocked fertile valleys were so breath-taking that we decided we must see Glacier National Park. See it we did, in all its glory of peaks, lakes, beauti ful skies, huge snow slides., -vast weeping walls and glaciers. Idaho is another of the scenic states--with peaks, waters and forests. Our motel was off the highway and faced a roaring stream, tumbling down from the rugged heights. At Vantage, we came to a crossing of the mighty Columbia. We stopped again at a modem and attractive motel before proceeding at a good clip up over the mountains on a fine road and thus on to Seattle and its fair. The Seattle Fair deserves more time than I can give it. Since we had our car it was not at all difficult to get to the fair site. One could also park downtown and then go by taxi or monorail to the entrance. After three full days at the fair, we decided to. give a little more time to the city. The real nugget was a trip to Pier 91, a Navy installation. We had the fine opportunity to visit the "Grayback," a Regulus missile submarine that had just docked after an extended cruise and was ready to leave again on short notice. Even the warheads were attached to the torpedoes. Every one got a thrill out of the alertness and preparation of the United States Navy. After Seattle, we moved on south, down the coast. It was congested for only a little distance. Most of the larger cities have good bypasses and Portland is no exception. I must say, in passing, that roads all over the country are superior. We can see in hours what pioneers of the past saw under the most distressing circumstances in days or weeks. Driving is the 27 Jt 4 1 Letter from a Magic Circler--3 only way I know of that permits intimate knowl edge to be acquired of every part of our land. At one time on the trip, not far out of Seattle, we could see Mt. Rainier, Mt. Shasta and at least two other great peaks. Mt. Rainier offers sights no one should miss. It is truly the mountain that speaks to God. There are said to be more glaciers on Rainier than on all the other mountains in the U.S. combined, and I can believe it. Once in California, we were anxious to get to Fresno, but there was one place we could not pass by--Mariposa, the grove of big trees, the sequoia giants of the high Sierras. We went from the north and via Yosemite National Park--another bonus of great magnitude for just a little extra driving. Yosemite is beautiful and great in summer and fall, but following a wet winter and spring, it, like Glacier, is beyond description. Don't miss it! We drove on up to Mariposa. I am very much in awe of the tremendous living trees, many of which have stood since centuries before Christ. They are resistant to fire, flood and disease; vulnerable only to quake, erosion and man; colorful and mighty. After visiting in Fresno, we drove across the state to Santa Barbara, to see another couple, old and dear friends. Then we drove along the Pacific in bright clear weather and moved into Santa Monica, where we stayed overnight with Grace's sister. By no other means than automobile could we have done the things we did or seen the people and places we visited. Tommy, our grandson, would not have felt right about this western trip--lavish as it turned out to be--without a day or two in fabled Disneyland. We drove there and found that Disneyland is all and everything that has been favorably reported. It was just grand, and we elder Murrays enjoyed every minute of it just as much as Tommy did-- and it was easy to get to. I urge all Easterners to drive to and from Disneyland at the very first opportunity. After Disneyland, is everything in sightseeing rather anticlimatic? No, positively no. There is always something new and exciting just around the next curve. The drive back to Oklahoma City was another triumph, with so much to see. Each bit of scenery was more attractive, in its own way, than the previ ous piece. We got home conveniently, having added 6,500 miles to the growing accumulation, and found everything in good order. On July 24, following a brief stay at home pay ing bills and renewing acquaintances, we drove away again--tires and battery checked, fresh oil in the crankcase and a thorough grease job--this time for our cottage in Chalk Creek Canyon near Nathrop, Colorado. What a treat was in store for us--not only climate and scenery, but fresh moun tain raspberries and mountain trout! We rested, drove about and I went seriously to oil painting. Because we had planned to drive east early in __September for NLGI board meeting and for NPRA meeting in Washington, we had to close shop to return home first. We drove over Trout Creek and Wilkerson Passes and on to Colorado Springs, where we visited the Air Force Academy. The grounds and buildings are beautiful and huge and we expect to go back again. The balance of the drive home was good but 1 will not spend time on it. We added another 2,895 miles and had another wonderful trip by car. We have been home for three days now and it being Labor Day I thought I'd pound this out-- not realizing what a job I was tackling. On Wednesday morning we are starting away again on the trip east. While there I am going to Provincetown on Cape Cod for a visit with that fine artist, Henry Hensche. I haven't too much time (none of us has) and I have a lot to learn. After that trip there will be another one. There are Colorado and the Pacific .coast and Arizona and New Mexico and Florida and Canada and the whole of the United States that we'd like to get back to. Somebody started something and we are taking advantage of traveling around by car. I believe that the oil industry made it all possible! What an industry--and better still--what a country to see and know! Best wishes for bigger and even better Magic Circle travel promotion and warm regards. Wm. M. Murray \ PICTURE STORY n enlargement of this full-color photograph, taken at Ethyl Corporation's At Research Laboratories in Detroit, is helping to tell the story of peaceful applica tions of nuclear energy to the people of Latin America. It is featured in the United States Atomic Energy Commission's "Atoms at Work" exhibit now on display in Santiago, Chile. In the photo, Ralph J. Loehr, of the Laboratories' Products Appli cation division, shows equipment and instrumentation used to measure piston ring wear by the radioactive tracer method. The exhibit--actually a traveling labo ratory and training institute--is presented in cooperation with the government of Chile and is staffed, in part, by scientists of the host country. Similar Atomic Ener gy Commission exhibits have been presented in the last five years at Rome, Geneva, Tokyo, New Delhi, Cairo, Lahore (Pakistan), Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Lima, and Beirut. Ethyl's contribution to the Santiago exhibit has earned for the Company a certificate of commendation from the AEC. ETC 30150 In the Badlands, expect the unexpected Wherever you live, there is wonder nearby--wonder that you can reoch out and touch. Here, (or exomple, in o land the Sioux colled "Dakotah", ore strangely beoutiful hummocks and ridges, weird jutting cliffs and sharp buttes, places where "mountains" rise below the level of the plains around them, the result of ages of erosion. These are the Badlands of South Dakota, still another part of the wonder that is America ... strange, almost unbelievable twists of noture that show us that even now in this age of cities and suburbs, the earth is still full of the unexpected... that oround any bend in the road may lie another delightful sur ' I I: prise, another natural panorama. f You can find this wonder around you wherever you live-- north, south, east or west... in forest preserves... in national parks... in nearby ground where the unfamiliar waits for you ETHYL CORPORATION New York 17, New York and your children--just a pleasant drive awoy. Ethyl Corporation of Canada Limited, Toronto Ethyl calls this wonderful world around you a Magic Circle. Why not discover the wonder o* America in your Magic Circle this weekend? Your service station dealer will be glad to help. These M091C Circle odveftisemenfs ore published fo help you get more enjoyment out of your cor. Ethyl mokes odditives used by oi* companies to improve their posohnes and your driving pleatu\ One of o series of advertisements directed to the motoring public to help expand the market for gasoline and other service station products ETC 30151 nil /H U M iW P R R In this issue THE NEW ETHYL CORPORATION EXECUTIVES IN KEY POSTS THE ALBEMARLE STORY tc 3l52 : iU 'r x r m ETHYL NEWS NOVIMBIR-DICEMBIR, 1N2 Published by Ethyl Corporation 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds and other odditives used by oil companies to improve the quality of petroleum products. 6. 6. Turner, President William R. Perdue, Jr., Executive Vice President and Treasurer B. C. Gottwold, Vice President and Secretary Upon request, permission to reprint moterial oppeoring in ETHYL NEWS will be granted. Contents -----------------------------------------Page THE NEW ETHYL CORPORATION...................1 EXECUTIVES IN KEY POSTS............................. 4 THE ALBEMARLE STORY.................................. 7 LET S PROMOTE PROGRESS........................... 10 WHAT ABOUT THE '63s?................................ 12 THE LIFE OF A RUSSIAN PLANT MANAGER...........................................14 PILOTTOWN, AHOY!..................................... 18 POWER FOR FLOWERS...................................22 PUTTING THE HEAT ON SNOW.................26 ON THE COVER: A colorful float passes a grandstand full of spec tators ot the annual New Year's Day Tour nament of Roses parade in Pasadena, Calif. The story of the vehicles that propel floats is found in "Power for Flowers," pages 22-25. PICTURE CREDITS: Cover, NBC photo; page 1, Killebrew Studio ond Robert Yarnqll Richie; pages 7-R, Dimenti Studio and W. . Cortef; poges 12-13, General Motors Corp., ond Chrysler Corp.; poges U-17, art work by Joseph G. Farris; pages 16-21, Boker Johnson; page 23, J. Alien Hawkins; pages 26-27, City of New York, Dept, of Sani tation; page 27, Thermal Research ond Engineering Corp. Printed in U.S.A. rLunnJ Nl M Combined company, with 6,SC employees and plants in nir states, manufactures and marke a wide variety of importa chemical and paper produc ETC 30153 dMl S) cquisition of Ethyl Corporation by Albe- General Motors had sponsored the research that A. marie Paper Manufacturing Company of led to the discovery of the antiknock qualities of )0 Richmond, Va., formally consummated on No tetraethyl lead, and Standard of Jersey develop vember 30, marks the beginning of a new era for ed an efficient, economical method to manufac ie both companies. It will be an era of continued research, manufacture, sale and servicing of high ture the compound. Since the change in ownership, Ethyl Corpo ts quality chemical and paper products in keeping with long-established policies of the two com ration and Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company have been merged and the name of the it panies, and an era of anticipated growth and diversification for the combined company. combined company has been changed to Ethyl Corporation, incorporated in Virginia. The new ts Albemarle acquired Ethyl, following several months of negotiations, by purchasing all of the Ethyl Corporation is a company of nearly 6,500 employees, with manufacturing plants in nine company's outstanding stock from General Mo states. It is engaged in two broad lines of busi tors Corporation and Standard Oil Company ness-chemicals and paper products. (New Jersey), joint owners of Ethyl since its Under the new organization, the new Ethyl incorporation in August 1924. It was logical for Corporation is the parent company. It is carry these two organizations to form Ethyl, since ing on Ethyl's previous activities in the antiknock 1 ' r m <n mi j Ethyl is continuing to provide effective and essential services to the petrok^ industry, with its experienced personnel giving special attention, as they h in the past, to the requirements of individual comp compound and chemical fields and is responsible for Ethyl Corporation of Canada Limited and for Ethyl's interest in Ethyl-Dow Chemical Company. At the same time, all of the papermaking activ ities previously conducted by Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company and its subsidiaries have been consolidated under Halifax Paper Company, one of the subsidiaries, which has been renamed Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company, a sub sidiary of Ethyl Corporation. Formation of the new Ethyl Corporation brings together two outstanding companies. Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company, which recently ob served its 75th anniversary, has a rich background of experience in the paper business. In the last nine years, it has nearly tripled its assets and has scored substantial gains in sales and profits. Albemarle has executive offices, research facilities and four plants in Richmond, Va., and other plants in Middletown, Ohio; Roanoke Rapids, N. C.; Baltimore, Md.; and Walden, N. Y. It owns over 200,000 acres of wood land, employs nearly 2,500 people, and markets a variety of paper products. (See The Albemarle Story, pages 7-9.) Product Line Diversified Since its beginning, Ethyl Corporation has been the world's leading supplier of antiknock compounds and in recent years has diversified its product line. | The Company has developed a broad range of anti- ] knocks and other fuel and lubricant additives and has gone into the production of vinyl chloride, vinylidine chloride, methyl chloride, aluminum alkyls and other organometallic compounds. In all, more than 50 "Ethyl" products, many of which have been introduced recently, are now marketed., Products other than antiknock compounds account for about 13 percent of annual sales. ETHYL NEWS 301 55 Ethyl's modern chemical manufacturing plants are located in Baton Rouge, La.; Houston, Texas; Pittsburg, Calif.; and Orangeburg, S. C. Ethyl Corporation of Canada Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary, has headquarters in Toronto and a manufacturing plant at Sarnia, Ontario. Modem research laboratories at Baton Rouge and Detroit concentrate on projects related to the oil, automo tive, aviation, farm equipment and related indus tries and on new chemical products. Experienced Ethyl representatives, at strategical ly located offices, service centers and gasoline test ing laboratories throughout the country, handle product marketing and work closely with customers in achieving maximum results with Ethyl's growing list of chemical products. Ethyl USA, the Company's export division, sells "Ethyl" products overseas. The officers of the new Ethyl Corporation, drawn from the executive staffs of the former Ethyl and Albemarle organizations, are: Chairman--Floyd D. Gottwald; President--B. B. Turner; Executive Vice President--Floyd D. Gottwald, Jr.; Executive Vice President--George F. Kirby, Jr.; Executive Vice President and Treasurer--William R. Perdue, Jr.; November-December 1962 Vice President--Joseph A. Costello; Vice President and Secretary--Bruce C. Gottwald; Vice President --Joseph M. Lowry; Vice President--Malcolm P. Murdock. (See Executives in Key Posts, pages 4-6.) All of these officers are members of the board of directors of the new Ethyl Corporation. Other members of the board are: S. Douglas Fleet, executive vice president of Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company; Frank A. Howard, indus trial consultant and a director of the former Ethyl Corporation; Robert T. Marsh, Jr., president of the First and Merchants National Bank, Richmond, Va.; Lewis F. Powell, Jr., an attorney with Hunton, Williams, Gay, Powell & Gibson, Richmond, Va.; S. Buford Scott, a partner in Scott and Stringfellow, investment brokers, Richmond Va.; and Edward L. Shea, former president, former board chairman and a director of the former Ethyl- Corporation. Same Department Heads As president of the new company, B. B. Turner, who has been president of Ethyl Corporation since 1956, continues in active charge of Ethyl's anti knock compound and other chemical activities. Ad ministration of these phases of the Company's business still is directed from New York. The heads of Ethyl departments continue to have the same re sponsibilities as formerly and local management staffs remain in charge at all Ethyl locations. All of the Albemarle papermaking activities are directed from Richmond as before and by the same personnel. Commenting on Ethyl's relations with customer companies over the yean and looking to the future, B. B. Turner, Ethyl's president says: "As Ethyl Corporation embarks on a new era under new ownership, we look forward to continu ing the pleasant relations that have existed between our Company and our many customers over the yean. We take pride in our position as the original and leading supplier of antiknock compounds and other chemicals. "We will continue to provide effective and es sential services while keeping competitive with manufacturers of similar products and with other methods of improving gasoline quality. We will con tinue to serve customers in accordance with longestablished policies, with our experienced Ethyl personnel giving special attention, as they have in the past, to individual companies." 3 IN KEY FLOYD D. GOTTWALD Chairman of the Board of Directors Mr. Gottwald, who has been pres ident of Albemarle Paper Manu facturing Co., of Richmond, Va., since 1941, has been named chair man of the board of directors of the new Ethyl Corporation. Mr. Gottwald was bom in Richmond, attended the College of William and Mary and joined the Export department of Albemarle in 1918. Over the years, he was promoted to positions of increasing respon sibility, serving as export man ager, production manager, assist ant secretary, secretary, vice pres ident and executive vice president. Since he became president, Albe marle acquired several subsid iaries and scored impressive gains in diversification, production and sales. Mr. Gottwald has been a director of Albemarle since 1937 and is chairman of the board of the new Albemarle, a subsidiary of Ethyl. He is a director of the First and Merchants National Bank of Richmond and a trustee of the University of Richmond. B. B. TURNER President Mr. Turner, who has been presi dent of Ethyl Corporation since 1956, continues in a similar ca pacity. A native of Angleton, Texas, and a graduate of Rice University, Mr. Turner has been with Ethyl since 1946. He served successively as assistant resident manager of the manufacturing center at Baton Rouge, La., co ordinator of a $100 million post war expansion program, general manager of manufacturing, vice president in charge of research and engineering, and executive vice president. Before joining Ethyl, Mr. Turner had been af filiated with the research activities of Humble Oil & Refining Co., and had been head of the butadiene-from-petroleum section of the Rubber Reserve Company in Washington. He is a director of Ethyl Corporation, Ethyl Corpo ration of Canada Limited, Albe marle Paper Manufacturing Com pany, the American Petroleum In stitute and The National Industrial Conference Board. FLOYD D. GOTTWALD, JR Executive Vice President Mr. Gottwald, who has been vice president of Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company, at Richmond, Va., has been named executive vice president of the* new Ethyl Corporation. Mr. Gott wald was bom in Richmond and has a B.S. degree in chemistry from Virginia Military Institute and an M.S. in business ad ministration from the University of Richmond. Following service in the Army in World War II, he joined Albemarle as a chemist, and has held a number of posi tions of increasing responsibility throughout the organizationproduction manager, assistant secretary, secretary and vice pres ident. Following the recent consol idation of the former Albemarle, subsidiaries into the Halifax Pa per Company and the renaming of that company Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company, a sub sidiary of Ethyl Corporation, Mr. Gottwald was named president of the subsidiary. Mr. Gottwald also is a director of Albemarle and of Ethyl Corporation. 4 ETHYL NEWS Officers of the New Ethyl Corporation GEORGE F. KIRBY, JR. Executive Vice President Dr. Kirby, who has been vice president--operations of Ethyl Corporation, has been appointed executive vice president of the re organized company. A native of Cheneyville, La., Dr. Kirby has an A.B. degree from Louisiana College and M.S. and Ph.D. de grees in chemistry from Louisiana State University. Employed initial ly by Ethyl in 1940 as a research chemist at Baton Rouge, Dr. Kirby has been a development section supervisor, in charge of plant technical services, manager of process engineering, chief engi neer in the Research and Engi neering department, general man ager of research and engineering operations and vice president-- research and engineering. As vice president--operations, Dr. Kirby headed the activities of Ethyl's Manufacturing, Research and De velopment, and Engineering de partments. He is a director of Ethyl Corporation and of EthylDow Chemical Company and is a member of the General Commit tee of the American Petroleum Institute's Division of Refining. November-December 1962 WILLIAM R. PERDUE, JR. Executive Vice President and Treasurer Mr. Perdue, who has been vice president and treasurer of Ethyl Corporation, has been appointed executive vice president and treas urer of the new Ethyl Corpora tion. Mr. Perdue is a native of Macon, Ga., a graduate of Emory University, and holds an LL.B. degree from Duke University Law School. He joined Ethyl Corpora tion as general counsel in 1950, after having been associated with the New York law firm of Cahill, Gordon, Reindel & Ohl for 13 years. Mr. Perdue was named vice president and treasurer in 1955. In his most recent posi tion, he has supervised Ethyl's Finance, Medical and Employee Relations departments and Ethyl Corporation of Canada limited. During World War II, Mr. Perdue was in the Military Intelligence Service, was awarded the Legion of Merit and the Order of the British Empire, and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel. He is a director of Ethyl Corporation, Ethyl Corporation of Canada Limited and Ethyl-Dow Chemical Company. Mr. Costello, who has been vice president of Ethyl Corporation in charge of purchasing, traffic and chemical sales, has been named vice president of the new Ethyl Corporation. Mr. Costello was bom in Scranton, Pa., and was graduated from Pennsylvania State University with a degree in electrical engineering. He joined Ethyl in 1927 as a field repre sentative in the Sales department, and served subsequently as auto motive contact representative, assistant manager of the Com pany's Baltimore division, and manager of the Atlanta and New York divisions, assistant general manager of the Manufacturing and Traffic department, and vice president in charge of coordina tion and planning. During World War II, Mr. Costello was on leave of absence and served as special assistant to the director of refining in the Office of Petroleum Co ordinator. He is a director of Ethyl Corporation and EthylDow Chemical Company. Continued on Page 6 5 ETC 30158 EXECUTIVES IN KEY POSTS BRUCE C. GOTTWALD Vice President and Secretary Mr. Gottwald, who has been vice president and secretary of Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company, of Rich mond, Va., has been named to the same offices in the new Ethyl Corporation. Bom in Richmond, Mr. Gott wald was graduated from Virginia Military Institute with a B.S. degree in chemistry and also studied at the University of Virginia and the Institute of Paper Chem istry in Appleton, Wise. After completion of his gradu ate studies, he joined Albemarle as a chemist in the technical division in Richmond. He was appointed pro duction development manager in 1958 and early in I960 was named manager of Albemarle's Randolph Paper Box division and assistant secretary of Albe marle. Mr. Gottwald was elected vice president and secretary of Albemarle earlier this year. He is a director of Ethyl Corporation and of the new Albemarle, a sub sidiary of Ethyl. JOSEPH M. LOWRY Vice President Mr. Lowry, who has been treasurer of Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company, of Richmond, Va., has been appointed a vice president of the new Ethyl Corporation. Bom in Richmond, Mr. Lowry was assistant treasurer of three Virginia industrial organizations, starting in 1935. A certified public accountant by profession, he was a partner in the Richmond firm of Leach, Calkins and Scott before joining Albemarle as controller in 1947. Mr. Lowry was named treasurer of Albemarle in 1951 and also served as an officer of each of the paper com pany's subsidiaries. He is a director of Ethyl Corpora tion and executive vice president and treasurer and a director of the reconstituted Albemarle Paper Manufac turing company, the subsidiary of Ethyl Corporation into which all the former Albemarle's operations have been consolidated. Mr. Lowry is a member of a number of financial associations, including the National Associa tion of Accountants and the Financial Executive's Institute. MALCOLM P. MURDOCK Vice President Mr. Murdock, who has been vice president--sales of Ethyl Corporation since 1952, has been named vice president of the reorganized Ethyl Corporation. Mr. Murdock was bora in Melrose, Mass., and was gradu ated from Cornell University with an A.B. degree in economics. He was employed by the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company, Halsey, Smart & Co. and the Hygrade Petroleum Company of Buffalo, N. Y., before joining Ethyl as a field representative in 1933. Since that time he has held positions of increasing responsibili ty in the Sales department. He has been manager of the Ethyl motor tune-up clinic, assistant manager of the Los Angeles and Chicago divisions, sales manager of Ethyl Specialties Corporation, manager of the Central region, assistant general sales manager and general sales man ager. Mr. Murdock is a director of Ethyl Corporation. ETHYL NEWS ETC 30159 THE ALBEMARLE STORY This new, colonial-style building in Richmond, Va^ is headquarters of Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company- Ethyl subsidiary makes pulp, paper, board, bags and boxes A pattern of growth, expansion and diversi fication characterizes the 75-year industrial history of Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Com pany, of Richmond, Va. Effective November 30, Albemarle purchased all of the outstanding stock of Ethyl Corporation from General Motors Corporation and Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), merged Ethyl and Albe marle and named the combined company Ethyl Corporation, incorporated in Virginia. All of the papermaking activities of the former Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company and its several sub sidiaries have been consolidated under Halifax Pa per Company, one of the subsidiaries, which has been renamed Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company, a subsidiary of Ethyl Corporation. Organized in Richmond in 1887, with a single blotting paper mill, Albemarle Paper Manufactur ing Company scored impressive gains in size and importance among progressive paper companies, particularly in the last decade. Since 1952, Albe marle's pulp production has increased from 81,950 tons to 269,428 tons and paper production has risen from 68,466 tons to 263,347 tons. Sales have more than tripled during this period and annual earnings have increased nearly 400 percent. November-Decamber 1962 7 etc 30160 3 tT*7| ft,. il ' `j i * A * i Si ..'>a .. ,r,ik i *1 * > ;`f 4j `4iil * Pd (Ch. At* j'l .' ^`At- . -V-faVl-'f l&?. **v 11 iISll V* X-V'v -*-' / v* - .J; - ; ' ^ V;'t" - *v-V > "F'V v- S;c. :.? tv;* - ;' ' K '. 'j . -v A- y ',,> ' '- c- _ ..ft:!- - .. '''' ; ' : ;./ . r '""7 - '** ** THE ALBEMARLE STORY ' .'. ,,. > - . -i . - _ -v - - . . W&T-ST :t-. ~JU.fi,. - Wr' Albemarle's integrated operations begin with the ownership and man agement of thousands of acres of woodlands (top), source of the Com pany's raw materials. . . . The mechanization of pulpwood buying yards (left) is one of many recent steps to increase efficiency. . . . Below, the Company's mill at Roanoke Rapids, N. C., where kraft pulp and paper are made by skilled workers using modern machines. ... Below left, corrugated boxes are produced at the Albemarle contain er plant near Baltimore. tI ETC 30161 Today, Albemarle employs almost 2,500 people and operates manufacturing plants in five states. The Company makes kraft pulp, wrapping paper, converting, colored, printed, waterproof and waxed kraft paper and kraft specialties, blotting paper, ab sorbent papers, saturated specialties, shopping bags, shipping sacks, corrugated containers, folding boxes, coated board and liner board. These products are sold throughout the United States and in several foreign countries. Albemarle has its headquarters in a distinctive new building of colonial design in Richmond, and sales offices in New York, East Aurora and Walden, N. Y.; Middletown and Columbus, Ohio; St. Louis and Kansas City, Mo.; and in Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, Baltimore, Houston, Cleveland, Minne apolis, Louisville, and Charlotte, N. C. The integrated operations begin with the planting of pine seedlings and the ownership and manage ment of woodlands. To assure an adequate supply of pulpwood, the essential raw material in paper making, Albemarle owns over 200,000 acres of woodlands, employs a staff of graduate foresters and highly trained wood technicians, and operates a seed orchard where cross pollination and other experi ments are conducted to produce superior tree species. Millions of seedlings are distributed for planting to private land owners, 4-H Club members and Future Fanners of America, and these and other groups are taught the principles of tree farming. Seeding by Helicopter In another forward step in assuring raw material supply, the seeding of pine trees by helicopter has been introduced and hundreds of acres are planted by this method. Two new, mechanized pulpwood buying yards have been opened in the last year, one at Pactolus, N. C., and the other at Stony Creek, Va. This brings to 13 the number of yards operated by the Company. More and more pulpwood is being purchased by weight rather than by cubic feet or cords. This elimi nates human judgment in measurement and is expected to benefit both seller and buyer, and is in keeping with mechanization of all wood operations. Since more than one-fifth of Albemarle's wood requirements are obtained in the form of wood chips from sawmills in Virginia and North Carolina, mod em equipment has been installed for handling both truck and railroad car deliveries. In addition, new technology enables mills to use both hardwood and pine chips in pulp production simultaneously, easing the demand on pine chips. Albemarle's Halifax operation at Roanoke Rap ids, N. C., which was founded in 1907, acquired by Albemarle in 1937, and subsequently enlarged, produced the first kraft pulp made in the United States two years after it was established. Today, kraft pulp and paper are made there with modem methods and machinery by skilled workers. Four Plants in Richmond Pulp from Roanoke Rapids is used by the Brown's Island mill, a part of Albemarle's operation since 1919 and one of four plants in Richmond, in the manufacture of kraft paper and kraft special ties. Also in the Virginia capital city are the Holly wood mill, making blotting, absorptive, matrix, filter and specialty papers; the Riverside mill, built in 1925, making water-proof paper and multi-wall paper shipping sacks; and the Richmond container plant, acquired in 1959 and enlarged in 1961, mak ing corrugated shipping containers. The Raymond bag plant in Middletown, Ohio, which was purchased by Albemarle in 1955, is a major producer of heavy-duty, multi-wall paper shipping sacks. The Interstate Bag Company, Inc., in Walden, N. Y., added to Albemarle holdings in 1957, manufactures handle shopping bags. The Al bemarle container plant near Baltimore, acquired just two years ago and occupying a new building constructed since that time, produces corrugated shipping containers. Constantly exploring new opportunities in the paper and packaging fields and better methods of manufacturing its products, Albemarle has added to its research staff in recent years, has opened a new chemical laboratory and has built pilot plant equip ment to study new processes in pulp and plastics manufacture. The Company reports progress in the field of boxboard coating and plans for the commercialization of a new coating process developed in the research laboratory. Process and product patents have been applied for. Continued emphasis is being put on pulping, papermaking, converting and chemical re search in areas that are expected to provide means for further diversification and for the improvement of existing products and processes. November-December 1962 ETC 30162 9 LET'S PROMOTE PROGRESS Despite its problems, the oil industry is scoring tremendous gains in many ' areas. Now's the time to tell the public about these accomplishments By Malcolm P. Murdock* Vice-President--Sales, Ethyl Corporation The accompanying article is adapted from a talk Mr. Murdock delivered recently at a meeting of the Utah Petroleum Council in Salt Lake City. hen it COMES to problems, the oil industry : Wanything but immune. Like other Industrie: petroleum not only suffers from over-productior labor difficulties, foreign competition, declinin profit margins and a rather clouded economic out look but also has a few special problems of its owi --too much crude oil, too much refining capacity too much government regulation, low product price and retarded growth of product demands. But in spite of nil its problems, the oil indostr still is doing an outstanding job. Every branch o the industry is making good, solid progress, and oil men ought to take every opportunity to promote this progress. In exploration, new and unproved methods art being used to find more and more oil all over the world. Aerial reconnaissance plus painstaking geo--physical work have helped locate new oil reserves in North Africa, in the Middle East and in Alaska, as well as in new areas in continental United States. Some of the gamble in wildcat drilling has been eliminated by careful examination of potential oil bearing areas. In production, offshore drilling--a new develop ment 10 years ago--is commonplace, with hun dreds of wells and over $3 billion invested. Now that the industry has proved that oil can be recov ered from underneath the water, research efforts are directed at recovering it in deep water areas. Meanwhile, continuing progress is being made in land-based secondary recovery and the successful processing of oil shale and tar sands. In refining, there has been a steady stream of new and improved processes, ranging from catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming to alkylation, polymerization and hydrocracking. These processes have substantially changed the chemistry of petro leum and have provided the raw materials for a host of petrochemical products. In transportation, pipelines and tankers have come of age. Pipelines are almost completely automatic in operation and continue to spread out all over the country. The $350 million Colonial pipeline now under construction will carry over 600,000 barrels of products a day from Houston to New York. Meanwhile, there are more and bigger tank ers and new trends toward automation. In both pipelines and tankers, the reasons for expansion and improvement are the same: to reduce the cost of moving oil and refined products to market. 10 ETHYL NEWS In marketing, there are better designed and more efficient stations with greater customer appeal and service. There are multi-grade pumps, and whether everybody likes them or not, they are a successful development. Stations are offering better customer services of all kinds--some even branching out into restaurants and other lines of products and services. Progress, then, is going on in all branches of the oil industry. But is the public aware of it? Do cus tomers know about unproved product quality? Take kerosene, for example--once a cheap prod uct used mostly for illumination, heating and cook ing. Still not a very exciting product to most people, kerosene has played a key role as a jet fuel in the phenomenal growth of jet air travel. Commercial jet fuel demand zoomed over 1,300 percent in a two-year period. The oil industry not only met that soaring demand but made vast im provements in the quality of jet fuels in a short time. The airlines got the headlines, but the off industry helped make it all possible. Meanwhile, kerosene plays a major role as a rocket propellant in the space program and re search work aims to develop still better jet fuels for future supersonic commercial aircraft. In the diesel field, improved fuels have made possible more efficient engines, with greater power and economy, for use in railroad locomotives, highway vehicles and stationary power plants. Additives have played a part in improving diesel fuel performance--by increasing cetane number and keeping fuel injectors clean, thus reducing engine maintenance costs and exhaust smoke. In residential heating, substantial improvements in fuels and heating equipment have helped oil and gas capture an increasing share of the market. Here again, additives for burning oils improve efficiency, cut down on soot, reduce maintenance costs, and permit the use of more efficient burners. Speaking of progress, let's not forget lubricants. Motor oils are far better than ever, enabling motor ists to drive longer between changes. Much of the credit goes to new and improved additives--prin cipally ashless dispersants and anti-oxidants and anti-rust agents. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)--fairly new as a major product--makes it possible for many rural areas to have the latest modem conveniences and does lots of jobs on the farm. LPG also is being used to fuel commercial vehicles in some areas. Besides serving as the major fuel for our econ omy, oil or its derivatives play key roles in the manufacture of fertilizers, synthetic rubber, plastics, solvents, detergents and some synthetic fibers. Finally, what about gasoline --the product But still accounts for nearly one-half of the oil industry's total sales and more than half of its revenue? After a sharp upward climb throughout the post war period, the rate of increase in automobile engine compression ratios and horsepower slowed down a couple of years ago and compact cars began to make their presence felt. At the same time, improvements in gasoline quality (a gallon of gasoline provided 78 percent more transporta tion in 1960, on a ton-mile basis, than it did in 1930) seemed to level off. But the fact is that the road performance of gasoline has continued to show a distinct improvement.' Motorists have been getting better gasoline all the time. Two things have helped improve the road per formance of gasoline--the development of a whole new family of antiknock compounds and the more effective use of antiknocks. Today, refiners can use TEL, TML, or an almost infinite variety of mixtures of these compounds, to achieve maximum road performance at minimum cost. Gasoline quality also has been steadily improved through the use of other additives: Phosphorus compounds to prevent spark plug fouling and preignition; Anti-icing agents to prevent ice formation and engine stalling; Detergents to remove carburetor deposits and improve economy and efficiency; Antioxidants to insure good storage stability; Anti-rust agents to inhibit rust and corrosion. Gasoline may look the same and even smell the same, but thanks to unending quality improvements motorists are getting more value in every gallon and better transportation for every dollar. All of the gains cited here and the many others that have been made result from the oil industry's huge, $350-billion-a-year research and development effort, and they are continuing day after day. So let's tell the public--the oil industry's cus tomers--about these accomplishments. Let's brag a little about petroleum products. Now, more than ever, is the time for oilmen to get their heads out of the sand of their problems, to face the world with pride and confidence, and to promote progress. Novembor-Decomber 1962 11 1 what about the '63s? |k|ow that all 1963-model automobiles have been unveiled in dealers' showrooms and are out on the road in large numbers, it's possible to take an overall look at new-car fuel quality require ments and their effect on the gasoline market. Performance, comfort and a car they can be proud of are what car buyers are looking for--and getting--in 1963 models, automobile dealers report. Most motorists apparently are no longer insisting on economy above everything else, as they seemed to be a few years ago when compact cars were newer and were riding the crest of a wave of popularity. Detroit's recognition of renewed preference for better automobile performance and prestige, rather than economy, is reflected--among other places-- in an average 0.2 boost in compression ratios and in other modifications that provide more power. Higher compression ratios and other built-in power features have increased the average octane requirement of 1963 cars about 0.5 research octane number over 1962 models. Generally, these higher octane requirements are found in cars designed to operate on regular-grade gasoline. Here are a few specific, but typical, examples of factors contributing to the need for better gasoline: The compression ratio of Chevrolet's regularrequirement, 283-cubic-inch, V-8 engine is up to 9.25:1, raising horsepower from 170 to 195. Ford, in order to utilize the antiknock quality available in regular grade gasolines, has increased octane requirements about one octane number. Studebaker has introduced the new Avanti, with a 289-cubic-incb engine designed for premium fuel. Dodge and Plymouth have optional 425-horse power, 426-cubic-inch engines with compression ratios of 13.5:1 and 11:1, respectively. These highperformance options are in relatively limited pro duction, but are indicative of a trend. Lincoln Continental horsepower is up to 320, from 300 last year, by increasing compression ratio and using a four-barrel carburetor. While increasing compression ratios and power, and consequently octane requirements, automobile manufacturers expect to turn out substantially more premium-requirement models during the 1963 pro duction year than in 1962. This increase will con tribute to an upswing in premium demand, which is expected to get a further boost as more owners of 12 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30165 so-called regular-requirement cars switch to premium for the better performance it provides in their vehicles. While increases in demand for premium gasoline are expected--partly as a result of new-car require ments--so are increases in premium octane quality. Oil and automotive observers are looking ahead to the forthcoming probable availability of premium gasoline averaging more than 100 research octane number--a quality level once limited to super pre miums. Already in the high 9Q's, premium averaged 99.7 RON in November, according to Ethyl's monthly survey of gasoline quality. At the same time, the average octane quality of regular appears headed up from 93 in November to at least 93.5, to satisfy more of the new regularrequirement cars. Compact cars--domestic and im ports--which seem to have stabilized at about 40 percent of the new car-market, can use the higher quality regular to advantage in larger and more powerful engines offered, especially in 1963 Amer ican makes. For example: November-December 1962 Rambler American again has a power option, which boosts its overhead valve engine from 125 to 138 horsepower, with twin-throat carburetor. Corvair offers a 150-horsepower turbo-charged engine, in addition to a 102-horsepower option. Pontiac Tempest makes available a new 260horsepower V-8 engine, as an alternative to the standard four-cylinder power unit. This new castiron engine has a 10.25:1 compression ratio. Looking at the country's car population as a whole--cars fueled by both regular and premium grade gasolines--an average increase of about 0.7 research octane number in engine octane require ments is anticipated in the months ahead. This gain will result from the introduction of higher-require ment 1963 cars and from the scrapping of older, lower-requirement cars. As oil refiners provide modem gasolines to satis fy the requirements of new cars and of the overall car population, they will continue to look to anti knock compounds to economically provide the im portant top octane numbers that are so important to ultimate gasoline quality. 13 ETC 30166 I Here's an account of the existence you would lead, on the job and off, if you had to live.... ZkejCife ofa Kussk uppose you had to change places with the S manager of a manufacturing plant in the Soviet Union--move into his job, take over his responsi bilities, live the day-to-day life that he lives? What would it be like? How much would you earn? How would you live? What would be your relationship with your boss and the men and women working with you? From first-hand reports by engineers and man agement experts who have visited Russia, it's pos sible to paint an accurate picture of the problems and rewards of a plant supervisor behind the Iron Curtain. Like his counterpart in the United States, the Soviet manager is the man in the middle--the su pervisor whose job it is to see that output schedules are met. But he has few of the advantages that his American opposite number enjoys. The big job of the plant supervisor in the USSR is to produce, produce, produce--whether it's petroleum, shoes, bread, tractors or chemicals. He is handed a set of official production goals--usually monthly--and he must meet these goals--one way or another. If he fails, he may be demoted or fired. If he hits the target or surpasses it, he may get a bonus and perhaps, eventually, a promotion. Despite the prevailing notion that central plan ners control everything in Russia, the manager has a fair amount of latitude. He may hire an "expediter" from time to time to get urgendy needed materials or machinery. He can, on occasion, cut the quality of his products, if he thinks he can get away with it. Step Above Neighbors A supervisor or manager is a step above his Russian neighbors. His pay ranges from about four to eight times that of the workers under his direc tion, but he has few material possessions to call his own. He has a good technical background and is famil iar with the newest developments in his industrial field, including automation and automatic controls, but the chances are his plant is not equipped with them. Working conditions in his plant are far in ferior to those in a comparable plant in the United States. To understand how the Russian manager fits into the Russian system, it is helpful to know a little 14 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30167 vlantManager about the ``managerial revolution" that took place in Soviet industry soon after Premier Khrushchev came to power. Until the late 1950s, a vast bureaucracy centered in Moscow controlled, in great detail, the output of almost every type of product. Some 40 separate ministries pulled strings that reached down to the smallest plants. Red tape snarled everything; delays and breakdowns were commonplace. Khrushchev decentralized the production process. He created some 100 regional councils, or "sovnarkhozy," throughout the country. Each council su pervises all industry in its territory. The idea is to bring production closer to the people; to put more authority at lower levels while still leaving enough power in Moscow to set overall goals. The change, observers say, helped cut some of the bureaucratic red tape, but it also has brought new problems. Interests of a particular region are sometimes put ahead of the country as a whole. Thus, output of goods not in demand by the industry of one region may be reduced or discontinued, even though these goods may be vitally needed in another part of the Soviet Union. Over everything is the State Planning Commission --The Gosplan--which takes orders from the Com munist Party apparatus and the Soviet Council of Ministers. It allocates resources to different enter prises and research institutes and makes "master plans" for the economy. In all this vast bureaucracy, how did the Soviet manager work up to his present job? After getting out of school, the chances are he was assigned by a central planning board as a technician, or maybe assistant foreman, to his present plant. He did not have free choice of his first job. The fact that he was promoted to a supervisory post indicates he was considered a superior worker. It also sug gests he is politically "reliable" as evidenced by ac tivity in the Communist Party--though membership in the Party is not a prerequisite for holding his job. A good many of the pleasant working conditions, fringe benefits and safety factors of American plants are missing from the factory under the Russian manager's supervision. Observes David Granick, an economist who has made a detailed study of Russian industry: "In the various plants I visited ... one could not help being impressed by the relative absence of safety devices." November-December 1962 IS ETC 30168 Zke Jtife of a Russian Plant Manager Describing a visit to a motor plant in Kharkov, largely rebuilt since World War II, Mr. Granick says: "Despite the advantages, there seemed to be only one small rest room for each large building. Water fountains apparently existed, but were so scarce I noticed only one on my tour. In the `work ers' state', workers' amenities seemed to have low priority." There are reports from other visitors that many Russian plants are equipped with outmoded ma chinery and old-fashioned tools. There is always talk of innovations, but they are put off to concentrate on badly needed output. Says Dr. Robert Brand of the Advanced Systems Division of International Business Machines Cor poration: "While the Soviets may be ahead of us in some theoretical aspects of computation and auto mation, so far as equipment is concerned there is no comparison. They lag far behind us." Despite Russia's highly advanced efforts in ex ploration of space, the Soviet manager seems un able to apply sophisticated techniques to such fun damentals as the construction of buildings and the production of daily necessities. In the most modern plants, there are doors that won't close tightly and cement walls that are scaling or crumbly. Elevators, where they exist, look like something from the early 1900s. Russian automobiles have no safety glass. There is little string and wrapping paper in stores. The chief aim of a manager under the Soviet system is to get out the production assigned to his plant. He has a real incentive to do this because for "plan fulfillment" he may get a bonus that can in crease his pay by as much as SO to 100 percent. Makes Shady Deals To hit a production target, however--and it's an official goal that likely has been set at an unrealisti cally high level--he may have to employ some of the questionable practices that are common in Russian industry: hoard supplies against possible future needs; "storm" or boost output to breakneck speed toward the end of each month to meet quotas; "conceal" some output this month and carry it over to next; use "influence" or semi-legal dealings; em ploy a "fixer" or "expediter" to get needed supplies; overstate the amount of raw materials or equipment needed; and understate plant's capacity so quotas can be met without too much strain. "The Russian economy is in a permanent state of mobilization," says Joseph Berliner, an authority on the system. "Its aim is to attain the oft-repeated objective of `overtaking and surpassing the United States.' Thus, in the Soviet Union, there is a per' manent condition of over-full employment, and a continual excess of demand for labor, materials and equipment." Because of his position in-industry, the Russian plant manager travels in the upper echelons of Soviet society. He stands out in a country where much of the population lives on the edge of sub sistence. If the Russian worker gives a friend the shirt off his back, it's not only a generous gesture, it's an ex pensive one. A cotton shirt represents almost two eight-hour days of work. An American worker earns enough in less than an hour to buy a cotton shirt. An American worker spends seven hours on the job to earn enough to buy a pair of shoes; the Rus sian must put in 5 7 Vi hours to buy a comparable pair. A man's suit that takes 23 hours of labor to pay for in the United States costs the equivalent of 275 hours in Russia. ETHYL NEWS ETC 30169 I The supervisory employee is far better off, of course, and as he moves up the ladder his income and material advantages rise too. A typical Russian plant manager makes some where between 3,000 and 5,000 rubles a month-- ~ $300 to $500. The average Russian worker, by con trast, makes about 800 rubles a month--$80. In neither case do taxes take much, since the top in come tax rate for executive and worker alike is 13 percent. Despite his relatively high station in life, the average Russian manager is unlikely to own his own car, since there are only about a million cars in his country compared with more than 65 million in the United States. But if he moves far enough up the executive ladder, he may be assigned a govern ment-owned automobile and maybe a chauffeur. An opportunity for "superior" housing is one advantage the plant manager in the USSR does en joy. Assuming he has a wife and two children, he normally would be entitled to one room, but he might be able to wangle a two-room apartment i from the housing authorities. This apartment probi ably has two medium-sized rooms, a small kitchen, | a toilet and separate bathroom. The kitchen has a two-burner stove, a small sink, and built-in work j space. There is barely room for the smallest re frigerator. Novembw-December 1962 In this environment he is a bit cramped, but is still better off than most of his countrymen. After a day on the job, he oftens sits down in his living room to read recommended books on politi cal philosophy, for this much is certain: If he, as a Soviet man-on-the-way-up, values his chances of getting ahead, he lets it be known that he subscribes to the political doctrines laid down by Karl Marx. In essence, this is the view that capitalism is doomed, and that the Communists, whatever their present difficulties, are riding the wave of the future. Believes Myths The manager's belief in this theory may be so strong that he subscribes to other myths about the United States--that labor is "exploited," that there is widespread suffering among the unemployed, that there's a growing gulf between life wealthy and the people of lower incomes in America. At times he may have some doubts about the truth of these views, but in the words of one visitor to the Soviet Union: "These men--the Russian workers and their managers--are not really the masters of their own souls. Herein lies the greatest weakness of the Soviet system: People lack the basic freedom needed to liberate the spirit." 17 ETC 30170 ! PI LOTTOWN AHOY! On a Pilottown dock, a veteran riverman awaits the inbound ship be will pilot upstream. 18 Tiny delta hamlet is headquarters for men who guide ships on Mississippi River reighters and tankers plying the lower Mis Fsissippi River between the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans face anything but placid waters. Car rying some 50 million tons of cargo annually--in cluding more than 38 million tons of petroleum products--they encounter unpredictable currents, shifting sandbars, whirlpools, fogs and floods. But the know-how and sixth-sense skill of experienced river-wise pilots keeps a continuous procession of ocean ships and coastal traffic moving smoothly through the treacherous waters the year 'round. The 64 veteran rivermen who guide the big ships unerringly up and down the lower Mississippi are members of the Riverport Pilots Association. Their front-line headquarters is Pilottown, La., an isolated hamlet perched on the river's edge 90 miles below New Orleans in a wilderness of snake-infested swampland. Appropriately, perhaps, Pilottown is accessible only by boat. Houses and the planked "Main Street" are built on stilts to keep them above flood waters. Intra urban traffic is limited to cyclists and pedestrians. In spite of its remoteness, the community has elec tricity, telephones, a post-office and general store. The Coast Guard maintains a station nearby. Lookouts man a watchtower around the clock so that pilots on standby duty can respond at once to calls for their services. While marking time at As sociation quarters, the rivermen read, play cards and enjoy meals of succulent Louisiana specialities. After taking ships north to unload cargoes-- sometimes going 4S hours without a break--pilots rest at New Orleans before directing outbound ves sels down to the river's mouth. Then the waiting and working cycle repeats itself. When Pilottown began, in the days of sail, predecessors of today's pilots fought each other with pike and pole for jobs. Now they follow a systematic rotation of duty, but a more insidious rival looms-- a new shortcut channel being dug to connect the Mississippi River with the Gulf of Mexico just below New Orleans. November-Dcmber 1962 19 ETC 30172 Duty roster and radio contact with ships are maintained in New Orleans office close to river. Alice Brown, a native of Pilottown, is postmistress and store proprietor. Ferried out to his assigned ship by the Riverport Pilots Association boat, a pilot climbs aboard by ladder. ETHYL NEWS ETC 30173 Tempting Louisiana meals, served family style, are available to pilots 24 hours a day. November-December 1962 21 ETC 30174 jyiiNUTES before the start of the annual New Year's Day Tournament of Roses parade in Pasadena, Calif., a decorator hangs from an out stretched boom to replace a handful of delicate flowers jolted loose when a float moved into the line of march. He completes the repair in the nick of time and the blossom-bedecked float starts majes tically on its way in the two-hour extravaganza. Propelling this eye-catching entry and the 59 other floats in the parade, but completely hidden beneath the thousands of fresh flowers that make up their dazzling decorations, are automotive ve hicles that are anything but standard production line models. The prime movers are custom-built vehicles especially engineered to move the big, breathtakingly beautiful floats safely and depend- ETHYL NEWS etc 30175 ably over the five-mile parade route at a ponderous two-and-a-half miles an hour. Most parade vehicles are stripped-down auto mobile, jeep or truck chassis, lengthened to a wheel base of 20 feet, powered by relatively new engines, and equipped with a variety of accessories. Exten sive frameworks of wood and metal and decoration underpinnings are added in what is known as the "Pasadena method" of float construction. With floats costing anywhere from $3,000 to $20,000 apiece, builders can't take any chances that they'll break down, catch fire, stray off course, fail to complete the parade, or otherwise disrupt its precise timetable. Every detail of float building is planned with these considerations--and coveted prizes--in mind. November-December 1962 At the slow speeds floats travel, one big problem is overheating--particularly when January 1 is warm, as it often is in Pasadena. To forestall any such occurrence, cooling systems are rebuilt with extra large radiators and spare water tanks. Water supplies--radiator caps painted white for quick recognition--are checked frequently. To further insure dependable performance, not one but two freshly charged batteries of proper voltage and more than adequate capacity are in stalled in practically all floats. And there's no chance of running out of gaso line, either. Most vehicles use about six gallons of fuel to drive the floats over the parade route, but a fuel tank capacity of 15 gallons is required. Tanks must be mounted level and strapped into place at 23 ETc 30176 Power for Flowers least four days before January 1, and fill pipes, topped by distinctive red caps, conveniently located at the edge of float superstructures--usually at the rear. Tanks are filled on P-day minus four and again early on New Year's morning, under the supervision of the Pasadena Fire Department, to make sure all entries have their full complement of gasoline, and to assure its safe handling. Ten-pound carbon di oxide fire extinguishers are carried on all floats, too, as a further safety measure. To avoid leaks, flexible connectors are used throughout the fuel system and parts of the line that pass within six inches of engine blocks or exhaust manifolds are wrapped in asbestos tape. Electric Fuel Pumps Specified Vapor lock is another possible hazard to smooth engine performance under the driving and weather conditions, so the Tournament of Roses Parade Float committee specifies the use of electric fuel pumps. Some cautious float builders go the com mittee one better and install supplementary me chanical pumps on a standby basis--just in case. And in another fuel system precaution, sensitive carburetors are protected from dirt by plastic covers during construction and decoration. The cheering spectators that crowd the parade route are protected from runaway floats by careful checks of brakes and steering mechanisms. Hy draulic brakes are recommended, but mechanical types can be used if approved. All entries are also equipped with emergency brakes. Extra long steer ing columns--often needed because of the location of drivers' compartments--are reinforced and sup ported with added braces. Speaking of driving, responsibility for piloting the big, expensive, delicately decorated floats, from be neath their glamorous trappings, rests with a team of drivers--a regular and alternate. Often the drivers' only view of the road is through peepholes in the blankets of flowers, but sometimes a navi gator, or steer man, is concealed under the front of the float to relay directions to the cockpit by telephone. In smaller floats, drivers' compartments are so cramped that midgets sometimes are hired as chauffeurs. But while power and operation are important, 24 Float vehicle gasoline tanks are filled four days befoi the parade and again on New Year's Day morninj they are incidental to float originality and beaut; It's the finished product that counts. Frameworks built over the chassis are shape roughly to the dimensions of the finished product Most floats are about 40 feet long, 20 feet wide an 17 feet high, and tend to be low in front and ris toward the rear. Final shaping is done with one inch-mesh chicken wire stretched over frameworks and sprayed with a polyvinyl material to provide decorating surfaces. These surfaces are painted in colors to match covering flowers. Papier-mache figures, also to be dressed in live flowers, animate the displays. The movements of a life-sized figure on Unioi Oil Company's 1962 "Enchanted Traveler" float which took second prize in its class, were so life like most spectators thought it was real. Actually the figure was a puppet in silver-tipped cutawa; coat, vest of orchids, narcissus shirt and rose peta. complexion, controlled by a puppeteer hidden in i flowery tree. As H-hour approaches, flowers go on, each ap plied with special glue, or for a frothy look, strung on fine wires. Cost of flowers alone runs as high as ETHYL NEWS ETC 30177 $5,000 on some floats, which are covered by up to some 400,000 blossoms. Especially popular are hardy chrysanthemums which can be applied 48 hours early, but orchids, delphinium, stock, mari golds and many other varieties also are widely used. Roses, gardenias and orchids rest in tiny hid den vials containing preservatives to make sure they will retain their freshness. After months of planning, designing and float building, and the expenditure of thousands of dol lars, a breakdown would be a real tragedy. As a precaution, each float is fitted with a standard towing attachment securely fastened to the frame and projecting through the front apron. Tow ve hicles stationed at regular intervals along the line of march are equipped with matching attachments, so they can hitch on and keep things moving in case of an emergency. Such planning is included in the countless details necessary to assure two million on-the-scene spectators and another 80 mil lion television viewers of a delightful Tournament of Roses New Year's Day parade. Designing and building of vehicles, supporting frameworks and decorations for floats starts months in advance and continues, with painstaking care, right up to parade time. November-Decerntier 1962 25 ETC 30178 Putting the heat on snow By Armand B. Ferrara Xo some grownups, most children and all skiers, white winter snows are i real delight--the deeper the better. But to public works officials, parking loi operators, airport managers and service station dealers, they are an expensive exhausting headache. When there's heavy fall, even plowing and shoveling aren't enough. They car push and throw snow just so far, but then it gets in its own way and everyone else's. Often it must be scooped up, loaded in trucks, carted away and dumped-- if there's any place to dump it--a slow, costly process. (In New York City one recent winter, snow removal costs alone amounted to a whopping $7,000,000.) Meanwhile, traffic is snarled, planes are grounded, delays are rampant, and commerce and industry grind to a snail's pace. In the midst of this blinding blizzard of troubles, there's one bright spot-- oil-fired snow melters. These ingenious devices, developed through the coopera tive efforts of oil companies and equipment manufacturers, liquefy snow and 26 ETHYL NEWS etc 3j 79 Water heated by an oil-fired flame circulates within melting tanks, quickly liquefying snow and creating more water, which is discharged through hoses into drains or sewers. November-Oecember 1962 27 ETC 30180 ^ d i i i mu if PUTTING THE HEAT ON SNOW run it off as water. They dispose of snow cheaper, easier and faster than most other methods. Snow melters come in mobile, semi-mobile and stationary models, but all work on the same prin ciple: Snow is plowed, shoveled, dumped, blown or otherwise loaded into an open-top tank. Water heated by an oil-fired flame circulates within the tank, quickly melting the snow and creating more water which is discharged through hoses into drains and sewers. Stationary systems, such as those used successfully at New York's LaGuardia and Boston's Logan air ports, simply are pits heated by one or more burn ers. Pits are below grade so snow can be plowed directly into them and water run off through side drains. Semi-mobile models consist of burners and ac cessory equipment mounted on trailers which are towed from pit to pit to melt snow deposited in the pits according to snow plowing patterns. Fully mobile units include truck or trailermounted equipment--burners, fuel supply, acces sories, controls and melting tank. These units move along streets, parking lots or airport runways, keep ing pace with front-end loaders, conveyors, snow blowers, or other snow loading equipment. One large mobile melter can remove snow about twice as fast as existing methods, which, of course, require snow piling, loading and time-consuming hauling to dumping sites. Snow is loaded into this machine at a rate of | about VA tons or 5 cubic yards a minute (75 tons an hour), and water is discharged at a rate of 300 to 400 gallons a minute. It removes snow at a cost of VS-to Vs that of trucking and, equally important, eliminates the trucks and the time required for them 1 to shuttle back and forth from loading sites. Smaller 'l models, equipped to melt 25 and 40 tons an hour, also are available. Initial purrhate price of snow melters runs fairly high--up to $45,000, but many public works ofificials are convinced they are well worth the invest ment. When the snow begins to pile deep, the officials and their crews won't have to get flustered. They can stay cool and let the melters put the heat on the snow. . i ` Front-end loaders, which scoop np snow and dump it in melting tanks, are well adapted to work ing with snow melters on streets, parking lots and other snow-covered areas. 28 ETC 30181 WIDE Just as a glance at the ocean tells you very little about its real scope and power, a glance at Ethyl tells you very little about our company. Some people still think of us only as a supplier of antiknock compounds to the petroleum industry. But through the years our horizon has broadened and today Ethyl is a supplier of many products to many industries. The future, we are confident, will find us in many new fields with still more products. ETC 30182 l TT J Here 10,000 wings beat over an exotic jungle paradise Beauty beckons to you and your children just a pleasant drive away. Here, for example, in a jungle garden, just west of New Orleans, birds find sanctuary and color runs wild. This is Avery Island. Snowy egrets fill your ears with the beat of their wings. Luxuriant plants collected from jungles in India and Africa, South America and from an Emperor's garden, fill your senses with their riotous hues. But, if you could part the curtain of lush greenery you would see oil wells silently pumping. Pierce the crust and you would discover miners tunneling in caverns of salt. For all this beauty was made possible by the riches in the earth, and industry con siderately veils its operations to let you enjoy it. You con find beauty around you just a pleasant drive from wherever you live. In millions of acres set apart as notional parks, in art museums, symphonies ond operas. Beauty that lifts the spirit of a child and makes all our lives the richer. Ethyl calls this fascinating world around you a Magic Circle. Discover yours this weekend. Your service station dealer will be glad to help. ETHYL CORPORATION New York 17, New York Ethyl Corporation of Canada Limited, Toronto These Magic Circle advertisements or* published to help you gel more en/oyment our of your cor. Ethyl mates oddnives used by oil componies to improve their gasolines ond your driving pleasure. One of a series of advertisements directed to the motoring public to help expand the market for gasoline and other service station products ETC 30183 ETC 30184 n n n n n iii i ETHYL NEWS Vol. 30, NO. FEBRUARY 1083 Published six limes a year (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Ethyl Corporation JOO Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds ond other odditivei used by oil companies to improve the quality of petroleum products. ft. ft. Turner, President William R. Perdue, Jr., Executive Vice President and Treasurer ft. C. Gottwold, Vice President end Secretary Richard F. Cook, Editor, ETHYL NEWS Stanton P. Nickerson, Associate Editor Carsten Grande, Art Director Articles from outside sources are welcomed. Upon request, permission to reprint material oppearing jn ETHYL NEWS will be granted. Contents!Page BILLIONS OF GALLONS LATER FELLOWSHIPS WITH A FUTURE . IN THE GOOD OLD WINTERTIME ANTIOXIDANTS FILL MANY NEEDS PUSHBUTTON OCTANE NUMBERS 200 MILLION MOTOR VEHICLES KEEPING TRACK OF SATELLITES TELLING AMERICA'S STORY NEW CAUSTIC CHLORINE PLANT GOES ON STREAM ARISTOCRATS OF THE ROAD ETHYL IN THE NEWS WHAT'S AHEAD 1 3 6 10 12 14 16 20 23 24 28 29 ON THE COVER: An artist's way of show ing auto industry evo lution to meet chang ing times. Read "200 Million Motor Vehi cles," pages 14-15, for the story of a pro duction record. "Aris tocrats of the Road," pages 24-27, is about "classic" cars. PICTURE CREDITS: Cover, Morimoto Studios; poge 1, A. Devaney, Inc.; poge 2, Cities Service Oil Co., API; poge 4, Standard Oil Co. (fndiono), Merck ft Co.; page 5, University of Oklohoma, ftell Telephone Labs.; poge 6 ond page 9 (center), Dartmouth College; page 7, Idaho Dept. Commerce & Devel., Maine Ski Council; page 8, Pioneer Volley Assoc.; page 9, top, Whitefish Winter Carnival; left, St. Paul, Minn. Winter Carnival; poges 14-15, General Motors; pages 16-19, Standard OH Co. (Ohio); pages 24-27, Classic Cor Club of America. Printed in U.S.A. BILLION! n the cold mid-winter morning of Feb O ruary 2, 1923, when "Ethyl" gasoline, the world's first commercial high-octane motor fuel, went on sale for the first time, it was available at one pump at one station of one oil company in one city -- The Refiners Oil Company station at Sixth and Main Streets in downtown Dayton, Ohio; In February 1963, 40 years and billions of gallons later, lead alkyl antiknock com pounds are used in more than 98 percent of all automotive gasolines in the United States. Leaded gasoline is the universal motor fuel -- the fuel that smashed a barrier called knock, the fuel that paved the way for tre mendous automotive, aviation, agricultural and petroleum progress, the fuel that runs the world's motor vehicles. High octane ETC 30185 Since "Ethyl" gasoline Hist went on sale 40 years ago, antiknock compounds have come into worldwide use to improve motor fnel quality gasoline, containing lead antiknock compounds, is readily available at hundreds of thousands of service stations around the globe. On the day of the first sale, four decades ago this month, tetraethyl lead, the magic new chemical that provided gasoline with built-in antiknock quality, was the product of the prede cessor company to Ethyl Corporation, which had developed the additive in its laboratories. With gasolines and automobile engines far more complex today than they were in 1923, Ethyl Corporation now manufactures and mar kets not one but a variety of lead alkyl anti knock compounds and many other additives used by oil companies to improve the quality and performance of petroleum products. Ethyl offers refniu s"2htiknocks of tetramethyl as well as tetraethyl lead and an infinite number of physical and chemical mixtures of the two. And Ethyl works closely with refiners, helping them determine which compounds are best for their particular needs. Ethyl also supplies other gasoline additives: "Ethyl" Metal Deactivator to prevent chemi cal changes caused by certain metals encoun tered in storage tanks and fuel systems; "Ethyl" Ignition Control Compounds to mini mize spark plug fouling and surface ignition; "Ethyl" Multi-Purpose Additive to improve anti-icing, anti-corrosion and detergent qualities; "Ethyl" Antioxidants to inhibit oxidation, control gum formation and antiknock decom position; "Ethyl" Oil Soluble Dyes to provide distinc tive identifying colors. Oil refiners also use "Ethyl" additives in diesel and heating oils, in jet fuels, in lubricants and in other petroleum products. Billions of gallons of oil products, made pos sible by petroleum industry research, know-how and increasing production capacity, have poured from the refineries of America and the world in the 40 years since "Ethyl" gasoline first went on sale -- products that lighted and powered much of the world's amazing progress during that time. Working closely with the oil industry. Ethyl has played a key role in that progress.* ETHYL NEWS jr'pC 301^7 Fellowships Ethyl's aid to education program helps train young men for creative careers in many important fields he eighteen graduate and six undergraduate Tstudents currently studying under Ethyl Corpora tion research fellowships and scholarships at col leges and universities across the country are among scores who have received financial assistance from the Company in its 26 consecutive years of support of higher education. Majoring in chemistry, chemi cal engineering, mechanical engineering and indus trial engineering, recipients of this year's Ethyl fellowships and scholarships are preparing for crea tive, productive careers in industry, agriculture, government and education. If the performance of holders of previous Ethyl educational grants is any indication, present students will go on to make outstanding contributions to the advancement of knowledge in many areas vital to progress in the scientific '60s. Currently preparing, for such careers, their fields of study and institutions at which they are studying, are the following recipients of Ethyl fellowships for the 1962-1963 academic year: Richard S. Carlson, chemistry, University of Cin cinnati; Richard J. Dolinski, chemistry. University of Detroit; Fredric L. Hettinger, mechanical engi neering. University of Florida; Gordon L. Struble, chemistry, Florida State University; David W. Yar brough, chemical engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gerald R. Feistel, chemistry, Univer- sity of Illinois; Alexander MacDonald, Jr., chemis try, State University of Iowa; Newell C. Rodewald, chemical engineering, University of Kansas; Cecil P. Loechelt, chemical engineering, Louisiana State University; Robert E. Coffman, chemistry. Univer sity of Minnesota; Darrell R. Thompson, chemistry, University of North Carolina; Martin D. Alexander, chemistry, Ohio State University; Philip D. Readio, chemistry, Pennsylvania State University; Calvin J. Verbrugge, chemistry, Purdue University; David E. Hartman, mechanical engineering, Rice University; Edwin H. Herron, chemical engineering, Tulane University; Winston S. Marshall, chemistry, Wayne State University; and Gary F. Kuether, chemical engineering, University of Wisconsin. Scholarship Recipients The 1962-1963 Ethyl scholarship recipients and the colleges at which they are studying are: Joe R. Dyer, University of Arkansas; James C. Howard, Clemson College; Richard M. Ghioto, University of Florida; John E. Mayes, Jr., Georgia Institute of Technology; Stan L. Strong, Oklahoma State University; and Rhett R. Ripplinger, Purdue University. Total value of the Ethyl grants this year is more than $60,000. Most of the fellowships provide $2,100 for living expenses, plus an allowance for February 1963 3 TC 30188 Fellowships with a Future tuition and fees. In addition, the university depart ment concerned receives $600 for expenses in con nection with each fellow's research project. The scholarships provide up to $750 for educational expenses of undergraduates. While current graduate and undergraduate stu dents are pursuing their education, former Ethyl fellows and scholars are at work throughout the United States and in Canada, filling key roles i petroleum research, refining and production; i chemicals and pharmaceuticals; in nuclear physic: in higher education; in pure and applied research in space exploration; in national defense; and in ; variety of other fields where scientific education anc technical training are essential. Pictured on these pages are five former Ethyl fellows, who are among the scores now doing an outstanding job in industry and education. DR. FRASER H. ALLEN is coordinator of crude oil production, purchasing and transportation at Standard Oil Company (Indiana), Chicago. He held the Ethyl Corporation fellowship in petroleum engineering at the University of Texas during the 1941-1942, 1942-1943 and 1943-1944 academic years. A graduate of the University of Toronto in 1941, Dr. Allen was an engineering trainee with Pan American Petroleum Corporation (then Stanolind Oil & Gas Co.), Standard of Indiana's exploration and production subsidiary, for one year before commencing graduate study. He received his MS from the University of Texas in 1943 and his PhD from that institution in 1947. Rejoining Pan American petroleum the same year, he filled a variety of engineering and supervisory positions before being promoted to chief engineer, the position he held when he was promoted to his present post in 1962. 4 DR. ARTHUR A. PATCHETT is director of synthetic organic chemistry at Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, a division of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N. J. He held the Ethyl Corporation fellowship in chemistry at Harvard University during the 1953-1954 academic year. A graduate of Princeton University in 1951 with a BA, Dr. Patchett was a Fulbright fellow at Cambridge Uni versity, England, in 1951 and 1952, and received his PhD from Harvard in 1955. Before joining Merck in 1957, he was a lieutenant in the United States Public Health Corps, serving at the National Institutes of Health and doing research on amino acids and some mechanisms of biological oxidation. At Merck, where be directs research on steroids and other organic chemicals for medical use. Dr. Patchett was a research chemist and assistant director of synthetic organic chemistry before being promoted to his present position in 1962. ETHYL NEWS r ETC 30189 DR- ROBERT H. PERRY is chairman of the School of Chemical Engineering and assistant to the president in charge of long-range planning at the University of Oklahoma. Recipient of the Ethyl Corporation fellowship in chemical engineering at the University of Delaware during the 1952-1953 academic year, Dr. Perry has bachelor's degrees from Dartmouth College and the University of Delaware, a master's degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a PhD from the University of Delaware. He was employed at Texaco research laboratories, Shell Development Company, Shell Chemical Company and Scientific Design Company before joining the faculty at the University of Oklahoma as associate professor of chemical engineering in 1958. Chairman of the School since 1961, he directs the work of more than 40 graduate students, is chairman of the university president's council to study all phases of the university's development and also is editor-in-chief of Chemical Engineers' Handbook, a position which was once filled by his father. February 1963 DR. THOMAS H. COFFIELD, research supervisor of hydrocarbon oxidation at Ethyl Corporation's Research laboratories in DetroiLhcLLlbe Ethyl fellowship in chemistry at Wayne State University during the 1949-1950 and 1952-1953 academic years. Dr. Coffield was graduated from Wayne State with a BS in chemistry in 1948 and was awarded his MS and PhD in the same subject at Wayne State in 1950 and 1955, respectively. He first worked at the Ethyl Laboratories in 1951 and 1952 and then rejoined the Company in 1954 as a research chemist, just before receiving his doctor's degree. Beside directing a group of Ethyl scientists in the field of oxidation research, Dr. Coffield has been responsible for liaison with Ethyl's academic contacts at European universities, following up research grants that the Company has established there, and has done postdoctoral work at Heidelberg University in Germany. DR. ALFRED B. BROWN, JR., is head of the Data Transmission Studies department at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, N. J. He held the Ethyl Corporation fellowship in physics at California Institute of Technology during the 1947-1948 academic year. A graduate of Lehigh University in 1942 with a BS, Dr. Brown served in the United States Army Signal Corps for four years. He received his MS from Cal Tech in 1947 and his PhD from the same institu tion in 1950. Dr. Brown was employed by General Electric Company in its research laboratories for six years before joining Bell Labs in 1956. Before being promoted in 1962 to his present position, in which he directs the work of a group of engineers and techni cians, he was engaged in exploratory development of data communications systems and later in the develop ment of a data communications system for the Nike-Zeus anti-missile missile system. 5 IN THE GOOD OLD WINTERTIME Thousands enjoy the color and competitions of cold-weather carnivals By Thomas A. Hoge estive carnivals based on snow, ice and frosty beauty are bringing color, drama F and exciting competition to more participants and spectators than ever this winter. Tobogganing, ski contests, frozen sculpture, ice skating, dogsled races, indoor and outdoor dancing, snow queen coronations and scores of other appealing events are as much a part of the scene in colder parts of the country as frigid weather fronts. It all started in this country back in 1886, when St. Paul, Minn., set out to refute a New York reporter's charge that the area's mountainous snow drifts made it "another Siberia, unfit for human habitation." Stung by the slur, city fathers staged a rousing festival -- its centerpiece a gothic palace built with 30,000 blocks of ice. Inside the frozen battlements were a skating rink, toboggan chute and one of this country's first ski runs. An exhibition of ice sculpture and a masquerade ball capped the 10-day celebration. The experiment was so successful that it touched off a chain reaction of diversified frolics, festivals and frost-theme hooplah at other communities, colleges and resorts throughout northwestern, Rocky Mountain, midwestern and New England states. This Left, this towering sculpture of Uller, Norse god of skiing, helps set the stage for a winter carnival at Dartmouth Col lege in Hanover, N.H.... Right, through out the north, grueling sled dog races add atmosphere to snow spectacles. I ETC 30192 year, St. Paul's February carnival is its 77th -- and it still is a highspot of the Minnesota winter calendar. In one way or another, many western carnivals feature the legendary battle between Boreas, god of the north wind, and Vulcan, god of fire--who finally triumphs over his icy foe and proclaims the coming of spring. At St. Paul, Vulcan's roaring entry and welcome by crowds costumed as giant penguins and abominable snowmen is a dazzling climax to the rocket-filled skies of Pageant Night. Fireworks also herald the start of Montana's four-day celebration at the ski capital of Whitefish in mid-February. Thousands of motorists con verge on the Rocky Mountain area annually to watch a night-time torchlight ski race down the slope of Big Mountain and to cheer horse-drawn skiers as they zig-zag over a slalom course. Spectacular at Steamboat Springs Another winter spectacular is the show at Steam boat Springs, Colorado ski center, which has been a January classic for 50 years. During three days of racing, cowboys astride fleet ponies gallop over snow-packed U.S. 40 with skiers in tow. At night a lone ski expert, waving a torch in each hand, zooms downhill and arcs through a blazing hoop. For winter carnival fans who like to live danger ously, tobogganing and bobsledding have magnetic appeal. At Lake Placid in New York's Adirondack Mountains, amateurs as well as professionals are invited to try the slick, twisting Olympic bobsled run, with experts in charge. Those who have made the run compare it with riding a bucking roller coaster at jet speed over a greased track. A wide range of other seasonal activities gives variety and zest to frostbite doings everywhere. They include such relatively simple (but often ex citing) contests as ice fishing, dogsled and snowshoe racing and moonlight sleigh rides. There also are pancake-baking competitions for women, snowshoveling matches for men, pole-climbing rivalries for teen-agers and tugs-of-war for youngsters. Dozens of northern schools, colleges and univer sities highlight their winters with carnivals of ener getic diversity that include ice hockey games, downhill, cross-country and slalom ski races and ski jumping. Crack hockey teams thrill thousands at Grand Forks, N. D., every February, when Min nesota and North Dakota universities clash at the annual King Kold Karnival. Snow and ice sculpture, a fine art at many col leges, has been a feature of the Dartmouth Winter Carnival, at Hanover, N. H,, since 1911. Among other eastern events are the world's championship sled dog races at Laconia, N. H., where rugged teams of huskies and drivers compete for honors. At Pittsfield, Mass., ice-skating stars perform for thousands of visitors each winter. Rumford, Me., which has been staging a sports gala for 38 years, featuring championship skiers, is one of many New England communities where local carni vals are held annually. As more winter festivals and celebrations are bom throughout the snow states, and crouds in crease, highway departments are busy keeping roads open and well sanded for the convenience and safety of motorists. It's easier and more inviting than ever to plan a Magic Circle trip to one or more of these colorful extravaganzas -- driving through a dazzling, crispy-white winter wonderland * 8 ETC 30193 skiing - downhill, slalom, cross-counnd jumping - is a feature of almost all r carnivals.... Right, competitors in costumes add color to a snow shovel at the Whitefish carnival in Montana. i i I, it- ) ^i V Climax to many wintertime frolics is the crowning of the carnival queen, who usually reigns with a bevy of beautiful attendants at a glittering evening ball. Downtown Fifth Street is flooded and flood lighted to provide a convenient ice skating rink in St. Paul, Minn., where the winter carnival idea was born in this country in 1886. 9 !i ETC 30194 -'(OXIDANTS ANTIOXIDANTS ANTIOXIDAN1 EFFECTIVE, ECONOMICAL AND 7VNTIOVERSATILE, "ETHYL" xceptionally effective and highly econom tively non-toxic liquid, also stabilizes jet fuels at E ical, "Ethyl" antioxidants are being used by industrial oils. increasing numbers of refiners to give petroleum An extensive new market in the plastics field li< products more desirable characteristics. The plastics, ahead for "Ethyl" Antioxidant 702, which alreac rubber, resins, paint and related chemical industries has important oil industry applications. The produi are extending applications for the chemical additives now has interim Food and Drug Administrate too. approval as an "antioxidant in the manufacture c On the market for only five years, the four Com resin used in food packaging." Resins are made int pany antioxidants with major commercial roles are the familiar transparent film in which fruits, vege currently going to some 85 oil companies in the tables, bakery products, meats and other edibles ar United States and other countries. In non-petroleum wrapped. fields, close to 30 manufacturers and processors are Projected opportunities to put 702 to work in thi using the additives commercially or in evaluation way follow widespread acceptance of the product a; programs. the only ashless motor oil antioxidant in general use The acceptability and growth-in-use record of by the petroleum industry. The versatility of 702 is "Ethyl" Antioxidant 733 is outstanding. In 1958, its contributing to current multi-million-pounds-per- first year, the product was used at three refineries to year demand, the largest of any "Ethyl" antioxidant help gasolines withstand prolonged storage without chemical. decomposing or accumulating excessive gum. The Most customers are using 702 as an antioxidant number of customer refineries went up to 25 a year and anti-wear agent for engine oils: automotive, later, to 53 by the end of 1960 and is now 120. aviation, outboard, two-cycle, gas and diesel. "Ethyl" 733 is not only a potent agent, but its Resistant to decomposition and high tempera cost is low. In some cases, oil companies using it are tures, the product is an ideal antioxidant in lubri cutting antioxidant bills in half. The additive, a rela- cants for heavy-duty equipment, such as trucks, 10 ETHYL NEWS ETc 30195 IDANTSs bulldozers, cranes, drilling rigs and steam turbines. Critical engine parts are cleaner when 702 is used. In lubricants for railroad diesel locomotives, the additive checks corrosion of sensitive metal bear ings. As a building block in developing superior oils to meet severe requirements, recognition for 702 is growing. "EthyF' Antioxidant 703 reduces undesirable chemical and physical changes in lubricants and heating oils during their storage and use. It promotes color stability, alkalinity and rust resistance. The product more than doubles the storage life of highcost, synthetic lubricants for jet engines. A poten tially promising field for 703 is to prevent deterior ation of distillate fuels. The plastics, paint, rubber and synthetic fiber industries are among those looking for new ways to utilize "Ethyl" antioxidants. In some cases the addi tives have proved their commercial statures. In others, evaluations are underway. Cracking and premature deterioration of natural and synthetic rubbers can be reduced with 702 and 703. This means that tires, electrical insulation, hose, waterproof materials, floor tiles, adhesives and a February 1963 host of other products are better when one of the antioxidants is built into them. "Ethyl" 736 is attracting interest as a stabilizer for certain synthetic resins and high-grade rubbers. It has applications, for example, in extending the life of inexpensive polypropylene fibers used to make cordage, industrial fabrics and other textiles. Specialty polymeric automobile paints can be im proved with 736 too. All "Ethyl" antioxidants are being made at the Company's special purpose chemicals plant at Orangeburg, S. C. They stem from an Ethyl re search discovery -- a process known as ortho-alkyl ation. It is responsible for the Company's first commercial ortho-derivatives of phenol and aniline. Ethyl last summer almost doubled the capacity of its Orangeburg plant to meet current and anticipated demands. A number of ortho-alkylated phenols and anilines can be obtained from Ethyl. They have latent appli cations as intermediates or chemical building blocks in making such end-products as insecticides, bacteriacides, perfumes and anti-skinning agents for paints.* 11 Gasoline testing for quality is easier and more economical by using . . Pushbutton Octane Numbers new knock-testing system, which deter the knock-testing system A mines octane numbers automatically, has been follows a programmed developed by Ethyl Corporation for use in gasolinetest procedure, automati testing laboratories. cally adjusts the compres Utilizing present knock-test equipment, the system sion ratio and fuel-air automatically controls test engine operating condi mixture during the test, tions, measures octane number as accurately as and yields results on the standard ASTM methods, and increases the number basis of a prescribed of octane ratings that can be performed in a testing standard knock intensity laboratory in a given time. of the test engine. The system offers the oil industry a potential for A strip chart recorder better octane quality control by means of multiple in the unit provides a ratings with existing manpower, and at less cost. record of maximum Because it is completely mechanized, the system knock determination and permits simultaneous operation of two knock-testing compression ratio selection during the test. engines by one man, and makes it possible to make The engine controller consists of five basic com four octane number determinations in the time re ponents: (1) Compression ratio adjustment control; quired to obtain one by standard ASTM methods. (2) Detonation meter automatic short-time constant Further, the new knock-testing system could relay; (3) Maximum knock air-fuel ratio adjustment make possible an entirely new method of refinery control; (4) Automatic programming unit; and (5) product control. With suitable sampling equipment, Compression ratio and carburetor fuel level motors. a knock-test engine equipped with the special Ethyl The automatic programming unit or "Ethyl Pro unit could be used to determine and record continu grammer," which consists of electrical relays and a ously the octane quality of gasoline from pipelines, solenoid-operated rotary switch, is the heart of the loading lines or process unit streams. Samples deliv engine controller. This unit is not simply a timer for ered to the test engine at the rate of one every eight the various phases of operation, but actually senses to 10 minutes would give a dramatic and useful the completion of each step and triggers the start of record of octane quality. the proper succeeding step. The new system is based on an engine controller The knock-testing procedure is completely auto developed by Ethyl Corporation for use with a matic once the equipment has been set to go. standard knock-testing engine. With this equipment, More than 1,800 octane ratings (both manual and 12 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30] 97 j .5 *7 %** y Above, Ethyl's automatic knock-testing system in use with an ASTM engine ... Below, Gasoline Testing Division men responsible for the innovation include Hudson W. Kellogg, manager; John T. Jones, senior project engineer; and William C. Ludt, assistant manager. automatic) have been made by Ethyl's Gasoline Testing Division to test the accuracy of the new sys tem. The results achieved have proven the reliability of the engine controller equipment. As the latest effort by Ethyl Corporation to im prove the efficiency of knock-test methods and equipment and reduce their cost of operation for the oil industry, the controller is an outgrowth of the Ethyl Compression Ratio Procedure. Introduced some years ago, the Procedure greatly reduced the number of steps previously required to determine octane number. The efficiency and accuracy of the Compression Ratio Procedure are evidenced by over a half million Research and Motor ratings obtained through its use. Ethyl's new automatic knock-testing system is expected to be of greatest value in gasoline testing laboratories that have a reasonably steady sample load and where samples can be grouped according to octane number range. When installed on several engines, the equipment can improve manpower ef fectiveness and contribute to time savings. The new system offers a big improvement in the day-to-day testing of gasoline for quality control. Ethyl Corporation has patented the automatic knock-testing system and plans to make it available to customer oil companies on a royalty-free basis. February 1963 H ETC 30198 13 i I 200 Million Automobile production and use help shape the economy of America *f the 78 million cars, trucks and buses on the roads of America this winter, one, somewhere, is distinctively unique. Unknown to its owner, its seller or even to its builder, it is a vehicle that helped establish an industrial record. It is the 200 millionth motor vehicle produced in the United States since 1896. No gilt-edged birth certificate could be issued to this history-making automobile and no fanfare could accompany its entry into the automotive world. More than 35,000 other vehicles rolled off assembly lines on December 11, the day that the recordsetter emerged, gleaming and new, from one of the 85 automobile manufacturing plants in 25 states across the country, so it was impossible to single it out. But identification of the individual unit is not as important as its significance. Production of the 200 millionth vehicle highlights the soaring increase in automobile popularity -- an increase that has put 90.5 million licensed drivers at the wheels of the country's 78.5 million motor vehicles and enabled them to pile up three-quarters of a trillion miles on the roads and streets of the United States annually; an increase that has provided at least one car for 77 percent of America's families and two cars for over 14 percent. It was just 14 years earlier -- in 1948 -- that the 100 millionth car was built, but 52 long years, from 1896 to 1948, had been required to reach that mile stone. In its earlier decades, the fledgling automobile industry needed 29 years to produce its first 25 million cars. Rolling along in high gear, it turned out the latest 25 million units in less than four years. Of the 200 million units built by the automobile industry, 165 million have been passenger cars and 35 million trucks and buses. Together, they are valued at a cumulative total of close to $250 billion. Today, a single year's output is worth $15 billion. With its huge, far-flung operations and tremendous production capacity, the industry is one of the country's most potent economic forces and its production figures are read like a barometer by business analysts. 14 ETC 30199 Motor Vehicles The industry employs hundreds of thousands of people directly and buys raw materials, parts and subassemblies from more than 30,000 independent suppliers. Eleven million Americans, including 175,000 in petroleum and 499,000 in road building and maintenance, produce, sell, service or operate motor vehicles -- more than one in every seven job holders. A big employer, the industry also is a big buyer. It uses huge quantities of many raw materials: one-fifth of the nation's steel output; one-third of the zinc production; more than two-thirds of all malleable iron; nearly half of the lead output; and two-thirds of all lubricating oils and greases. Nearly 800,000 businesses in the United States -- one in every six -- are automotive. Highway users consume 61.5 billion gallons of gasoline and pay more than $11 billion in special vehicle taxes each year. These are just a few automotive statistics. It's almost impossible even to estimate the full impact of the production and use of 200 million motor vehicles.* In a unique public service enterprise, Standard Oil Company (Ohio) is contributing to knowledgejiispace programs n one corner of a laboratory at the modern I Standard Oil Company (Ohio) Research Cen ter in suburban Cleveland is the machinery for Project Moonbeam, one of the oil industry's most unusual scientific and public service un dertakings. It is a unique, improvised satellite tracking station used by Sohio scientists and technicians in their spare time to keep tabs on space vehicles. Interpreting data received from fast-moving celestial craft and passing it on in understand able terms to newspapers, radio and television stations, universities, government agencies, scientists, industries, students and the general public has earned broad new recognition for Sohio's technical know-how and public con sciousness. In fact, a satellite-carrying rocket barely leaves its launching pad anywhere in the world before the Research Center's telephone starts ringing. Last summer, most of the news the American public got for several days about Russia's twin manned capsules, Vostok III and Vostok IV, came from Sohio's homemade installation. Re- Project Moonbeam depends upon volunteers. Left, Dr. Philip S. Fay and Dr. A. Letcher Jones, supervisor of basic research, busy with a prediction plotting board ... Right, Ralph W. Burfcans. instrumentation expert and Robert A. Thompson check equipment they built largely with surplus and second-hand parts. 17 ETC 30202 KEEPING TRACK OF SATELLITES leased to local news-gathering agencies, infor mation about the Soviet cosmonauts went to wire services and broadcasting networks and was flashed to a news-hungry nation. Voice transmission as well as radio signals from the Russian spacemen were picked up by Sohio monitors and translated. "Attention, Attention .. ." went part of one of the cosmonaut's messages from miles up in the sky. "Speaking off the Soviet spaceship Vostok III, flying over your great country, I am sending greetings to the talented American people, wishing peace and happiness to the people of your country.... Be happy on earth, I am all right here. Fine. Thank you .. ." United States Astronauts Clear voice transmission as well as signals also have been received from other Soviet cosmonauts, and from American astronauts John Glenn, Scott Carpenter and Walter Shirra as they have hurtled through space. Manned spacecraft are not the only orbiting objects interesting to Sohio scientists. With equal skill and accuracy, they have tracked nearly all satellites hurled aloft by the United States and the Soviet Union for various research reasons ever since Sputnik I focused the eyes and ears of the world on outer space back in 1957. The amount of information they glean from what sound like nothing more than unrevealing little "beeps" to the untrained ear is nothing short of astounding. The Standard Oil of Ohio station was the first non-government installation in the world to pick up the voice of Explorer TV as it completed its first orbit. It also detected and reported the successful orbiting of Explorer VII, Echo I and Courier I. Listening to radio signals, Sohio's part-time space scientists observed and advanced theories about surface wrinkling of the globe-circling balloon, Echo I. They also have recorded solar storms which have caused spectacular aurora borealis displays in Ohio skies. Real interest and dedication to Project Moon 18 beam is seen in the number of non-working hours that its devotees give to it. Headed by Dr. A. L. Jones, supervisor of basic research, members of the group reported to the station soon after dawn one Saturday last summer im mediately after learning that the first of Russia's twin space capsules had been launched. They manned equipment around the clock for several days, averaging about four hours sleep each and answering hundreds of phone calls a day. No Johnny-come-lately to the reception and interpretation of space data, the Sohio project was in the works when Sputnik I ushered in the space age. Months before, a group at the Research Center had requested permission to build from discarded, surplus and second-hand equipment a receiving station beamed to satel lites which would be put up during the coming International Geophysical Year. The project was approved by Dr. Jones and by Dr. E. C. Hughes, Sohio vice president in charge of research, with the understanding that the tracking station would be used only to satisfy the intellectual curiosity of men dedicated enough to spend evenings and weekends on it. Forty-eight hours before Explorer I, the first United States satellite, was launched on January 31, 1958, the station was in operation and tracked Explorer I as it soared over Cleveland. Project Moonbeam's equipment was designed and integrated economically and efficiently by Ralph W. Burhans, one of the Research Center's instrumentation experts, and by Roy E. Rankins, an associate. By adapting surplus equipment and combining it in a unique way, these men built a station that can receive vital information from satellites at a very small cost. Unused laboratory "hardware" provided a start for the antenna system, built on the Re search Center's roof and grounds. Limited funds supplied by Sohio made it possible to buy a mini mum but workable amount of equipment. Looking ahead to receiving direct TV pic tures from probes to be sent to the moon and other planets, a surplus 28-foot parabolic col lector has been purchased from the government and a tower on which to mount it ha^ been ETHYL NEWS ETC 30203 bought at salvage cost from Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company. An antenna mounting device still is needed to complete the installation. Besides relaying information on newly launched space vehicles, Project Moonbeam supplies news media with schedules of when observable satellites will be in view. These schedules are followed with continuing interest by thousands of space-minded people. Give Talks on Space In another outreach of Project Moonbeam, Sohio's space experts have accepted more than 400 invitations to talk to civic, fraternal and church groups throughout the state of Ohio. They estimate that some 50,000 people have become familiar with findings and values of the great space research programs through these talks, while hundreds of thousands more have heard about them on TV, radio and through newspapers. Still another bonus of the project is the train ing and opportunity for advanced studies it provides for gifted high school and college stu dents, who have worked part time with its data and equipment. Two of these students, Thomas W. Petrie and William C. Niehaus, pf Xavier University, wrote a computer program to con sider effects on radio frequency caused by the relative motion between the earth and 83 celes tial bodies. These include the five closest planets in our solar system and the 78 closest stars capable of supporting a planetary system in our galaxy, the Milky Way. The unique catalogue they published, "Tables of Planetary and Stellar Doppler Shifts," has been distributed widely. There's almost no end to the number of scientific and public service contributions Sohio's Project Moonbeam has made. "Although the tracking of satellites does nothing directly to make a new or better petroleum product," says Charles E. Spahr, Standard Oil (Ohio) presi dent, "the company is well aware that it is through research that intellectual curiosity is stimulated. It is for this reason that we are mak ing this contribution to space technology."* The modern research center of Standard Oil (Ohio) in suburban Cleveland, headquarters of the company's satellite tracking program. News sources and official agencies call upon Sohio for up-to-date space Information. February 1963 19 ETC 30204 I'E f [UiBflZ- > Appearing on TV, the Ethyl group reached an audience of 30,000 with its freedoms message. Speakers from the Ethyl Management Club at Baton Rouge are helping to increase economic understanding by ... Telling America's Story he management club at Ethyl Corporation's manufacturing center at Baton TRouge, La., is doing an outstanding job of "Selling America." Before high school classes, church groups, civic and service clubs, professional societies, and even television viewers, its members are presenting a series of slide-illustrated talks to explain the basic principles of the American economic system. The Ethyl group's project is part of a nationwide effort to further economic understanding, using an approach developed by the National Management Associa tion in 1960. Adopted by the Ethyl Management Club in Baton Rouge early in 1961, the program has been presented more than 95 times to audiences totaling over 36,000 people in the Baton Rouge area. This audience is larger than that reached by any of the other 92 management clubs throughout the country that also are participating in the "Selling America" undertaking. And the Ethyl group is the only one that has presented any phase of the program on television. These accomplishments have earned national recognition for the Ethyl club in the National Management Association. 20 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30205 "Selling America" program lectures are highlighted by slides which emphasize key points in the three-part economic story. Ray Metternich, left, who heads Ethyl Management Club's "Selling America" program, arranges with Dennis F. Burge, principal, and Robert Hughes, social studies teacher, for presenting lectures to Baton Rouge High School students. February 1963 Teen-agers at St. John High School, Plaquemine, LaM bear Ethyl's John Barksdale discuss the problems of inflation. 21 ETC 30206 Telling America's Story The "Selling America" program, as presented to varied audiences, is divided into three phases: (1) Know Your Freedoms; (2) The Four Laws of Abundance; and (3) Inflation. Each phase consists of a 40-minute illustrated lecture, which is a com plete presentation in itself. The first phase points out that freedom to make choices is the most precious heritage of every Amer ican. It explains that in addition to freedom of Volunteer speakers include Robert C. Bloodwell, Ethyl annuitant, shown here addressing the Baton Rouge Exchange Club. religion and freedom of speech, there are four basic freedoms which form the foundation of the Ameri can economic system: Freedom to Try; Freedom to Sell; Freedom to Buy; and Freedom to Fail. The second phase explains how America's free enterprise system has provided an abundance of goods through the workings of the laws of produc tivity, enterprise, incentive and competition. The third phase explains the causes and dangers of inflation and proposes that inflation can be con trolled by three solutions, applied simultaneously: (I) More output per man-hour; (2) Keeping bene fits in line with increased productivity; and (3) Increasing government spending only if direct taxes are increased. 22 Eleven members of the Ethyl Management dub serve as volunteer "Selling America" program speakers. They represent such diverse parts of the plant as employee relations, operations, research and development, industrial engineering, finance, maintenance and construction, purchasing and traf fic, and even include one retired member. Each of these men concentrates on just one phase of the overall presentation and each took a training course of approximately 32 hours before appearing in front of an audience. The Baton Rouge club's presentation of the "Selling America" program to high school stu dents resulted from plans made by Raymond H. Mettemich, coordinator of the program, in conjunction with high school principals. Subsequently all three phases of the program were presented to students in high schools in Baton Rouge and in nearby Plaquemine, La. Hundreds in Audiences A number of presentations were made each day for three successive days, with hundreds of students in school audiences. Subsequently, teachers used the "Selling America" talks as the basis for written assignments and class room discussions. "Both teachers and students were enthusi astic about the program," wrote one high school principal in a letter of thanks to the Ethyl Management Club. "We are grateful to you for presenting these excellent lectures." A high school teacher wrote: "Our students were particularly impressed with the idea of chemical engineers and technical editors bring ing important facets of economics, free enterprise and Americanism down to their level in such an intelligible fashion." In "Selling America" by television, the Ethyl Management Club speakers presented a summary of the first phase of the program -- Freedom to try, sell, buy, fail -- on a popular noon-time program over station WBRZ-TV one day last September to an audience estimated at 30,000. Since time for Ethyl participation was 15 minutes, a five-minute interview was followed by a ten-minute presentation of selected slides. The interview presented information about the National Management Association, the Ethyl Man agement Club and the "Selling America" program.* ETHYL NEWS ETC 30207 Salt brine is decomposed into chlorine gas and caustic cell liquor in these electrolytic cells in a new plant at Ethyl's Baton Rouge, La., manufacturing center. modern, new, multi-million-dollar plant for the A manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda, two widely used basic chemicals, was completed and went into production at Ethyl Corporation's manu facturing center in Baton Rouge, La., in midJanuary. The plant, which has a capacity of 175 tons of chlorine a day, will help supply the in creasing chlorine requirements of Ethyl's Baton Rouge manufacturing operations. In the new processing installation -- which was designed, engineered and built under the super vision of Ethyl personnel -- salt brine, the raw ma terial, is decomposed into chlorine gas and a caustic cell liquor in a battery of electrolytic cells. These cells are believed to be the largest of their type in use commercially for the electrolysis of brine. After further processing, both the chlorine and the caustic cell liquor are purified for ultimate industrial use. As the world's largest manufacturer of anti knock compounds for gasoline and a leading pro ducer of chlorinated hydrocarbons, Ethyl is a major consumer of chlorine. The Company uses the ele ment to produce ethyl chloride, methyl chloride and ethylene dichloride, ingredients of antiknock addi tives and other chemical compounds, and in vinyl chloride monomer and vinylidene chloride mo nomer. The latter two chemicals are used in the manufacture of plastics and plastic products, in cluding plastic coatings for paper and paper board used in modem packaging. The caustic soda manufactured in the new Ethyl plant is purified to commercial specifications and marketed to industrial consumers as a 50 percent caustic solution.* February 1963 23 ETC 30208 Yesteryear's outstanding autos get a new lease on life as members of the Classic Car Club restore and display them as ... By Stanton P. Nickerson hile most Americans are captivated annually by Wnew-model automobiles as they are introduced, a special segment of the nation's motorists is more fas cinated by the best products of yesteryear's assembly lines and custom car shops. Such people are members of the Classic Car Club of America. Some 3,000 strong, Classic Car Club members lavish their affection on what they consider "outstanding examples of motor car sculpture, conjuring personal memories and stimulating the heart." Marmons, Frank lins, Pierce Arrows, Stutzes, Cadillacs, Dusenbergs, Lincolns, Packards, Aubums, Cords and Rolls Royces are among the makes included. To be eligible for the classic label, cars (with a few exceptions) must have 24 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30209 been built between 1925 and 1942 and must meet the highest standards of design, construction and engineering. The Classic Car Club has members throughout the United States and in Canada and 20 other countries. Its purpose is to promote "the devel opment, publication and interchange of technical, historical and other information among members and others who own or are interested in fine or unusual foreign or domestic automobiles." In par- of America and clubs of Lincoln, Packard, Rolls Royce and Aubum-Cord-Dusenberg owners. In the last half of 1962 alone, classicists had a 100-event automotive calendar to enjoy. Each of the club's three United States areas climaxes its season with a midsummer "Grand Classic." Last year, members entered a total of 212 automobiles from 20 to 37 years old in Grand Classic competitions -- westerners at Redondo Beach, Calif.; midwestemers at Indianapolis Speed- l ticular, members "encourage the maintenance and preservation of all such classic cars." In "bringing together in good fellowship all those who admire the finest examples of automo tive craftsmanship," the Classic Car Club sponsors three- and four-day caravan-fours of fleets of classic vehicles, shorter outings and excursions, trips to museum collections in this country and Europe, informal social gatherings and -- most important -- meets and shows in which owners exhibit their cars competitively for coveted prizes. Classic car devotees also take part in shows, trips, competitions and social events sponsored by such organizations as the Antique Automobile Gub February 1963 way; and easterners at Morristown, N. J. At such events, teams of judges, selected for their knowledge and appreciation of classic stand ards, examine entries; checking on engine perform ance, brake, electrical and instrument system oper ation, paint, upholstery, tire and plated surface condition, and retention of original properties in tops, frames and trim. The authenticity of restora tion work on reconditioned entries also is carefully evaluated. The maximum score --100 points --is seldom attained, but 99.75 points were awarded to two entries in competitions last summer. One was a 1937 Mercedes-Benz cabriolet owned by C. E. 25 ETC 30210 Aristocrats of the Road BEFORE Valentine, Jr., Detroit manufacturer, and the other an eight-cylinder 1930 Packard speedster, the prop erty of William Harrah, Reno casino proprietor. Mr. Harrah has a fleet of 150 classic cars --more than any other club member. Gold, silver and bronze plated models of a composite classic car are awarded to first, second and third place winners in competitions. To pre vent battered entries of substandard qualifications from winning prizes, in case competition is limited, rules state that at least 90 points must be scored to win first place, 80 points for second and 70 points for third. Classic car owners participate in a variety of civic and philanthropic enterprises. They drive their distinctive vehicles, by invitation, in parades and at rallies, fairs and similar gatherings, helping to draw patrons. They also drive underprivileged city young sters to camps in the country in their Marmons, Cadillacs, Packards, Pierce Arrows and other clas sic cars. Discovering, buying and restoring outdated cars of classic stature probably is club members' great est interest. Occasionally junk yards yield finds worth salvaging, and sometimes enterprising mem bers locate desirable models through garages, dealers and advertisements. In any case, finding what they are looking for requires a combination of thoroughness, perseverance, ingenuity and luck. A thrilling occasion for classic car enthusiasts was the auction last May of 27 pre-World War II vehicles from the vast, shuttered Wallis C. Bird estate at Locust Valley, N. Y. The dust-covered array, which included Dusenbergs, Bugattis, Hispano-Suizas, Isotta-Fraschinis, Alfa-Romeos and other makes, was hailed as the most fascinating of its kind in recent times. Restorations Can Be Costly Restoring a prized acquisition to first-class con dition can cost classic car enthusiasts anywhere from a few hundred dollars to $10,000 or more, but because most club members are mechanically inclined, they can hold conditioning costs down by 26 A San Francisco classic enthusiast spent. I Using a walkie-talkie radio, management consultant Robert E. Turnquist, club president, helps keep a caravan of autos moving smoothly on a long tri| ETHYL NEWS Awards at Grand Classics depend on sound physical and mechanical condition. This Judge wants to check a car's radiator before completing his report. February 1963 doing much of the work themselves. Many have machine shops or access to such facilities and can fabricate unobtainable parts, fittings and accessories themselves. In doing so, they build affection and pride into their vintage autos. The relatively recent disappearance of the word "Packard" from the Studebaker-Packard corporate name is deplored by classic devotees since Packard is their most popular make -- 1,147 are owned by members. The next most popular makes and their numbers among Classic Car Club members are: Lincolns -- 556, Cadillacs -- 381, Rolls Royces -- 269 and Pierce Arrows --205. Cords, Aubums, Dusenbergs, Mercedes-Benzes, Franklins and Stutzes also are popular. A recent announcement by "Automobile Quar terly" that the extinct 1936, front-wheel-drive Cord will be built again soon is arousing mixed reactions among Classic Car Club members. If the projected "limited numbers" appear, ownership will not en title buyers to club membership. Ersatz replicas, no matter how faithful in specifications and details, are not the real thing. 27 ETHYL in the NEWS New Federal Specification Increases Permissive Lead Antiknock Compound Concentrations in Automotive Gasoline he newly-published federal specification for ml per gallon, following a study and report by a T automotive gasoline sold to the federal govern special committee appointed by the U. S. Surgeon ment -- which increases the maximum permissive General's office. Since then, increasing numbers of concentration of lead antiknock compounds to the gasoline brands have shown lead concentrations of equivalent of 4 ml of tetraethyl lead per gallon over 3 ml per gallon. Ethyl's monthly gasoline qual -- will give refiners greater flexibility in their ity surveys show that 519 out of 6,000 premium operations and forward planning, according to gasoline samples in 1962 contained over 3 ml ol S. T. Pruitt, general sales manager of Ethyl Corpora tpfrapthvl lead per gallon, and 200 out of 6,000 tion. regular gasoline samples contained over 3 ml. This "The federal gasoline specification," Mr. Pruitt is an increase of 38% and 11% respectively over says, "permits the use of any lead alkyl compound the corresponding number of samples in 1961.* -- in concentrations of up to 4.23 grams of metallic lead per gallon -- in non-military gasoline sold to the federal government. The specification states that the `lead alkyl compounds shall be of the types identified as tetraethyl lead, methyl triethyl lead, dimethyl diethyl lead, trimethyl ethyl lead, tetrame- New Sales Manager Named for Ethyl Corporation of Canada thyl lead, or admixtures thereof. The lead alkyl compound or mixture shall contain appropriate quantities of scavenger as required in the gasoline being blended.' " Threefold Benefit thyl corporation of E CANADA LIMITED has a new sales manager. He is James H. Main, whose pro motion became effective on January 1. In his new posi The new federal specification, Mr. Pruitt points tion, with headquarters in out, will be of threefold benefit to the oil industry. Toronto, he is taking over "First," he says, "it will enable a number of managerial responsibilities smaller refiners to produce gasoline meeting a handled until this year by H. federal specification. Second, the gasoline specifi J. Philp, Ethyl Corporation of cations of a number of states are based upon the Canada's vice president in charge of sales. federal specification. Accordingly, it means that Formerly the Canadian company's assistant sales gasoline with a tetraethyl lead content of higher manager, Mr. Main has been working closely with than 3 ml per gallon can now be marketed to those Mr. Philp since late 1961 on the administration state governments. Finally, the new federal specifi and supervision of sales activities throughout the cation will give all refiners greater leeway in their country. At the same time, he has been eastern sales forward planning, knowing that they have a cushion division manager. of the fourth ml of lead to draw upon before pro Mr. Main has fourteen years of association with ceeding with heavy capital expenditures on new antiknock compound marketing and customer serv processing equipment." ices in Canada. After starting with Ethyl in 1949 at In 1959, the antiknock compound industry in his native Winnipeg, Mr. Main became senior sales creased the maximum permissive concentrations of representative at Montreal before his 1959 appoint tetraethyl lead in automotive gasoline from 3 to 4 ment as sales division manager.# 28 ETC 30213 WHAT'S AHEAD? The best way to find out is to do some exploring. We've found this especially true in our business. Over the years, constant exploration has helped us produce better products, provide a better service program for our customers. It's one of the things that has helped make Ethyl Corporation a partner in our customers' progress. S*?Z Come watch a brook carve fantasies in marble. Standing in a garage, your car is just a piece of machinery. Pointed down an open road, it can discover the beauty and ro mance of America for you and your children wherever you live. If you live in the east, point it toward the Mohawk Trail. Stop first where a stream is carving wonders in solid marble. See potholes etched by swirling gravel. See a marble cliff wall formed from sea shells 550 million years ago. And a natural bridge tunneled over the centuries by swiftly moving waters. follow the trail westward in the footsteps of the Mohawks. And thrill to the wonders of a child's awakening, as beauty and history and the precious heritoge of this country light a gleam in his discovering eyes. You don't have to live in the east for this magic to happen. This thrill awaits you wherever you live ... in the canyons and mountains of the far west, on the rolling plains of the heart land, or perhaps on a southern battlefield. Ethyl calls this fascinating world around you a Magic Circle. Why not start discovering your Magic Circle this weekend? Your service station deoler will be glad to help. ETHYL CORPORATION New York 17, New York Ethyl Corporation of Canoda Limited, Toronto These Mogic Circle advertisements are published to help you get mar* *rifoym*n/ out of your cor. Bthyl makes additives used by oil companies to improve their gasolines ond your driving pleasure. On* of o strits of odv*rtis*m#nts dir*ct*d to tho Motoring public to help *xpand th* markot for gosottn* and oth*r torvic* station products ETC 30215 o TRUCK CROSSING INTERSTATE STATE 75 YIELD . i, I; ; EXIT 1 'I WANTED:'Uniform Traffic Signs ETC 30216 VOl. 90, Ho. S APRIL IMS Published six times a yeor {February, April, June, August, October and December) by Ethyl Corporation 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. manufacturer of "Ethyl* antiknock compounds and other odditives used by oil companies to improve the quolity of petroleum products. 8. B. Turner, President William R. Perdue, Jr., Executive Vice President and Treasurer 8. C. Gottwald, Vice President and Secretory Richord F. Cook, Editor, ETHYL NEWS Stonton P. Nickerson, Associate Editor Corsten Grande, Art Director Articles from outside sources ore welcomed. Upon request, permission to reprint moteriol appearing in ETHYL NEWS will be gronted. Con ten ts.Page OIL TODAY AND TOMORROW 1 MODERN ALCHEMY WITH ALUMINUM ALKYLS 6 TRAVEL CAN BE SOLD .......................... B CALIFORNIA TO TEST ETHYL EXHAUST GAS CONVERTER 12 WANTED: UNIFORM TRAFFIC SIGNS 14 FIRST IN FLORIDA 18 HOW TO MEASURE SATISFACTION 22 ALL ABOUT COUNTIES 25 NEWSBRIEFS 28 ON THE COVER: The polyglot shapes, sizes, and colors of traffic signs provide the artist with background material, but what motorists need, as in dicated by the domi nant signs, is uniform ity. See "WANTED: Uniform Traffic Signs," pages 14-17. PICTURE CREDITS: Cover, Morimoto Studios; pages 1*5, German Tourist Information Office, U.S. World Petroleum Congress Committee, Fabian Bochrach; poges t, 9, 15, A. Devaney, Inc.; pages 18-21, Roy N. Green, Inc.; poges 22-24, Joseph Forris. Printed in U.S.A. Meeting in Frankfurt, Germany, this June, delegates to World Petroleum-Congress will see and hear about... ETC 30217 i nterest in the Sixth World Petroleum Con I gress is accelerating this spring as national com mittees complete final arrangements for the largest and most intensive conclave of its kind. The scien tifically-oriented program is designed to help oil industry leaders meet the challenges of today and tomorrow and reach new heights of cooperative enterprise. Some 5,000 people are expected for the Congress' June 19-26 sessions at Frankfurt in Germany. Rep resenting oil companies, government agencies, trade associations and others with stakes in petroleum, delegates will be coming from 58 countries in all parts of the world. About 800 are due from the United States -- more than from any other nation. Collectively, the week's meetings will promote better understanding among international segments of the oil industry, largely through interchange of knowledge and information on scientific and tech nical subjects. Practical relationships between re search and the industry's goals are to be reviewed and evaluated. There will be ample opportunity for extending personal contacts among oilmen with com mon or related interests. An international exhibition, "Inter-Oil 1963," is being set up at Congress Hall and adjoining buildings at Frankfurt's exhibition and fair grounds, where the Congress will be held. Displays are to represent the latest developments and achievements in tech nical equipment being used by the petroleum and natural gas industries. Among the principal events scheduled are ad dresses by prominent oil company executives. M. J. Rathbone, Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) II ;i today and tomorrow Delegates wQ] see the latest in technical and scientific oil industry equipment in these exhibition buildings near Petroleum Congress headquarters. i j i' 1 ETC 30218 ji ETHYL PRESENTING PAPER ON VOLATILE AND SELECTIVE ANTIKNOCKS Robert J. Riggs mong some 250 technical papers scheduled for the Sixth World A Petroleum Congress will be "Mixed Lead Alkyls -- Volatile and Selective Antiknocks," prepared by Ethyl Corporation refinery technologists. It presents analytical findings determined at the Company's Detroit Research Laboratories. Three principal areas of lead alkyl research are covered: Research and Motor octane number tests, road antiknock performance in automobiles, and deposit and durability tests in multicylinder engines. Reviewing extensive investigations which Ethyl has made into fuel-antiknock relationships, the paper points out that refiners and marketers can benefit from what the Company has learned about effects of different lead alkyls on the octane numbers of various gasolines. Cost advantages as well as better performance in automobiles, the authors find, are among the principal dividends of selecting the best antiknock for a specific gasoline. Factors involved in determining what combinations of TEL, TML and/or related lead alkyls are desirable to promote maximum road and laboratory antiknock quality in a given fuel are explained. Many of these and other findings are based on "a massive screening program," in which Ethyl experimented with "some 400 gasoline samples, representing over 60 percent of U. S. capacity ... submitted by refiners for the purpose of comparing eight alkyls by both the Research and Motor octane number tests." Much of the paper deals with highly specialized data, including such factors as lead concentrations and the chemistry of antiknocks in relation to the characteristics of regular and premium fuels. The road antiknock effectiveness of lighter lead alkyls is compared with TEL in many different gasolines and in a wide variety of cars equipped with manual or automatic transmissions. In addition to comprehensive investigations into the antiknock behavior of lighter lead alkyls, the Ethyl paper also covers their effect on exhaust valve durability, combustion chamber deposits, spark plug life and storage stability. Favorable comparisons between TML and TEL in these and other ways are based on over two million miles of road testing with an 18-vehicle fleet of United States and European models. Because every gasoline has "highly individual response" to leaded additives, the Ethyl authors conclude their summary by declaring that more octanes for their antiknock dollars can reward refiners who test their gasolines carefully. Ethyl offers its customers an electronic computer-evaluation service to help them select the most suitable additives. Covering more than two years of study and experimentation, the Company paper will be presented by Robert J. Riggs of Export Sales. The full text is to be published in Sixth World Petroleum Congress proceedings. Copies will be available through Ethyl representatives. There will be an Ethyl Corporation headquarters suite for business meetings and informal discussions at the new Intercontinental Hotel in Frankfurt during the Congress. A display of Ethyl products and services is being arranged in the suite, where interested delegates can get information about them. ETC 30219 OH today and tomorrow International oilmen at the Sixth World Petroleum Congress will attend sessions in Congress Hall, upper right, and adjoining buildings at the exhibition and fair grounds in Frankfurt, Germany ... Below, the city's ancient town hall, one of many distinctive local and nearby points of interest to which sightseeing trips are being arranged. chairman, is reviewing "The Contributions of Oil to Our Civilization." The topic of J. H. Loudon, Royal Dutch Shell board president, is "Speeding the Pace of Technological Development." A. Giraud, deputy director of the (French) Institut de Petrole, is speak ing on "Scientific Progress and Industrial Evolution in the Petroleum Industry." Authorities representing oil interests in the United States, Germany and Great Britain are giving four general papers on exploration, drilling and produc tion, refining and petrochemicals and the utilization of petroleum products. At meetings covering almost every facet of the industry's scientific and technological fronts, 250 other papers are scheduled for the Congress' multiple sessions. According to the preliminary program, there will be about 67 papers by authors from United States oil companies. Special efforts are being made to insure wide3 Oil today and tomorrow spread understanding of proceedings and subjects covered. Listener audiences with earphones can tune in to simultaneous translations in French, German and English, the conclave's principal languages. Visits to industrial enterprises related to the petro leum industry will supplement the official program. Delegates can go through European petrochemical plants, steel mills and instrument manufacturing centers. Excursions to the German oil areas of Hanover and Upper Bavaria are being arranged. Other optional activities include varied social and recreational events, among them sightseeing trips to points of cultural, historic and scenic interest in Frankfurt and the surrounding countryside. Vine yards and castles along the Rhine can be cajoyed-by steamer. There will be opportunities to attend the opera and summer concerts. Outings are being planned to Spessart, Palatinate, Wurzburg and Tanus. API Charter Flights Oilmen who want to combine going to the World Petroleum Congress with other business in Europe or vacations abroad are joining charter flights being sponsored by the API. Members of the Institute can fly from New York to Frankfurt or Paris, and return from London, Copenhagen or Madrid. Attractive tours at group Tates for delegates interested in "traveling with other members of the API with simi lar interests and backgrounds" are available too. Dr. W. J. Sweeney, Esso Research & Engineer ing vice president, is chairman of the United States committee on arrangements for American partici pation in the Congress. His two vice chairmen are Dr. J. B. McAfee, vice president and executive technical advisor of Gulf Oil, and H. B. Nichols, California Texas Oil senior vice president. Other committee members include key representatives of Shell Development, Gulf Oil, Socony Mobil, Tex aco, Esso Research & Engineering, California Research Corporation, Pan American Petroleum and Sun Oil. Chairman, U. S. World Petro leum Congress committee: W. J. Sweeney, vice president, Esso Research & Engineering. I' t ETHYL NEWS ETC 30221 April 1963 Modern Alchemy with Aluminui By Stanton P. Nickerson among the newer products manufactured and xx. marketed by Ethyl Corporation are chem icals known as aluminum alkyls and their halides. They have important uses today and bright pros pects for still more applications tomorrow. Highly reactive, these organo-metallic compounds are currently playing significant roles as catalysts needed to trigger critical steps in the production of two plastics industry giants--polypropylene and cer tain types of polyethylene. They have similar uses in making newer synthetic rubbers. Some of the compounds are winning spurs as chemical intermediates. The potentials of others point to uses in the ignition systems of jet planes, rockets and guided missiles, where their pyrophoric (self-igniting) characteristics may be valuable. With the continuing expansion of industries where aluminum alkyls and their halides already are in bulk demand and the progress of research and de velopment to extend the products' horizons, Ethyl expects markets for these chemicals to multiply. The. Company is a pioneer in the commercial manufacture of aluminum compounds and has beet producing them since 1957 at its special chemical: plant in Orangeburg, S. C. Process innovations anc recent construction have given the plant a multi million-pounds-a-year capacity. Further expansioi is planned as demand increases. A major use for Ethyl aluminum alkyls is ir catalysts for making high density polyethylene plas tics. Once known principally as the material in hula hoops for youngsters, the light, tough and durable resin is now going into innumerable end-products. In Containers, Toys, Insolation They include containers for household bleaches and other liquids. Sizeable quantities of polyethylene also go into children's toys, film for bags and pack aging, kitchen and garden utensils, wire and cable insulation, toilet articles and a variety of trays, cabi nets, frames, moldings, fittings and cases Consumption of high density polyethylene in the United States will approach 375 million pounds this year. This compares with 315 million pounds in ETC 30223 ETHYL NEWS AUC^C1 Alkyls 1962 and close to 230 million pounds during 1961. Another plastic - polypropylene - also utilizes Ethyl aluminum compounds in its manufacture. A relative newcomer commercially, polypropylene has captured a significant share of plastics markets since the late 1950's. Current production of some 135 million pounds annually is going largely into stronger and more durable variations of end-products similar to those made with longer-established resins and--significantly--for additional products of poly propylene alone. Trends in polypropylene adaptation during the * past year show a gain of more than 40 percent in amounts extruded as thread-like filaments. Their uses include furniture webbing, car seat covers, spe cial purpose rope and iine, upholstery fabrics, brush bristles and various pads, sheeting and nets. Some industry spokesmen predict that the plastic's most promising avenue for future growth is in making synthetic fibers and textiles. In the rubber industry, where Ethyl aluminum alkyls and their halides are contributing to better processing, the compounds are key agents in cata lysts used to make stereospecific types of synthetics --polybutadiene and polyisoprene rubbers. Although in commercial production for only two years, stereospecifics already account for close to five percent of the synthetic rubber industry's out put. About half of both types go into tires. At least 150 million pounds were made in 1962 and about 235 million pounds will be produced this year. As they eye potential markets now dominated by competitive synthetic rubbers and natural grades, promoters of polybutadiene and polyisoprene point to success in overcoming certain manufacturing and application problems. Resolving such difficulties will affect the stereospecifics' future favorably. In Space Exploration---------- Other industries and fields for the use of alumi num alkyls and their halides range from chemical intermediates to more dramatic applications in na tional defense and space exploration. Some alkyl aluminum compounds are effective in the production of certain commercial alcohols. Re lated compounds are useful in a hew method of applying aluminum coatings. The chemicals also have a role in antiknock compound manufacturing and in making organic compounds of boron, lead, silicon, tin and zinc. A number of other reaction potentials are being explored in Ethyl's research laboratories and elsewhere. The self-igniting properties of the alkyls and their halides are promoting diverse and largely classified investigations. Among uses of interest in aviation circles are those which would overcome jet engine flame-out, a cause of plane crashes. Other possibili ties relate to the firing systems of rockets, guided missiles and weapons of the future, as well as inter planetary space vehicles. As a leading supplier of aluminum alkyls and their halides, Ethyl Corporation is manufacturing and marketing a wide variety of such compounds. The four in greatest demand commercially are triethyl aluminum, triisobutyl aluminum, diethyl aluminum chloride and trinormal propyl aluminum. Major consumers are being supplied by tank car, tank truck or portable container shipments. The aluminum alkyls are sold undiluted or blended with hydrocarbons as customers specify. Development or experimental quantities of these and other aluminum compounds are also available from the Company. . ___ iiminei strates that motorists can be persuaded to lane more pleasure trips. ETHYL news By Russell B. Weston Director of Advertising and Sales Promotion Ethyl Corporation hether you're selling mousetraps, motor cars, (The great impact of car usage on gasoline sales Wvacation resorts or travel, you must tell people becomes obvious when it is realized that if every the virtues of your commodity. If you do this in a car were driven only two more miles a day, gasoline convincing manner, you will make a sale. sales would increase over three billion gallons If there ever were any doubts that travel could be year. This is equivalent to a five percent increase in sold, they should have long since been dispelled by gasoline demand at current levels.) the success that railroads, airlines, buslines, resort Ethyl has conducted a car travel promotion pro owners, countries, states and even counties have had gram for eight years--this year will be the ninth-- from the millions of dollars they have spent on ad and during that time has made a number of studies vertising and selling the public on travel. of motorists' driving habits and attitudes. The question is not, "Can travel be sold?" but The most surprising fact-in the light of pessi rather. "How should it be sold?" Fortunately, there mistic reports to the contrary--is that people like to are many ways of doing a good selling job. drive. Seven out of every ten male drivers and eight Some eight years ago, as a service to customer out of every ten female drivers say that time spent oil companies. Ethyl Corporation embarked on a driving is pleasant, enjoyable and worthwhile. Seven nationwide campaign to sell more automobile travel out of ten people also say that driving in general to the American public. Those were the days when makes them feel relaxed, comfortable and important. gasoline consumption per vehicle was diminishing; A great majority of women enjoy driving because annual mileage per car was consistently losing it gives them a chance to get out--to go somewhere-- ground. Total gasoline consumption was up only and they don't consider driving a chore. because there were more cars on the road. The possibility of an accident has often been cited ,i Camping trips, Ethyl Corporation surveys find, have wide appeal for motoring families for two very important reasons-they are economical and it's easy to take the children along. April 1963 ETc 30226 9 Travel can be sold as a deterrent to automobile travel, yet in all of the Ethyl studies this factor does not loom large at all. The death toll from highway accidents certainly is a terrible thing, and everything possible should be done to stop accidents. But there is a very real ques tion about the effectiveness of scare headlines and bloody accident reports before, during and after holiday weekends. Some authorities even say that these warnings have the opposite effect--that is, they make people more accident prone. Positive efforts to reduce and prevent accidents have succeeded in slashing the number of deaths per hundred million vehicle miles from 11.5 in 1945 to 5.3 in 1962--more than a 50 percent reduction. This is a remarkable achievement in the face of a 150 percent increase in the automobile population during the same period. These positive safety efforts should be supported--but not in a way that frightens people off the roads. If people like to drive and are not afraid to, how Starting in May.... ... and continuing through the peak spring, summer and fall driving months. Ethyl Corpora tion is sponsoring its highly successful Magic Circle market expansion advertising and pub licity again this year. Designed to help oil com panies sell more gasoline and other service station products, the full-color ads will appear in Life and Reader's Digest, two popular na tional magazines seen by millions of readers. The ads will use attractive photographs, maps and copy to point out specific places of scenic and historic interest for car-owning families to visit and will remind all readers that no matter where they live, there are similar places to go and sights to see. The Magic Circle Travel Clinic is again sup plying newspapers with travel articles describing one-day and week-end trips. Complete with pic ture maps, these articles are published in some 200 leading daily newspapers. The Clinic also supplies similar publicity to more than 500 smaller city dailies and county-seat weeklies. Now in its ninth year, Ethyl's market expan sion program supplements the efforts of indi vidual oil companies and industry organizations in helping to expand the demand for petroleum and automotive products. 10 can travel be promoted? One way, certainly, is to stress those things that people enjoy doing; remind them of the trips they say they want to take--espe cially to lakes, rivers, oceans, mountains and other favorite scenic places of interest. Emphasize the attractiveness of spring, summer and fall trips, which are preferred far above winter travel. Remember that early morning hours, up until about noon, are the most desirable time of day for automobile travel. When it comes to the length of trips, there is apparently a top mileage in each case that should be considered: For one-day trips, 350 miles is about maximum; for weekends, 550 miles appears to be the limit; and for a trip of a week or more, few people want to drive more than 1,450 miles. Camping'Trips Appealing Camping trips have a wide appeal for two very important reasons -- economy and children. And "sleep at home" vacations, which consist of families taking one-day trips and returning home at night, also are appealing for the same reasons. Each year. Ethyl's experience demonstrates that travel can be sold. Here are a few successful case histories: Case No. 1--Ethyl ran an advertisement picturing an old shipwreck on Cape Hatteras. N. C., at a bleak, isolated spot, with a shoreline that has limited appeal. After the advertisement appeared, the Park Department at Cape Hatteras reported that inquiries went up--and they had to build additional parking facilities. Case No. 2--Ethyl ran an ad on Fort Ross, Calif., where the Russians established an outpost in 1812. Previously, attendance was showing a nominal in crease, averaging six percent over similar months of the preceding year. After the ad ran, attendance jumped 21 percent for the four ensuing months. Case No. 3-The Alamo, in San Antonio, Texas, was featured in an ad, and although this spot never has lacked for publicity, attendance increased 20 percent following Ethyl's national advertising. As the principal trade association in the oil in dustry, the American Petroleum Institute is vitally interested in expanding the travel-by-car market. A Travel Development Committee within the API is making excellent progress in promoting various programs. In 1961, a sizeable test program was run in 10 test cities, and comprehensive research endeavored ETC 30227 d <pr Harter ilai *crc rhr Kai i *anv m " to measure the effects of the advertising series. One of the test results was rather clear cut: A specific type of trip--in this case a one-day tour around the city in which the advertising appeared--can be pro moted successfully. The respondents in the 10 test cities indicated that they took a much higher num ber of such trips than did the respondents in the control cities where no such advertising was seen. Favorable Factors In spite of the many inducements for people to stay at home--suburbia, TV, swimming pools and golf, to name a few--selling travel can and should be relatively easy. There are many factors working in favor of it: The population is continually growing, so there is a steadily larger market-------- There are more and more cars on the road each year--and the end is not in sight. More people and more organizations are actively promoting travel. For example, it looks encour aging for a big Automotive Travel Council, composed of the petroleum industry, the auto mobile industry, tire manufacturers, automobile dealers and motel and hotel operators, to be organized. Such an organization could have a tremendous effect on travel promotion. The federal road-building program is steadily adding thousands of miles of new and better roads. As drivers become more familiar with turnpike driving, their horizons will broaden and they can be expected to take longer trips. Cars are tending to be larger and more comfort able and thus better adapted for long-distance touring. More people are enjoying more leisure time than ever before. What better way can families spend this increased leisure time than in doing things together--in seeing this great country and in teaching their children about their wonderful heritage through visits to great historical places. Certainly travel can be sold--and sold success fully-provided plenty of imagination and intellectual resources are used to point up the many wholesome advantages and the great amount of personal satis faction there is in travel. Three of the many Magic Circle advertisements that have attracted increased numbers of automobile travelers to historic spots. 11 ETC 30228 te. il ; California to"Test Ethyl i CATALYTIC EXHAUST GAS CONVERTER Submitted A by Ethyl Corporation's Research Laboratories has been accepted for official testing by the Cali i Chemical catalyst converts fornia Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board. The catalyst is contained in a muffler-like device unburned hydrocarbons and carbon made by a major manufacturer of exhaust system components. The unit is installed on automobiles so monoxide into inoffensive that exhaust gases pass through it before they are carbon dioxide and water vapor discharged through the tailpipe. The catalyst acts on unbumed hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide-- I I major factors in the creation of smog--and converts | them into inoffensive carbon dioxide and water vapor. ; In accepting the Ethyl device for evaluation under Right and far right, evaluation of more than 2,000 potential chemical catalysts and exhaustive laboratory 5 engine tests were included in I Ethyl's research efforts. iiI I I 12 ETc 30229 Exhaust Gas Converter actual driving conditions on the Pacific Coast, Dr. J. B. Askew, chairman of the California Motor Vehi cle Pollution Control Board, welcomed "the scien tific and industrial knowledge represented by Ethyl Corporation in California's efforts to find a satisfac tory solution to the exhaust pollution problem." Dr. Askew expressed confidence that "the experience represented by Ethyl Corporation in the petroleum and automotive fields will be invaluable." In the evaluation program, 30 representative automobiles, each equipped with exhaust converters containing the Ethyl-developed catalyst, are being test-driven for 12,000 miles. Engineers are making 13 ETC 323o WANTED:Uniform Traffic Signs Highway markers of standard sizes, colors, shapes and locations would promote safety and help motorists 14 By Thom Yates ne of the marks of an alert driver is the O ability to "read" traffic signs before ever seeing the wording on them. No tricks or gimmicks are involved. The key is the shape of the signs. To the knowing motorist: An octagon-shaped sign means a full stop. An inverted triangle means yield right of way. A diamond means a warning of some kind, such as "Road Narrows" or "Divided Highway." A vertical rectangle calls attention to a vital road regulation or condition, such as "No Right Turn" or "Pass with Care." A horizontal rectangle gives guidance and in formation, such as "Junction" or "Roadside Parking." A circular sign, with its familiar RR cross buck, warns of a railroad crossing just ahead. A shield carries a route number. Colors help in the advance identification, too. Red, of course, always means stop. Warning signs usually are yellow; regulatory signs are white; and signs for guidance and information are combinations of black and white or green and white. Or at least, ideally, that's the way it should be. But, unfortunately, America's highway signs are far from uniform in size, shape, color or wording from state to state or even from city to city within the same state. In your own state, for example, most STOP signs may be the prescribed red with white letters. But as you travel about, even just a few miles from home, you'll come across such markers that are yellow or white--or even brown--with black letters. 15 ETC 30232 WANTED: Uniform Traffic Signs School zone signs are another notable offender. They come in a myriad of sizes, shapes, colors and letterings. Many communities, in fact, don't even bother to alert drivers to school zones beyond the familiar metal policeman silhouettes (usually an advertisement for a soft drink) placed in the middle of the street just before and just beyond the school building. Three years ago, the Business and Professional Women's Foundation, long interested in national traffic matters, made a nationwide survey of traffic signs under an Automotive Safety Foundation grant. Four of the most common signs--curve, speed limit, one-way and railroad crossing -- were scrutinized especially closely in half the states. Said the Founda tion: "There was not a single state in which every city reported complete uniformity for all four signs. In fact, there were only three states where all com munities reported complete uniformity of even two of these highly important signs." Clusters Confusing While most drivers want to be cautious and lawabiding, the great variety and number of traffic signs that clutter the nation's streets and highways make this easier said than done. "Clutter" is an accurate word. All too often, five or more signs, each containing unrelated information, are clustered on one pole with another similar cluster only a few feet away. Many of the signs are not easily and quickly readable, many fail to give sufficient ad vance notice of what is expected of the driver (stop, turn right, left turn only, etc.), many confuse rather than help the motorist, and many contribute little if anything to highway safety and the smooth flow of traffic. A recent phot study conducted by the Iowa State Highway Commission, in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and the Automotive Safety Foundation, established what, with only the figures changed, is probably typical of most other states. Along the right-of-way of its primary highway sys tem, Iowa counted some 166,000 official signs and more than 12,000 commercial signs or signs that informed motorists about local church services and civic club meetings. Removal of the advertising and church-club signs is advocated because they "com pete for the attention of the motorist and in some cases obscure official warning or directional signs." The Iowa survey found that three of every five of the 166,000 official markers, or some 100,000, need replacement because "they do not meet modem standards... or are otherwise inadequate for the guidance and control of traffic;" 3,000 should be junked as totally unnecessary; and 7,500 should be repositioned for quicker and easier reading. If highway sign uniformity is necessary for the safety, comfort and convenience of the motorist and for facilitating the flow of traffic, is anything being done about it? The answer is "yes," and by many interested groups. Spearheading the attack is the National Joint Committee on Uniform Traffic Control De vices, made up of representatives of the American Association of State Highway Officials, the Institute of Traffic Engineers, the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances, the National Association of County Officials and the American Municipal Association. The National Joint Com mittee has had, since 1935, a standardization man ual that, if followed by all concerned, would long since have resulted in sign uniformity throughout the country. At a national conference in Washington, D. C., a few months ago, the President's Committee for Traffic Safety heard a report that "the greatest lack of uniformity is evident on roads and streets subject to city, town or county jurisdiction. It is on these local streets and roadways, comprising some 77 percent of our total mileage, that are found the most dangerous and confusing situations due to the failure of local governments to comply with uniform standards for design, placement and use" of high way signs and other traffic control devices. UNIFORM TRAFFIC Yield Regulation 16 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30233 I In fairness to the 25,000 different state, county and municipal groups throughout the nation that have authority to control traffic, it must be pointed out that removal and replacement of highway signs leading to uniformity is not inexpensive. The Iowa study, for instance, set a figure of $4 million over a five-year period for unifying signs along the high ways surveyed. These included less than 10 percent of the total Iowa road and street mileage, although they carry 80 percent of the state's traffic. New York City recently balked at a proposed state law for uniform traffic signs on the grounds that the changeover would cost the city as much as $20 million. The best estimate for the nation as a whole is that the bill for highway sign uniformity would reach $250 million or more. For Quick Reading Despite its cost, uniformity is gradually becoming a reality. For one thing, it is mandatory that signs on all routes of the $40 billion Interstate Highway System now under construction be the same shape and color, whether in California or Maine or any state in between. Since the Interstate system, when completed later this decade, is expected to handle about 20 percent of the nation's motor vehicle travel, this action is a big step toward nationwide uniformity. At the same time, the increasing mileage of multi lane superhighways has made necessary an entirely new set of sign standards. For quick reading at higher vehicle speed, signs on expressways and free ways must be considerably larger than those on more conventional highways. The tendency on superhighways is to employ overhead signs for quicker and easier reading. Another possible innovation as the nation moves toward highway sign uniformity is symbols to re place or supplement wording on markers. Instead of reading "school zone," for example, signs of the future may depict a running child or an easily rec ognizable school building. Such symbols already are widely used in Canada, Latin America and Europe and the reason for the switch in this country would be the increasing number of non-English speaking visitors from abroad traveling by automobile. Traffic Laws Vary Too Hand in hand with the effort to standardize high way signs goes the movement to unify the nation's traffic laws and ordinances (see "Driving for Better Driving," September-October 1959 Ethyl News). Only two-thirds of the states have adopted the uniform traffic law code, which was first advocated in 1924, and many of these merely pay lip service to it. The result is that motorists crossing state lines or even driving from one community to another must be doubly alert. Among other things, hand signals don't mean the same thing in all places; the rules for stopping while a school bus is loading or unloading vary widely; and the coloring and meaning of center-line markings to designate pass ing and no-passing zones change frequently. Mindful that the United States will experience a 50 percent increase in the number of vehicle-miles driven during the years just ahead, the National Joint Committee on Uniform Traffic Control De vices points out that: "In heavy, often fast-moving traffic streams, drivers have no time to reason out the meanings of signs and other control devices. They must get the intended message quickly, at first glance." it I i April 1963 T ETC 30234 4 'l I 17 Is First in Florida Booming Florida, one of the fastest growing states in the country, can now count automotive gasoline among the lengthening list of products manufactured in its expanding industrial facilities. Motor fuel has been "made in Florida" since late March at the Florida Hydrocarbons Company plant at Brooker, 20 miles north of Gainesville, in the north-central part of the Sunshine state. The gasoline is produced at the rate of 60,000 gallons a day at the shining, pin-neat, new $6.5 million gas products extraction plant astride the Texas-to-Florida natural gas pipeline of Florida Gas Transmission Company. Florida Gas Transmission, like Florida Hydrocarbons, is a subsidiary of Florida Gas Company. The pipeline company delivers about 370 million cubic feet of natural gas a day to peninsular Florida. The gas products plant's glistening silver process towers rise high over the countryside in an area that less than a year ago was covered with piney woods, tung trees and brush. Liquefied petroleum gas and natural gasoline have been produced there since last fall and automotive gasoline production was added this spring. At the Florida Hydrocarbons plant, heavier hydrocarbons (propane, butane and natural gasoline) are removed from natural gas whigh is pumped through the pipeline from producing fields in Texas to industrial and domestic consumers in Florida. The propane and butane are sold to Warren Petroleum Company, which picks them up at rail and truck terminals at the plant and markets the popular LPG products to a growing ETHYL NEWS ETC 30235 The gas products plant's glistening silver process towers rise high over the Florida countryside in an area that less than a year ago was covered with piney woods, tung trees and underbrush. Watching the first shipment of automotive gasoline being loaded into a tank truck at the plant's loading rack are Thomas McMillan, assistant division manager, Standard Oil Company (Kentucky); Will H. Gillett, genera) manager, Florida Hydrocarbons Company; and W. J. Bowen, president, Florida Gas Company. April 1963 fis... *" ' : ' ~ ETC 30236 First in Florida Natural gas from wells in Texas (left) Is piped to the Florida Hydrocarbons plant (right) for processing. There, heavier hydrocarbons (propane, butane and natural gasoline) are removed. number of users throughout northern Florida. Because of the volatility of the natural gasoline, other products must be mixed with it before it can be used as a motor fuel. First it is blended with a heavier blending stock, supplied by Standard Oil Company (Kentucky). Ethyl Products Added To help provide octane quality, anti-icing, anti corrosion and detergent qualities and distinctive coloring, "Ethyl" antiknock compound, "Ethyl" Multi-Purpose Additive and "Ethyl" automate liquid dye are then added. These additives are blended into the gasoline under rigid quality controls in an automated plant, one of the most modem facilities of its type in the world. The plant was designed by Ethyl and constructed with the guidance of Ethyl product service and safety engineers and electronic control experts. Finished gasoline is stored at the plant in large tanks, with a capacity of over 1,250,000 gallons. The motor fuel is loaded into tank trucks and tank cars at modem loading racks and distributed to retail Standard of Kentucky outlets throughout the Southeast, where it is marketed under Standard Oil Company (Kentucky) brand names. The process for extracting natural gasoline, butane and propane from natural gas is relatively simple, but because of the low temperatures involved and the peak efficiency level at which the Florida Hydro carbons plant is operated, careful attention to con trols is necessary. Basically, the gas stream enters the plant and is chilled to 35 below zero when it enters the main absorption tower. The gas, under pressure, bubbles up through a light oil in trays in the tower. The oil has an affinity for the heavier hydrocarbons and absorbs them from the gas before it passes on to the next plant process, fractionation. The natural gas* without the liquefiable hydro carbons, is heated in heat exchangers to approxi mately 75 and goes back into the pipeline on its way to gas consumers. Passes through Vessels The oil, with its captured products, goes through a series of vessels where the pressure is reduced and the mixture is heated, driving the hydrocarbons from the oil in a gaseous state. The oil. cleaned of products, returns to be reused. . The products are separated, cooled until they become liquid and are moved to their respective storage tanks--the propane and butane ready for distribution, and the natural gasoline ready to be made into automotive gasoline. 20 i ETC 30237 Mifll X-ZX The natural gasoline goes first to spherical storage tanks (left), and then to vertical tanks (rrnter), where it is mized with heavier blending stock. "Ethyl" antiknock compound, MPA and dye are added from blending facility (right). lA ' , m -y. *! Left, at the opening of the biending unit, A. I. Baldwin (left) and L. A. Rumph (second from right), Ethyl product service engineers, discuss function of control panel with R. E. King, plant engineer; E. F. Inklebarger, products control supervisor; and H. H. Everett, superin tendent of operations.... Left below, Mr. Rumph points out some of the automatic fea tures of blending plant to Messrs. King and Inklebarger. 21 ETC 30238 Vj How to Measure Satisfaction ll ill! ill,, plMl bfliin 'Estimated Octane Requirements" report helps refiners compare the quality of their gasolines with the needs of customers' cars 22 he business byword "A satisfied customer is Tour best advertisement" may not be the slogan of the oil industry or even of an individual oil com pany, but it certainly expresses oilmen's philosophy. Refiners and marketers spend millions of dollars and countless planning, research, manufacturing and training hours to assure motorist-customers of satis fying services and satisfying products. Of the many products and services that Ethyl Corporation supplies to oil companies to help them provide this customer satisfaction, one is especially timely in view of increasing attention refiners are giving to the road performance of gasolines.^ is a report that oilmen can use to check on the quality of their gasolines; to see how well the gasolines satisfy the octane requirements of motorist-customers' au tomobiles. The comprehensive report presents information on ETHYL NEWS etc 30239 April 1963 Oilmen look to Ethyl for results of gasoline testing in cars, left, and in laboratory engines, below. By following Company-developed equations. Research and Motor octane numbers can be used to determine Road octane numbers. the estimated gasoline octane requirements of 1963 model automobiles and of all automobiles on the road, in terms of Road as well as Research octane numbers. Since Road octane numbers measure the actual performance of motor fuel under driving con ditions, their inclusion in the report for the first time this year enables individual refiners to determine more accurately the degree of car satisfaction pro vided by their particular gasolines. The Ethyl report includes two series of charts which show the percentages of new cars and of the total car population satisfied at different Road and Research octane levels in terms of both trace knock and light knock. The report also contains two mathematical equa tions, developed in Ethyl's Research Laboratories, which can be used to convert laboratory octane data on any gasoline, premium or regular grade, into a 23 ETC 30240 How to Measure Satisfaction corresponding Road octane number. Applying these equations, a refiner can compute Road octane num bers for his gasolines, and then, by comparing these numbers with the appropriate report chart, deter mine the percentages of the car population that will be satisfied by each grade of his gasoline. Since actual road rating procedures are expensive and time-consuming, use of the equations provides important savings. Estimated Road octane requirements presented in the Ethyl report show that to satisfy 70 percent of 1963 car models, in terms of trace knock, requires a gasoline with a Road octane number of 94.8, and to satisfy 90 percent of the same models requires a Road octane number fuel of 97.9. In contrast, gaso line with a Road octane number of 94.4 is required to satisfy 70 percent of the 1962 car models, and a Road octane number of 97.4 is needed to satisfy 90 percent of the 1962 models. For all cars on the road, Road octane numbers of 93.2 and 96.4 are required to satisfy, respectively, 70 percent and 90 percent of the car population at the end of this year, as opposed to Road octane numbers of 92.6 and 96.0 to satisfy 70 percent and 90 percent of the car population at the end of last year. The octane requirements of 1963 cars, in terms of Research octane numbers, are estimated at 95.8 octane number for 70 percent and at 98.7 octane number for 90 percent of new models. These re quirements are approximately one-half an octane number higher than for 1962 models.* i j // > // t s* 1 963 MODI ^1962 MODELS 1 5 3 This typical chart from Ethyl's "Estimated Octane Requirements'' report shows that 1963 models need gasoline of about one-half of a Road octane number higher than 1962 models to satisfy the same percentage of cars. ETC 30241 24 ETHYL NEWS All about Counties Unfamiliar political subdivisions perform vital functions By Frank L. Remington shires, where a justice of the peace appointed by the crown served as the chief officer, handling TREAKING ACROSS THE COUNTRY at jet criminal court cases as well as administrative and S speed of 600 miles an hour, a coast-to- fiscal duties. The crown also appointed a sheriff coast traveler passes over a different county to preserve "peace, good order and decorum," about every three minutes. Flying from east to a lord lieutenant as military head and a coroner west, he leaves behind the smallest. New York to investigate suspicious deaths. county (covering the 22 square miles of Manhat In the United States today, counties carry out tan), and heads for the largest, California's San state business, dispensing justice and holding Bernardino county (20,131 square miles). Upon elections. They enjoy some self-government, but arrival, he lands in the most populated -- Los usually perform only those functions specified Angeles county. by state law. Although 48 of the 50 states are divided into Most counties elect a board of supervisors or counties (Louisiana has parishes and Alaska comparable group which levies taxes, performs election districts) and there are a total of 3,072 administrative duties and exercises limited super in the United States, counties are probably one of visory powers over other county officers. Many the least familiar political subdivisions. law enforcement duties fall upon county sheriffs, Just what are counties, and what purposes do including the control of narcotics traffic and they serve? addiction. Historically, counties evolved from English County courts, prosecuting attorneys and cor- April 1963 25 All about Counties i i i' i ! oners also help execute state laws and dispense justice. County clerks issue marriage licenses and keep such records as real estate deeds, mort gages and certificates of births and deaths. Among their myriad duties, counties maintain roads and bridges, establish and administer parks, libraries, hospitals, airports, schools, farm bureaus and relief for the poor. With 254 counties within its borders, Texas has by far the most, compared with a national average of 61 per state. Seven other states have 100 or more: Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Illi nois, Missouri, North Carolina and Virginia. 26 Rhode Island, Hawaii and Delaware, on the other hand, have fewer than five counties each. Independence Day in North Carolina's Meck lenburg county is celebrated almost two months before July 4. Impatient with the Continental Congress, the area voted on May 20, 1775, to secede from England, almost 14 months before the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Georgia's Dade county, one of the smallest, boasts some of the country's most rugged individ ualists. For 81 years, beginning in 1864, the county courthouse flew only the Confederate flag. Finally, in 1945, the Stars and Stripes was hoisted and has waved there ever since. When it comes to county names, they read like a roll call of outstanding individuals in American history. Twenty-five presidents are honored in the names of 203 counties, with Washington, Jefferson, Jackson and Madison leading. There are also more than a dozen Mon roes and 17 Lincolns. Not all Lincoln counties honor "Honest Abe," however. Some are named for Benjamin Lincoln, a major general in the Continental army. Vice presidents, congressmen, governors, saints, Indians, battle heroes and other promi nent people also are remembered in county names. Oklahoma honors the late Governor William Henry "Alfalfa Bill" Murray with both Alfalfa and Murray counties. And Texas, with Deaf Smith county, perpetuates the memory of a local hard-of-hearing personality. On a more ETHYL NEWS ETC 30243 serious plane, the Lone Star state also venerates 12 heroic defenders of the Alamo in county names. Rural counties far outnumber urban ones, but metropolitan populations, of course, are over whelmingly greater. After six-million-plus Los Angeles county comes Cook county, including the nation's second largest city, Chicago, with its more than five million people. Only seven states are more heavily populated than Los Angeles and only a few states outspend it. In the current fiscal year, the county is dis bursing well over $2 million a day, every day of the year, for a whopping total of almost $785 million. At the other end of the population scale is Loving county, Texas, with only 226 people, followed by Hawaii's Kalawao county with 279 and Alpine county, California, where 379 rural citizens live. Situated on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains, Alpine boasts six tiny settle ments. Markleeville, the county seat, has a popu lation of slightly more than 100. On a warm summer afternoon, some 10 percent of Markleeville's citizens passes the time of day on the ve randa of the general store. To attend church, get a haircut, or receive dental care, Alpiners must leave the county. When a recent jury trial was held locally for the first time in 56 years, there was some question whether enough qualified voters could be found to make up a jury panel. Once the jury was seated, practically the entire population turned out to witness the proceedings. Although counties come in all shapes and sizes and perform many vital functions, they remain somewhat obscure. In several outstanding cases, however, they have provided the political start for national figures. Harry S. Truman was a Missouri county judge before he was elected to the United States Senate, and then the vice presidency and presidency. Both Thomas E. Dewey, governor of New York and twice Republican presidential candidate, and Earl Warren, governor of California and now chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, got their starts as county prosecutors. April 1963 27 ETC 30244 New Director Appointed to Head Oil Industry Demand Growing for Commercial Development Division "Ethyl" Liquid Automate Dyes erle l. could, form As the oil industry recognizes the advantages M erly assistant director of A of Ethyl Corporation's liquid Automate dyes, the Commercial Developmentmore refiners in the United States and overseas are division in Ethyl Corpora using them. Customer companies are either adding tion's Research and Develop these oil-soluble dyes to fuels, lubricants, hydraulic ment department, has been oils and transmission fluids or are evaluating them. promoted to director, head In this country, one major company is using quartered in Baton Rouge, La. Ethyl Red-B exclusively to identify its diesel fuels. Mr. Gould succeeds Dr. An Ethyl-designed system for adding the dyes to Clarence M. Neher, who in petroleum products is now available, with Ethyl engi Merle L. Gould association with Dr. Earl neers prepared to give technical assistance in its DeWitt, former superintendent of Commercial De installation and use. Adaptable to different refinery velopment planning, and Dr. Palmer A. Brown, needs, the system includes automatic feeding and Commercial Development representative, have been control mechanisms. It can be used to dye gasoline given a special group assignment, reporting to Dr. or other products by continuous or batch injection. George F. Kirby, an Ethyl executive vice president. The growth of inline blending systems at refineries A native of Hitchcock, S. D., and a graduate of since 1958 is making the use of Automate dyes par the University of Nebraska with a BS in chemical ticularly attractive. Because they are already in solu engineering, Mr. Gould joined Ethyl in process tion, the liquid dyes combine more readily and uni development in 1953. Subsequently, he became formly with refined products than dry dyes. supervisor of the pilot plant, supervisor of process Expenditures for equipment and maintenance are development and assistant director of process devel less with Automates because slurry tankage is not opment before being appointed assistant director of necessary, nor is there any downstream clogging commercial development. problem. Refiners Getting Better Performance with Mixing Plant Improvements Additional changes and innovations to give reA liners still better performance from their anti knock compound and gasoline mixing plants are be ing offered by Ethyl Corporation. These improve ments are among a number of modifications which the Company has developed in recent years to in crease mixing installation efficiency. One of the latest is a simple but effective silencer to reduce excessive noise occurring under some con ditions during antiknock compound unloading. The other is an automatic cut-off control to stop anti knock compound flow as soon as the desired amount has been combined with gasoline. The silencer reduces by more than 90 percent the intensity of annoying high-pjtched sounds caused by the generation and collapse of gasoline bubbles near eductors during the latter stages of vacuum unload ing of tank cars or other bulk containers. It consists principally of a feed pipe for the injection of air or non-combustible gas into the gasoline line immedi ately downstream from the eductor. Developed at Ethyl's experimental mixing plant at Houston, Texas, the eductor silencer is a patented innovation. Inexpensive and easily installed, it is available to customer oil companies on a royaltyfree basis. Ethyl's new cut-off control system prevents unin tentional over-leading of gasoline and saves man power by eliminating manual valve-closing. Refiners have a choice of two models: in each one, antiknock compound feed valves close automatically after the exact, pre-determined amount of fluid has been added to gasoline. The automatic cut-off control system is adaptable to existing mixing plants and has only a few simple components. It can be installed easily at a moderate cost, frees operators for other work and contributes to mixing plant safety. 28 30245 etc VIRTUOSITY In music, mastery of many techniques is one sign of the real artist. In business, it is almost vital to success. That's why Ethyl Corporation has never stopped trying to develop its services to fulfill the specific needs of each customer. It's one of the things that has helped make Ethyl a contributor to petroleum progress. , ETC 30246 ; j I I :v Over this short bridge, thousands took the long journey How many places like this are right around you? Places where a few terse words on an historic marker tell of exciting, dramatic events that helped shape a nation? In Moryland,' there's one by a bridge ocross a creek called Antietam. The bridge is known as Burnside's Bridge after General Ambrose Burnside who commanded thousands of the Union troops who fell there. Thousands of other gallant men were cut down, too -- Union soldiers under General "Fighting Joe" Hooker and Confederates under General Thomas J. "Stone wall" Jackson. In one plot of ground, a mere 1,000 yards wide, 12,000 dead or wounded carpeted the ground in blue and gray. It looks today much os it did bn that misty September morn ing in 1862. Soft, green, rolling fields, the Dunkard Church, the west woods, the Sunken Road. This peoceful land was the scene of what "might well have been the most savage and con suming fighting American soldiers ever engaged in, "according to Bruce Carton--yet you'd never know it if you didn't look closely. Places like this, where history can come olive for your chil dren, abound olong the highwoys all over this land of ours, just a pleasant drive from wherever you live. Ethyl calls this exciting world around you a Magic Circle. Why not explore your Magic Circle this weekend? Your service station dealer will be happy to help. ETHYL CORPORATION New York 17, New York Ethyl Corporation of Canada Limited, Toronto These Mogic Circle advertisements ore pub fished to he Ip you get more enjoyment out of your car. fthyl moies oddifives used by oil companies to improve their gasolines ond your driving pleosure. One of o series of Advertisements directed to the motoring public to help eipand the market for gasoline and other service station products. ETC 30241 ETC 30248 ETHYL Vol. 30, No. 3 NEWS JUNE 1333 Published six times a year (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Ethyl Corporation 1-00 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. monufocfurer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds and other oddirives used by oil companies to improve the quolity of petroleum products. B. B. Turner, President William R. Perdue, Jr., Executive Vice President ond Treasurer B. C. Gottwold. Vice President and Secretary Richard F. Cook. Editor, ETHYL NEWS Stonton P. Nickerson, Associote Editor Corsten Grande, Art Director Articles from outside sources are welcomed. Upon request, permission to reprint moteriol oppeoring in ETHYL NEWS will be granted. Contents--Page SEE AMERICA BEST ... BY CAR..............1 ALA 1 - A NEW ADDITIVE.......................... 6 THEY NEVER STOP ROLLING ......................9 DEDICATED TO YOUTH .......................12 SAILING ON SILENT WINGS ..................14 AMERICA'S HIGHWAY SAMARITANS .18 THERE'S MYSTERY IN CLEVELAND'S MAGIC CIRCLE ...................................... 22 A NEW LOOK AT TEEN-AGE DRIVERS 25 NEWSBRIEFS ... 28 ON THE COVER: Our artist depicts a few of the many things that Americans can see and do when they travel by car. For the story of how this market expan sion message Is being told this year, read "See America Best...By Cor," on pages 1-5. PICTURE CREDITS: Cover, Morimoto Studio*: poop* 1*5, AmorU con Petroleum Institute; Doses 2 (righr) ond 25. A. Dovoney, Inc.; posts 9-H, Baker Johnson,- pasts 12-13; Shtll OH Co.t pages 14-17, Neii A. Macdougoll; poses 18-21, Standard OH Comoonv (Ohio!, T**oeo, Inc., Cities Service ON Co., Socony Mobil Oil Co.. Sincleir Oil Corp-. and Standard Oil Compony (New Jersey); Doge 27, Allstate Insurance Co. Primed In U.S.A. The API Travel Develop By Grant H. Young Marketing Vice President, Marathon Oil Company Chairman, Travel Development Committee, American Petroleum Institute n spite of the ease, economy and enjoyment of I leisure-time automobile travel, one of the great est challenges facing the oil industry is to motivate motorists to make more trips in the family car -- to expand the demand for gasoline and other service station products. That's the purpose and aim of the market expan sion efforts of the American Petroleum Institute. ETC 30249 That's why the API is stepping up its efforts this year -- to serve the oil industry and others interested ' - in highway travel and help them sell more of their ' products. The framework of current API efforts, which include nationwide advertising, publicity and pro motion, was established when the Travel Develop ment Committee became a working reality in 1961. Today, some 30 states officially recognize the API as a cooperative travel agency and the API so serves these states by official proclamation of their respec tive governors. Much of this recognition stems from the Travel Development Committee's role in helping state agencies and other groups create and promote four automobile trails -- the New England Heritage Trail, the Dixieland Trail, the Lincoln Heritage Trail and the Old West Trail -- through areas of the country rich in scenic, recreational, cultural and historic appeal. Each of the trails is a recommended tour of 1,000 to 3,700 miles over main highways and secondary roads and includes optional or alternate segments. The trails link outstanding points of interest - to 1 ETC 30250 give motorists every opportunity to see and enjoy as much as possible. The New England Heritage Trail, which extends from southwestern Connecticut to northern Maine, and the Old West Trail, which winds across the Dakotas, Nebraska, Montana and Wyoming, were established only last year. Already, however, they have become widely recognized as rewarding routes attracting thousands of motorists. It is anticipated that the addition this year of the 2,200-mile Dixieland Trail, which swings through North and South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky and Tennessee, and the Lincoln Heritage Trail, which takes sightseers to a wealth of focal points in Ken tucky, southern Indiana and Illinois, will attract still more tourists. Tourism increased 16 percent in New England last June, after the New England Heritage Trail was opened, and monthly increases were posted during the entire summer, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston reports. Referring to some 1,200 newspaper stories and 83 magazine articles based on API pub licity and to the distribution of almost one million illustrated maps and descriptive folders, New Eng land newspapers call Heritage Trad promotion the greatest travel boosting campaign in the region's history. Newspaper and magazine coverage and the distri- ETHYL NEWS ETC 30251 bution of nearly 650,000 folders to prospective tourists also created unusual interest in the Old West Trail. Sizeable gains in tourist business were recorded in the five states covered by that trail. This year, the API Travel Development Commit tee plans to promote still more trail travel through the distribution -- among other things -- of almost six million more maps and folders. In introducing the Dixieland and Lincoln Heritage Trails some 1,200,000 descriptive folders are being distributed to motorists and more than 350 complete press kits to key newspaper and other editorial desks. Oil companies marketing in the various trail ter ritories are actively supporting the market expansion June 1963 efforts of the API Travel Development Committee by telling motorists about places to go and things to do. At least two companies started using television and newspaper tie-in advertising this spring and others are planning to follow suit this summer. Besides trails for car owners, the API Travel Development Committee this year is co-sponsoring (with Motor Boating magazine) a New England Heritage cruise to help expand the marine market for petroleum products. The cruise route extends from Long Island Sound to Mount Desert Island in Maine. Cruise materials include descriptive folders and information about the availability of navigation 3 ETC 30252, Ethyl's Magic Circle Program Supports and Supplements API Market Expansion Efforts thyl corporation, now in its ninth year of market expansion programs E designed to help oil companies sell more gasoline and other service station products, is supporting and supplementing the API's market expansion efforts -- particularly the various trail promotions -- with its Magic Circle advertising and publicity. Nine of Ethyl's 13 full-page, full-color Magic Circle advertisements in Life and Reader's Digest, which have a combined circulation each issue of 22 million, will feature points of interest on the trails -- Lookout Mountain, Tenn., and Fort Bragg, N. C., on the Dixieland Trail; New Salem, 111., and Lexington, Ky., on the Lincoln Heritage Trail; Fort Laramie, Wyo., and Fort Lincoln, N. D., on the Old West Trail; a scene near a forest ranger station in Vermont and Dartmouth College in New Hampshire on the New England Heritage Trail. The Magic Circle maps, which are a feature of each ad, show the location of the places featured and also show the route of each entire trail. _______ In addition, the New England Heritage Trail, the Dixieland Trail and the Lincoln Heritage Trail will be specially promoted by Ethyl with three big advertisements in Life. These advertisements will be black-and-white, two-page spreads and will appear in regionalized editions of Life in the areas covered by the trails. The Magic Circle Travel Clinic, another feature of Ethyl's market expansion program for the oil industry, continues to have wide acceptance, with some 225 large daily newspapers using its feature articles on automobile trips more or less regularly and some 535 smaller dailies and weeklies using a shorter version of the articles and maps. This year, the Magic Circle Travel Clinic is also promoting the trails. For example, six stories will be written around points on the Dixieland Trail -- Kitty Hawk, N. C., Charleston, S. C., Atlanta, Ga., Knoxville, Tenn., and Lexington and the Mountain Parkway in Kentucky. The Lincoln Heritage Trail will be supported by features on Springfield, 111., Louisville, Ky., and one will be written about the trail itself. To promote the Old West Trail, there will be stories on Butte, Mont., the Black Hills, Bismarck, N. D., and Omaha, Nebr. Articles featuring the Berkshire Hills in western Massachusetts, and "Down East" Maine, will include specific mention of the New England Heritage Trail. Another new feature of Ethyl's 1963 publicity program is the appearance of a Magic Circle column in Parents' Magazine. Edward Collier, who writes the Magic Circle Travel Clinic articles for newspapers, is doing the special stories for Parents'. The column is regionalized so that the stories will have local impact. Included in the New England Heritage Trail area are stories on Connec ticut, Massachusetts and either New Hampshire or Vermont. In the Old West Trail area, there will be articles on Wyoming and Montana. All of Ethyl's advertising and publicity efforts are designed to stimulate the motoring public to take one-day, two-day and week-end trips by car, by pointing out specific places of historical and educational interest and reminding readers that no matter where they live, there are comparable places within easy driving distance. Promotion of this kind is designed to impress on motorists the informa tive and educational benefits of Magic Circle travel for their children and themselves. The map elements of the advertisements and publicity articles help explain the Magic Circle concept and locate the places featured in illustrations. April 1963 the estimated gasoline octane requirements of 1963 model automobiles and of all automobiles on the road, in terms of Road as well as Research octane numbers. Since Road octane numbers measure the actual performance of motor fuel under driving con ditions, their inclusion in the report for the first time this year enables individual refiners to determine more accurately the degree of car satisfaction pro vided by their particular gasolines. The Ethyl report includes two series of charts which show the percentages of new cars and of the total car population satisfied at different Road and Research octane levels in terms of both trace knock and light knock. The report also contains two mathematical equa tions, developed in Ethyl's Research Laboratories, which can be used to convert laboratory octane data on any gasoline, premium or regular grade, into a 23 ETC 30240 ! How to Measure Satisfaction corresponding Road octane number. Applying these equations, a refiner can compute Road octane num bers for his gasolines, and then, by comparing these numbers with the appropriate report chart, deter mine the percentages of the car population that will be satisfied by each grade of his gasoline. Since actual road rating procedures are expensive and time-consuming, use of the equations provides important savings. Estimated Road octane requirements presented in the Ethyl report show that to satisfy 70 percent of 1963 car models, in terms of trace knock, requires a gasoline with a Road octane number of 94.8, and to satisfy 90 percent of the same models requires a Road octane number fuel of 97.9. In contrast, gaso line with a Road octane number of 94.4 is required to satisfy 70 percent of the 1962 car models, and a Road octane number of 97.4 is needed to satisfy 90 percent of the 1962 models. For all cars on the road, Road octane numbers of 93.2 and 96.4 are required to satisfy, respectively, 70 percent and 90 percent of the car population at the end of this year, as opposed to Road octane numbers of 92.6 and 96.0 to satisfy 70 percent and 90 percent of the car population at the end of last year. The octane requirements of 1963 cars, in terms of Research octane numbers, are estimated at 95.8 octane number for 70 percent and at 98.7 octane number for 90 percent of new models. These re quirements are approximately one-half an octane number higher than for 1962 models.* This typical chart from Ethyl's "Estimated Octane Requirements" report shows that 1963 models need gasoline of about one-half of a Road octane number higher than 1962 models to satisfy the same percentage of cars. 24 ETC 30241 ETHYL NEWS All about Counties Unfamiliar political subdivisions perform vital functions By Frank L. Remington TREAKING ACROSS THE COUNTRY at jet S speed of 600 miles an hour, a coast-to- coast traveler passes over a different county about every three minutes. Flying from east to west, he leaves behind the smallest, New York county (covering the 22 square miles of Manhat tan), and heads for the largest, California's San Bernardino county (20.131 square miles). Upon arrival, he lands in the most populated -- Los Angeles county. Although 48 of the 50 states are divided into counties (Louisiana has parishes and Alaska election districts) and there are a total of 3,072 in the United States, counties are probably one of the least familiar political subdivisions. Just what are counties, and what purposes do they serve? Historically, counties evolved from English April 1963 shires, where a justice of the peace appointed by the crown served as the chief officer, handling criminal court cases as well as administrative and fiscal duties. The crown also appointed a sheriff to preserve "peace, good order and decorum," a lord lieutenant as military head and a coroner to investigate suspicious deaths. In the United States today, counties carry out state business, dispensing justice and holding elections. They enjoy some self-government, but usually perform only those functions specified by state law. Most counties elect a board of supervisors or comparable group which levies taxes, performs administrative duties and exercises limited super visory powers over other county officers. Many law enforcement duties fall upon county sheriffs, including the control of narcotics traffic and addiction. County courts, prosecuting attorneys and cor- 25 c 30 <? S i i ( oners also help execute state laws and dispense justice. County clerks issue marriage licenses and keep such records as real estate deeds, mort gages and certificates of births and deaths. Among their myriad duties, counties maintain roads and bridges, establish and administer parks, libraries, hospitals, airports, schools, farm bureaus and relief for the poor. With 254 counties within its borders, Texas has by far the most, compared with a national average of 61 per state. Seven other states have 100 or more: Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Illi nois, Missouri, North Carolina and Virginia. 26 Rhode Island, Hawaii and Delaware, on the other Band, have fewer than five counties each. Independence Day in North Carolina's Meck lenburg county is celebrated almost two months before July 4. Impatient with the Continental Congress, the area voted on May 20, 1775, to secede from England, almost 14 months before the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Georgia's Dade county, one of the smallest, boasts some of the country's most rugged individ ualists. For 81 years, beginning in 1864, the county courthouse flew only the Confederate flag. Finally, in 1945, the Stan and Stripes was hoisted and has waved there ever since. When it comes to county names, they read like a roll call of outstanding individuals in American history. Twenty-five presidents are honored in the names of 203 counties, with Washington, Jefferson, Jackson and Madison leading. There are also more than a dozen Mon roes and 17 Lincolns. Not all Lincoln counties honor "Honest Abe," however. Some are named for Benjamin Lincoln, a major general in the Continental army. Vice presidents, congressmen, governors, saints, Indians, battle heroes and other promi nent people also are remembered in county names. Oklahoma honors the late Governor William Henry "Alfalfa Bill" Murray with both Alfalfa and Murray counties. And Texas, with Deaf Smith county, perpetuates the memory of a local hard-of-hearing personality. On a more ETHYL NEWS ETC 30243 serious plane, the Lone Star state also venerates 12 heroic defenders of the Alamo in county names. Rural counties far outnumber urban ones, but metropolitan populations, of course, are over whelmingly greater. After six-million-plus Los Angeles county comes Cook county, including the nation's second largest city, Chicago, with its more than five million people. Only seven states are more heavily populated than Los Angeles and only a few states outspend it. In the current fiscal year, the county is dis bursing well over $2 million a day, every day of the year, for a whopping total of almost S785 million. At the other end of the population scale is Loving county, Texas, with only 226 people, followed by Hawaii's Kalawao county with 279 and Alpine county, California, where 379 rural citizens live. Situated on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains, Alpine boasts six tiny settle ments. Markleeville, the county seat, has a popu lation of slightly more than 100. On a warm summer afternoon, some 10 percent of Markleeville's citizens passes the time of day on the ve randa of the general store. To attend church, get a haircut, or receive dental care, Alpiners must leave the county. When a recent jury trial was held locally for the first time in 56 years, there was some question whether enough qualified voters could be found to make up a jury panel. Once the jury was seated, practically the entire population turned out to witness the proceedings. Although counties come in all shapes and sizes and perform many vital functions, they remain somewhat obscure. In several outstanding cases, however, they have provided the political start for national figures. Harry S. Truman was a Missouri county judge before he was elected to the United States Senate, and then the vice presidency and presidency. Both Thomas E. Dewey, governor of New York and twice Republican presidential candidate, and Earl Warren, governor of California and now chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, got their starts as county prosecutors. April 1963 A ' 27 ETC 30244 New Director Appointed to Head Oil Industry Demand Growing for Commercial Development Division "Ethyl" Liquid Automate Dyes erle l. gould, form M erly assistant director of As the oil industry recognizes the advantages A of Ethyl Corporation's liquid Automate dyes, the Commercial Developmentmore refiners in the United States and overseas are division in Ethyl Corpora using them. Customer companies are either adding tion's Research and Develop these oil-soluble dyes to fuels, lubricants, hydraulic ment department, has been oils and transmission fluids or are evaluating them. promoted to director, head In this country, one major company is using quartered in Baton Rouge, La. Ethyl Red-B exclusively to identify its diesel fuels. Mr. Gould succeeds Dr. An Ethyl-designed system for adding the dyes to Clarence M. Neher, who in petroleum products is now available, with Ethyl engi Merle L. Gould association with Dr. Earl neers prepared to give technical assistance in its DeWitt, former superintendent of Commercial De installation and use. Adaptable to different refinery velopment planning, and Dr. Palmer A. Brown, needs, the system includes automatic feeding and Commercial Development representative, have been control mechanisms. It can be used to dye gasoline given a special group assignment, reporting to Dr. or other products by continuous or batch injection. George F. Kirby, an Ethyl executive vice president. The growth of inline blending systems at refineries A native of Hitchcock, S. D., and a graduate of since 1958 is making the use of Automate dyes par the University of Nebraska with a BS in chemical ticularly attractive. Because they are already in solu engineering, Mr. Gould joined Ethyl in process tion, the liquid dyes combine more readily and uni development in 1953. Subsequently, he became formly with refined products than dry dyes. supervisor of the pilot plant, supervisor of process Expenditures for equipment and maintenance are development and assistant director of process devel less with Automates because slurry tankage is not opment before being appointed assistant director of necessary, nor is there any downstream clogging commercial development. problem. Refiners Getting Better Performance with Mixing Plant Improvements dditional changes and innovations to give re- Ak finers still better performance from their anti knock compound and gasoline mixing plants are be ing offered by Ethyl Corporation. These improve ments are among a number of modifications which the Company has developed in recent years to in crease mixing installation efficiency. One of the latest is a simple but effective silencer to reduce excessive noise occurring under some con ditions during antiknock compound unloading. The other is an automatic cut-off control to stop anti knock compound flow as soon as the desired amount has been combined with gasoline. The silencer reduces by more than 90 percent the intensity of annoying high-pitched sounds caused by the generation and collapse of gasoline bubbles near eductors during the latter stages of vacuum unload ing of tank cars or other bulk containers. It consists principally of a feed pipe for the injection of air or non-combustible gas into the gasoline line immedi ately downstream from the eductor. Developed at Ethyl's experimental mixing plant at Houston, Texas, the eductor silencer is a patented innovation. Inexpensive and easily installed, it is available to customer oil companies on a royaltyfree basis. Ethyl's new cut-off control system prevents unin tentional over-leading of gasoline and saves man power by eliminating manual valve-closing. Refiners have a choice of two models: in each one, antiknock compound feed valves close automatically after the exact, pre-determined amount of fluid has been added to gasoline. The automatic cut-off control system is adaptable to existing mixing plants and has only a few simple components. It can be installed easily at a moderate cost, frees operators for other work and contributes to mixing plant safety. 28 ETC 30245 VIRTUOSITY In music, mastery of many techniques is one sign of the real artist. In business, it is almost vital to success. That's why Ethyl Corporation has never stopped trying to develop its services to fulfill the specific needs of each customer. It's one of the things that has helped make Ethyl a contributor to petroleum progress. ETC 30246 -*? * 3- ' ** '-Z\'?r\~ mm MM zoFX'J1 Over this short bridge, thousands took the long journey How many places like this are right around you? Places where a few terse words on an historic marker tell of exciting, dramatic events that helped shape a nation? In Maryland, there's one by a bridge across a creek called Antietam. The bridge is knQwn as Burnside's Bridge after General Ambrose Burnside who commanded thousands of the Union troops who fell there. Thousands of other gallant men were cut down, too -- Union soldiers under General "Fighting Joe" Hooker and Confederates under General Thomas J. "Stone wall" Jackson. In one plot of ground, a mere 1,000 yards wide, 12,000 dead or wounded carpeted the ground in blue and gray. It looks today much os it did bn that misty September morn ing in 1862. Soft, green, rolling fields, the Dunkard Church, the west woods, the Sunken Road. This peaceful land was the scene of what "might well have been the most savage and con suming fighting American soldiers ever engaged in, "according to Bruce Carton--yet you'd never know it if you didn't look closely. Places like this, where history can come alive for your chil dren, abound along the highways all over this land of ours, just a pleasant drive from wherever you live. Ethyl calls this exciting world around you a Mogic Circle. Why not explore your Magic Circle this weekend? Your service station dealer will be happy to help. ETHYL CORPORATION New York 17, New York Ethyl Corporation of Canada Limited, Toronto These Mogic Circle advertisements ore published fo help you gel more enjoymenr out ol your car. Ethyl mokes additives used by oil compomes To improve fheir gasolines ond your driving pleasure. On# of o lories of advertisements directed to the motoring public to help expand the market for gasoline ond other service station products. ETC 30241 ETC 30248 ETHYL Vol. 30, No. 3 NEWS JUNE 1803 Published six times a year (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Ethyl Corporation TOO Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds and other additives used by oil companies to improve the quality of petroleum products. 6. B. Turner, President William R. Perdue, Jr., Executive Vice President ond Treasurer B. C. Gottwald, Vice President and Secretory Richard F. Cook, Editor, ETHYl NEWS Stonton P. Nickerson, Associate Editor Corsren Grande, Art Director Articles from outside sources ore welcomed. Upon request, permission to reprint moterial appearing in ETHYL NEWS will be granted. C nntentr Page SEE AMERICA BEST... BY CAR , .1 ALA 1 - A NEW ADDITIVE .6 THEY NEVER STOP ROILING ......... 9 DEDICATED TO YOUTH . .. .12 SAILING ON SILENT WINGS ..................14 AMERICA'S HIGHWAY SAMARITANS . 18 THERE'S MYSTERY IN CLEVELAND'S MAGIC CIRCLE................................. 22 A NEW LOOK AT TEEN-AGE DRIVERS 25 NEWSBRIEFS .28 ON THE COVER: Our artist depicts a few of the many things that Americans can see ond do when they travel by car. For the story of how this market expan sion message is being told this year, read "See America Best,., By Car," on pages 1-5. PlCTU&E CREDITS; Covor, Morimofo Studio*; pagns J*i, Amiri* con Ptro>eum Insfirult; PO*t 2 (right} ond 75, A. Dovonoy, Inc.; pages 90), Bolter Johnson; poges 12-13; Shell Oil Co.j Doges 1407, Neil A. Mocdougoll; poges IB-21, Standard ON Comconv (Ohio), Texoco, Inc., Cities Service Oil Co., Socony Mobil On Co., Sincloir Oil Corp., ond Stonderd Oil Company (New Jenev!; Doge 27, Allstate Insuronce Co. Printed in U.S.A. The API Travel Develop By Grant H. Young Marketing Vice President, Marathon Oil Company Chairman, Travel Development Committee, American Petroleum Institute n spite of the ease, economy and enjoyment of I leisure-time automobile^ travel, one of the great est challenges facing the oil industry is to motivate motorists to make more trips in the family car -- to expand the demand for gasoline and other service station products. That's the purpose and aim of the market expan sion efforts of the American Petroleum Institute. ETC 30249 That's why the API is stepping up its efforts this year -- to serve the oil industry and others interested I - in highway travel and help them sell more of their ; products. The framework of current API efforts, which include nationwide advertising, publicity and pro motion, was established when the Travel Develop ment Committee became a working reality in 1961. Today, some 30 states officially recognize the API as a cooperative travel agency and the API so serves these states by official proclamation of their respec tive governors. I Much of this recognition stems from the Travel Development Committee's role in helping state agencies and other groups create and promote four automobile trails -- the New England Heritage Trail, the Dixieland Trail, the Lincoln Heritage Trail and the Old West Trail -- through areas of the country rich in scenic, recreational, cultural and historic appeal. Each of the trails is a recommended tour of 1,000 to 3,700 miles over main highways and secondary roads and includes optional or alternate segments. The trails link outstanding points of interest - to 1 ETC 30250 jnax give motorists every opportunity to see and enjoy as much as possible. The New England Heritage Trail, which extends from southwestern Connecticut to northern Maine, and the Old West Trail, which winds across the Dakotas, Nebraska, Montana and Wyoming, were established only last year. Already, however, they have become widely recognized as rewarding routes attracting thousands of motorists. It is anticipated that the addition this year of the 2,200-mile Dixieland Trail, which swings through North and South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky and Tennessee, and the Lincoln Heritage Trail, which takes sightseers to a wealth of focal points in Ken tucky, southern Indiana and Illinois, will attract still more tourists. Tourism increased 16 percent in New England last June, after the New England Heritage Trail was opened, and monthly increases were posted during the entire summer, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston reports. Referring to some 1,200 newspaper stories and 83 magazine articles based on API pub licity and to the distribution of almost one million illustrated maps and descriptive folders, New Eng land newspapers call Heritage Trail promotion the greatest travel boosting campaign in the region's history. Newspaper and magazine coverage and the distri- ETHYL NEWS ETC 30251 The Great Emancipator's tomb at Springfield, 111., and his home there, are included on the Lincoln Heritage Trail, which is expected to draw thousands of motorists to its educational route this year. Promotion of the Old West Trail, an appealing road through the Dakotas, Nebraska, Montana and Wyoming, urges motorists to see scenic and historic spots -- including the Mt. Rushmore memorial. bution of nearly 650,000 folders to prospective tourists also created unusual interest in the Old West Trail. Sizeable gains in tourist business were recorded in the five states covered by that trail. This year, the API Travel Development Commit tee plans to promote still more trail travel through the distribution -- among other things -- of almost six million more maps and folders. In introducing the Dixieland and Lincoln Heritage Trails some 1,200,000 descriptive folders are being distributed to motorists and more than 350 complete press kits to key newspaper and other editorial desks. Oil companies marketing in the various trail ter ritories are actively supporting the market expansion June 1963 efforts of the API Travel Development Committee by telling motorists about places to go and things to do. At least two companies started using television and newspaper tie-in advertising this spring and others are planning to follow suit this summer. Besides trails for car owners, the API Travel Development Committee this year is co-sponsoring (with Motor Boating magazine) a New England Heritage cruise to help expand the marine market for petroleum products. The cruise route extends from Long Island Sound to Mount Desert Island in Maine. Cruise materials include descriptive folders and information about the availability of navigation 3 etc. 30252 a Ethyl's Magic Circle Program Supports and Supplements API Market Expansion Efforts thyl corporation, now in its ninth year of market expansion programs E designed to help oil companies sell more gasoline and other service station products, is supporting and supplementing the API's market expansion efforts -- particularly the various trail promotions -- with its Magic Circle advertising and publicity. Nine of Ethyl's 13 full-page, full-color Magic Circle advertisements in Life and Reader's Digest, which have a combined circulation each issue of 22 million, will feature points of interest on the trails -- Lookout Mountain, Tenn., and Fort Bragg. N. C., on the Dixieland Trail; New Salem, 111., and Lexington, Ky., on the Lincoln Heritage Trail; Fort Laramie, Wyo., and Fort Lincoln, N. D,, on the Old West Trail; a scene near a forest ranger station in Vermont and Dartmouth College in New Hampshire on the New England Heritage Trail. The Magic Circle maps, which are a feature of each ad, show the location of the places featured and also show the route of each entire trail. -- In addition, the New England Heritage Trail, the Dixieland Trail and the Lincoln Heritage Trail will be specially promoted by Ethyl with three big advertisements in Life. These advertisements will be black-and-white, two-page spreads and will appear in regionalized editions of Life in the areas covered by the trails. The Magic Circle Travel Clinic, another feature of Ethyl's market expansion program for the oil industry, continues to have wide acceptance, with some 225 large daily newspapers using its feature articles on automobile trips more or less regularly and some 535 smaller dailies and weeklies using a shorter version of the articles and maps. This year, the Magic Circle Travel Clinic is also promoting the trails. For example, six stories will be written around points on the Dixieland Trail -- Kitty Hawk, N. C., Charleston, S. C., Atlanta, Ga., Knoxville, Tenn., and Lexington and the Mountain Parkway in Kentucky. The Lincoln Heritage Trail will be supported by features on Springfield, 111., Louisville, Ky., and one will be written about the trail itself. To promote the Old West Trail, there will be stories on Butte, Mont., the Black Hills, Bismarck, N. D., and Omaha, Nebr. Articles featuring the Berkshire Hills in western Massachusetts, and "Down East" Maine, will include specific mention of the New England Heritage Trail. Another new feature of Ethyl's 1963 publicity program is the appearance of a Magic Circle column in Parents' Magazine. Edward Collier, who writes the Magic Circle Travel Clinic articles for newspapers, is doing the special stories for Parents'. The column is regionalized so that the stories will have local impact. Included in the New England Heritage Trail area are stories on Connec ticut, Massachusetts and either New Hampshire or Vermont. In the Old West Trail area, there will be articles on Wyoming and Montana. All of Ethyl's advertising and publicity efforts are designed to stimulate the motoring public to take one-day, two-day and week-end trips by car, by pointing out specific places of historical and educational interest and reminding readers that no matter where they live, there are comparable places within easy driving distance. Promotion of this kind is designed to impress on motorists the informa tive and educational benefits of Magic Circle travel for their children and themselves. The map elements of the advertisements and publicity articles help explain the Magic Circle concept and locate the places featured in illustrations. o charts, tide tables, and marine products. They are being distributed by oil company marine depart ments, yacht clubs, boat and engine manufacturers, Power Squadrons, marinas, yachting magazines, the Coast Guard and suppliers of boating equipment. In addition to the trail and cruise promotions, the Travel Development Committee is encouraging mo torists to take "Close-to-Home Tours." Using the slogan, "See America Best -- by Car," it is advertis ing and publicizing, in 49 city newspapers through out the country, one-day trips to easily-reached scenic, historic, recreational and other attractions. The campaign, introduced on a test basis in 10 cities in 1961, is now being carried to 20 percent of the country's population through prominent adver tisements and through publicity articles. The short-trip promotion is designed so that indi vidual marketers can tie in their own campaigns with it and includes thousands of special merchan dising kits, containing banners, posters and similar display materials for service station use. The ads themselves point out that "This series of tour sug gestions is published on behalf of your local service station dealer . .." Again this spring, the Travel Development Com mittee joined with Mademoiselle magazine in na tional promotion of Vacation Planning Week - a cooperative merchandising campaign. Launched by proclamations by governors and mayors throughout the country, arranged by the API Committee on Public ASairs, Vacation Planning Week emphasizes the importance of getting ready for vacations and the fun of going places by automobile. Some 250 department stores participated by pro moting such items as luggage, sporting goods, camp ing equipment and summer clothing. Newspaper advertising totalled close to 1,000 pages. The foregoing are some of the things that the Travel Development Committee is doing in coopera tion with individual companies and other agencies. Throughout the oil industry there is a growing awareness of the importance of increasing the scope of market expansion activities -- those of the Travel Development Committee, those of individual oil companies, and cooperative, tie-in efforts. In this connection, the oil industry is indebted to Ethyl Corporation for its outstanding marketing expansion programs. A pioneer in the field. Ethyl has been engaged in nationwide advertising and publicity to help sell more gasoline and other service station products for the last nine years. Ethyl's col orful and appealing Magic Circle advertisements in widely-read magazines, its Magic Circle Travel Clinic articles in hundreds of newspapers and its specific support of the API trail promotions this year are clear-cut examples of what can be done by a single company as a cooperative contribution to the petroleum industry. June 1963 Meeting to plan the travel development aspects of the new Lincoln Heritage Trail earlier this year are, from left (seated), Gov. Otto Keraer of Illinois; Gov. Matthew E. Welsh of Indiana; Gov. Bert T. Combs of Kentucky; (standing) George E. Glatfelder, assistant to sales vice president, Phillips Petroleum Company; Grant H. Young, marketing vice president, Marathon Oil Company, chairman of the API Travel Development Committee and author of this article; and James G. Bennett, API travel development coordinator. ETC 30254 ADDITIVE OILS Ethyl "package" of effective ingredients improves stability and rust-prevention action and helps control weo new ashless additive which contributes anti A oxidant, wear resistance and antirust properties vided 67 percent better protection than untreatei oils. Results were 50 percent better with oils con to automobile engine oils is being introduced by taining ALA 1 than with oils into which only an ash Ethyl Corporation. It is another addition to the less detergent-dispersant had been blended. Company's growing list of chemical products for In evaluating the product's usefulness in prevent the petroleum industry. ing wear in highly stressed engine parts, such as Marketed as ALA 1 (Ashless Lubricant Additive cams and lifters, it was found that ALA 1 is highly 1), the additive is a creation of Ethyl's Research effective. Laboratories. It is a "package" of highly effective ingredients, developed to reduce operating and maintenance problems and help oils meet the severe demands imposed by powerful modem engines. ALA 1 is an amber-colored liquid readily soluble in all standard automobile engine oils, and can be blended with any of them by conventional methods. Only small amounts of the chemical mixture are required to improve stability and rust-prevention action, and to help control excessive engine wear. Some three years of extensive research, develop ment and evaluation programs preceded the Com pany's initial marketing of ALA 1 late this spring. In these programs, standard motor oils were tested in the laboratory and on the road under various con ditions--ranging from short, slow stop-and-go runs up to 40-hour periods of sustained high-speed opera tion. In measuring the ability of ALA 1 to protect engine parts against rust, which sometimes occurs after water vapor from fuel combustion condenses, it was found that oils containing the additive pro 6 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30255 When untreated oil was used, scuffing and severe wear were evident on cams and lifters after only five test runs. But when oil containing ALA 1 was tested, no scuffing could be detected after 100 runs of equal duration and severity. The small amount of wear that occurred was considered insignificant. In related tests, the weight loss from copper-lead bearing wear was more than 38 percent greater with untreated oil than with oil to which ALA 1 was added. Among ALA l's attributes is its compatibility with ashless detergent-dispersant additives which are used for deposit control in motor oils. As a matter of fact, oils containing the two additives -- a dispersant and ALA 1 -- provide significantly bet ter resistance to deposit-induced preignition than oils containing commercially-available metallic addi tives with dispersant properties. Specifically, deposit-induced runaway surface ig nition (preignition) was encountered after 94 and 107 hours, when oils containing a metallic additive were used. In duplicate test runs, with the same kind of oil containing ALA 1 and an ashless dispersant, Left, synthesizing materials in chemical laboratory is first step in development of new additive ... Above, engine oils with which additive mixtures have been blended are carefully evaluated in a variety of bench tests.... Below, additives that show promise in bench tests are further tested in standard single-cylinder CLR engine. ETC i! i i ALA 1 - A New Additive no difficulties occurred in twice the time -- 190 and 204 hours of engine operation. The combined effectiveness of the two ashless agents not only demonstrates the advantage of nonmetallic additives in engine oils, but also gives re finers a new opportunity to market lubricants which offer motorists better performance. Ethyl expects that this ability of ALA 1 will provide a valuable sup plement to the product's direct uses. In addition to ALA 1, with its balanced '`package" of abilities, Ethyl has other ashless additives for motor oils and lubricants--principally "Ethyl" Anti oxidants 702 and 703. As their names imply, each is useful primarily as a stabilizer. Highly effective and economical, "Ethyl" 702 provides noteworthy stability in oils for automotive, aviation, outboard, two-cycle and diesel engine lub rication. The product imparts resistance to de composition and high temperatures, making it an ideal antioxidant in oils for heavy-duty equipment, such as trucks, bulldozers, cranes and steam tur bines. "Ethyl" 702 also is an effective anti-wear agent. "Ethyl" Antioxidant 703 reduces undesirable physical and chemical changes which can occur in certain engine oils and other lubricants during storage as well as in use. Control of oxidation by 703, for example, more than doubles the storage life of syn thetic jet engine oils. The product also promotes color stability, alkalinity and rust resistance. As for the future of engine oil additives, Ethyl automotive engineers have this to say: "The expected lubrication needs of engines indi cate that motor oils must be developed to satisfy the demands of higher speeds, more power and less fre quent oil changes. With higher compression ratios, combustion chamber deposits and surface ignition problems will become more critical. Overcoming these particular problems, as well as those imposed by longer drain periods, will require the wider appli cation of ashless oils and a greater need for ashless aHfljtjypc " An Ethyl Technical Note, "Motor Oil Additives and Their Functions," is available to customer oil companies through Ethyl representatives. A publi cation of the Company's Research and Development department, the Note "reviews events leading to the use of additives and discusses the prominent types of additives in use today. It covers the range of problems which additives are asked to solve and the mechanisms by which (motor oil) additives achieve their objectives." Pilot plant is used to develop process for Urge-volume production of new engine oil additive. 8 ethyl news ETC 30257 In spite of worn-out treads and long-lost gloss, used rubber tires can be objects of 1,001 uses No matter whether they have seen service on jalopies or jets, there are lots of ways to reuse old rubber tires after their normal life is over. It makes no difference that in triguing tread patterns have worn thin or that the tires have lost their glossy black or whitewall brilliance. Thanks to modem pe trochemistry, used tires retain plenty of elas ticity, durability, water resistance and shock absorbability--plenty of bounce to the ounce. And since more than 100 million new tires are manufactured every year to meet the soaring demands of automobiles, trucks, buses, tractors, airplanes, construction equip ment and other wheeled vehicles, there's al ways an abundant supply of second-hand tires available. Some of the uses to which old tires have been put are more or less commonplace, but others--sparked by imagination and thriftare unlike anything tire makers could pos sibly have anticipated. The pictures on these -pages show that many old tires never die; in fact, they never stop rolling. Instead, they acquire new and unusual leases on life.. . . Like boys everywhere, these Mexican youngsters have learned that an old threadbare tire can provide a rolling, rollicking good time. June 1963 I THEY NEVER STOP ROLLING No longer serviceable for tire shoes, tire rubber extends life of mechanic's shoes. In Texas town, enterprising engineers use tires as durable b for traffic signs, which can be rolled noiselessly into position. On the upper Mississippi, house* boat owner uses old tire to lend elasticity to mooring lines. ETHYL NEWS ETC 30259 A festoon of tires cushions New York harbor tugboat front bruising contact with piers and other craft. Embedded in the wall of an adobe bouse in New Mexico, tires reinforce, decorate and even serve as window frames. June 1963 On a horse-drawn wagon in Arizona, a piece of old tire, cut to fit, relines wheel brake. 11 STATION DE# Hi cnfs noctiiM 10 limv (JpflM 11. X Shell Oil plays a leading part in sponsoring an on-the-job service station training program ... DEDICATED TO YOUTH 'i V *A* W* * . TV -- ^I 12 ETHYL NEWS etc 302C] handle station business transactions. Shell is pro viding driver education courses for selected youths, so that they can increase their usefulness by pick ing up and delivering customers' cars. MFY is paying the trainees $1 to $1.25 hourly for a 40- hour work week. After completing on-the-job apprenticeship, all the beginners will undergo a week of intensive instruction at one of Shell's advanced training centers at East Meadow, N. Y. or Wayne, N. J. Youths showing particular promise are to be eli gible for Shell's dealer management program, which prepares young men for higher paying jobs and teaches them how to become operators of their own service stations. Above left, speaking at service station dedication program, Monroe E. Spaght, president of Shell Oil, expressed hope that training would provide young men with basic knowledge and incentive to start them on good careers ... Above, a trainee explains engine servicing procedure to New York's Mayor Robert F. Wagner and Mr. Spaght... Left, some of the young New Yorkers who are learning good service station operating practices. As a further contribution, Shell is providing two scholarships of $600 each to outstanding trainees, so that they can attend trade school and improve their potentials for employment by the oil industry or in other fields. Speaking at ceremonies dedicating his company's service station to youth training activities early this month, Shell President Monroe E. Spaght said that "our participation in this Mobilization for Youth project is ... an extension of an established interest. We--like many others--have become in creasingly concerned about the many young people new way to combat youthful unemployment who need and deserve better opportunities. Aand potential juvenile delinquency--with service "It seems to us that our free society, in order to station on-the-job training--is underway this sum survive, must... enable everyone to get education mer in the heart of New York City's lower east side. and training to develop his talent and ability to the At the same time, the program is helping reduce fullest, and then it must enable everyone to direct a shortage of qualified candidates for careers in his ability to some useful and productive work. Shell service station operation and management. is therefore participating in projects essentially simi Shell Oil Company cooperation with Mobiliza lar to this in other parts of the United States. tion for Youth, a social service agency, is making "We hope that these training and educational the experiment possible--believed to be the first of activities will... give young men the basic knowl its kind. Some 300 teen-agers, most of them high edge--and the incentive--they need in order to start school dropouts, are working in relays at a new on good careers. Also, men properly trained in the Shell station which the company has leased to MFY. operation and management of service stations are Regular Shell personnel and MFY representa not easy to find. Any program helping to produce tives are giving their "students" two months of such men should enable our industry to do a better practical guidance and training in how to service job . .. Shell marketing people expect to do some and repair automobiles, supply motorists' needs and recruiting among graduates of these courses." June 1963 13 ETC 3026: 'I 3 -% ptimists aren't the only people who look at the world through rose-colored O glasses. Glider pilots use them to detect dust particles in the air and help them locate rising air currents. Such practicality is typical of glider pilots -- devotees of one of America's fastest growing aerial sports. * Since gliders are basically airplanes without motors, most people think they are blown around like autumn leaves. Actually, a glider pilot can point his craft in any direction, ^ make controlled turns, and even loop. All the time, however, the glider is gradually i ( 1!descending -- at a rate of about one foot for every 25 feet traveled horizontally. .. 5 'j ; That's why glider pilots do their best to get their craft to rise by using various upcurrents I ;t j in the ocean of air. One type of such current is created by surface winds blowing ; |j against the side of hills. A French glider-pilot once used this type of updraft to I ij stay aloft for more than 56 hours, flying back and forth in an elongated figure eight. ! Thermals -- rising warm air currents used by hawks, vultures and other soaring birds -- | J| also are sought by sailplane pilots. They can provide a series of uplifts for cross- 1 ' country flight, so when a pilot sees a hawk circling lazily he knows the bird is riding on a thermal and doesn't hesitate to get the bird to move over. 14 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30263 The air lore and sense of airmanship that experienced glider pilots acquire help them become amateur weather forecasters and enable them to qualify as better-than-average airplane pilots. The captain of an airliner whose engines failed over the Bay of Biscay off the coast of Europe is supposed to have used his gliding knowledge to bring his plane safely to shore. And in California, the pilot of a fighter plane who couldn't land because of a groundlevel sandstorm cut his engines and rode on powerful air currents until the storm : abated. On similar standing waves, a glider once reached an altitude of 46,000 feet Although the first glider flight in the United States was made in 1886, it was not until the 1920s that pilots flying from Cape Cod, Mass., introduced soaring, a prolonged form of gliding. Today, there are glider clubs across the country and more than 2,600 registered pilots. Gliding enthusiasts used to build their own wood and piano wire craft, but today it's more common to buy a complete glider for about $3,500, or a do-it-yourself kit which can be assembled by the purchaser. In any case, the government must approve the craft. Gliders are usually pulled into the air by a tow plane, but they can be launched less June 1963 ii L 15 ETC 30264 v..o I SAILING ON SILENT WINGS expensively by a winch or by a car racing down a runway. The novice usually needs at least 12 to 14 hours of instruction before he attempts to solo. Since the craft has no engine, a glider's cockpit has few instruments. There is an air speed indicator, a compass and a variometer, the latter recording changes in altitude. A popular exercise for gliders is a goal flight in which the pilot announces his intended destination after careful scrutiny of a weather map. A Russian, who made his declared goal 395 miles from his take off point, is the world's record holder for this event, although the world's distance record for gliders is much greater -- 545 miles. Usually the pilot knows the general direction his flight will take before he leaves the ground. Thus, his retrievers, a team often composed of his wife, a friend and the glider's trailer, can start out in the general direction of his intended landing. If the roads are not too circuitous or hilly, the team may arrive just about the time their hero lands, for gliders aver age about 30 mph cross country. America's mecca for glider pilots is Elmira, N. Y., a storied town nestled in the hills near the Pennsyl vania border. On almost any day, a few sailplanes can be seen circling lazily like seagulls above Harris Hill. "The Hill," two miles from the city, is the site of at least three sailplane meets each year. The most important is the National Soaring Con test, usually held during the first week of July and alternated between Elmira and the West Coast. To be eligible, pilots must have flown a glider at least 187 miles. The contest draws 30 to 45 of the nation's top pilots, who compete in speed, altitude and dis tance. Several national records have been set at Elmira, although the majority of current records have been made in Texas or California, where out standing conditions are sometimes experienced. Since the first "National" was held at Elmira in 1930, hangars, pilots' cabins, a swimming pool and even a picnic site for passers-by have been built. Except during contests, sailplane passenger rides are available seven days a week during the summer, weather permitting. Like most people who are fascinated by their hnKhyi eliHl>r pilots are hard put to explain theirs. Perhaps they are attracted by the challenge of pitting themselves against the elements and turning the ele ments to their advantage; by the magnificent cloudscapes seen only by flyers; or by the serenity they feel as they scud through the air with only a whisper ing wind for power. They have much in common with sailors, and sometimes regard powered aircraft with the same disdain that owners of yachts reserve for motorboats. Whatever the explanation for their infatuation, their attitude is summed up by one enthusiast who says, "If you want to go somewhere, take a plane. If you want to fly, glide." The Harris Hill glider port near Elmira, N. Y., is America's mecca for those who like to sail on silent wings. On alternate years, it is the scene of the National Soaring Contest, the country's outstanding glider competition. Gliders usually are launched by being pulled Into the air by a tow plane (far left), but they can be made airborne less expensively by a cable attached to a power-driven winch (left), or to an automobile racing down a runway. Service station dealers are more than merchandisers of petroleum and automotive products, they're ... Every year millions of Americans take to the nation's highways on automobile journeys to find new homes and new jobs. Entire families, transients and seasonal workers set out in hopeful anticipation of fresh starts in faraway communities. Most reach their destinations safely and happily. But occasionally money runs short, sickness strikes, or jobs fail to materialize. To whom does the distraught traveler turn for help when faced with an emergency in a strange town? Some drive straight to the nearest church or synagogue; some to the Salvation Army; some to local police; and some to social welfare agencies. But the greatest single haven for highway travelers in distress is service stations. 18 ETHYL NEWS This is ODe of the chief findings of a survey sponsored by National Travelers Aid Association and designed to improve community services for an ever-growing army of mobile Americans. Covering Albany, Rensselaer and Schenectady Counties in New York State, the survey underscores what oil industry marketers have long suspected: to stranded motorists, service stations stand out like a palm tree in the desert or a beacon in a dark and stormy sea. "It's amazing how service station personnel help so many people in trouble. They're the modem Samaritans of America's highways," says Savilla Millis Simons, general director of National Travelers Aid Association. Human problems tossed into service station dealers' laps range from those of a 16-year-old hitchhiker stranded without funds 170 miles from home to the plight of an entire family which hadn't eaten a bite in 36 hours. The teen-ager turned up late one evening at a major-brand outlet not far from Albany. Bewildered and miserable, he told the service station owner that he had just quit selling magazine subscriptions. His employer, the lad claimed, had misrepresented the magazine job, and now refused to pay his fare home to New York City. With sympathetic understanding, the service station dealer lodged the boy in his own June 1963 ETC 30268 19 AMERICA'S HIGHWAY SAMARITANS 1 home for the night. The next morning he telephoned the boy's ex-employer and, after some spirited argu ment, persuaded him to finance the youngster's transportation. More serious problems faced a destitute family when their 1953 jalopy, out of gas, sputtered to a halt across the street from a Schenectady service station. The father, pale and hollow-eyed, told the dealer that he'd lost $103--all the money he badtwo days earlier. Something about the man's haunted look and the children's uncontrollable sobbing con vinced the dealer it was a case of legitimate need. "Stake me to a couple of gallons of gas," the man pleaded. The dealer did better than that. He made the family's rehabilitation a neighborhood project. They were fed in one home, and the youngsters were bedded down in another. Meanwhile, the dealer made some telephone calls. Within three hours, Travelers Aid found temporary quarters for the family, and before dusk the man was given a job through the local employment office. These and similar case histories make the Na tional Travelers Aid Association survey a mirror of humanitarianism in action. Service stations in the three New York State counties--in urban centers and on rural highways--cooperated in the survey. The findings represent a national picture, NTAA officials report, pointing to unpublished studies in other states which include almost identical information. Service stations in the New York counties receive at least 1,000 requests for help from motorists in an average month. Clergymen comfort, advise and aid an estimated 800 people, while local police stations, Salvation Army hostels and social welfare agencies serve another 500. Service station dealers hand out about $8,000 annually in cash in the surveyed region, in addition to food, lodging, free automobile repairs and free Transient and seasons] workers for whom prospective jobs fail to materialize are among those who turn to service station dealers for help, survey shows. gasoline. Frequently, however, a few words of advice or a kind gesture resolve difficulties. At a service station just off the New York Thru way, for example, a 23-year-old bride collapsed at the wheel of her car. The dealer called an ambu lance. Before the girl was speeded to a local hospital, he promised to telephone her husband at an Air Force base 180 miles away. Some days and an emergency appendectomy later, the young woman called at the service station to ' reclaim her vintage sedan. She found it washed, lubricated, and the gasoline tank filled. "It's on the house," the dealer told her, smiling. Awarded "Certificate of Merit" Not long afterward, the station man received a specially prepared "Certificate of Merit," with an elaborate description of his good deed. The certifi cate was signed by the bride's grateful airman-hus band and a number of his Air Force buddies. Although it sometimes is hard to distinguish be tween "aimless wanderers and deadbeats" and hon est citizens plagued by hard luck, only eight percent of the hapless travelers in the three New York State counties surveyed by the NTAA were classified as the former. A mud-splattered fellow, who said his jeep had broken down a mile up the highway, walked into a 20 ETHYL NEWS etc 30269 service station on the outskirts of Schenectady. After the jeep had been towed in and a new fuel pump installed, the unshaven motorist discovered his wallet was missing. While admitting that "I look like a bum," he said he was a radio and television company vice president due in New York that night on urgent business after a solo fishing trip in Canada. Accepted IOU The dealer had a choice: he could call the police, or he could accept an IOU from a man with no iden tification. He decided to accept the IOU. Three days later he received a check from the jeep owner, fol lowed a week later by a new color TV set and a note thanking him for "your faith in an itinerant fisher man." The NTAA's purpose in conducting the survey was to determine how changing travel patterns have affected the Association's established policy of lo cating Travelers Aid branches at railroad stations. The results revealed that today's distressed traveler is much more likely to be found on highways. Oil companies in the counties surveyed cooperated by distributing questionnaires to" service station deal ers, and NTAA representatives followed up with interviews. "The high level of interest and under standing the dealers show in travelers' problems is very encouraging," says NTAA General Director Simons. A fast-growing automobile population and the nation's accelerated new highway construction mean, of course, that there will be more people than ever on the road in the years ahead. In all likelihood there will be a commensurate increase in the number of travelers needing help. The NTAA feels that service station dealers should not be burdened with calls for assistance which properly can be answered by community agencies. In promoting use of local welfare services, the association is providing service station owners and operators with specific information on where to refer motorists in dfficulty. Even so, some highway travelers undoubtedly will keep on gravitating to service stations for help in times of need. As one dealer points out, "Not every body with a problem is a social welfare case. All a good many people need is a simple act of kindness to put them on their way." June 1963 ETC 302T0 21 There's Myster Automobile Club sponsors intriguing annual tour for motorists on Ohio byways By Henry Unger ike movie viewers eager for the denouement in L, an Alfred Hitchcock suspense thriller, hundreds of expectant motorists will leave Cleveland Automo bile Club offices one day this summer clutching sealed orders for a day of automotive adventure. Excitedly, they will tear open envelopes, read in structions, and then in a festive mood point their cars in the direction ordered. They'll be off on the fourth annual Mystery Tour sponsored by the Cleveland Automobile Club. Over 1,000 automobiles, filled with about 4,000 tour-takers, are expected to take part in this year's trip. They will find motoring adventures on Ohio's byroads, viewing scenery not frequently seen by tourists, probing historic, scenic and industrial land marks and quaint communities. The excitement will mount as tourers are met by Automobile Club officials and handed a second packet of sealed orders, just as they are about to run out of directions. After more hours of sightseeing travel on back roads, they will be met by still an other official and given directions for the stretch run on the day of adventure. Finally, at the Mystery Tour's destination, each member'of every tour party will receive an attractive certificate designating him a "Buckeye Explorer Senior Grade (With Full Throttle)." Originally greeted with some skepticism when it was launched a few years ago, the Mystery Tour has become so popular that motorists call the Club throughout the year for the latest word on the exact dates it is to be held. Only about 100 cars were expected for the first Mystery Tour, but more than 350, with some 1,000 participants, showed up. That first outing had a 125mile, one-day limit, with a five or six hours driving time. The same maximum mileage is still in effect Don Crockett, Automobile Club official who charts tour route, gives souvenir balloons to youngsters at starting point. 22 ETC 3 027] i il lunch and sightseeing. To interest more adventuresome members, Club officials took over the local hotel in a small, appeal ing community about 60 miles south of Cleveland last year and introduced a two-day "ovemighter" trip. During the first day, tourers visited points of inter est, including the home and models of world-famous carver Ernest Warther in Dover, and the huge strip mines of the Hanna Coal Company in Cadiz, before putting up at the hotel for the night. All of the Mystery Tours have become attractive as family outings, appealing to all age groups. "We never knew travel in our own state could be so much fun," commented Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Pilon, parents of five young children, and their re action is typical. "We were guided over more safe, back roads than we knew existed and saw many in triguing historic and scenic areas. It was fun to be with so many of our friends on the tour. What we saw was educational for the children, too." ETC 30272 There's Mystery in Cleveland's Magic Circle Among the unusual sights seen on last year's "overnighter" trip were the huge strip mining operations of Hanna Coal Company in Cadiz, Ohio. Itineraries for the Mystery Tours are developed by the Cleveland Automobile Club's touring bureau three months in advance of the motoring adventure. Routes are explored to make sure they are in good condition, but they remain top secret until the day of the event. The Mystery Tours have introduced Ohioans to such points of interest as a retired locomotive on display at a city park in Lorain; to Squaw Rock, where figures of an Indian maiden, papoose, serpent and American eagle were carved in stone beside the Chagrin River in the 1880s by a local blacksmith; and to a birthplace statue of General George A. CusUir aTNew Rumley. Tours also have taken motor ists to Garver Bros. General Store in Strasburg, known as the world's largest store; to the Alpine Alpa swiss cheese makers for a sample of cheese; and to Zoar Village, a settlement founded in 1817 by a group of Germans seeking religious freedom. The 125,000 members of the Cleveland Automo bile Club and outsiders who hear about the tours and apply to take them are eligible. No fees are charged except for overnight accommodations and meals. Through the Mystery Tours thousands of Cleve landers, like millions of motorists in other parts ef the country, are discovering that they live in a Magic Circle ... that within a short driving distance of their homes there are lots of interesting and educational things to see and places to visit--by car. 1.1 ' A retired Nickel Plate Road steam locomotive on display in Lorain, Ohio, park interests adults and children alike at one of the stops on Cleveland Automobile Club Mystery Tour. 24 ETC. 302T 3 A New Look at Teen-Age Drivers By Duane Valentry ver four million teen-agers wil] become li O censed automobile drivers annually in the next few years. In spite of widespread feelings to the contrary, there are encouraging signs that, with proper training and parental guidance, most of these youngsters can take their place on the roads as good, safe motorists. Many reports show that accident-prone youths are in the minority. Some insurance experts believe that only 10 percent of young drivers are really dangerous, and that these are the ones who have given their contemporaries a bad name. In an increasing number of communities, teen agers themselves are taking drastic steps to enhance their reputation by improving their driving and pro moting highway safety. Students at Myers Park High School in Charlotte, N. C., for example, have petitioned the governor and state Traffic Safety Council for probation for drivers between 16 and 18. They suggest that regular drivers' licenses be issued at age 16, but that until age 18 licenses be lost automatically if offenders are convicted for two moving traffic violations. After reaching 18, drivers would be subject to the state's regular point system for license suspension. The plan acknowledges that the privilege of driv- With proper training and parental guidance, most youngsters can be taught to be good, safe motorists A New Look at Teen-Age Drivers ing "has to be earned and re-earned, and that it should be retained only by those who demonstrate a continuing capacity to meet the responsibilities of car operation." When the Winston-Salem Journal discussed the Charlotte high schoolers' proposal, it might well have been commenting on a new attitude prevalent among many teen-agers throughout the country. Said the newspaper: "It presages a new generation of drivers who are concerned drivers, with a healthy respect for traffic safety laws, for their own lives and the lives, of others." In Wheat Ridge, Colo., youngsters have orga nized the "Safe-Teen Club" to promote safe driving. It sponsors free instruction for beginners and sends young volunteer speakers all over the state. "We are determined to convince those in the 14through-25 age group that there is more to driving than they think," the club president explains. "We think we can make better drivers out of them." In Massachusetts and several other states, local hot rod clubs have "courtesy cars" on the highways on weekends to assist stranded motorists without charge. As part of their campaign "to show the public that all teen-agers aren't just wild, reckless kids," one such club recently helped eight adult motorists change flat tires on a single Sunday after noon. At Ponca City, Okla., young traffic violators face a court composed of their classmates. City commis sioners set up the teen-age traffic court by law, and high school students elect a judge to try all offenders under 18. Violators may choose, of course, to ap pear before regular police or traffic courts if they wish. There is no scientific way to decide the age at which a teen-ager is emotionally and psychologically ready for a car, according to leading psychiatrists. Some boys and girls are ready at 16, others at 19 and a few are not qualified until they are still older. Authorities warn parents not to give in too soon and let youngsters get behind the wheel before they are emotionally prepared. On the other hand, ma ture, experienced teen-agers can be among the best drivers on the highways. After interviewing some 1,300 junior motorists in many cities, Jean Lee, driving consultant for Union Carbide and former head of the American Academy of Safe Driving in New York, says: "Most of them want to be safe, courteous drivers ... and they can protect their lives and change their reputations as reckless, accident-prone hot-rodders if adults, par ticularly parents, care enough to help." Driver Education Pays Fathers and mothers who see to it that their sons and daughters take advantage of driver education and training programs in high school can accomplish two things: protect their own children and contrib ute to the safety of all other highway users. Evidence that such programs pay dividends is found throughout the country. In a survey made in Lansing, Mich., safety ex perts comparing the records of some 5,000 highschool-trained drivers with the records of 50,000 older motorists discovered that the younger ones had been involved in 20 percent fewer accidents. The 26 ETHYL. NEWS Tc 30275 Automobile Club of Southern California has found that after driver training at school, teen-agers have 50 percent fewer mishaps than young motorists without the course. A Delaware survey shows over seven times more accidents among untrained junior motorists. Since high school training courses were intro duced in 1936, more than six million students have learned how to operate cars safely and well. Close to a million boys and girls throughout the country en roll annually at a cost of about $44 each. Authorities agree that "most teachers are doing an outstanding job in the development of proper attitudes, judg ment, skills, habits and knowledge." Professor Amos E. Neyhart, head of the Institute of Public Safety at Pennsylvania State University and father of high school driver education, urges all parents to have their youngsters take such courses. He recommends that after sons and daughters get licenses, families set rules for car use, with scholar ship first and the car second. He feels that driving privileges should be limited at 16 and relaxed a little at 17, with use of the car confined mostly to weekends. Addressing himself directly to mothers and June 1963 fathers, Professor Neyhart says: "As a parent, you are responsible for giving your newly-licensed teen ager a two-year seasoning period at the wheel. You should be in the car with him often enough to ob serve his driving methods and be ready to correct any sloppy habits. Don't let your high schooler buy his own car unless you control his use of it. And don't let him take a part-time job to support a car." Mothers Influential Mrs. Ruth Bennett, deputy director of Cali fornia's Department of Motor Vehicles, feels that mothers especially can be sympathetic, understand ing driver coaches. "Mothers have the time, incen tive and control over children needed to help them operate cars well," she says. "And the mother influ ences the father." Teen-agers themselves believe it is of the utmost importance for parents to be more constructively interested in how they drive. They want "examples instead of exasperation" and "guidance--not gripes." Eddie Davis, Jr., who at 17 was voted the best teen-age driver in Ohio, not only shares this view point but broadens it: "All adult drivers must set good examples for us teen-agers." 3 02 76 27 George Rosser Succeeds Richard Murphy as Regional Manager eorge p. rosser has been promoted to manager G of the Eastern Region of Ethyl Corporation's Sales Department. He succeeds Richard C. Murphy, who has retired for reasons of health after 34 years' service with the Company. Mr. Rosser, who has transferred from Pittsburgh to New York, has been associated with Ethyl since 1930, and has spent his entire career in the Sales department. After serving with the Company in the South and Midwest, he moved to Pittsburgh in 1947, George P. Rosser Richard C. Morphy serving successively as account representative, resi dent manager, and assistant regional manager, his Mr. Murphy, whose resignation was accepted by most recent assignment. Ethyl with deep reluctance, had been associated with A native of Atlanta, Ga., Mr. Rosser received his the Company since 1929. He bad been manager of BS in civil engineering from the Georgia Institute of the Eastern Region of the Sales department since Technology. During World War II, he served with 1947, and participated in many oil industry activ the U. S. Army, attaining the rank of lieutenant ities. A native of Olean, N. Y., Mr. Murphy at colonel. tended Cornell University. Simplified Sludge Disposal Method Discussed at API Refining Meeting Marine Engine Gasoline and Oil Recommendations in Ethyl Booklet ludge from storage tanks which have contained S leaded gasoline can be disposed of easily, eco nomically and safely by exposing thin layers of it to outdoor weathering for about four weeks. This is the conclusion of a report which the Oper ating Practices Committee of the API Division of Refining heard at its midyear meeting in Philadel phia on May 14. Covering the results of laboratory and field tests by Ethyl Corporation during the past eight years, the report was given by H. K. Ball, manager of the Product Service and Safety section of the Company's. Sales department. Some of the drawbacks and problems of sludge disposal by such familiar methods as burial, decon tamination with chemicals and heat treatment were summarized first. Then the report emphasized the advantages of exposing sludge to weathering in order to eliminate toxicity, and explained essential pro cedures and basic precautions determined by Ethyl. Copies of Mr. Ball's report, summarizing ex tensive investigations into the exposure-to-weather method of sludge disposal, are available to refiners through Ethyl representatives. So is cooperative assistance. Further technical studies relating to spe cial sludge problems are underway. he 1963 edition of "Marine Engine Gasoline Tand Oil recommendations," a popular Ethyl Cor poration service publication, is now being distributed. A guide to the proper selection of fuels and lubri cants for inboard and outboard engines, the handy, pocket-size booklet is a compilation of information obtained from marine engine manufacturers -- and from their owners' manuals and service bulletins. In an introduction, the booklet points out how the increasingly widespread availability of automotivetype gasolines at waterfront locations benefits both motorboat owners and oil refiners. It means that engine builders are now able to design higher per formance power units which can take advantage of the higher and more consistent quality of automo tive fuels. This assures boat owners of more power ful, dependable performance and also reduces engine maintenance problems. For refiners, use of automotive gasoline for ma rine engines eliminates the need for duplicate stor age and distribution facilities and enables them to supply higher quality fuel -- in many cases at a lower price -- to the boating public. Copies of "Marine Engine Gasoline and Oil Rec ommendations" are available to Ethyl's customers. ...to help produce better petroleum products at less cost For over 40 years Ethyl has worked to help the oil 4 industry throughout the world produce better, more efficient products at lowest possible cost. For one example, Ethyl developed the first prac tical antiknock compounds in 1921 and, through continuing research, has improved them to their present effectiveness. Today, Ethyl offers a wide range of antiknocks and many other additives, including: ! Antioxidants for gasoline, jet and diesel fuels, i greases, industrial oils, specialized lubricants. Phosphorus additives for gasoline that control spark plug fouling and surface ignition. A gasoline deter gent that also provides anti-icing and anti-corrosion protection. A diesel fuel detergent that keeps injec tors clean and reduces exhaust smoke. A cetane improver for diesel fuels. A combustion improver for heating oils. All these and other "Ethyl" chemicals are de signed to meet a specific product or process need. All are backed by technical data based on Ethyl's wealth of experience. ft ETC 3 278 I < A freckle-faced general. Shouting orders to an army mustered i by his imagination. He's your son, blowing the dust off history.. .. l Adventure lies in a Magic Circle all around you. Think of the wonders it holds for a child. A battlefield. A man o' war. Or an observatory to take him to the stars ... Be an adventurer. Get a \ map at your service station. Draw a circle around the place where you live. This is your Magic Circle. Explore it! ETHYL CORPORATION New York T7, New York These Mog/c Circle advertisements ore pyb/ijhed to help you gel more enjoyment out of your cor. Ethyl mokes additives used by oil componies to improve their goso/ines ond your driving p/eosure. 30279 - ETHYL N EWS Vol. 30, No. * AUGUST 1063 Published six times o year (February, April, June, August, October and December] by Ethyl Corporation VOO Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. I manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds ond other additives used by oil companies to improve the quolity of petroleum products. B. B. Turner, President William R, Perdue, Jr., Executive Vice President ond Treasurer B. C. Gottwafd, Vice President and Secretory Richard F. Cook, Editor, ETHYL NEWS Stonton P. Nickerson, Associate Editor Corsten Grande, Art Director Articles from outside sources ore welcomed. Upon reouest, permission to reprint moterio! appearing in ETHYL NEWS will be granted. i t j j Contents------------------------------------------------ Page TO THE FAIR............................................. 1 ANTIKNOCK COMPOUND DEMAND 4 SHIPPED VIA CHEMICAL TRADER ... 6 FLOTILLAS TO THE RESCUE . . 8 A DAY WITH THE SOLDIERS 12 HANNIBAL, MISSOURI............ 14 DON'T CONFUSE THE MAILMAN 18 PROBLEM SOLVING SESSION . . 21 FOUR-WHEELED MOVIE STARS NEWSBR1EFS "... ... 24 28 ON THE COVER: A fa ther and son, two of the thousands of annual visitors to the Mark Twain country, look ''i; out over the Mississippi, source of the beloved .! i author's pen name. See "Hannibal, Missouri -- Everyone's Home Town," pages 14-17. i PICTURE CREDITS: Pog,, 1-3. N,w York World', Foir ond Greyhound Corp ; pogos 14-17, Mauit -- Missouri Commerce, Walker -- Missouri Resource* Commission, ond Fronk L. Rem ington; pogt* 24-27, Jock B. Kemmerer. Printed In U.S.A. BY LAND, SEA AND AIR TO THE By Stanton P. Nickerson ike the complex but highly efficient network of L-pipelines at a big refinery, an amazing pattern of new and improved turnpikes, boulevards, park ways and express highways will help speed the flow of automobile traffic to and from the New York World's Fair when the mammoth exhibition opens next year. In the Fair's immediate vicinity, some $120 mil lion is being spent for arterial feeders and their accoutrements. These and related bridge, tunnel, connecting ramp and street improvements in the city and adjoining areas are part of a $2 billion program designed to give New York the nation's most extensive metropolitan highway system. Scheduled to open in April 1964 for six months and again the following year for the same length of time, the billion-dollar World's Fair is the princi pal event in New York City's tercentennial celebra tion. The Fair is expected to draw a total of 80 million people to its 646 acres in the two years it holds forth in Flushing Meadow Park in the Bor ough of Queens, site of the New York fair of 193$ and 1940. Motoring visitors coming from any direction will travel on thoroughfares of six to eight lanes, with underpasses, overpasses and interchanges designee for uninterrupted traffic flow. In most ca-es. Fairbound travelers should be able to cross the city tc the exposition with delays at scarcely a traffic light Arching over waterways and railroad tracks ant skirting industrial, business and residential sections ETC 30281 new and widened parkways and expressways radiating from the Fair site are scheduled to be completed for the most part by January 1. By the time the Fair opens, it is expected that only final roadside landscaping will remain to be completed. The Fair's immediate approaches, entrance roads and facilities for bus and trucking serv ices will be temporary, but practically all other highway modernization and extension are to be permanent additions to the metropolitan area's network of through and local highways. As contractors push ahead with remaining Umsphert (U$S) Unit*) States Steel 0 1H1 N*. Yrfc WorW % f-t 19*4-1f5 CrpOTioft work on express arteries and parkways in the city's five boroughs and outlying sections this summer, New Yorkers and suburbanites hope to sample some of the increased driving ease and pleasure which out-of-town motorists are scheduled to enjoy when they come to the Fair next year. The last link in the highway system -- slated to be ready for the Fair's second year -- and the most outstanding structure of its kind is the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge over the entrance to New York harbor. Named for Giovanni da Verrazano, Italian navigator who discovered 1 TO THE FAIR &S The Transportation and Travel Pavilion, which includes a presentation on extra-terrestrial travel, will be flanked by automobile manufacturers' buildings and a marine center. the harbor in 1524, the bridge will have a central span of 4,260 feet, making it the longest suspension bridge in the world. When opened to traffic between Staten Island and Brooklyn, the Verrazano-Narrows bridge will provide the quickest and most direct route to the exposition for motorists coming from the south and west. Whatever means of transportation they choose, visitors will find appropriate facilities and accommo dations. Currently under high priority for comple tion are 45 acres of on-the-grounds parking with room for 27,000 automobiles. Garages, service stations and land owners in the neighborhood are providing thousands of additional parking spaces. Heliport on Building Roof New railroad, subway and bus stations at the Fair site are being built to help handle daily crowds. A dramatic innovation will be a rooftop heliport on a central Fair building, to provide direct con nections with the city's three airports and points in Manhattan. LaGuardia Airport, closest to Flush ing Meadow, is getting longer runways and a new central passenger building, six times larger than its predecessor. Terminal City, an arrival, departure, service and shopping complex at New York Inter national (Idlewild) Airport, is scheduled to be open before next April. Berthing and mooring spaces for 800 yachts, cruisers and other power craft will be ready at an elaborate marina on the Flushing Bay shore of the World's Fair tract. Designed to serve not only local skippers but those coming from more distant points by coastal waters, the boating haven will be par tially opened late this summer. Excursion steamers will dock there too. After arriving at the exposition, visitors will be able to ride on extensive fairgrounds transit sys tems. These systems range from free shuttles between parking lots and admission gates to fast "perimeter" encirclement routes. A fleet of 40 airconditioned Greyhound buses with picture win dows, glass tops and tape-recorded commentary will accommodate sightseers. The leg-weary or those impatient to get from one part of the Fair to another can use gasoline-pow ered "glide-a-ride" tractor trains. Sixty-two such trains, seating up to 60 passengers each, will serve all areas. For individual hire, there will be 150 "escorters"-- fiberglass canopied vehicles with open 2 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30283 sides -- operated by driver-guides. Special transpor tation arrangements are being made for physically handicapped visitors. A Swiss Sky Ride and a monorail system will carry Fair visitors in cars high above the displays. Permanent Additions The new highway and other transportation facil ity improvements that will remain after the Fair is over will not be the only physical additions to the metropolitan area. The fairgrounds themselves have a long-range place in the greater New York Community. After the last temporary structure is demolished and the last truckload of debris is hauled away, Flushing Meadow is scheduled to become the city's largest park -- for enjoyment by countless millions in the years ahead, August 1963 A model of the Port Authority's 120-foot-high heliport and exhibit building shows a helicopter and passengers on the landing area. Official receptions for visiting dignitaries will be held in the Terrace Club in the top of the structure, which is reached by high-speed elevators. Scheduled to open in the Fair's second year, the VerrazanoNarrows Bridge, under construction between Brooklyn and Staten Island, will help speed traffic to the exposition. ETC 30284 t Ii!, Qiince lead alkyl antiknock compounds are used by oil refiners to provide ^ the all-important final *'big" octane numbers in 98 percent of all gasoline produced in the United States, recent year-to-year increases in demand for motor gasoline naturally have resulted in increases in demand for antiknock compounds. But the demand for antiknock compounds is also affected by other factors -- the growing preference of the American public, once again, for high performance automobiles, resultant gains in the antiknock quality of gasoline, and the amount of antiknock compounds used to achieve that octane quality. Spurred by a fast-growing automobile population, domestic demand for motor gasoline increased 3.5 percent in 1962 over 1961, and this year it has been running almost 3 percent ahead of 1962. At current consumption rates, this means that American motorists are now using a half million barrels more gasoline a day than they did just five years ago -- or about eight billion gallons more a year. This increased gasoline consumption, of course, substantially increases the demand for antiknock compounds. The motoring public's renewed interest in high performance automobiles is another significant development of the last year or two. Several years ago, after compact cars first became popular, such cars accounted for some 40 percent of total car sales and affected the gasoline market adversely in the quality and amount of gasoline they used. In recent months, however, production of compact cars has dropped to less than 32 percent of total car output. At the same time, compacts have grown somewhat larger and now come equipped in many cases with more powerful engines, which require a higher octane gasoline to operate satisfactorily. The public's desire for high performance is expected to increase further in the 1964 model year. Reflecting changing tastes in cars and car performance, it appears that sales of premium gasoline this year will account for more than 32 percent of total gasoline sales--an increase of more than one percent over 1962. Premium gasoline, of course, contains higher concentrations of antiknock compounds than does regular grade. In a related development, octane numbers of both premium and regular grade gasoline have shown sustained though moderate increases. As of July, premium gasoline on sale in the United States had average octane ratings of 99.8 (Research) and 90.8 octane number (Motor). These were respectively, 0.2 and 0.3 octane numbers above a year earlier. In the same month, regular gasoline showed average octane ratings of 93.3 (Research) and 84.9 (Motor), which were, respectively, 0.4 higher and unchanged from the year before. These gains in laboratory octane numbers result from many oil refiners' determination to improve the road performance of their gasolines. In many cases, as refiners increase antiknock compound concentrations per gallon of gasoline, they get a ETHYL NEWS ETC 30285 relatively greater increase in Motor octane number than in Research octane number. Reflecting various factors, average tetraethyl lead concentrations in July were 2.47 milliliters per gallon of premium gasoline and 1.97 milliliters per gallon of regular gasoline. So far this year, lead concentrations have been running about seven percent higher than last year. Also affecting antiknock compound use this year is an increase in the maximum permissive concentrations of lead antiknock compounds that can now be used in non military gasoline sold to the federal government. Under new federal specifications, up to 4.23 grams of metallic lead are permitted in such gasoline. This is equivalent to 4 milliliters of tetraethyl lead, or 2.74 milliliters of tetramethyl lead, per gallon of gasoline, and coincides with the antiknock compound industry's action of 1959, following a study and report by a special committee appointed by the Surgeon General of the United States. At that time, the industry increased maximum permissive concentrations of tetraethyl lead in automotive gasoline for general use from 3 to 4 milliliters per gallon. The new federal specifications provide definite benefits for gasoline producers. First, they enable a number of smaller refiners to manufacture gasoline that meets federal gasoline quality standards. Second, since the specifications for gasoline bought by a number of states are based on federal specifications, they mean that gasoline with a TEL content of tr*"' * srr.v ir;-'" - r* OMPOUND DEMAND higher than 3 milliliters per gallon can now also be sold to those states. The availability of a fourth milliliter of tetraethyl lead, of course, provides all gasoline manufacturers with greater flexibility in their refinery operations and assures them of a cushion to draw upon before they must make large capital expenditures for new processing equipment. In the last few years, a number of newer antiknock compounds based on tetramethyl lead and on physical and chemical mixtures of tetramethyl and tetraethyl lead have made their appearance. Because of their greater volatility, some of the newer compounds "travel" more readily with lighter fuel components inside an automobile engine, thereby providing more uniform antiknock quality in the mixtures which reach individual cylinders. In this respect, they are particularly useful in cars equipped with manual transmissions. While tetraethyl lead continues to be the principal active ingredient in antiknock compounds, the advent of the lighter lead alkyls demonstrates the adaptability of lead antiknock compounds to constantly changing fuel and engine environments. August 1963 5 "Ethyl" antiknock compounds are handled efficiently when... j relatively small ocean-going tank ship is A doing a big job for a number of Ethyl Corpo ration's customers. For the last year-and-a-half, the "Chemical Trader" has been delivering bulk shipments of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds to oil refiners eco nomically, efficiently and safely. These bulk ship ments reduce refiners' costs in the handling, storing, emptying and returning of thousands of 55-gallon drums formerly used for antiknock compound ship ments. At the same time, the bulk delivery consti tutes a safe method for transporting and handling large quantities of antiknock compounds. A new concept in the shipment of antiknock compounds, the "Chemical Trader" service is the result of a detailed study undertaken several years ago by Ethyl's planning and distribution specialists to determine the most efficient method of supplying antiknock compounds to overseas customers. When it was established that bulk shipment in a sea-going chemical tanker offered the most advantages, a 6 special vessel was chartered and descriptively named the "Chemical Trader." The ship was outfitted with four special tanks. Loaded at the Company's conveniently located Texas manufacturing center on the Houston Ship Channel, the ship makes bulk deliveries to Ethyl customers equipped to handle them. Her shallow draft --she draws only 14 feet of water when fully loaded -- enables the "Chemical Trader" to move in close to unloading facilities at shore-based terminals. "Ethyl" antiknock compounds are pumped in closed lines from the tanks aboard the ship to terminal storage tanks. From there the compounds go directly to re finery mixing plants as needed in the manufacture of finished gasoline. Currently, Ethyl's chemical tanker service ex tends to refiners in Aruba in the Netherlands Antilles, and Central and South America. Two additional terminals are expected to go into operation during the fall. Ethyl has formed two subsidiaries in connection ETHYL NEWS ETc 30287 I The "Chemical Trader" is outfitted with four below-decks tanks for transporting "Ethyl" antiknock compounds.... The ship's shallow draft enables it to move in close to shore-based terminal facilities to unload its cargo. with bulk shipments to customer companies in the Latin American area. One. Ethyl Interamerica Cor poration. conducts sales efforts, while the other, Interamerica Terminals Corporation, functions in those cases where it is necessary or advisable to separate terminal and sales activities. Refiners served by the "Chemical Trader" are enthusiastic about the new Ethyl delivery system and the benefits it provides. They like the way it eliminates large drum inventories and the shipment of empty drums back to the United States, and pro vides for handling and transporting antiknock com pounds safely. They also appreciate the savings in money and manpower over former methods of unloading drums from ships, transporting them to storage areas and handling them in mixing plants. With the success of bulk shipments via the "Chemical Trader" firmly established. Ethyl looks forward to expanding its tanker delivery services where and when the economics for oil refiners and for Ethyl justify its use. August 1963 ETC 30288 West Baton Rouge flotilla deputies speeding along the Intercoastal Waterway near Port Allen, La, FLOTILLAS Volunteer deputy sheriffs help when emergency calls go out J in Baton Rouge, La., parishes To make sure that all equipment is always ready for immediate use, Sheriff BeIvin Bergeron and Commodore Clay Bonrg of the West Baton Rouge flotilla take careful inventory' periodically. 8 ETc 30289 asping and limp, a seaman who bad fallen G overboard from an oil tanker is rescued from the Mississippi River___ Lost in the gloom of a cypress swamp, a frightened teen-ager is found and taken borne.... A family, huddled on its porch roof while flood waters rise, is saved as help comes in the nick of time___ These are typical vignettes from the busy and often heroic days of two emergency organizations in the Baton Rouge area of Louisiana: the Sheriffs' Flotillas of East Baton Rouge and West Baton Rouge parishes. Dedicated to community service afloat and ashore, volunteers from industrial, business, govern ment, professional and other local circles stand ready at all hours to save lives, help enforce the law, assist the unfortunate and contribute to civic well-being. The Baton Rouge flotillas, models for others in the state, are recognized for ability to deal effec tively with almost all types of crises in their par ishes (counties). Serving as official deputy sheriffs without pay, members undergo training in seaman ship, first aid, lifesaving, police cooperation, help ing at accidents and coping with a variety of other contingencies. Among the active members of the two commu nity service organizations are employees of such companies as Ethyl Corporation, Humble Oil & Re fining, Dow Chemical, Gulf States Utilities, Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical, and United States Rubber. The 50-man East Baton Rouge flotilla was organized eight years ago under the leadership of veteran sheriff Bryan Demons. In 1958, it helped set up its trans river counterpart, of which Clay Bourg of the Ethyl plant security force is commodore. Oil Companies Help Both of the Baton Rouge volunteer squadronslike others in Louisiana--depend on private sources for certain supplies, gear and- essential equipment. Several oil companies have furnished gasoline and lubricants, for example, during prolonged river or land searches. The scene and type of emergency naturally de termine whether calls for assistance are answered by motor launch or rescue truck. Ready for duty day and night, the flotillas are not only capably staffed but also well outfitted. Their equipment in cludes motor launches, rescue trucks, auxiliary motorboats transportable by automobile trailer, field kitchens, medical supplies, diving apparatus, grap- sro THE RESCUE Flotilla members in East Baton Ronge nse this automobile trailer and boats for rescue work on parish lakes or rivers. etc 3 290 FLOTILLAS TO THE RESCUE NOTICE | TO NIT OffKITOBS | pling hooks, oxygen tanks, acetylene torches, stretchers, house-jacks, blankets and rubber sheet ing, battery chargers, portable electric generators and spotlights. Typical examples of water and land "missions accomplished" recently by the two volunteer par ish organizations are found in their respective com modores' logbooks: Tugboat struck support of highway-railroad bridge over Mississippi River. Flammable materi l Alt PASSENGERS MUST Hxvt oh un jKint Liu KTS host tutu m a emu comm A COUNTER ClMlWISt went*. eouo tssews hong ban* L BOATS CMNOT cass-itoss 4. HO WATEC SCI IMG. | asi ruts wa b mt tm rms lake PAreouo wtrrr police < SMQIFFS HITILLA als on tug exploded and bridge was damaged. Flotilla called out to assist. Emergency commun ications headquarters set up. Flotilla boat used to transport parish and state officials to scene. Twenty members helped search for and locate four hunters lost in dense swamp. Flotilla members distributed Type III polio vac cine in parish. Received call at 4:20 a.m. that floodlights were needed at scene of grade crossing accident in Rosedale, outside parish limits. Took 1,200-watt light plant to scene. Gave assistance to doctor with resuscitation on 5- year-old boy. Revived him so that he could be sent to hospital. Located 10-member boating party stranded six miles from its marina and towed it back. The record also includes, of course, events and East Baton Rouge uses a big "crash truck" with complete equipment to deal with many emergencies. circumstances which not even the most conscien tious and persistent efforts could modify, such as sheriff calls to grapple for the drowned or help remove the victims of other accidents. Less dra matic but necessary in preserving order are the flo tillas' assistance to local police in handling crowds at public gatherings. With such varied, essential and often demanding duties to perform, it follows that all members of the East Baton Rouge and West Baton Rouge Par ish Sheriffs' Flotillas are carefully screened. Can didates must be voting-age residents of the parish, meet high standards of character and conduct and demonstrate alert devotion to public service. Motor- boat ownership also is required. In spite of these qualifications and the sometimes I : arduous nature of the work, neither flotilla has any manpower problems. In fact, for new members up to 18 months' waiting period is usual before vacancies occur. 10 ETC 30291 Members of both volunteer organizations undergo intensive training in such essentials as first aid, lifesaving, seamanship and handling crowds. ETC 30292 A Day with the Soldiers A boy's picture, taken at Fort Bragg, N. C., helps explain value of automobile trips <<rriHE cadence of polished boots. Crisp uniforms. A man-to-man chat with a real paratrooper. And sud denly a boy knows what it means to be a soldier.. . Adventures like this can be the experience of any child --if his parents take him on educational automobile trips-- Ethyl Corporation's current Magic Circle market expan sion advertisements point out. One such adventure was the experience of Steven Allen Adler for a whole day at Fort Bragg, N. C., this spring. While a photographer shot dozens of color pictures to get the one best one for the Ethyl ad featuring Fort Bragg, Steve Adler talked with and watched soldiers of the combat-ready 82nd Airborne Division in action. As the camera clicked, he mingled with the men; saw them pack and check equipment, climb aboard huge transport planes, leap into the wild blue yonder, float to earth under billow ing silk chutes, and undergo the other rigorous training that helps make them vital cogs in the country's defense mechanism. When it was over, Steve Adler had a story to tell to his family and friends--a story of his day with the soldiers and his picture in a colorful Ethyl Corporation advertisement in millions of copies of a national magazine. The picture had a story to tell too--a story of the lessons a child can learn from personal experiences and personal contacts. While soldiers are waiting to board plane, Sterr Adler learns about parachute mechanism from Pvt 1st Class Graham Fulton. Here the youngster watches Jumpmaster George Godsey give Pvt 1st Class Francis McFarlane's equipment a final check. With friend Craig Cooper, Steve (right) 12 studies loading procedure as paratroopers board Air Force C-130 prior to lumping. ETC 30293 l I'! ii * ; ! 1 In the photo that was selected for use in current Ethyl Corporation advertisement, Steve Adler moves in close to talk with Specialist 4th Class Tony Juras and examine his gear. Training can be rough, the boy sees, as un identified soldier practices landings, combat ting blasts from wind machine. Together in another picture, Steve and Tony Juras look skyward to see other men of the 82nd leap from huge transport planes. 13 ETC 30294 I i HANNIBAL, MISSOURI Millions of Americans are attracted to the storied scene of Mark Twain's boyhood adventures ome years after Mark Twain had attained fame S and fortune, he was slated to be the featured speaker at a New York banquet. The audience natu rally was anxious to hear the renowned author's wit and humor, but the long-winded man introducing him delivered an endless speech. At long last he mercifully concluded by saying "and now, Mark Twain will give you his address." The author rose to his feet. "My address is Han nibal, Missouri," he declared simply and sat down. Mark Twain's laconic repartee effectively deflated the windbag. It also served notice that he regarded Hannibal as his home, even though he had long since departed from the little town on the west bank of the Mississippi River. Situated some 130 miles north of St. Louis, Han nibal appeals strongly to young and old--to anyone who appreciates the meandering river's charms. Writing of Hannibal, Mark Twain once described it as "a white town drowsing in the sunshine of a sum mer morning... waiting for the cry `S-T-E-A-MB-O-A-T... a-comin'!' " Mark Twain spent his boyhood in Hannibal, and in two of his best known books, Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, he brought world-wide fame to the joys and adventures of the town's youngsters. The author's real name, of course, was Samuel Langhome Clemens, and he lived in the sleepy river village from the time he was four until he was eight Quaint River Town een--from about 1839 to 1853. Clemens also wrote about his Mississippi River Today the community's population has mush piloting days, from which he acquired his pen name. roomed from some 2,000 in Mark Twain's day to When the leadsman who took soundings from the about 22,000. But it remains a quaint river town bow of a steamboat sang out to the steersman, imbued with the charm of bygone days, despite neon "Ma-a-ark Twa-ain," it meant: "Two fathoms deep- lights and modem store fronts downtown. There is safe water ahead." nostalgia everywhere for those familiar with the Close to a quarter-of-a-million tourists a year now author's stories. visit Hannibal, easily accessible by the million-dollar 14 ETC 30295 [ -Everyone's Home Town Mark Twain Memorial Bridge across the Mississippi. Many of the visitors are children and school groups who arrive by bus and automobile from all parts of the country. Mark Twain's birthplace was the nearby hamlet of Florida, Missouri. The house where he was bora is maintained as a museum in Mark Twain State Park there. Perry, also near Hannibal, boasts the Mark Twain Research Foundation and holds an annual hobby and antique show honoring the author. Hannibal, however, is__lh_mecca. And Mark Twain's boyhood home, "the home of Tom Sawyer," remains the chief attraction. Built in 1844 by the author's father, Judge John Marshall Clemens, the plain two-story white frame building, with green shutters and trim, is furnished with authentic pieces. Although the mischievous Tom was a fictitious !: A towering statue of Mark Twain looks out over the Mississippi from Riverview Park in Hanni bal, tite renowned author's beloved home town. ... Another statue nearby-of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn -- marks the site of Cardiff Hill, the two boys' favorite meeting place. 15 ETC 30296 HANNIBAL, MISSOURI-Everyone's Home Town Dressed somewhat the way their fictitious counterparts may have been, a modern Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn watch a sternwheeler steaming on the Mississippi. boy, he has become so closely identified with his author-creator that Mark Twain's bedroom is usually called "Tom Sawyer's room." Visitors look out of the window through which Tom supposedly escaped for nocturnal adventures. The room is furnished with items Tom might have used and is described by a recorded voice which comes from an old carpetbag when visitors put a dime in a slot. It doesn't take much imagination to picture Aunt Polly, Tom, Huck, Sid and Becky Thatcher, all of whom were much like real people the author knew. Home Looks the Same From the outside, Mark Twain's home looks today much the same as it did when he lived there. The original board fence has been replaced by an exact replica. It was a fence like this which Tom Sawyer not only lured other boys to whitewash for him, but tricked them into paying him for the privilege. So well known has this legendary stunt become that the Hannibal Junior Chamber of Commerce conducts an annual Tom Sawyer fence-painting day in midAugust. Boys from throughout Missouri enter the competition. Adjacent to the home stands the Mark Twain Museum, housing hundreds of the author's relics, pictures, books, articles of furniture and clothing. Prominently displayed are his ancient typewriter, many of his original manuscripts and a mass of tight curls clipped from the author's head in 1895. There's also a giant steamboat wheel which tourists need no invitation to grip like river pilots of yesteryear. Fact and fiction merge at a marker near the mu seum designating the spot where Huck Finn once "lived." Close by are the indisputably real Joseph P. Amant printing shop, where young Samuel Clemens served his apprenticeship, and the law offices of his father. Across the street the old Hawkins home still stands. Laura Hawkins was the author's boyhood sweetheart--his real-life Becky Thatcher. Around the corner from the Clemens home, at the foot of Holliday's Hill--the Cardiff Hill of Tom Saw yer-stands a statue of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry 16 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30297 Finn, symbolizing carefree American boyhood. The hill was one of young Sam's favorite playgrounds. Few tourists leave Hannibal without taking the half-hour walk through the labyrinth of tunnels and rooms of Mark Twain Cave. Its eerie caverns and rock formations are those where Tom Sawyer and Becky Thatcher were lost and risked attack by Injun Joe. Points of interest in the cave include the spot where Tom and Becky huddled together as they watched their last candle flicker and die. It's hard to believe this experience was imaginary. Many visitors also make a safari to Jackson's Island in the Mississippi, where Tom and Huck camped in the jungle before embarking on their raft adventure. The camp is still a place of tangled under brush and gloomy thickets overshadowed by tall cottonwoods and bending willows. Before exploring the island, some tourists enjoy angling where Huck caught "as big a fish as was ever catched in the Mississippi, I reckon." Visitors to Hannibal always seem reluctant to de part. There's a certain wistfulness about the place, though it's no longer the sleepy little river town where a barefooted boy in patched shirt and overalls ca vorted through a thousand boyish adventures on "streets empty, or pretty nearly so..and on "the great Mississippi, the majestic, the magnificent Mis sissippi, rolling its mile-wide tide along ... the dense forest away on the other side." The whole area seems to abound with the tradi tions of Tom, Huck and Becky. In the green hills and woods it's easy to find dark, enchanted glens where a boy can play pirate, dig for treasure, trap rabbits or build a shanty. Hannibal constitutes a living, vibrant symbol of a boy's mischievous play and the imaginative, ad venturous dreams of youth. It represents the sub stance of childhood with its attendant pain and pleas ure, and the mistakes and triumphs of growing up. It's easy to understand why Hannibal is often re ferred to as not just Mark Twain's, but as "everyone's home town." August 1963 17 Don't Confuse the Mailman Incorrect addresses add to Post Office's already prodigious work load By Frank L. Remington ^\f the millions of bizarrely addressed letters that pour into United States post offices every year, the one directed to Sidyom, Yrcsd., at first seemed to be one of the most baffling. But finally an experienced postal clerk realized what had hap pened. A starry-eyed stenographer had let her fingers drift one space to the right on her typewriter keyboard. The clerk translated the alphabetical jum ble into Austin, Texas, and redirected the letter on to its intended destination. Every day, postal workers all over the country are delayed and confused trying to figure out un usual, inaccurate or incomplete addresses on thou sands of pieces of mail. Because of faulty addressing, many pieces never reach addressees. Since the Post Office Department handles 67 billion pieces of mail annually--about 360 for every man, woman and child in the country--and since the volume is steadily rising, it frowns on poorly and improperly addressed letters. They only add un necessarily to an already prodigious work load. Postal workers, of course, can do little but try to deliver strangely addressed pieces of mail, since many are the result of honest mistakes or just plain ignorance. They have delivered an envelope reading "Tourtle Cleck, U.S.A." to its correct destination in Turtle Creek, Pa.; one posted to "Poli-Hunter, 1." to Pocohontas, Iowa; and still another addressed to "Tontomas" to Taunton, Mass. Letters addressed to "Scitznaty," "Zunsoonati" and "Chinchin Otty" reach Cincinnati regularly, while those labeled "Chaquechico," "Shehego," "Zizabo," "Jagjago," "Jaiijo," "Hipsho" and "Hizago" end up--properly--in Chicago. Descriptive Labels Some letter-writers who aren't sure of correct ad dresses or titles resort to descriptive labels for their mail and trust the post office to get it through. Ethyl Corporation has received letters addressed to the "Don't Knock Corporation, New York'' and to "Ethyl, U.S.A." The Clower brothers of Gulfport, Miss., received a letter from Waco, Texas, addressed: "Downtown Furniture Store Run By Two Brothers Who Look Alike, across Street from Dime Store, Appliance 18 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30299 :A f Store at One End of Street, Dry Goods Store at Other." Similarly, a California letter directed to the ``Department that Catches Crooks and Liars" in Sacramento, arrived at the state attorney general's office. Such ingenuous errors are, perhaps, forgiveable. It is writers who deliberately address letters in a zany and supposedly humorous fashion that cause the mailman's biggest headaches. Some of these selfstyled comedians use Morse code, shorthand sym bols, and even musical notes to demonstrate their alleged cleverness. One prankster drew a picture of a column, a bus and a loop for New York's Colum bus Circle. A chemically-minded correspondent ad dressed a letter to QHoOH, Batesville, Ark. Al though somewhat delayed, it ultimately reached Alkie Hall, a local grocer. CsH;OH, of course, is the chemical formula for alcohol. Experts in mail-handling problems have great hopes that new electronic equipment coming into use will help reduce the Post Office department deficit, which has reached the whopping total of more than S500 million a year. But as speedy and efficient as the new equipment-writ won't be able to solve puzzles, answer conundrums, or crack secret codes. Such shenanigans were one reason postal rates had to be boosted early in 1963. In spite of its costliness, letter writers seem to persist in tomfoolery. Some addresses bear only the nicknames of cities or states: "City of Brotherly Love" or "Lone Star State," for example. While amateur cryptographers use code addresses, such as 1-12-2-1-14-25 for Albany, each number represent ing a letter in its respective numerical position in the alphabet. August 1963 19 ETC 30300 I I Don't Confuse tbe Mailman The San Francisco post office, after consultation with the Coast and Geodetic Survey, dispatched an envelope addressed to "Latitude 37:45:53N; Longiture 122:26:42W." A Marblehead, Mass., postman puzzled for some time over an envelope addressed to "Cow's Corner," but finally decided that it was in tended for a house at the comer of Jersey and Guernsey Streets. And an equally alert letter carrier in Paducah, Ky., delivered an epistle directed to "Embrace the Pharmacist," to Mr. Hugg, the local druggist. ters to the White House with nothing more than a caricature of the president or some other appropri ate sketch. A favorite gimmick during FDR's ad ministration was a picture of a rose followed by the letters "v-e-l-t." Letter writers who delight in this and all other types of postal buffoonery, or who fail to use com plete, accurate addresses, should realize that they are only cheating themselves and all other taxpayers -- by creating unnecessary, time-consuming and costly problems. "Don't confuse the mailman" is good advice for all correspondents who want inexpensive, fast, effi cient postal service -- and that should include just about everyone. Celebrities, of course, receive an almost endless stream of letters with zany addresses. The late Rob ert Ripley, for example, was addressed with a draw ing of a bee, a leaf, the word "it," an oar and a knot for his famous "Believe it or Not" slogan. And on occasion, envelopes came merely with wavy lines, for Ripley. The President of the United States is the target for more letters with bizarre addresses than anyone else. Some have been directed, disrespectfully, to "The Big Shot, Washington, D. C.," "His Majesty of the USA," "Too Deer President," "Frankie Rassie Veit," etc. Sometimes, artistically-inclined writers post let- 20 ZIP Code is Here nder the Post Office Department's new Zon U ing Improvement Program (ZlP)-designed to help mailers as well as the Post Office -- postal zone numbers, have been linked, since July 1, with new mailing address codes for.the entire nation, the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. ZIP codes are five-digit geographical and zoning designations. The first three digits denote the area, state and city, and the last two designate the local postal zone number previously in use. In addresses not in one of the 207 zoned cities, the first three digits of the code represent Sectional Centers, or the main focal points of air, highway and rail trans portation; and the last two digits are code numbers assigned to the post office or delivery station. Although intended primarily for use by organi zations, publishers and large business firms who utilize electronic data processing equipment to pre sort their mail, the coding also is intended to aid in the manual distribution of mail and pave the way for mechanical sorting in post offices when automatic optical scanning equipment becomes available in the future. Smaller business mailers and the general public have been asked to become familiar with their respective ZIP code number and to include it in all return addresses -- one space to the right of the last line - as illustrated in the accompanying sketch. 30301 etc PROBLEM SOLVING SESSION Ignition Performance Conference promotes progress The 1963 session of an annual technical conference, which is designed to help solve problems and promote progress in gasoline engine technology, returns to its home town this year after a one-year sojourn abroad. Convened in London last year for the convenience of European participants, the Champion Ignition Performance Conference is back in Toledo, Ohio, headquarters city of its sponsor. Champion Spark Plug Company. The inter-industry technical session is planned as a forum where engine and engine parts manufacturers, oil refiners, and related industries can discuss developments, problems, and trends in engines, fuels and lubricants. It is directed by George M. Galster, manager of Champion's Automotive Technical Services Department. The fifth annual conference, scheduled for this October, will be attended by engineers, technicians, and service personnel from The annual inter-industry conference is a forum where representatives of oil, auto motive and related industries can discuss trends in engines, fuels and lubricants. i | ! Problem Solving Session i Fred Finoigan, Pure Oil's director of engine and fuel research, and J. C. Hedberg, of Pure's product applica tion and development staff, talk test procedures. C. A. Hall of Ethyl's Research Laboratories, in an international automotive discussion with R. Mellde, chief engineer of Sweden's S.A.A.B. the United States, Canada, and Western Europe. Ethyl Corporation has actively participated in all of the conferences. It has contributed informa tion and problem solutions drawn from extensive background on the effects of gasoline and lubricant composition, including additives, on spark plug performance and other factors involved in engine performance. Typical of the problems that have been discussed at past sessions is the matter of spark plug opera tion in high-powered outboard engines. At the time of the first conference in 1959, outboard engines in the 50-horsepower class and larger were new to the industry. Several factors that potentially limited their performance and dependability -- corrosion of spark plug electrodes, deposit "throw-off" shorting the plugs, and deposit-induced preignition -- were pointed out by attending delegates and discussed. 22 Companies represented by delegates to the Ignition Performance Conference, studied the inter related effects of fuels, lubricants, additives, com bustion chamber shape, and spark plug design and location in their research laboratories. At subsequent conferences, follow-up discussions disclosed some of the results of this research. For example, Ethyl Corporation discovered the value of using ethylene dibromide in outboard engine oils containing an ashless dispersant. This additive com bination, Ethyl found, greatly increases spark plug life and minimizes preignition. The ethylene dibro mide provides good scavenging of the products of combustion, reducing spark plug and combustion chamber deposits. At the same time, Champion proposed a surfacegap spark plug. Less sensitive to preignition, this spark plug has since been adopted by some out- ETHYL NEWS ETC 30303 board engine builders. One of them, McCulloch Corporation, developed a special oil containing an Ethyl antiwear additive that made possible the use of a 100:1 fuel-oil ratio. Developments from some conferences are up dated at later ones as representatives of various com panies and industries attending contribute to over-all knowledge on a subject. For example, McCulloch Corporation's outboard engine dynamometer -- for which Ethyl Corporation helped develop a knock-rating procedure -- is helping supply data on octane requirements of the new high-powered out board engines. In the automotive field, engine and engine com ponent manufacturers have discussed with oil refin ers and additive manufacturers at the conference sessions the capabilities and performance of fuels and lubricants in modem engines. In an effort to make the conference sessions helpful to participants, a questionnaire is sent out with invitations. Answers to the questionnaire and suggestions of participants form the basis for the agenda. At a typical conference, the first day might fea ture fuel and lubricant developments; the second day, ignition system service; and the third, a tour of Champion's engineering and manufacturing facil ities. Guest moderators selected from among oil and automotive companies preside over discussions on successive days. The sessions are conducted on an active giveand-take basis, with information presented by one participant triggering supporting or opposing com ments by another. Meeting proceedings are taperecorded, transcribed, edited and distributed to participants as the basis for further discussion and research work by the companies and industries represented. August 1963 23 Well known for their performances on theater and TV screens, these vintage cars have become____ Four -Wheeled Movie Stars By Jack B. Kemmerer **T'M sorry, but the Dutch Schultz Cadillac is ^ busy this week. I can let you have it any time next week." E. O. Smith of Los Angeles put down the phone and made an entry on his reservation sheet. Another "Four-Wheeled Movie Star" had been called for a key role in a motion picture. At age 60, Mr. Smith is one of those rare retired individuals who turned a hobby into a lucrative busi ness. He operates a rental and referral service for vintage cars for the motion picture and television studios of Hollywood. The Dutch Schultz Cadillac is a good example. It is a 1928 model that earned its nickname by being used three different times by three different studios in a scene depicting the death of the big-time criminal of the "Roaring Twenties." So many of Smith's cars are used at the Desilu TV studio, they have their own private parking lot on the studio grounds. At any time, a 1927 Viking, a whole platoon of Buicks, several Pierce-Arrows, a Chevy coupe, some Fords, a couple of Oldsmobiles, lots of LaSalles, a Yellow and a Checker cab and three trucks -- a White, a 1925 chain-drive Mack and a Chevy -- might be standing by there. "Lots of people offer us cars from the 1920's for about $5,000," says Aaron Dom, the studio's trans portation chief who is charged with providing vin tage cars for such shows as "The Untouchables. "Actually, there are plenty around for one-tenth c that, but they must be in good mechanical condition And that's why we get most of our cars from Smithwe can depend on them." Smith took up his hobby about 10 years ago, pur chasing a 1925 Steams four-door sedan. After ac quiring seven or eight other ancient cars and restor ing them to mint condition, he found that he had lot of money and even more time invested in somethin; that could only be looked at and driven occasionally Owns 70 Cars "I had to find some way of making them pay o my hobby was over," Smith recalls. Then he hear< that MGM was looking for cars of the 1920s for ; new TV series called "The Lawless Years." Hi drove one of his vehicles to the MGM lot ant showed it -- along with pictures of his other cars to the studio's transportation chief. Several of hi: cars were signed up immediately and Smith was ii a new business. Now, only four years later, he ha: about 70 vintage autos and is adding more. Smith belongs to the Antique Car Club and tht Their headlights shining on a criminal hideout, a lin of old cars co-stars with police and government ag' in a filmed version of law enforcement in act Owner E. O. Smith keeps between 40 and 50 cars at the Desilu Studios (or use in television productions. Horseless Carriage Club, and gets many of his relics from members of these organizations. And now that he and his business are well known, he receives an average of three or four letters and calls a day from people who want to sell old cars. Of course, there is no set price for an antique or classic model. Con dition, rarity, and the would-be purchaser's desire must be considered. The least Smith has ever paid for a car is $30 for a 1934 Oldsmobile; the most is $1,000 for a 1913 International truck. He also paid $1,000 for a 1918 Cadillac, $750 for a 1918 Dodge, and $900 for a 1915 Model T Ford. In each case, lots of work and several hundred dollars were spent to restore the car to mint condition. Except for major mechanical overhauls, Smith does all of the restoration work. Body work usually requires at least two weeks' labor and can easily run into months if the car is in unusually bad shape. He farms out his mechanical work to a neighborhood garage run by an antique car fan who has a personal interest in Smith's rental service. Four-Wheeled Movie Stars Engine parts often are big headaches. If Smith and the garage can't find what they need, such parts are machined. Body parts usually are easier to come by -- especially through fellow car club members. Smith's first antique car--his 1925 Stearns--caused him the most trouble. "It was a case of pure igno rance," he recalls wryly. "If I knew then what I know now, I never would have bought that particular car." It was only after a long search for a missing part and lots of work that Smith was able to completely restore the Stearns. Later he was offered -- and de clined-- $1,000 for it. He once rented it for use in "The Lawless Years," but now won't let it out for any price, since it has become quite rare. In some motion pictures and TV series, a particu lar make and model car inevitably becomes strongly associated with the star and the story. When this happens, Smith makes sure he has at least two iden tical models --one to be used in scenes where the vehicle might be wrecked, shot up or burned, and the other for more routine scenes and for closeups. De structive scenes cause plenty of headaches for Smith and movie and TV producers. They get sacks of mail from angry fans when an elderly sheet metal star is damaged by wreck, fire or blazing bullets. If a car is to be totally destroyed, the studio buys it from Smith beforehand. And, naturally, they don't destroy any of his rare vehicles. "They couldn afford to," Smith grins. "It would cost a lot of mone to keep wrecking cars worth four or five thousan dollars each." When a vehicle is to be only partially wrecked c burned, Smith is adequately compensated and b restores it for subsequent use. Like other details, vintage autos must be authent to satisfy critical movie and TV fans. During one T show, some stock film footage was used to show street scene. The film had been checked thorough! to make sure it fitted the time period -- the ear! 1930s. But 2,200 letters received the following wee disclosed that a 1941 Pontiac had appeared in tb alleged 1931 street scene. Rental Fees Vary The rental fees he receives vary greatly, dependin on the vehicle involved, according to Smith. Price run from $30 to $100 per day, with the fee increa; ing with the age and rarity of the vehicle. Even with 70 cars on hand, Smith doesn't hav everything the studios want. If he has time, he wi get the desired car and restore it, provided enoug rental is assured to make it profitable. "One thing is sure," Smith grins. "As long as the make motion pictures and TV films, they're goin to need cars of the proper vintage to fit time require ments. It looks like I've got a pretty good hobby." Studying the 20-horsepower engine of this 1915 GMC Army ambulance, Smith observes that he probably won't make much in rentals from it, but bought it to add to his private collection. 26 ETHYL NEW! ETC 30307 August 1963 27 ETC 30308 Pushbutton Octane Numbers Attract Widespread Interest he new system for automatic laboratory deter of the new system. In addition, other companies have Tmination of the octane number of gasoline, indicated definite interest. announced last winter following its development by Used in connection with present knock-test equip Ethyl Corporation, has attracted widespread interest ment, the new system enables gasoline testing labora among oilmen in the United States and abroad. tories to determine the octane number of gasoline During the last four months, more than 100 gaso samples as accurately as standard ASTM methods line testing laboratory specialists have visited Ethyl's and increases the number of ratings that can be Ii : five gasoline testing laboratories throughout the obtained in a given time. Completely mechanized, country to see demonstrations and hear explanations the system permits the simultaneous operation of of the automatic system's uses and advantages. Oper two knock-test engines by one man and makes pos ating models have been displayed at recent meetings sible four octane number determinations in the same of the American Petroleum Institute and National amount of time required to make one determination Petroleum Refiners Association. At the request of by standard ASTM methods. oil refiners, technical presentations have been given The equipment is expected to be of greatest value at a number of Ethyl-sponsored seminars. in gasoline testing laboratories which have a reason So far, some dozen different companies are ex ably steady load of samples to test. It can improve pected to order soon the equipment that is the heart manpower effectiveness and contribute to savings. Governors of 19 States Reminded of Ethyl's Travel Promotion Programs Research Engineers Discuss Oil Tests and Improved Octane-Requirement Data overnors of 19 of the country's states were ew tests for additive-type aircraft piston en G presented with reminders of Ethyl Corpora N gine oils used by the military and a method tion's automobile travel promotion activities at the for correcting automotive engine octane-require recent Governors' Conference at Miami Beach. ment data to eliminate the effects of weather condi The 19 governors are chief executives of states tions during testing were discussed in papers pre on the New England Heritage Trail, Dixieland Trail, sented by Ethyl Corporation research engineers Lincoln Heritage Trail or Old West Trail. The trails earlier this summer. are featured in Ethyl's Magic Circle advertisements Addressing a meeting of the Society of Automo in national magazines and in publicity in daily and tive Engineers, Ethyl's James B. Retzloff described weekly newspapers this summer. the aircraft engine oil tests developed in the Ethyl Each governor received a kit entitled "A report Research Laboratories in Detroit under a contract on the activities of Ethyl Corporation in support of with the Bureau of Naval Weapons. The tests, which 1. . this travel promotion," following the name of the screen high-temperature oxidation resistance and appropriate trail. Included in the kit were copies of low-temperature sludge dispersancy, are now being Magic Circle ads and articles and a copy of the June used by both the Army and Navy in the procurement issue of ETHYL NEWS, which featured a report on of additive-type aircraft piston engine oils. ,11 i the American Petroleum Institute's travel develop At a meeting of the National Petroleum Refiners ment program and Ethyl's active support of it. Association, R. C. Beaubier of Ethyl Research Each kit also contained a letter from Russell B. Laboratories told how variations in seasonal octane- Weston, the Company's director of advertising and requirement averages can be removed and day-to- sales promotion, pointing out that Ethyl's "10 years' day observations made more uniform. By using the experience in promoting pleasure trips indicates that weather correction method and data developed in a people can be stimulated to travel more and, in so five-year Ethyl study, refiners should be able to doing, gain a renewed appreciation- of their heritage develop more reliable information and simplify in our great country." engine test programs. 28 ETC 30309  - i -T lif l ilU n -i i i r V i It . m m ., CURIOSITY sometimes disappears as the years pile on. This is unfortunate in anyone -- tragic in a scientist. But it hasn't happened at Ethyl. Our laboratories are staffed with people who have never lost their curiosity. That's why every day offers new promise. ETC 30310 "Experience is the father of wisdom... 9f - THOMAS PULLER PhctoQ'OOh*d by Rovmc o' Fort Loremit A hundred years ago this wheel turned. It pressed the dust flat and groaned beneath the weight of a wagon moving West. Here the history means more than words in a book. For the color must be seen...as it had been seen by the Sioux and the Cheyenne. The hot sun must be felt...as it had been felt by the settlers and plainsmen. The dry earth must be walked upon...as it had been by Gen. Custer and Buffalo Bill. To experience these things is to know them forever. This adventure of learning lies in a Magic Circle all around you, just a pleasant drive away. Think of the wonders it holds for your child. Let him see and feel and know... by doing. Get a map at your service station. Draw a circle around your town. This is your Magic Circle. And the secret word is "car." Pack it with family! Fill it with gasoline, and explore. SEE AMERICA BEST... IT CAR ETHYL CORPORATION n,, r0,i 17. n. . t,,,. m,,s c odv*rfu*mnfi or# pubhihtd fo http you gti mort tnioymtnt out o' row cor EfM oddih>j uttd by oil compom'ts fo improv* gOJof'fts ond your at *,ng oitoiu The Challenge of Productivity ETC 30312 ETHYL Vol. JO. No. 5 NEWS OCTOBER 1963 Contents The Challenge of Productivity 1 "Positive Crankcase Ventilation" 6 Museums for Moppets 8 MPA-D Keeps 'em Rolling 12 A Little Fellow Follows Me 14 CI 2 Makes a Difference 16 Music to March By 19 Points of View 20 Critical Path 24 Fellowships and Scholarships 28 Picture Credits Cover. Morimoto Studios; pages 1-5, A. Denney; pages 8-11, Assn, of Junior Leagues of America; page 15, Serge Laks, of Camera Associates; pages 20-23, Baker Johnson; pages 24-25, Cities Sen ice Company. Published six times a year (February, April, June. August. October and December) by Etb> I Corporation 100 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10017 manufacturer of "`Ethyl" antiknock compounds and other additives used by oil companies to improve the quality of petroleum products. B. B. Turner, President William R. Perdue. Jr., Executive Vice President and Treasurer B. C. Gottwald, Vice President and Secretary Richard F. Cook, Editor, Ethyl News Sunton P. Nickerson, Associate Editor Carsten Grande, Art Director Articles from outside sources are welcomed. I pon request, permission to reprint material appearing in Ethyl News will be granted. Printed in U.S.A. To provide for a growing population and a rising standard of living, America must meet... ETC 30313 usinessmen, labor leaders and government officials, who don't see eye-to-eye on every Bsubject, agree on at least one major economic goal: Greater output of goods and services in the years ahead, to provide for a growing population and a rising standard of living. What is needed can be summed up in just two words: Increased productivity. This phrase is one that every person on a payroll, from corporation president to hourly worker, should keep continually in mind. Only as industry continues to produce more of the things people want and need, at prices they can afford to pay, can the country attain the faster rate of growth that is a basic economic need. Here are some facts that help outline the dimensions of the challenge: If our standard of living is to keep rising even at its present rate, industry will have to increase production by 50 percent by 1970. But since the total labor force is expected to eChallenge of Productivity The Challenge of Productivity increase by only 20 percent between now and 1970, average output per person must rise sharply. The babies bom during 1963 will use, in their lifetime, a billion pairs of shoes, 91 billion gallons of gasoline, SO billion quarts of milk, 65 million tons of paper, 11 million new cars, 63 million suits and dresses, 200 million tons of steel, 1 mil lion new homes. By the year 2000, population will have risen from about 188 million to about 331 million. There will be more private autos in the United States than adult human beings. The typical "middle income" family will have an estimated $11,000 a year to spend. Energy needs will triple. Total output of industry -- Gross National Product -- will rise from the current annual rate of $575 billion to $2 trillion, in terms of today's buying power. In contemplating such a future, the key word "productivity" crops up again and again. But just what does productivity mean? Is there a way to measure it accurately? Are workers today producing as much as they should? How can output of indus try be increased? Actually, the productivity problem is as old as mankind. In its first expression, it was simply how to produce the largest possible volume of goods. But after man had risen above the bare level of subsistence and began to covet leisure time, the problem became one of producing the largest volume of goods in the shortest time. Later, with the introduction of our free enterprise system, another element was involved: How to turn out the largest volume of goods at a cost that will permit its sale at a reasonable profit. It has been the successful accomplishment of this goal that has produced, in the United States, the highest standard of living and the greatest amount of leisure that workers anywhere have ever enjoyed. Essentially, all productivity depends on three things: (1) natural resources, such as petroleum, iron ore, coal, trees, whose original form and con dition are changed through the expenditure of human energy; (2) human energy itself, either as Essentially, all productivity depends on three things: natural resources, such as petroleum; human energy, either as physical labor or mental effort; and tools and machinery. kr~. ETHYL NEWS ETC 30315 r| OCTOBER 1963 physical labor or mental effort, and (3) tools and machinery. It is this third factor -- more efficient, costly tools -- accompanied by amazing strides in technology, and better utilization of people, that has largely accounted for gains in average man-hour output the past few decades. Most people tend to think of productivity in terms of a factory assembly line. But gains in out put can take place in every aspect of our working life. The supermarket that finds a way to sell more goods with the same number of clerks in the same amount of space has boosted the productivity of the people it employs. The farmer who grows 50 bushels of com where only 40 grew before has boosted the productivity of his acreage. The refin ery that turns out 100 million gallons of gasoline in the same number of hours that it used to take to yield 85 million gallons has made a productivity gain. The insurance company that can mail out twice as many premium notices without doubling its office staff has stepped up productivity. Looking at just one aspect of boosting output in a modem factory -- the task of moving goods from one place to another -- William C. Stolk, chairman of American Can Company, comments: "Not too many years ago, the job of handling materials in a factory was among the most elemen tary, consisting mostly of muscles and a strong back. Today's materials-handler must have the capability of operating expensive and complicated machinery, such as power lift trucks, traveling cranes and automatic conveyors. The ability to think, learn, use imagination and develop new skills has taken on increased importance. This ability will continue to grow in importance as technology advances." One big company, reviewing its experience, re ported that the average hourly pay of its employees rose by 212 percent in the last 17 years. Prices of the materials it had to buy rose 134 percent. Yet it was able to hold the increase in its own selling prices to 32 percent by boosting productivity through installing new and better equipment. Thus there's no lack of evidence of what rising productivity has accomplished. It's a little harder 3 30316 The Challenge of Productivity to try to measure it with a yardstick that is reason ably accurate. The most widely-accepted measurement is that made by the U. S. Labor Department's Bureau of Labor Statistics. This index, going back to 1910, indicates that over the past 60 years, real output per man-hour in private industry has risen, on the average, about 2.2 percent a year. In other words, the efficiency of producing goods and services in this country has gone up at a fairly steady rate -- more in some years than in others -- but at a pace averaging better than 2 percent annually. The BLS notes that its index "should not be interpreted to represent the unique contribution of labor to production." Money to buy more modem machines and equipment, management talent to see that the tools are put to the best use, the machines and tools themselves -- as well as the labor of work ers in the plant -- all contribute to productivity gains. "Gains in output per man-hour," the BLS concludes, "cannot be ascribed to any one factor, but reflect the interaction of all factors." Lack of understanding on this point has caused much confusion in recent years. Industry wants to compensate workers well. But it must also reserve a part of the benefit from gains in output to pay for research, for new tools and equipment, for the use of borrowed money, and for dividends to stock holders. What has worried businessmen has been the tend ency, in late years, for the pay and fringe benefits of workers to run far ahead of gains in output. When wages and benefits keep exceeding man-hour pro duction, costs rise and prices have to be increased. One recent study shows that while output per man-hour in industry as a whole rose a total of more than 24 percent in a ten-year span, hourly pay went up 62 percent. Pay for time worked, in other words, rose two and a half times as fast as productivity. This trend, if it continues, will add to inflationary pressures. As a way to hold down costs while increasing output, business has turned more and more to bet ter machinery, to automatic processes and control systems, to technology and to advanced engineer ing. As a result, there is less intimate day-to-day While most people tend to think of productivity in terms of the output of manufacturing plants, gains in output can take place in every aspect of working life through the contributions of employees and machines. 4 ETHYL NEW Materials handling is one of many important factors in manufacturing plant efficiency. contact between employer and employee in many instances. Misunderstanding about productivity often arises because of a failure of communication. How can the solution to the productivity problem be made clearer? The key lies in broader knowl edge of some basic facts: That a rising standard of living and better in comes, over the years, depend on steadily-ris ing output and well-controlled costs. That a big contribution to rising output comes from machines and equipment that management buys with money it has saved out of earnings. That too fast a rise in wages and fringe benefits can shave profits to the point where productivityboosting equipment can't be purchased. That profitable operation of a company, in the long run, is the only real security for employees. In the words of one executive, "We Americans must pledge ourselves, not to a mad search for a 30-hour week and what to do with more leisure when we attain it, but to satisfying application of our time and talents to spur this country's growth in an era of ever-rising competition." The worker with the best future on any job is the one who takes pride in lift production, trying to produce more efficiently and more economically. And the company with the best prospects for the future is the company with the most people -- management and workers -- taking pride in their jobs. That is the company that will survive. Today's challenge to industry lies in finding ways to obtain higher productivity and to convert this improved rate of output into values and prices that will assure expanding markets, steady cus tomers, increasing volume, and rising employment. Historically, the desire for leisure has led men to produce more goods in less time. OCTOBER 1963 ETC 30318 I Ethyl Corporation Presents "Positive crankcase ventila- tion systems, an important new feature of current model automobiles, are the subject of a sound-and-color motion pic ture recently produced and now being released to customer oil POSITIVE CRANKCASE companies by Ethyl Corpora VENTILATION'I . tion. The film is designed for showing to service station dealers, automobile service per sonnel and other oil and auto motive industry groups. "Positive Crankcase Ventila tion" runs 16 minutes and uses both animation and live action. It explains that PCV systems (three basic types are currently being installed by car manu facturers) serve a twofold purpose: By ventilating the crankcase, they prevent harm ful contamination of engine oil and the formation of detrimen tal sludge, both of which can shorten engine life; and they reduce air pollution by return ing unbumed hydrocarbons to the engine for burning instead etc 30319 nmjM- of venting them directly into the atmosphere. The systems replace the road draft tube formerly used to vent automobile crankcases. Official agencies concerned with smog and related prob lems already have endorsed the new Ethyl film as a "very real contribution to better control of air pollution." Early reports of audience reactions point to extensive showings of the film -- especially to service station dealers and attendants. "Positive Crankcase Ventila tion" is the 12th in a series of Ethyl training films that explain, in non-technical language, the operation and servicing of modern automobiles. Earlier films in the series deal with the carburetor, cooling system, dis tributor, spark plugs, valves, fuel injection, gasoline vola tility, knocking and preignition, and the prevention of carbure tor deposits and carburetor icing. A pocket-size booklet outlin ing the information contained in the new film is given to audi ences viewing the screen pres entation and also is available for distribution as a pre-show ing flyer. Copies of "Positive Crank case Ventilation" are available to customer oil companies through Ethyl offices in the United States and Canada. ETC 30320 MUSEUMS FOI By Thomas A. Hoge hildren who like to peek at the wonders of C the universe, go on finger-painting sprees, or pet deodorized skunks are finding these and many other delights available at junior museums and nature centers now flourishing in many parts of the country. For a child's-eye view of the firmament, there are museums such as the one at FortWorth, Texas, with its planetarium and reflector telescopes for scanning the heavens. At the Sacramento Junior Museum on the Cali fornia fairgrounds is one of the nature centers with an aminal "lending library" where small fry can fondle chipmunks and woolly lambs while their older brothers and sisters handle baby alli gators and harmless snakes -- all under the watch ful eye of a "librarian." Other establishments, like the Children's Fine Arts Center in Montgomery, Ala., pique the curi osity of pint-sized patrons with displays ranging from the story of flight to the history of toys. The Detroit Museum arouses youngsters' interest in Michigan's past and present with a dramatic ex hibit on the discovery and production of oil in the Wolverine state. Throughout the country, the value of family ETHYL NEWS I MOPPETS trips can be enhanced by visits to one or more of the 90-odd junior museums that are doing a landoffice business. Admission to practically all is free, largely because they are non-profit establishments financed by private endowments, community sub scriptions or public funds. The first museum ever set up especially for chil dren opened shortly before Christmas in 1899 in two rooms in an old mansion in Brooklyn, N.Y. It exhibited simple collections of sea shells, min erals, insects and stuffed birds donated by the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Hundreds of boys and girls came -- and were fascinated. Today, the Brooklyn Children's Museum fills two buildings and attracts close to a quarter of a million youngsters annually to its observatory and programs designed to nurture junior interests as diverse as Indian lore, space travel and chess. In many ways, the success of other museums for moppets has paralleled that of the Brooklyn insti tution. Most major cities and many smaller ones now have special exhibits designed to sharpen the upcoming generation's interest in culture and the wonders of science. "Our main aim," says Mrs. Jane B. Cheney, director of the Children's Museum of Hartford, Conn., "is to place a child in a suitable situation to learn and appreciate an exhibit, whether it be a The towering skeleton of a huge prehistoric ground sloth fascinates school children visiting Montreal's Redpath Museum under the guidance of Junior League members. Botticelli or a brontosaurus, a Rembrandt or a rabbit." Oklahoma oilman Frank Phillips had this in mind when he founded the unique Woolaroc Museum on his ranch near Bartlesville, Okla., more than 25 years ago. Thousands of children and grownups flock to Woolaroc annually to enjoy some 55,000 examples of paintings, sculpture, weapons, artifacts, handicrafts and other memor abilia relating to southwestern culture and history. MUSEUMS FOR MOPPETS Exhibits range from a 95-million-year-old dinosaur egg to one of Theodore Roosevelt's hunting rifles. Visitors also see buffalo, elk, deer and other wild animals on the ranch's 4,000 acres. Directors of children's museums everywhere have found that to win and hold youngsters' at tention, they must now give them the fun of trying on a feudal knight's helmet, hefting a primitive huntsman's spear, pedaling a colonial spinning wheel or pressing a button and watching hundreds of tiny bulbs light up on a giant map to show the exploration routes of Marco Polo, Columbus, and Magellan. Inanimate objects displayed in glass cases don't have much appeal. Children sit entranced in a planetarium's "celes tial classroom," learning while having fun. Pro jected images of the heavens whisk them from one part of the world to another -- from a tropical sky with the Southern Cross in full splendor to the flashing lights of the Arctic's aurora borealis. In the junior gallery of Kansas City's Creative Arts Center, tots of three years and older are turned loose in a room full of intriguing wire, paper and paste, and allowed to give their creative tal ents full play. "When there is no fear of ridicule or criticism, children feel free to choose their sub jects and express their ideas," says James E. Seidelman, director of the project. Meanwhile, elders stand by with towels. Some of the youngsters merely cover themselves with goo, but many turn out imaginative replicas of animals and what passes for people. The Children's Museum of New Orleans brings history into perspective for its patrons by featuring a unique collection of more than 500 costume dolls of many lands, some made as early as the 16th century. Most junior museums and nature centers make provisions for handicapped children. Many have volunteer guides trained to usher groups of crip- 10 At the Boston Fine Arts Museum for Children, one of the centers where creativity as well as observation and study are encouraged, youngsters display original paintings. pled or retarded youngsters through displays while others have special "touch" tours for sightless children. In helping youngsters with reading difficulties, a Dallas museum covers the history of Texas art and culture with exhibits and demonstrations. One teacher maintains that this approach is more effective than a year's instruction with lectures and books. As might be expected, junior museums are pay ing dividends beyond their primary audience. Many parents and other adults taking children on tours of such facilities find themselves absorbing valuable lessons in nature lore, pet raising, science, history, arts, culture and other subjects that may have been neglected in their education. "We don't claim that children's museums are going to save the world," says Mrs. Jane B. Cheney of the Hartford museum, "but they influence it in a healthy direction." ETHYL NEWS Above, freedom to handle display materials -- as these third-graders are doing at the Montclair, N. Museum Indian exhibit -- sparks youngsters' interest in historic relics. Below, specially conducted tours, such as this one at the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, enable physically handicapped children to enjoy educational and cultural collections. OCTOBER 1963 etc 30324 MPA-E remium performance, cleaner engines and lower maintenance costs. These are Psome of the advantages enjoyed by diesel engine operators who use fuels into which small amounts of a highly effective Ethyl chemical compound have been blended. The compound is "Ethyl" Multi-Purpose Additive--Diesel, a clear, amber-colored liquid; a combination of ash-free, organic, surface-active agents with detergent and dis persive properties. The low cost of MPA-D, in relation to its fuel improvement qualities, helps make the additive attractive. The improved operation of diesel engines on fuels containing MPA-D has im pressed oilmen. Word is spreading, for example, about the refiner who reports multi million gallon sales increases of 140 percent since he began using the additive last fall -- although he charges a cent more per gallon for treated fuel than for untreated. "Ethyl" MPA-D contributes to full diesel power utilization by eliminating or reducing engine maintenance and servicing problems. More specifically, the additive: Keeps fuel injector systems clean Improves the cleanliness of other fuel system parts and surfaces Reduces exhaust smoke significantly Gives excellent protection against corrosion of fuel handling systems and engine fuel system parts. As diesel engine owners are well aware, the proper functioning of injector sys tems -- which are subject to deposits of gumming, carbonaceous residue from unbumed or decomposed fuel -- is essential to efficient, economical operations. Deposits cause sticking plungers and blocked nozzle holes, which result in dis torted fuel-spray patterns in cylinders. Under these conditions, engines lose power, go fewer miles per gallon and smoke excessively. Expensive injector system overhauls are then necessary and service time is lost while reconditioning is underway. By preventing the accumulation of injector system deposits and eliminating those already formed, MPA-D helps keep diesel engines at peak efficiency. It helps maintain proper spray patterns for clean burning and also helps keep piston rings clean. Diesel truck fleets using fuels treated with the Ethyl additive require injector cleaning or replacement much less frequently. Two typical fleets averaged 66 and 63 percent more miles of satisfactory injector service, representing a saving -- in replace ment and labor costs alone -- of 0.6 cents a gallon of fuel. In another case -- although a heavy-duty fleet first accumulated thousands of miles on untreated fuel during two years of service -- injector life was prolonged by 54 percent after MPA-D was added. At the same time, average fuel economy went up 11 percent. Engines can operate for longer periods without exceeding undesirable or illegal exhaust smoke levels when using fuels containing MPA-D. In general, the additive permits use of five to 15 percent more powerwith no increase in smoke emission. As a corrosion inhibitor, MPA-D offers maximum insurance against rust accu mulation on sensitive injectors during idle periods or layups. It also protects other fuel ETHYL NEWS keeps 'em rolling system parts and the surfaces of fuel handling systems. The product is equally effective in diesel fuels with pronounced or mild corrosive tendencies. As a rule, concentrations of only 200 parts of MPA-D per million (58.5 lbs. of additive per 1,000 bbls. of fuel) are enough for satisfactory results. Occasionally, depending on base stocks, other proportions may be desirable. Although it was not designed specifically to do so, Ethyl MPA-D also contributes some minor advantages to domestic heating oils. Its detergent action tends to reduce troublesome deposits on burner filter screens and nozzles. This effect is of interest to refiners who do not segregate diesel and oil burner fuels. ETC 30326 The accompanying poem, "A Little Fellow Follows Me" by Lee Fisher, first appeared in Ethyl Nf.ws more than 26 years ago -- in the issue of June 1937. Since that time, it has been widely reprinted and copies distributed in the United States and in other countries of the world. Today, with a whole new generation of fathers and sons on the scene, but with the poem's appeal undiminisbed, we are presenting "A Little Fellow Follows Me" for the second time in Ethyl News. Reprints are available upon request. The Editors iii n-- inn -***' - ETC 30329 difference Cl 2 , Ethyl's combustion improver additive for domestic heating oils, is also outstandingly effective in the heavier No. 6 or bunker-type oils used in commercial and industrial boilers and steam generating plants. Recent tests at a research laboratory heating plant in Detroit, at an East coast steam generating plant and at a paper mill steam generating plant in North Carolina demonstrate the efficiency and economy that result from the use of "Ethyl" Combustion Improver 2 in heavier furnace oils. In all three tests, boiler efficiency was noticeably improved and deposits sharply reduced when Cl 2 was added to the fuel, providing significant savings. Further tests of Cl 2 in industrial applications, including marine boilers, are underway and similar successful results are anticipated. An organic compound of manganese first introduced almost two years ago, "Ethyl" Combustion Improver 2 has been used effectively in home heating oils to increase cleanliness and efficiency and to promote flexibility in refinery operations. In both domestic and industrial heating oils, the additive contributes to more complete combustion, reducing smoke output, improving burner efficiency and cutting maintenance costs. The addition of Cl 2 to the No. 6 oil used to fire the heating plant boilers at Ethyl's Research Laboratories in Detroit increased steam production by 2.5 percent per gallon of fuel. OCTOBER 1963 Cl 2 Makes a Difference In one of the recent tests, Cl 2 was added to the No. 6 oil used at the Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company plant at Roanoke Rapids, N. C., for an eight-week period, at a cost of only 1.6 cents per barrel. Results at the end of the test period showed a four percent gain in steam production per gallon of fuel consumed. Since Albemarle uses approximately 30,000 gallons of No. 6 oil daily in the operation tested, the increased steam output provided by the use of Cl 2 made possible a net saving of $66 per day, which would total $23,000 a year on an annual basis. At the same time, deposits in the furnace were substantially reduced. At the East coast plant, Cl 2 was added to the No. 6 oil used in a steam boiler over a period of six months. At a fuel treating cost of as little as one cent a barrel, steam production efficiency increased seven percent. This is the equivalent of fuel savings of about 15 cents per barrel of oil consumed. At the same time, boiler plant engineers reported a 60-65 percent reduction in deposits on heat exchange surfaces. Tested in the bunker-type oil in the boilers used to heat Ethyl's Research Laboratory buildings in Detroit, Cl 2 upped steam pro duction by 2.5 percent per gallon of fuel. Combustion measurements show that excess air could be reduced from 43 percent to 17 per cent, with a resultant four percent increase in combustion efficiency. Tangible increases in burner efficiency and steam production of the type made possible by the use of "Ethyl" Combustion Improver 2 are especially important to owners and operators of commercial and industrial oil-fired heating and steam generating plants. Rela tively small per-gallon or per-barrel savings can account for substantial dollar savings over a period of months or years because of the volume of fuel consumed. The additive can also be used effectively in lighter, No. 2 domes tic heating oils, providing advantages to home owners, dealers and refiners. For home owners, Cl 2 provides cleaner heat, lower maintenance costs and lower fuel costs through increased efficiency. For dealers, it helps provide greater customer satisfaction and cuts costs on oil burner service contracts. For refiners, it helps improve the burning quality of present fuel oil blends and enables them to include more catalytically cracked components and aromatics without loss of burning quality. Since Cl 2 is not detrimental to diesel engines, its use presents no prob lems to refiners who do not segregate diesel fuels and heating oil stocks. Neither does it have undesirable effects on the storage stability of straight-run or catalytically cracked heating oils. Used in small quantities at low cost, and with effective results, "Ethyl" Combustion Improver 2 is a versatile economical additive that can benefit refiners, dealers and consumers of both domestic and industrial heating oils. 18 ETC 30331 ETHYL NEWS MUSIC TO MARCH BY he stirring strains of a new selection of T martial music that echoed across high school and college gridirons for the first time last fall are being heard by thousands more football fans throughout the country this year. The catchy, foot tapping tune is the rhythmic "All American March," a composition increasingly popular with marching bands and spectators alike. Besides being new, "All American March" is unique in at least two other respects: The rousing bit originated not as a band march but as the musi cal theme for the sound and color motion picture "Big Step," produced two years ago to explain to employees the merger of American Oil Company and Standard Oil Company (Indiana). Distribu tion of the march's fully-instrumented score is an oil company public relations project -- a unique service of American Oil Company. American Oil realized that it had a musical composition of more than passing interest when refinery workers, transportation and marketing personnel, office employees and executives were frequently heard humming or whistling parts of the "Big Step" theme soon after seeing the movie. So the company turned to Richard L. Crosby, Tulane University's outstanding band musician and composer, to develop the piece into the full band arrangement now popular as "All American March." In its first year, the march was played by the Notre Dame, Purdue and the University of Mis souri bands and by the massed bands of 1,500 students at Indiana High School Band Day. The more it was heard, and as word of its availability spread, the more "All American March" attracted interest. This fall's distribution of more than 6,000 copies to high schools and colleges throughout American Oil's marketing territory follows initial distribution of some 20,000 copies last year. Despite its name, "All American March" has drawn at least one request from abroad. A high school in England, which describes itself as "the first English school to form a marching band on the American lines" has asked for copies. It appears that before long American Oil's "All American March" may turn out to be an inter national, as well as a national, hit. OCTOBER 1963 19 ETC 30332 ETC 30333 S ightseeing, according to a survey conducted by Ethyl Corporation, is the principal attraction for motorists on automobile trips of all kinds. And for motorists, as well as for men and women whose daily duties take them out into the vast reaches of the country, there is, of course, no end to the sights there are to see -- spectacular mountain ranges, deep-cut canyons, crashing waterfalls, limitless plains, dry-as-dust deserts and bustling cities. Sometimes off the beaten track, a tiring climb away, sometimes right on the edge of a well-traveled highway, are viewing points that enhance the beauty, the detail or the breadth of the sights. For the nature lover, the artist, the photographer, the worker whose job depends on what he sees, or for the motorist, these viewing points make many sights an unforgettable experience. Photographers Marguerite and Baker Johnson of Detroit, whose assignments have taken them within camera-range of any number of beautiful sights, like to picture others enjoying the sights too. A few of their pictures of travelers and workers intently sightseeing are reproduced on these pages. Pparently oblivious to sheer 000-foot drop, a photographer Jttdies her camera for a panoramic at Strawberry Point, Utah. For a down-to-earth look at a subterranean inhabitant oj a prairie dog "city" in North Dakota, there's nothing like the hands-and-knees posture employed by these youngsters. 2] ETC 30334 POINTS OF VIEW i i I i ti i >i i i A fenced-in platform atop the 44-story Torre Latino Americano affords a far-reaching panorama of Mexico City and its mountains. \ Sharp-eyed spotters watch for tell-tale smoke from a fire tower in Montana's Beartooth Mountains. t Scores of viewing spots the rim of the Grand Carr A rizona provide sightseers j of opportunities to dr the breathtaking sc From his tower on the edge of the 1,000-foot-deep, mile-and-aquarter-wide Chino copper mine at Santa Rita, N. M., a dispatcher directs the flow of men and materials. ETC 30335 ETC 30337 Ethyl service helps oil refiners allocate manpower and save time and money on construction, turnaround and maintenance projects By Stanton P. Nickerson hat's the best schedule for work on that hydroformer? After our new reactors | arrive, how long should it take to install them? How much manpower will we need? What will the whole job cost? | Such questions as these, familiar to refinery management, can be answered much more easily and accurately today than ever before. , That's because so many oil companies are | among industrial users of "Critical Path" methods of planning, scheduling and complet ing large and complex undertakings. "Critical Path" methods contribute efficiency and economy to construction projects, refinery turnarounds, equipment installations, main tenance and overhaul operations, research and development programs and a variety of other undertakings. The component parts of projects are arranged in arrow diagram, or "Critical Path" form, showing their logical sequence and their relationship to each other. These diagrams help to focus attention on .PATH tcfficiency r , ti TC 30338 CRITICAL PATH what is necessary to keep pivotal or critical seg ments moving on schedule -- particularly time re quired. As a whole, the system promotes tighter project coordination from start to finish. Some 300 to 400 companies have used "Critical Path" or similar techniques since their recent intro duction, with resulting savings in time and man power. Ethyl Corporation used "Critical Path" proce dures to effect economies in designing, constructing and starting up the vinyl chloride monomer pro duction unit at its Houston, Texas, manufacturing plant in 1961, and in major engineering and main tenance projects at its Baton Rouge, La., plant. Subsequently, the Company decided to share its experience and knowhow in "Critical Path" sched uling with others -- particularly customer oil com panies -- and trained qualified Ethyl personnel in the system's many applications. Since the new customer service was introduced early last year, Ethyl specialists have assisted some 70 oil companies. These specialists are on call for consultation and guidance. Occasionally, they go so far as to help prepare "Critical Path" diagrams and charts. Ethyl's electronic computers and data processing equipment also are available as a part of the service to assist in more rapid determination of proper manpower allocation. The degree of Ethyl assistance varies in accord ance with the nature of projects and customers' objectives. One of the first arrangements usually made is for seminars to be conducted on the prin ciples and applications of "Critical Path" schedul ing-including manpower leveling techniques, since an important part of Ethyl's "Critical Path" service consists of explaining, teaching and demonstrating the whys, hows and wherefores of improved man power allocation and related procedures. Presentations at these meetings combine the experience and progressively updated knowledge of Ethyl engineering and construction staffs. When the Company is helping with comparatively simple undertakings, the number of seminars and the ground they cover is limited. More elaborate proj ects involving complex manpower problems may require multiple sessions for extended periods of time, In conducting these sessions, Ethyl supplies 26 Ethyl's electronic computers and data processing equipment are available to oil companies for determining manpower allocations quickly. ETC 30339 ETHYL NEW auxiliary manuals to management, supervisory and technical participants. A number of interrelated points are developed during lectures, discussions and probings into actual case histories. Among these are ways and means of allocating manpower resources to insure smooth step-by-step progress, particularly on crit ical or key phases of major projects. Ethyl representatives explain scheduling-man power-cost factors and their practical applications. They discuss elimination of bottlenecks and how to avoid unnecessary and therefore wasteful con centrations of manpower and time accelerations on secondary parts of major undertakings. Commenting on the Ethyl service and its appli cation, one refiner reports: "Our personnel were impressed by your presentation, and consider it by far the most informative in the least number of hours of any to which they have been exposed ... We are making an effort to handle a portion of our current fluid catalytic cracker unit turnaround by `Critical Path' scheduling, and plan to use your manpower allocation methods during our crude unit turnaround in October, as well as for our platforming unit turnaround in December." Says another refinery manager: "Fifty-five of our people attended your seminars. They came from all of our departments--operations, engineer ing, economic planning, technology, maintenance and construction. We expect this training to pay sizeable dividends ..." Among the comments of other oil company executives are these: "Your representative's broad experience in construction gave a tone of practical realism to his seminar presentations, which was noted and appreciated by all present." "Your man not only knew what he was talking about, but he spoke the language of refinery operators." At least four large refiners who classify Ethyl's "Critical Path" manuals as "the best we have seen" are using or adapting these publications for their own purposes. In addition to an occasional request for sup plementary assistance after a "Critical Path" training program has been completed. Ethyl is par ticularly gratified by such continuing interest as this: "If you plan to give seminars again in this area, we have additional people from operations, engi neering, maintenance and construction whom we would like to have attend. In fact we could guar antee enough `students' to fill an entire class if sessions could be held here in the refinery." At seminars like this one for Tidewater Oil's Avon Refinery management, Ethyl engineers cover the whys, hows and wherejores of utilizing "Critical Path" methods advantageously. t 5 ETC 30340 Fellowships and Scholarships Awarded to 24 Students n support of higher education I for the twenty-seventh consec utive year, Ethyl Corporation has awarded graduate research fellow ships and undergraduate scholar ships to 24 students attending leading colleges and universities during the 1963-64 academic year. Collectively, the grants total more than S60,000. Most of the 18 fellowships pro vide $2,100 to each recipient for living expenses, in addition to allowances for tuition and fees. Each university department con cerned receives $600 for expenses in connection with the fellow's research. The six Ethyl scholar ships provide each student with up to $650 for his undergraduate education. The Company's fellowships and scholarships are for study in chemistry and chemical, mechani cal and industrial engineering. Institutions at which fellowships have been awarded, the recipients and their fields of study include: University of Cincinnati, Louis H. Steinert, chemistry; University of Detroit, Richard J. Dolinski, chemistry; University of Florida, James R. Tucker, chemical engi neering; Florida State University, Clyde Riley, chemistry; Georgia Institute of Technology, William A. Burns, Jr., chemical engineer ing; University of Illinois, Michael T. Bowers, chemistry; State Uni versity of Iowa, LeRoy A. McGrew, chemistry; University of Kansas, Donald B. Trust, chemi cal engineering; Louisiana State University, Kenneth C. Scott, chemical engineering. Also University of Minnesota, Jerry K. Miller, chemistry; Uni versity of North Carolina, Allan A. Kawada, chemistry; Ohio State University, Francis B. Cook, chemistry; Northwestern Univer sity, Charles J. V. Scanio, chem istry; Purdue University, Harold M. Bell, chemistry; Rice Uni versity, Luino Dell'Osso, Jr., chemical engineering; Tulane Uni versity, Thomas R. Harris, chem ical engineering; Wayne State University, John A. Valicenti, chemistry; and University of Wis consin, John S. Thayer, chemistry. Institutions at which Ethyl scholarships have been provided and the recipients are: University of Arkansas, Forney L. McLarty; Clemson College, William R. Car ter; University of Florida, Richard M. Ghioto; Georgia Institute of Technology, Stephen C. Perry; Oklahoma State University, John D. Carreker, Jr.; and Purdue Uni versity, Rhett R. Ripplinger. 28 3 034J Leapfrog. When one man's thoughts build on another's, they often leap ahead to the answer. This has happened time and time again during the many years Ethyl has been working with customers. It's this kind of relationship that has enabled us to contin ually improve our services and has helped make us a partner in our customers' progress. i%&- H\> ?* .vFdfs-?p-sr1 K - g'-r^^a SK^? "Travel... is a part of education." sir franc* bacon Phoic0raDhd by Raymond J: ot F). A&rahom Lincoln Stole This boy has just begun to know the Indians who once passed through the entrance of this earth lodge. He has seen with his own eyes the bed of an Indian chief. Examined a cradle painstakingly built by a proud mother. Felt the well-worn handle of a corn mill. All at once, these people are as real as he is. And the history of America comes alive. Places like this are landmarks of our history. And they lie in a Magic Circle all around you, just a pleasant drive away. Think of the wonders they hold for your child. Let him see and feel and know... by doing. Get a map at your service station. Draw a circle around your town. This is your Magic Circle. And the secret word is "car." Pack it with family! Fill it with gasoline, and explore. E AMERICATbESTl. ETWYL CORPORATION Now York. Now York 10017. Tboro Mogrc Orel* odv.rf'i.meef] or* pubtnhod lo http you pel more ortfoymorn oof of your par. Ethyl mokot odditiooi utod by oif compomei fo improve tA.fr goiohnoi and your d'lyrng pfeoiore. ETC 30343 u 1 j u w u -")' w . u mm y ETHYL Vol. 30, No. 6 N EWS DECEMBER 1963 Contents Now It's "Ethyl Visqueen" Film 1 Meet the Monsters 6 Shopping Bags by Interstate 10 Phosphorus Desirable in Regular 12 The ABC s of OIP 13 Leaded LPG -- Locomotive Fuel? 14 From Survey to Throughway 18 Shopping Amid Wonders of the World 23 Ethyl Around the World 26 ON THE COVER a colorful display of shopping bags made by Interstate Bag Company, a division of Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Co., Ethyl subsidiary. See pages 10-12. Picture Credits Cover, pages 30-11, Camera Associates; pages 6-7, New York World Telegram and the Sun; pages 8-9, Sinclair Oil Co.; page 13. Edward Davitian; pages 14-15, 18, A. Devanev; page 17, Socony Mobil Oil Co.; pages 23-24-25, Fred Swam; page 19, Arizona Highway Dept.; pages 20-21, Michigan State Highway Dept, and Asphalt Institute. Published six times a year (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Ethyl Corporation 100 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10017 manufacturer of petroleum additives, industrial chemicals, paper and plastics. B. B. Turner, President William R. Perdue, Jr., Executive Vice President and Treasurer B. C. Gottwald, Vice President and Secretary Richard F. Cook, Editor, Ethyl News Stanton P. Nickerson, Associate Editor Carsten Grande, Art Director Articles from outside sources are welcomed. Upon request, permission to reprint material appearing in Ethyl News will be granted. Primed in U.S.A. Now it's TRADEMARK Acquisition of three manufacturing p ETC 30345 t . : A weather balloon of "Visqueen" polyethylene film takes instruments aloft for high-altitude meteorological studies. 'lahtakes Company leading producer of polyethylene material l Ethyl corporation's acquisition of the major portion of the polyethylene film operations of Union Carbide Corporation's Visking division, consummated on November 30, is a major step in Ethyl's continuing ! program of expansion and diversification. It adds another line to the 1 Company's growing list of products, which already includes a broad range f of petroleum and industrial chemicals, plastics intermediates and I paper products. 1 Polyethylene film is widely used in modern packaging, building construction, agriculture and in a variety of household and industrial applications. The i Visking Company, which traces its history back to 1925, was the first major producer and has been the country's largest manufacturer of the film. The trade name "Visqueen" is a symbol of quality in its field. * Ethyl Corporation, which enjoys an outstanding reputation for the development, manufacture, sale and servicing of high quality chemical and paper products, has exclusive rights to the "Visqueen" name in the United States. In continuing the production and sale of quality film following the acquisition, Ethyl is combining its name and the "Visqueen" name and marketing the product as "Ethyl Visqueen" polyethylene film. Film bearing this new prestige identification is manufactured by Ethyl at j newly acquired plants employing a total of some 800 people at I Now It's "Ethyl Visqueen" Film Terre Haute, Ind.; Fremont, Calif.; and Fiemington, N. J. It is sold by an experienced nation-wide sales force of about 75 men, serving some 1,800 customers in the packaging, building materials, agricultural and industrial fields. The polyethylene film operations are a part of Ethyl's newly formed Plastics organization, headed by Dr. Clarence M. Neher, formerly direc tor of the Company's Commercial Development division and special assistant to the executive vice president. General manager of the film op erations is Lloyd B. Andrew, a veteran Ethyl executive. Reporting to Mr. Andrew are Harry C. Byme, Jr., general sales manager, and J. C. Wright, operations and research and development man ager. Both of these men held the same respective positions with Visking. Ethyl men appointed to new positions in the Plastics organization and their new titles are: Dr. Earl G. DeWitt, director of Development and Planning; Palmer A. Brown, superintendent of Economic Coordination and Control; and Hubert D. Crook, controller. Basic material used by Ethyl in the manufac- Dr. C. M. Neher, (lop left) heads Ethyl's Plastics organization. Film operations are directed by Lloyd B. Andrew (top right), general manager; Harry C. Byrne, Jr. (bottom left), general sales manager; and J. C. Wright, operations and research and development manager. ture of polyethylene film is polyethylene resin, which the Company buys in the form of pellets. These pellets are melted down and film is extruded in the form of a tube. This tube is inflated into a huge "bubble" as it comes from the extruder die. the degree of inflation regulating the thickness of the finished film. The film passes over and between a series of rollers, is slitted to convert it to a single layer, is carefully examined, wound into rolls and prepared for shipment. The film is made in a number of thicknesses and widths, depending oh the intended use. Lightweight and easy to handle, "Ethyl Visqueen" polyethylene film is readily adaptable to many uses because of its strength, durability and economy. It is waterproof, odorless, non-toxic and flexible. It does not crack or stiffen when cold, resists tearing and is not affected by acids and alkalis. These qualities are particularly important in building construction, agricultural and household applications. In these fields, the film is used for temporary repairs and enclosures; painters' drop cloths; machinery, boat and outdoor furniture coverings; insulation; hay, coal, silage and ma terials covers; temporary greenhouses and shrub and lawn protection; irrigation ditch and pond liners; and moisture barriers under concrete anc ETHYL NE ETC 30347 DECEMBER 1963 *> ETC 30348 ETC 30349 r.f DECEMBER 1963 Waterproof, flexible and durable, the polyethylene material is widely used in building construction to make temporary enclosures and in agriculture as a mulch to reduce evaporation, prevent erosion, control weeds and enrich the soil. antiknock compounds, and more recently of other chemical and paper products, Ethyl also is a major supplier of vinyl chloride monomer and vinylidene chloride monomer, intermediate prod ucts from which many modem plastics are made. With its entry into the polyethylene film business, through the recent acquisition of three manufac turing plants and a nation-wide sales organization, Ethyl becomes a major supplier of one of the most widely used finished plastic materials. The Company and its subsidiaries now have manufacturing plants in 11 states and in Canada and a world-wide sales and service organization. Ethyl continues to look forward to further growth and diversification in new product and in new geographical areas as new opportunities arise in the years ahead. 5 Meet the Monsters By Stanton P. Nickerson ife-size models of prehistoric dinosaurs, L/ including replicas of the largest and fiercest species ever to roam the earth, are Sinclair Oil Corporation's contribution to the New York World's Fair, scheduled to open next April. They will help dramatize the dim ages when oil was mellowing underground for use by modem man. The bizarre monsters, already in place, domi nate the oil company's "Dinoland," an acre of jungle-like gardens being created to resemble the flora and terrain of Mezozoic times. Supplemen tary indoor exhibits, some of them animated, will highlight features of Sinclair's place in the petro leum industry. Displays will range from historical milestones through the current scene and into space age developments. Appropriately enough, oil played an essential role this fall in getting the dinosaurs to their expo sition site. Attracting considerable attention en route, they rode a barge down the Hudson River' during a diesel-powered tugboat trip of 125 miles to New York City. Cranes and heavy-duty trucks were used for loading and unloading operations. Sinclair spokesmen point out that "no other display ever presented such a range of dinosaur life with full-size replicas so faithfully executed .... By stimulating interest in natural history among millions of children and adults, we expect that our exhibition will help people gain a better understanding of the beginning of life on our planet." Made of fiberglass over supporting frameworks, the realistic denizens of "Dinoland" will be major attractions of the Fair's Transportation Section. They were created at Hudson, N. Y., in the studios of Louis Paul Jonas, sculptor-modelist known for his dioramas of wild life at some 40 museums throughout the world. Technical consultants in- E1C 30351 eluded authorities from the American Museum of Natural History in New York and from Yale University. Ingenious mechanisms giving life-like move ments to the exhibition's largest monsters will help visitors appreciate that the word "dinosaur" comes from the Greek "deinos sauros," meaning "terrible lizard." Scientists agree that dinosaurs dominated the earth for some 150 million years --for more eons than any other form of life before or since. At This replica of a Brontosaurus, or thunder lizard, will be the exhibition's largest -- 70 feet overall and high as a four-story building. Sinclair has used h as a trademark for more than 30 years. When crashing through North and South American jungles some 135 to 180 million years ago, the Brontosaurus was the world's bulkiest creature, weighing up to 35 tons. A comparatively gentle reptile with a pythonfc neck and football head, it roamed swamps and lowlands, feeding on plants. 7 Meet the Monsters first they were small and nimble, eventually devel oping into massive types before all species became extinct about 60 million years ago. Although "Dinoland" has a life expectancy of only two years (1964-65) as a New York World's Fair attraction, Sinclair is making plans to set up the exhibit permanently at some suitable location after the exposition.closes. Of all prehistoricdinosaurs of which fossil and other remains have been found, file Tyrannosaurus, or tyrant lizard, below, was the largest and most terrifying flesh-eater known. Reigning su preme for eons in what is now Montana, ^ he mangled and pulverized helpless prey between dagger-sharp teeth. An upright Tyrannosaurus was 18 to 20 feet tall and measured 50 feet from nose to tail-tip. The Stegosaurus (plated lizard), above, is one of the oddest fiberglass replicas waiting for visitors to Sinclair's "Dinoland." When this fin-backed goliath lived in the Rockies, he spiked enemies wh sweeping blows of his tail... Below, the squat 1 and nigged Triceratops, distinctive for the Dm horns from which his name comes, was rhinocen* Hite in temperament and build. In offensive or defensive fights, the vegetarian Tricerotops lower* his big bead and charged furiously, gnashing his peculiar beak. ETC 30353 As aggressive, ostrich-like hybrid of 200 million yean ago was the OraMhomimos (bird imitator), above, noteworthy for strong legs and powerful beak. When roaming primeval forests, be picked fruit with threefingered "hands" and also ate insects, lizards and possibly the eggs of other dinosaurs... Left, the awkward, duck-billed Corythosaurns, with a distinctive helmet crest on his bead, averaged 30 feet in length. Although once numerous in North American riven and swamps, this harmless plant eater was wiped out ages ago by carnivorous enemies. Equipped with 2,500 teeth in double rows, the web-footed Tracbodon or Antosaarus, above, could walk either erect or on aB fours while foraging for tasty greenery . Towering she and a piny back nude him look invincible. Below, North America's prehistoric thing fortress, the Ankylosaurus, had heavy tnrtke-Uke armor plating. He averaged 20 feet long and nb feet wide. A fierce vegetarian when aroused, he dabbed attackers with swipes of his bony tan-knob. i heavily-laden Christinas shoppers hurried in and out of bustling stores once again this December, it was obvious not only that Santa Claus has plenty of helpers but also that the carrying capacity of his bountiful pack has been efficiently and attractively supplemented. Christmas presents by the millions are carried in sturdy and stylish, commodious and color ful shopping bags. Smartly adorned with candy cane, bell, ribbon, holly wreath, Santa Claus, snow flake and other decorator designs in bril liant reds, greens, blues, golds and silvers, and imprinted with store names, the bags add a festive--yet practical -- note to Christmas shopping. But shopping bags are not in colorful evidence only in the weeks leading up to the holidays. They have become so popular in recent years that their widespread use knows no one season or application. Across the country (and abroad), throughout the year, and in all sorts of businesses, shopping bags are doing a big job for both merchant and customer. They carry merchandise from bakeries, food markets, and department, jewelry, candy, shoe, specialty, drug, variety, hard ware, camera and yam stores. They are distributed by banks, hotels, motels, air lines, travel agencies, steamship companies and by exhibitors at fairs and trade shows. They are sold or given away for goodwill and product advertising, specialty packag ing, product and holiday promotion and other types of merchandising. Shopping bags also serve as carriers for trade show literature and a vast array of other ma terials. For shoppers, the handled paper bags provide a handy convenient carrier for purchases -- and in repeat uses for count less other bits of miscellany ranging from picnic lunches to pets, from bathing suits to galoshes. For stores, they help complete sales transactions quickly, cut down on deliveries, provide on-the-street advertis- ing, and -- since many bags are saved for future use -- serve as a lasting reminder of the store. In cases where shopping bags are sold -- rather than given away -- they can also provide a cash profit. Once simply utilitarian brown kraft paper bags with handles attached, confined largely to the grocery business and such unglamorous applications as coal sacks, shopping bags have achieved status. Styled in attractive colors and smart shapes and sizes, and bearing such prestige names as Tiffany, DePinna and Rosemarie de Paris, they're seen on the arms of the mink- interstate popularized shopping bags in uses once undreamed of by making them attractive and dependable and demonstrat ing their versatility. Imaginative, appeal ing designs, a variety of useful shapes and sizes, advanced production techniques and an experienced world-wide sales force have combined to make shopping bags not only universally acceptable but sought after. Interstate's patents on bags made entirely by machine laid the foundations for the modem shopping bag industry. Its methods for automatically attaching han dles inside bags makes handle failure coated shoppers on fashionable streets from Fifth Avenue to Wilshire Boulevard. At the same time, shopping bag use is surg ing, too, in more traditional areas. Much of the credit for the Cinderella story of shopping bags belongs to Inter state Bag Company, of Walden, N. Y., a division of Ethyl Corporation's whollyowned subsidiary, Albemarle Paper Manu facturing Company. Now the world's lead ing producer, with an annual production of well over 150 million shopping bags in more than 130 types, styles and sizes, Interstate was the pioneer in the field -- starting in 1907. DECEMBER 1963 virtually impossible and completely elimi nates the use of metal staples and the risk of rusting and scratched hands. The allaround reinforcement of Interstate's "Carryall" bags prevents tearing and keeps the mouth rigid for easy loading. Interstate has scored a number of other significant "firsts" in shopping bag produc tion. In 1956 came the first "automatic" (self-opening) shopping bags, made on exclusive Interstate machines in one opera tion. The next year, the Company pro duced the first aluminum-coated bag, and in 1958 it developed the first "brilliantprinted" poly-coated shopping bag for 11 ETC 30356 Shopping Bags by Interstate Macy's. department store in New York. A giant step in increasing shopping bag appeal came in 1960, when Interstate in troduced its luxurious looking "Glosstex" bags, in which specially developed inks are used on coated paper to achieve effects impossible with uncoated kraft paper. Most of the paper used in making the bags and handles is made by Albemarle at its plants in the South. From Interstate's expanding manufac turing plant in Walden, N.Y., 65 miles north of New York City, truck and rail road carloads of specially designed bags are always on the move to stores and other users throughout the United States. Inter state's advanced machines, which make and print bags in one continuous opera tion, are in production in Canada, Europe and other foreign countries. As leader in the shopping bag field. Interstate is official licensee for the New York World's Fair 1964-65. This means that shopping bags bearing the Fair's Uni sphere emblem, and distributed by mer chants and exhibitors in connection with Fair promotion, will be Interstate bags. Already the Company has produced bags, including the distinctive orange and blue Fair imprint, for use by travel agencies, lug gage manufacturers, transportation com panies, retailers and exhibitors. Particularly well adapted to such users is Interstate's duplex double-wall bag, lined with water-resistant paper, popular for carrying food, clothes, bathing suits and even diapers. For years, Interstate Bag Company's list of customers has read like a Who's Who in business, industry, commerce and re tailing. (The great A&P food chain, to cite just one example, has used Interstate bags exclusively since 1936.) The list continues to grow as new styles and designs are intro duced and developed and new users take advantage of shopping bag acceptance and popularity to win new friends for their businesses and products. 12 Phosphorus Desirable in Regular Too, Tests Show hosphorus additives, widely used in pre Pmium gasoline to prevent preignition and spark plug fouling, are also highly desirable in regular-grade gasoline, it has been emphasized once again by the results of a survey conducted at the Ethyl Corporation research laboratories in Detroit. The survey results are based on studies of spark plugs from 69 automobiles normally used in daily commuting-type driving. All of these cars had used regular-grade fuel exclusively. Since normal spark plug life expectancy is about 10,000 miles, only those plugs with less than 10,000 miles service were considered. The plugs were removed from vehicles and tested in labo ratory engines under conditions which correlate with normal highway accelerations. The results show that the percentage of cars with spark plugs that "missed" was 52.5 percent for those cars that had used gasoline without phosphorus, but was only 11.1 percent for those cars fueled with gasoline containing phosphorus. As in earlier studies, it was evident that spark plug fouling does occur in regular requirement cars and that phosphorus additives effectively minimize the problem. Deposits that foul spark plugs and cause them to short are most likely to build up during lowspeed city operation, but such fouling is fre quently not apparent to a driver until he makes a full-throttle acceleration. Then it can markedly increase the time required to accelerate to a given speed. For example, one "missing" plug in a V-8 engine increases acceleration time about 20 percent. Phosphorus additives effectively combat this loss of performance by changing de posits to a less conductive form. Ethyl's phosphorus additives are available in three different formulations -- ICC 1, ICC 3 and ICC 4 -- so that refiners may choose the one best suited to their own particular requirements. ETC 30357 ETHYL NEWS The ABC's of OIP chemical additive, which prevents skin from forming on the surfaces of air-dry, oil-base paints and varnishes before containers are opened, is being introduced commercially by Ethyl Corporation. The new product is ortho-isopropylphenol, or OIP. Small quantities of the clear, light-amber-colored liquid are effective in controlling troublesome skin accumulations -- at low cost to paint manufac turers. Following successful field applications by a major paint company, other manufacturers are launching evaluation programs with samples of OIP and are requesting technical information about it. The new paint and varnish additive is the most recently developed Ethyl antioxidant produced by the Company's ortho-alkylation process, a patented in novation. It offers significant advantages over competitive anti-skinning agents. When used at recom mended concentrations, OIP does not react with the resin and solvent contents of paints and varnishes, nor does it affect color, drying time or odor ad versely. By preventing surface skin, OIP eliminates a nuisance as well as waste -- at a cost of less than two-tenths of a cent per gallon of paint. Developed in Ethyl's re search laboratories in Detroit, the new product is manufac tured at the Company's special chemicals plant in Orangeburg, S. C., and is available in tank car, 55-gallon drum and smaller quantities. DECEMBER 1963 ETC 30358  \ LEADED Locomotive LPG Fuel of the Future ? ! Ii lways alert for ways to trim operating costs, A. the nation's railroads may soon turn to liquefied petroleum gas as the locomotive "fuel of the future." If and when they do, pioneering Ethyl research and an Ethyl product, tetramethyl lead, will have helped to make that advance possible. Most people think of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as the "bottled gas" used for cooking and heating in rural areas where other fuels are not readily available. Few realize that in some loca tions and applications LPG also can serve as an economical and desirable fuel for internal-com bustion engines. As a matter of fact, one out of every six gallons of LPG now sold is consumed in stationary engines and in farm tractors, buses and other equipment. The main incentive for using LPG as an engine fuel is its relatively low cost in those areas of the country where it is produced in abundance. How ever, it also offers other advantages--cleaner burn ing, cleaner exhaust gases, less dilution of lube oil and less engine wear. The railroad industry's interest in LPG is readily understandable. Railroads currently use nearly $400 million worth of diesel fuel annually. And fuel costs account for more than 50 percent of total operating expenses. 14 ETHYL NEWS ETC 303509 Since LPG is cheaper than diesel fuel in some parts of the country, its use may help railroads reduce these costs. If it can be burned effectively in locomotive diesel engines, its cleaner burning properties could offer added savings in engine maintenance. However, effective use of LPG in a locomotive engine requires more than just substituting it for diesel oil in locomotive fuel tanks. The major problem is modifying the engine so that it can develop full power when burning LPG, yet be equally efficient when switched back to diesel fuel during operation in areas where the latter is more economical. Research by Ethyl's Research Labo DECEMBER 1963 ratories in Detroit and other interested groups is now helping to untangle this problem. So far, indications are that "dual-fuel opera tion" -- burning two fuels simultaneously -- may be the key to successful use of LPG in locomo tives. The primary fuel would be LPG. Enough diesel fuel would be added to act as a "liquid spark plug" for the compression-ignition engine. In dual-fuel operation, the primary fuel (LPG) is admitted to the engine and mixed with air, either during the intake stroke or early in the com pression stroke. Then, near the top of the compression stroke, a small amount of diesel fuel -- usually less than 10 percent of the total fuel 15 ETC 30360 LEADED LPG -- Locomotive Fuel of the Future? consumed at full power -- is added through the of a small diesel engine at 100 percent of full-load conventional diesel fuel injector. Compression diesel output -- as compared with only 67 percent ignition of this pilot charge of diesel fuel ignites on the same LPG fuel without TML. Greater the LPG-air mixture, which then provides the TML concentrations permitted dual-fuel opera major part of the engine's power. Engine power is tion at outputs above full-load diesel power. controlled by simply regulating the flow of LPG These tests showed TML to be more effective to the engine. than tetraethyl lead (TEL). One of TML's ad Conversion of a locomotive engine to dual vantages is its higher volatility, which provides fuel operation should not involve any alteration better vaporization and distribution in an engine. that impairs the engine's ability to operate solely Subsequent Ethyl research demonstrated that on diesel fuel. The engineer would be able to commercial grades of LPG, which may contain switch at will from full-diesel operation to dual considerable propylene as well as propane, often fuel operation with LPG -- and vice versa. can be upgraded sufficiently--via TML--for suc However, use of LPG in a locomotive diesel cessful use in dual-fuel operation of diesel engines. engine introduces a major combustion problem -- The success of Ethyl's pioneering test work the same kind of fuel knock encountered in high- suggested further study in an engine more repre compression spark-ignition engines. Because a sentative of an actual locomotive engine. Socony diesel engine's compression ratio must be high Mobil Oil Company, which had such an engine enough to ignite its fuel by compression, the anti available at its laboratories in Paulsboro, N. J., knock quality of any alternate fuel must be high conducted a test program there, with the coopera enough to prevent knock under all operating tion of Ethyl and the Electro-Motive Division of conditions. General Motors. The octane number of commercial LPG is too The test engine was an EMD 2-5 67B, a two- low for knock-free operation of a locomotive cylinder laboratory version of the widely used engine at outputs near full-load diesel power. locomotive engine produced by GM's Electro- Thus, even with a good grade of LPG, consisting Motive Division. This engine was modified for mostly of propane, power output usually must be dual-fuel operation on leaded LPG fuels, the reduced 30 to 40 percent in order to avoid necessary instrumentation and fuel-blending facil destructive knock. ities were designed and built, and performance For some time, the only alternative short of tests were made with the engine operated both as accepting lower power output with LPG appeared a diesel and a dual-fuel engine. to be marked reduction of compression ratio and These tests demonstrated the practicability of 1 a switch to spark ignition. But this would reduce engine efficiency and eliminate the option of oper dual-fuel operation of full-scale locomotive diesel engines, since TML increased the knock-limited ating the modified engines on diesel fuel when power to acceptable levels. desired. Tetramethyl lead increased knock-limited The outlook improved considerably when Ethyl power as much as 44 percent over that obtained researchers demonstrated that tetramethyl lead with unleaded high-propane LPG. However, even (TML) antiknock compound is highly effective in with leaded LPG, knock-limited power was not improving the knock resistance of LPG fuels in quite equal to rated full-power output on diesel multicylinder engines. By adding TML to high- fuel alone. propane LPG at a concentration of one milliliter Reducing the compression ratio of the dual per gallon, Ethyl obtained knock-free operation fuel engine from 13.6 to 11.9 significantly in- 16 ETHYL NEWS ETC 30361 Tests proving the practicability of dual-fuel engine operation were carried out successfully in this laboratory version of a diesel locomotive, with Socony Mobil, General Motors and Ethyl working together cooperatively. When using LPG with small amounts of TML added and by adjusting compression ratios, knock-limited power exceeded rated diesel power by about 20 percent. creased knock-limited power, and rated output was obtained with as little as 0.65 ml of TML per gallon of LPG. With 2 ml of TML, knock-limited power exceeded rated diesel power by about 20 percent. So far, all indications are that leaded high- propane LPG can serve as an economical and practical fuel for locomotives now burning diesel fuel. In addition, leaded LPG may prove attractive for dual-fuel operation of many industrial dieselengines -- or as a standby fuel for large sparkignition engines normally run on natural gas. And the uniform, higher antiknock quality readily ob tainable through TML addition should permit design of more efficient LPG-fueled engines for tractors, trucks, pumps, etc. In short, Ethyl's pioneering work on leaded LPG could open new vistas for economical, effi cient use of liquefied petroleum gas in both sparkignition and compression-ignition engines. Mixing TML and LPG rawing on 40 years of antiknock compound know-how, Ethyl Corporation is contributing D further to the effective use of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) as a fuel for diesel locomo' lives and similar heavy-duty engines by developing a fully-tested system for adding tetramethyl lead (TML) to the fuel as a knock preventative and power booster. ; Simple and inexpensive, the system takes advantage of the compatible volatility of LPG and TML and keeps them under pressure -- before, during and after blending operations. A special pump draws LPG from a supply source of any required capacity and forces it through a small cylinder containing whatever amount of TML (Motor Mix) is needed to ^ produce the desired lead-additive concentration. In processing 1,000 gallons of fuel so that there will be 2 cc. of TML per gallon, for example, LPG at about 200 psi. is pumped into a cylinder containing 2,000 cc. of TML. Blend ing takes place quickly, completely and with maximum safety. Treated LPG is then piped into a ready-to-use fuel tank. Ethyl is ready to assist others and work cooperatively with them on evaluation programs or commercial adaptations of its LPG-TML system. Road-building engineers use revolutionary new electronic and nuclear-age techniques and equipment in almost every step ... From Survey to Throughway I t j n everything from route planning and sur I veying to roadbed construction, paving, and even traffic-lane marking, electronic-age develop ments are playing an increasing role in building modem highways. Engineers and contractors are putting new equipment to work and are adopting new tech niques to improve the quality and safety of roads and bridges, to cut construction costs, and to help speed the spread of super-highways and secondary roads. All the way from the drawing board to the construction gang, there's evidence of the trend: In an office building in New York City, an electronic plotting machine automatically draws cross-section charts for roadbeds. Responding to information recorded on punched paper tape by a computer, the plotter's mechanical "hand" sketches a cross-section for every 50 feet of planned new roadway. Such drawings aid engi neers in determining details of roadbed area, ele vation, cut-and-fill earthwork requirements, and drainage problems. From a plane flying the route of Interstate Highway 75 in northern Michigan, a photogra pher snaps color pictures of autumn-hued foliage. The Michigan State Highway Department uses the photos to determine the types of soil along the way. Clyde Brown, head of the department's photogrammetry section, notes that poplars and maples, easily spotted when their leaves turn color, indicate gravelly soil, ideal for fill. Dif ferent foliage in lowlands indicates a clay soil with poor drainage. Absence of color suggests a granular soil with good drainage. Along a Texas road just opened to traffic, a truck pauses at each new bridge as a crew of workmen, using a nuclear gauge containing radioactive tracer material, tests the soundness of welds in the framework. "This procedure en courages wider use of economical welded steel bridges, because it is a rapid method of insuring high quality in the finished product," explains a construction expert. At Ottawa, Illinois, a strip of road bristles with ETC 30364 A nuclear gauge now in daily use measures the moisture and density of highway embank ments and provides data on the spot in as little as two minutes, thus eliminating delays in waiting for laboratory reports. From Survey to Throughvvav more than 5,000 separate measuring devices and electronic instruments. In a long series of tests, the precision instruments measure the wearing qualities of pavement under varying conditions of traffic, and determine the effects of weathering. On an increasing number of projects related to highways, science is being harnessed to speed planning and construction and to determine durability, safety and economy. In the words of Dr. Earle K. Plyler, chief of the radiometry section of the National Bureau of Standards, "Scientists are being projected into every area of our lives, and the industry of high way construction is no exception." Says H. A. Radzikowski, Deputy Director for Development, U. S. Bureau of Pubic Roads: "In today's environment of progress we have de veloped, proven and introduced many new road building techniques. These are in use not only on the federal highway system, but are being put to work increasingly by state and county highway engineers." Consider two new "electronic tape measures" recently developed for highway surveying. They The load-bearing structure of the asphalt concrete pavement base of a new hit Lj4 i i~- L: '#**.*" 20 ETc 30365 * jt *?!* t i i i Since various foliage colors indicate different kind of trees, and different kinds of trees grow in distinctive types of soil, the photogrammetry section of the Michigan Highway department determines soil types from color aerial photos, with the aid of this machine. could replace the traditional rod-and-chain tech niques in vogue since George Washington's time. Highway department engineers in Arizona, Maryland, Mississippi and Virginia report sig nificant cost and time savings through use of the Tellurometer, a device which measures dis tance by high-speed microwaves. The California Division of Highways has tested a similar device, the Geodimeter, for obtaining accurate distance measurements with light rays. Both types of electronic measuring equipment eliminate the tedious, time-consuming method of laying out a highway route either by actual taping along the ground, or by geometric com putation. The traditional rod-and-chain system requires surveyors to slog over rough ground and through swamps and forests, hacking a line on the way. The alternate old-time method --triangulation -- requires the establishment of a net work of inter-visible points, sometimes on high steel towers, to measure angles and obtain a measure of the distance by geometry. In sharp contrast, the new electronic surveying systems measure long distances directly -- and within seconds. Both devices are lightweight, portable, and require just one man at each end of a line. The Geodimeter transmits a light beam which travels to a reflector at the other end of the line, then bounces back. The trip time is in billionths of a second, and the measurement is made by converting the fractional seconds into miles, feet and inches. The Tellurometer works much the same way, except that it transmits a series of high-speed electrical impulses to a re ceiver and back. One highway engineer, using this sound-wave device, found the cost of plotting 439 miles of highway centerline was $243 a mile compared with $589 a mile by usual methods. In another electronic age development, the Ohio Department of Highways uses spectrology to rapidly test the quality of paint used to desig nate traffic lanes. New shipments of paint are examined quickly under infrared rays to be sure they come up to standard. Similar spectrographic methods are used by Ohio's highway engineers to test the chemical purity of weed killers, identify types of soil, and gauge the alkaline content of portland cement. Highway engineers in Michigan some time ago removed the "developmental" tag from a 21 ETC 30366 ; j I | From Survey to Throughway nuclear gauge that can measure the moisture and density of compacted embankments. The device, now in daily use, completes determinations of compacted soil in two minutes, right on the site, eliminating delays in wait ing for laboratory reports. Walkie-talkies and radio telephones, of course, have long been a neces sity for highway builders. According to Mr. Radzikowski of the Bureau of Public Roads, some 537 counties and almost all state highway depart ments use such communications equipment in their daily operations. The Atomic Energy Commission reports that a great many road-build ing projects now involve the use of radioactive materials. Radioisotopes, for example, are used as tracers to determine when bi tuminous materials have been uniformly mixed with aggregates; to measure the thickness of traffic stripe paint; to trace the course of underground water so adequate sub-surface drainage can be provided; and to determine the absorption of herbicides for weed control. Manufacturers of heavy-duty road-building equipment are incorporating all sons of delicate control devices in their pavers, graders and asphalt dis tributors to increase output and gain more accuracy. Aerial photography is proving invaluable for both state and local high way authorities in mapping new routes, and in "taking inventory" of existing highways. A continuous aerial photo can be obtained by using a shutterless camera with a rate of film movement synchronized with the speed of the airplane. This photo can be easily converted into a strip map for plan and profile purposes, or for use in right-of-way procurement. Experts say the cost of such an aerial survey job is only a fraction of what a conventional on-the-ground survey would be. What's next in highway technology? A hint comes from Great Britain, where the British Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has just let a contract for the development of electronic map-making techniques. The contract calls for a prototype machine to produce maps many times faster than with existing methods. At present, a finished map depends on an original draft map which has to be carefully drawn and may take from three months to two years to complete. The method is inflexible, since any material change in the map's content or projection involves starting all over again. The new electronic system eliminates the need for initial drawings. All the information that has to be put on the final map is "read off" from simple manuscript maps and fed onto magnetic tapes. These data then are transferred from the tape directly to photographic negatives for printing. Maps of any area can be made from the tape on different scales, and in as many colors as required. Place names can be automatically inserted in correct position and size. The prototype map-making machine is expected to be ready in time for the International Geographic Congress in London next summer. Before long, it's likely to show up in this country, too. From aerial photography to atomic tracers to sensitive new kinds of instruments, the whole gamut of space-age devices is being put to work to provide Americans with better roads - in faster time and at lower cost. 22 ETC 30367 shopping amid the Wonders of the Wdr' There's a new meaning to "economy-size package" at Great Western Shoppers Mart in Columbus, Ohio. Patrons taking a little time between errands can see -- without charge -- nine of the world's major attractions in exact, scale-model reproductions. Grouped along the "Walk-O-Wonders" on an island in the shopping center's parking lot, the exhibits are a drawing card for customers of all ages. A $200,000 venture of the late Don M. Casto, shopping center pioneer, and his son, Don M. Casto, Jr., the project was carried out by Ivan E. Pusecker, noted artist and designer, and Louis Mori, Italian sculptor and mold maker. More than two years were devoted to extensive research and travel to make sure of every detail, and construction work took another year. Dedicated to youngsters, "Walk-O-Wonders" is enjoyed by adults and children alike, as the photos on these pages indicate. ccosar woLi Looking down on shopping center stores and parked cars, the replica of the Leaning Tower of Pisa tips at precisely the same angle as does the original in Italy. ^Tmnmrni^' IT mr. mm Shoppers young and old peer into a reproduction of New Mexico's Carlsbad Caverns, which is built in a hill topped by a miniature of the. Greek Parthenon. 24 ft ETHYL NEWS ETC 30369 Shopping amid the Wonders of the World tn an observation platform over eight-foot-deep r/es. two youngsters view the Grand Canyon. On the scaled-down Sphinx, which stands in front of models of the Pyramids, the nose is weathered and broken in the same way it is on the real one in Egypt. DECEMBER 1963 25 ETC 30370 itally interested in the growing overseas Vmarket for its expanding line of diversified sible for the distribution, sale and service of petroleum and industrial chemicals, paper and products, and in new opportunities abroad. Ethyl plastic products in foreign countries other than Corporation has created a new division -- Ethyl Canada. North of the border, Ethyl Corporation International -- to handle all operations and activ of Canada Limited, a wholly-owned Ethyl sub ities in the international field. sidiary, continues to manufacture and market The new division, which is directed by experi "Ethyl" products. enced Ethyl executives and staffed by key A. B. Horn, formerly director of manufacturing representatives from the Company's Sales, Manu planning and more recently on special assign facturing and Engineering departments, is respon ments for Ethyl's executive staff, is vice president Company creates international division to handle . . . ETHYL AROUNl 26 ETHYL NEWS etc 30371 if and general manager of Ethyl International. Mr. president of the new division. Bom in Rochester, d Horn is a native of Corsicana, Texas, and holds Ind., and reared and educated in Michigan, Mr. n BS and MS degrees from the University of Texas Carter joined the Ethyl research laboratories in n in chemical engineering. He joined the Company Detroit in 1942 and subsequently served in prod *_ 14 years ago as a chemical engineer in the Process uct service and safety and in domestic sales posts. t Engineering division and was director of manu He has specialized in export sales, especially in the facturing planning before being promoted to his Far East, for 13 years. In 1950, Mr. Carter was more recent positions. appointed petroleum consultant to the Supreme C. D. Carter, who has been Ethyl's export sales Commander, Allied Powers, during post World a manager for the last three years, also is a vice War II rebuilding of Japan's refining industry. JDrHE WORLD WS DECEMBER 1963 C. D. Carter Vice President 27 Ethyl around the World Chemical Trader carries bulk shipments of "Ethyl" fluid to overseas customers. Other members of the Ethyl Interna tional staff include William J. Rusher, former New York district manager, nowspecial international sales representa tive; F. W. Ramin, marketing coordi nator; Frank A. McCoy, manager of manufacturing and distribution; E. E. Moore, director of project develop ment; and Judson T. Biehle, operations manager. Other experienced sales and service personnel from the former Ethyl Export division of the Ethyl Sales department, all familiar with the needs and service requirements of overseas customers, are members of Ethyl International. Since Ethyl entered the overseas mar ket more than 35 years ago, its sales abroad have scored significant gains. Today, the Company's products are sold and used in more than 71 countries on five continents. Besides making avail able to overseas customers many of the same valued services provided for domestic customers, Ethyl has intro duced a number of special innovations for consumers abroad. Just this fall, for example, the Com pany added two more terminals to the 28 three already in operation in the Caribbean-Latin American area, to receive bulk shipments of antiknock compounds from the Ethyl tank ship "Chemical Trader." Originating at the Ethyl manu facturing plant on the Houston Ship Channel, these shipments reduce re finers' costs and promote safety by eliminating the handling of 55-gallon drums. Looking ahead, there is ample evi dence that improving standards of liv ing and stepped-up industrialization in many countries of the world are increas ing the demand for a wide range of prod ucts. During the next five years, for example, automotive gasoline consump tion abroad is expected to rise at an annual rate of more than six percent, compared with an average of two and a half percent annually in the United States. This increase in gasoline demand is expected to be accompained by increases in antiknock compound demand, as overseas gasoline quality increases. The demand for other petroleum and indus trial chemicals and other "Ethyl" prod ucts also is expected to increase. ETC 30373 Getting a job done is often easier with some one else's help. That's why Ethyl considers working with customers on their problems such an important part of our business. This coopera tion is just one of the things that helps make us a partner in our cus tomers' progress. ETC 33?4 StQ'JOiC Nctiono! Po'^. Co'itc'fic, CTC C C'OOBRO Bv "Thy first task is to learn what is/-robert burns This boy has just learned how small he really is. And he's grown larger by learning it. He's paced off the steps around the base of the tree. Tried to imagine how deep the roots sink into the ground. Stared up at the tip-top branches. Suddenly-he's had his first glimpse of the full power and beauty of nature. This adventure in learning lies in a Magic Circle all around you, just a pleasant drive away. Think of the won ders it holds for your child. Perhaps a stand of ancient trees. A waterfall. Or a canyon carved a million years ago. Let him see and feel and know... by doing. Get a map at your service station. Draw a circle around the place where you live. This is your Magic Circle. And the secret word is "car." Pack it with family this weekend. Fill it with gasoline, and explore. ETHYL CORPORATION ro-i. n. z'Z Cirdt eputfrjf-ed lo you jer out of your cor. Ethyl moies odd i`v*j wjco by Oil ccwBomfi gCJOi'hei ond your driving pifCli/re. >x:r rh,, enicvtne ."5'sve ihe ONE OF A SERIES OF ADVERTISEMENTS DIRECTED TO THE MOTORING PUBLIC